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http://adriancrutchfield.com/shows/ | Upcoming Shows Upcoming Shows Adrian Crutchfield No Upcoming Shows View Past Shows BESbswy Learn how to put a song on itunes at ReverbNationcom 15 Sheila Bland January 14 2017 at 355 am I think that Mr Adrian Crutchfield is a Class Act and is an Remarkable Musician I would love to see him in Raleigh or Durham Please inform me ASAP when is he going to be playing in the RDU Area Would Love to hear him play 2 0 Adrian Crutchfield January 17 2017 at 245 pm Sheila keep an eye out on out upcoming shows feed We are on our way to LA now Thank you so very much for the compliment Adrian 0 0 Dana February 21 2017 at 1232 pm Adrian please come to Hawaii and play at the Blue Note Hawaii on Oahu You are mesmerizing 0 0 Freddy Green February 22 2017 at 410 pm Would love to see you in northeast ohio Akron Ohio has a great venue for you called The Tangier Sheila E and Larry Graham have played there as well as Mint Condition Love the new album 1 0 Adrian Crutchfield February 23 2017 at 1158 am Thank you 1 0 Adrian Crutchfield February 23 2017 at 1159 am Thank you so very much 1 1 Robin May 19 2017 at 400 pm Just got LEAP off Amazon AWESOME Hope you have some shows coming to Illinois Thank you for sharing your music with us 0 0 Beth Cohen July 12 2017 at 409 pm We really enjoyed your show in Durham last week I hope youll be performing in the RTP area again soon Ill be playing your music for my kdg class this year 0 0 Roma Durham December 10 2017 at 349 am Hello Adrian when will you be playing in Charlotte I tried to get you connect with the new owners of STATS They need some great entertainment up there Look forward to hearing from you soon 0 0 Jimmy June 17 2018 at 1103 am Just saw Adrian the Defiance Ohio Jazz Fest Increadibly entertaining show much appreciated 0 0 Ernest Douglas August 16 2018 at 1205 pm Just learned of the music of Adrian Crutchfield Im very impressed Sounds great We have several great venues here in Houston TX Im sure the Smooth Jazz fans would show lots of love 0 0 Adrian Crutchfield October 3 2018 at 1232 pm Thank you 0 0 Adrian Crutchfield October 3 2018 at 1232 pm Thank you Jimmy I had a great time 0 0 Adrian Crutchfield October 3 2018 at 1233 pm Thank you 0 0 Adrian Crutchfield October 3 2018 at 1234 pm Thank you Robin 0 0 Leave a Reply Comment Name Email Website | [
"Adrian Crutchfield"
] |
http://adriank.org/how-to-find-out-which-domain-controller-my-pc-is-talking-to/ | How to find out which Domain Controller my PC is talking to ? 7 Replies One very useful piece of information to know , if you โ re working in large Active Directory implementation with multiple DC โ s and Sites , is to be able to determine which Domain Controller machines are authenticating against at any given time . Here โ s the command to tell us exactly that : nltest / dsgetdc : domain_name Rather handy if you โ re testing whether Sites and Services have been setup correctly or are moving computer objects in Active Directory and want the quickest turnaround for GPO โ s etc . You could always use built - in โ set l โ command but that โ s not always accurate due to % logonserver % variable taking a bit of time to update if you change Active Directory site and ultimately domain controller you โ re authentication against . Remote workers are good example as they tend to be all over the place and โ set l โ might give misleading and not precise results . Like this : Loading . . . This entry was posted in Active Directory Support Windows and tagged active directory dc domain controller nltest set l Windows on January 4 , 2013 7 thoughts on โ How to find out which Domain Controller my PC is talking to ? ru September 3 , 2013 at 2 : 52 PM What about : > echo % logonserver % ? Adrian Kielbowicz Post author September 3 , 2013 at 4 : 36 PM % logonserver % variable is not always accurate as it needs to be replicated to show the most up to date information . If you assume that you have been working on subnet that โ s part of Active Directry site that talks to domain controller called DC1 and then moved to different site talking to DC2 running echo % logonserver % straight after the move would show that your machine is still talking to DC1 . This is where its best to use โ nltest โ but I appreciate that sometimes its easier to use โ set l โ nisarg February 23 , 2016 at 2 : 25 PM would you happen to know how to find out which domain controller a linux box may be reaching out to ? Adrian Kielbowicz Post author March 17 , 2016 at 2 : 53 PM That โ s a tough one , let me do some research and come back to you ( do n โ t know the answer from top of my head . . ) Which Linux distribution do you have ? escott March 17 , 2016 at 8 : 12 PM Is there a command to change the logon server ? E.g. , I move a machine from one city to another ( same domain ) , but it โ s still trying to contact the old DC . March 18 , 2016 at 2 : 34 PM How are your Sites and Services setup ? Do you have the IP subnets configured properly and assigned to relevant sites ? You should n โ t need to force the logon server change from the machine point of view ( this happens automatically assuming Sites and Servers and configured correctly ) Anirban Paul July 26 , 2018 at 1 : 41 AM May i know , when user login to client machine in ad environment during that which services find the dns details Leave a Reply This site uses Akismet to reduce spam . Learn how your comment data is processed | [
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http://adryice.com/index_files/Page324.htm | Please remember these safety precautions when using dry ice . Safe Handling Dry ice temperature is extremely cold at โ 109.3 ยฐ F or โ 78.5 ยฐ C . Never let dry ice touch your bare skin ! Always handle with protective gloves , oven mitt , or towel . Storage Store dry ice in an insulated container . The thicker the insulation , the slower it will sublimate . Do not store dry ice in a completely airtight container . The sublimation of dry ice to carbon dioxide gas will cause any airtight container to expand or possibly explode . Keep proper air ventilation wherever dry ice is stored . Do not store dry ice in unventilated rooms , cellars , autos , or boat holds . The sublimated carbon dioxide gas will sink to low areas and replace oxygenated air . This could cause suffocation if breathed exclusively . How to Transport and Store Dry Ice Until Ready to Use The best container to transport and store dry ice is an ice chest . It will still sublimate five to ten pounds each 24 hours , so plan to pick up the dry ice as close as possible to the time it will be used . Dry ice is very cold so use insulated gloves to handle it . Disposal When finished with the dry ice , unwrap and leave it at room temperature in a well ventilated area . It will sublimate from a solid to a gas . Do not leave dry ice unattended around children . How to Pack Dry Ice If the dry ice is placed on top of the food ( cold sinks ) , it will work better . However it is sometimes in the way so many people prefer to keep the dry ice on the bottom of the ice chest for convenience . When packing items in the container fill the empty space with wadded newspaper or other filler . Any " dead air space " will cause the dry ice to sublimate faster . The best storage container is a three - inch thick urethane insulated box . Lining the inside of your ice chest Transporting by Vehicle Plan to pick up the dry ice as close to the time it is needed as possible . If possible pack insulating items such as sleeping bags around the ice chest . This will stretch the time that the dry ice lasts . If it is transported inside a car or van ( not in the trunk ) for more than 10 minutes make sure there is fresh air . Transporting by Airplane Pick up dry ice as close to departure time as convenient . Carry it in a well - insulated container such as an ice chest or insulated soft pack . If it is transported inside a car or van for more than 10 minutes make sure there is fresh air available . Most airlines will not let you carry more than two kilograms ( 4.4 pounds ) of dry ice on the airplane without special arrangements . Because dry ice will sublimate continuously from the time of purchase , you can confidently declare that there is no more than two | [
"using dry ice"
] |
http://adtunes.com/forums/showthread.php?t=107736 | Forums Television TV Commercial Music 2016 Subaru Forester " Making Memories " Advertising Adtunes , the leading source of advertising music information , welcomes you ! As the premiere site about ad music , Adtunes features the longest running and most popular forum about songs featured in television commercials , movie trailers , television shows , movie soundtracks , and more . Register for a free account and join our community to post messages about the ad music you are looking for or help answer other advertising soundtrack questions . As a registered member , you will have greater access to the site and more features . If you have any questions or comments , contact us anytime . Register Now ! Results 1 to 5 of 5 Thread : 2016 Subaru Forester " Making Memories " Thread Tools 06 - 26 - 2015 , 08 : 05 AM # 1 fgsweetdog Junior Member Status Offline Joined Apr 2008 Posts 54 2016 Subaru Forester " Making Memories " Sponsored Links What is the song on the new Subaru commercial where the girl is growing up and the dad keeps taking things of hers out of the car ? The words are " . . .turn around . . . there ' s no turning ' round " - very simple , with just a guitar 06 - 26 - 2015 , 12 : 00 PM # 2 jca Administrator Status Offline Joined Dec 2002 Posts 4,341 Re : Subaru YouTube Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . jca adtunes . com ยท . . ยท ยท . . - > adtunes twitter . com 12 : 01 PM # 3 Administrator Dec 2002 4,341 Re : Subaru " Time Will Tell " performed by Gregory Alan Isakov adtunes . com ยท . . ยท ยท . . - > adtunes twitter . com 06 - 28 - 2015 , 08 : 24 AM # 4 fgsweetdog Junior Member Apr 2008 54 Thank you ! Much appreciated ! 06 - 30 - 2015 , 08 : 22 PM # 5 Ok . Now do you know what song Willie Nelson is singing in the Subaru commercial for the Impreza ? Quick Navigation TV Commercial Music Top Similar Threads Subaru Forester " Hockey Mom " By flataffect in forum TV Commercial Music Replies : 3 Last Post : 05 - 29 - 2011 , 06 : 34 PM Subaru Forester Pinewood Derby By kittastic_kat in forum TV Commercial Music Replies : 2 Last Post : 08 - 17 - 2010 , 01 : 46 AM Subaru Forester By juulz in forum TV Commercial Music 2 11 - 18 - 2009 , 10 : 05 AM Subaru Forester By Dood in forum TV Commercial Music 0 06 - 14 - 2008 , 02 : 53 AM By catscratch in forum TV Commercial Music 1 03 - 11 - 2004 , 03 : 55 PM Bookmarks del . icio . us Digg Facebook Google Google+ Reddit StumbleUpon Twitter Posting Permissions You may not post new threads You may not post replies post attachments edit your posts Forum Rules BB code is On Smilies are On [ IMG ] code is [ VIDEO ] code is HTML code is Off Quick Style Chooser : Contact Us Adtunes Privacy Statement Top | [
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http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Data-structures.html | Data structures This chapter summarises the most important data structures in base R . You โ ve probably used many ( if not all ) of them before , but you may not have thought deeply about how they are interrelated . In this brief overview , I wo n โ t discuss individual types in depth . Instead , I โ ll show you how they fit together as a whole . If you need more details , you can find them in R โ s documentation . R โ s base data structures can be organised by their dimensionality ( 1d , 2d , or nd ) and whether they โ re homogeneous ( all contents must be of the same type ) or heterogeneous ( the contents can be of different types ) . This gives rise to the five data types most often used in data analysis : Homogeneous Heterogeneous 1d Atomic vector List 2d Matrix Data frame nd Array Almost all other objects are built upon these foundations . In the OO field guide you โ ll see how more complicated objects are built of these simple pieces . Note that R has no 0 - dimensional , or scalar types . Individual numbers or strings , which you might think would be scalars , are actually vectors of length one . Given an object , the best way to understand what data structures it โ s composed of is to use str ( ) str ( ) is short for structure and it gives a compact , human readable description of any R data structure . Quiz Take this short quiz to determine if you need to read this chapter . If the answers quickly come to mind , you can comfortably skip this chapter . You can check your answers in answers What are the three properties of a vector , other than its contents ? What are the four common types of atomic vectors ? What are the two rare types ? What are attributes ? How do you get them and set them ? How is a list different from an atomic vector ? How is a matrix different from a data frame ? Can you have a list that is a matrix ? Can a data frame have a column that is a matrix ? Outline Vectors introduces you to atomic vectors and lists , R โ s 1d data structures . Attributes takes a small detour to discuss attributes , R โ s flexible metadata specification . Here you โ ll learn about factors , an important data structure created by setting attributes of an atomic vector . Matrices and arrays introduces matrices and arrays , data structures for storing 2d and higher dimensional data . Data frames teaches you about the data frame , the most important data structure for storing data in R . Data frames combine the behaviour of lists and matrices to make a structure ideally suited for the needs of statistical data . Vectors The basic data structure in R is the vector . Vectors come in two flavours : atomic vectors and lists . They have three common properties : Type , typeof ( ) , what it is . Length , length ( ) , how many elements it contains . Attributes , attributes ( ) , additional arbitrary metadata . They differ in the types of their elements : all elements of an atomic vector must be the same type , whereas the elements of a list can have different types . NB : is . vector ( ) does not test if an object is a vector . Instead it returns TRUE only if the object is a vector with no attributes apart from names . Use is . atomic ( x ) | | is . list ( x ) to test if an object is actually a vector . Atomic vectors There are four common types of atomic vectors that I โ ll discuss in detail : logical , integer , double ( often called numeric ) , and character . There are two rare types that I will not discuss further : complex and raw . Atomic vectors are usually created with c ( ) , short for combine : dbl_var < - c 1 2.5 4.5 # With the L suffix , you get an integer rather than a double int_var < - c ( 1L , 6L , 10L ) # Use TRUE and FALSE ( or T and F ) to create logical vectors log_var < - TRUE FALSE , T , F ) chr_var < - " these are " " some strings " Atomic vectors are always flat , even if you nest c ( ) โ s : 1 2 3 4 ) ) ) # # [ 1 ] 1 2 3 4 # the same as 2 3 4 # # [ 1 ] 1 2 3 4 Missing values are specified with NA , which is a logical vector of length 1 . NA will always be coerced to the correct type if used inside , or you can create s of a specific type with NA_real_ ( a double vector ) , NA_integer_ and NA_character_ Types and tests Given a vector , you can determine its type with typeof ( ) , or check if it โ s a specific type with an โ is โ function : is . character ( ) is . double ( ) is . integer ( ) is . logical ( ) , or , more generally , is . atomic ( ) int_var < - ( 1L , 6L , 10L ) typeof ( int_var ) # # [ 1 ] " integer " is . integer ( int_var ) # # [ 1 ] TRUE is . atomic # # [ 1 ] TRUE dbl_var < - 2.5 4.5 typeof ( dbl_var ) # # [ 1 ] " double " is . double ( dbl_var ) is . atomic NB : is . numeric ( ) is a general test for the โ numberliness โ of a vector and returns for both integer and double vectors . It is not a specific test for double vectors , which are often called numeric . is . numeric is . numeric Coercion All elements of an atomic vector must be the same type , so when you attempt to combine different types they will be coerced to the most flexible type . Types from least to most flexible are : logical , integer , double , and character . For example , combining a character and an integer yields a character : str " a " ) ) # # chr [ 1 : 2 ] " a " " 1 " When a logical vector is coerced to an integer or double , becomes 1 and FALSE becomes 0 . This is very useful in conjunction with sum ( ) and mean ( ) x < - as . numeric ( x ) # # [ 1 ] 0 0 1 # Total number of TRUEs sum ( x ) # # [ 1 ] 1 # Proportion that are TRUE mean # # [ 1 ] 0.3333333 Coercion often happens automatically . Most mathematical functions ( + log abs , etc . ) will coerce to a double or integer , and most logical operations ( | any , etc ) will coerce to a logical . You will usually get a warning message if the coercion might lose information . If confusion is likely , explicitly coerce with as . character ( ) as . double ( ) as . integer ( ) , or as . logical ( ) Lists Lists are different from atomic vectors because their elements can be of any type , including lists . You construct lists by using list ( ) instead of x < - list " a " ) , 2.3 5.9 ) ) str # # List of 4 # # $ : int [ 1 : 3 ] 1 2 3 # # $ : chr " a " # # $ : logi [ 1 : 3 ] TRUE FALSE TRUE # # $ : num [ 1 : 2 ] 2.3 5.9 Lists are sometimes called recursive vectors , because a list can contain other lists . This makes them fundamentally different from atomic vectors . list ( ) ) ) ) # # List of 1 # # $ : List of 1 # # . . $ : List of 1 # # . . . . $ : list ( ) is . recursive will combine several lists into one . If given a combination of atomic vectors and lists , will coerce the vectors to lists before combining them . Compare the results of list ( ) ) , ) ) y < - ) ) # # List of 2 # # $ : List of 2 # # . . $ : num 1 # # . . $ : num 2 # # $ : num [ 1 : 2 ] 3 4 ( y ) # # List of 4 # # $ : num 1 # # $ : num 2 # # $ : num 3 # # $ : num 4 The a list is . You can test for a list with is . list ( ) and coerce to a list with as . list ( ) . You can turn a list into an atomic vector with unlist ( ) . If the elements of a list have different types , unlist ( ) uses the same coercion rules as Lists are used to build up many of the more complicated data structures in R . For example , both data frames ( described in data frames ) and linear models objects ( as produced by lm ( ) ) are lists : is . list ( mtcars ) mod < - lm ( mpg ~ wt , data = mtcars ) is . list ( mod ) Exercises What are the six types of atomic vector ? How does a list differ from an atomic vector ? What makes is . vector ( ) is . numeric ( ) fundamentally different to is . list ( ) is . character ( ) Test your knowledge of vector coercion rules by predicting the output of the following uses of , 1L ) Why do you need to use to convert a list to an atomic vector ? Why does n โ t as . vector ( ) work ? Why is 1 = = " 1 " true ? Why is - 1 < FALSE true ? Why is " one " < 2 false ? Why is the default missing value , , a logical vector ? What โ s special about logical vectors ? ( Hint : think about c ( FALSE , NA_character_ ) . ) Attributes All objects can have arbitrary additional attributes , used to store metadata about the object . Attributes can be thought of as a named list ( with unique names ) . Attributes can be accessed individually with attr ( ) or all at once ( as a list ) with attributes ( ) y < - 10 attr ( y , " my_attribute " ) < - " This is a vector " attr ( y , " my_attribute " # # [ 1 ] " This is a vector " attributes ( y ) ) # # List of 1 # # $ my_attribute : chr " This is a vector " The structure ( ) function returns a new object with modified attributes : structure 10 my_attribute = " This is a vector " # # [ 1 ] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 # # attr ( , " my_attribute " ) # # [ 1 ] " This is a vector " By default , most attributes are lost when modifying a vector : attributes ( y [ ] ) # # NULL sum ( y ) ) # # NULL The only attributes not lost are the three most important : Names , a character vector giving each element a name , described in names Dimensions , used to turn vectors into matrices and arrays , described in matrices and arrays Class , used to implement the S3 object system , described in S3 Each of these attributes has a specific accessor function to get and set values . When working with these attributes , use names ( x ) dim ( x ) , and class ( x ) , not attr ( x , " names " ) attr ( x , " dim " ) , and attr ( x , " class " ) Names You can name a vector in three ways : When creating it : x < - c ( a = 1 , b = 2 , c = 3 ) By modifying an existing vector in place : x < - 1 : 3 ; names ( x ) < - c ( " a " , " b " , " c " ) Or : x < - 1 : 3 ; names ( x ) [ [ 1 ] ] < - c ( " a " ) By creating a modified copy of a vector : x < - setNames ( 1 : 3 , c ( " a " , " b " , " c " ) ) Names do n โ t have to be unique . However , character subsetting , described in subsetting , is the most important reason to use names and it is most useful when the names are unique . Not all elements of a vector need to have a name . If some names are missing when you create the vector , the names will be set to an empty string for those elements . If you modify the vector in place by setting some , but not all variable names , names ( ) will return NA ( more specifically , NA_character_ ) for them . If all names are missing , names ( ) will return NULL y < - a = names ( y ) # # [ 1 ] " a " " " " " v < - ( v ) < - ' a ' ( v ) # # [ 1 ] " a " NA NA z < - ( z ) You can create a new vector without names using unname ( x ) , or remove names in place with names ( x ) < - NULL Factors One important use of attributes is to define factors . A factor is a vector that can contain only predefined values , and is used to store categorical data . Factors are built on top of integer vectors using two attributes : the class , โ factor โ , which makes them behave differently from regular integer vectors , and the levels , which defines the set of allowed values . factor " b " " b " ) ) x # # [ 1 ] a b b a # # Levels : a b class # # [ 1 ] " factor " levels # # [ 1 ] " a " " b " # You ca n ' t use values that are not in the levels x [ ] < - " c " # # Warning in [ < - .factor ( * tmp * , 2 , value = " c " ) : invalid factor level , NA # # generated x # # [ 1 ] a < NA > b a # # Levels : a b # NB : you ca n ' t combine factors factor ) ) # # [ 1 ] 1 1 Factors are useful when you know the possible values a variable may take , even if you do n โ t see all values in a given dataset . Using a factor instead of a character vector makes it obvious when some groups contain no observations : sex_char < - " m " " m " ) sex_factor < - ( sex_char , levels = " f " ) ) table ( sex_char ) # # sex_char # # m # # 3 table ( sex_factor ) # # sex_factor # # m f # # 3 0 Sometimes when a data frame is read directly from a file , a column you โ d thought would produce a numeric vector instead produces a factor . This is caused by a non - numeric value in the column , often a missing value encoded in a special way like or . To remedy the situation , coerce the vector from a factor to a character vector , and then from a character to a double vector . ( Be sure to check for missing values after this process . ) Of course , a much better plan is to discover what caused the problem in the first place and fix that ; using the na . strings argument to read . csv ( ) is often a good place to start . # Reading in " text " instead of from a file here : z < - read . csv text = " value \ n 12 \ n 9 " ( z $ value ) # # [ 1 ] " integer " as . double ( z $ value ) # # [ 1 ] 3 2 1 4 # Oops , that ' s not right : 3 2 1 4 are the levels of a factor , # not the values we read in ! # # [ 1 ] " factor " # We can fix it now : as . double as . character ( z $ value ) ) # # Warning : NAs introduced by coercion # # [ 1 ] 12 1 NA 9 # Or change how we read it in : z < - read . csv text = " value 12 9 " na . strings = " . " z $ value # # [ 1 ] 12 1 NA 9 # Perfect ! : ) Unfortunately , most data loading functions in R automatically convert character vectors to factors . This is suboptimal , because there โ s no way for those functions to know the set of all possible levels or their optimal order . Instead , use the argument stringsAsFactors = FALSE to suppress this behaviour , and then manually convert character vectors to factors using your knowledge of the data . A global option , options ( stringsAsFactors = FALSE ) , is available to control this behaviour , but I do n โ t recommend using it . Changing a global option may have unexpected consequences when combined with other code ( either from packages , or code that you โ re source ( ) ing ) , and global options make code harder to understand because they increase the number of lines you need to read to understand how a single line of code will behave . While factors look ( and often behave ) like character vectors , they are actually integers . Be careful when treating them like strings . Some string methods ( like gsub ( ) grepl ( ) ) will coerce factors to strings , while others ( like nchar ( ) ) will throw an error , and still others ( like ) will use the underlying integer values . For this reason , it โ s usually best to explicitly convert factors to character vectors if you need string - like behaviour . In early versions of R , there was a memory advantage to using factors instead of character vectors , but this is no longer the case . Exercises An early draft used this code to illustrate structure ( ) structure 5 comment = " my attribute " # # [ 1 ] 1 2 3 4 5 But when you print that object you do n โ t see the comment attribute . Why ? Is the attribute missing , or is there something else special about it ? ( Hint : try using help . ) What happens to a factor when you modify its levels ? f1 < - ( letters ) ( f1 ) < - rev ( f1 ) ) What does this code do ? How do f2 f3 differ from f1 f2 < - rev ( letters ) ) f3 < - ( letters , levels = ( letters ) ) Matrices and arrays Adding a dim attribute to an atomic vector allows it to behave like a multi - dimensional array . A special case of the array is the matrix , which has two dimensions . Matrices are used commonly as part of the mathematical machinery of statistics . Arrays are much rarer , but worth being aware of . Matrices and arrays are created with matrix ( ) array ( ) , or by using the assignment form of dim ( ) # Two scalar arguments to specify rows and columns a < - matrix 6 ncol = nrow = # One vector argument to describe all dimensions b < - array ) ) # You can also modify an object in place by setting dim ( ) c < - 6 dim ( c ) < - ) c # # [ , 1 ] [ , 2 ] # # [ 1 , ] 1 4 # # [ 2 , ] 2 5 # # [ 3 , ] 3 6 ( c ) < - ) c # # [ , 1 ] [ , 2 ] [ , 3 ] # # [ 1 , ] 1 3 5 # # [ 2 , ] 2 4 6 length ( ) have high - dimensional generalisations : generalises to nrow ( ) ncol ( ) for matrices , and dim ( ) for arrays . generalises to rownames ( ) colnames ( ) for matrices , and dimnames ( ) , a list of character vectors , for arrays . length ( a ) # # [ 1 ] 6 nrow ( a ) # # [ 1 ] 2 ncol # # [ 1 ] 3 rownames ( a ) < - " A " " B " colnames ( a ) < - " c " ) a # # a b c # # A 1 3 5 # # B 2 4 6 length ( b ) # # [ 1 ] 12 ( b ) # # [ 1 ] 2 3 2 dimnames ( b ) < - " one " " two " " c " " A " " B " ) ) b # # , , A # # # # a b c # # one 1 3 5 # # two 2 4 6 # # # # , , B # # # # a b c # # one 7 9 11 # # two 8 10 12 cbind ( ) rbind ( ) for matrices , and to abind ( ) ( provided by the abind package ) for arrays . You can transpose a matrix with t ( ) ; the generalised equivalent for arrays is aperm ( ) You can test if an object is a matrix or array using is . matrix ( ) is . array ( ) , or by looking at the length of the as . matrix ( ) as . array ( ) make it easy to turn an existing vector into a matrix or array . Vectors are not the only 1 - dimensional data structure . You can have matrices with a single row or single column , or arrays with a single dimension . They may print similarly , but will behave differently . The differences are n โ t too important , but it โ s useful to know they exist in case you get strange output from a function ( tapply ( ) is a frequent offender ) . As always , use to reveal the differences . # 1d vector # # int [ 1 : 3 ] 1 2 3 ncol = ) ) # column vector # # int [ 1 : 3 , 1 ] 1 2 3 nrow = ) ) # row vector # # int [ 1 , 1 : 3 ] 1 2 3 ) ) # " array " vector # # int [ 1 : 3 ( 1d ) ] 1 2 3 While atomic vectors are most commonly turned into matrices , the dimension attribute can also be set on lists to make list - matrices or list - arrays : l < - 1.0 ( l ) < - ) l # # [ , 1 ] [ , 2 ] # # [ 1 , ] Integer , 3 TRUE # # [ 2 , ] " a " 1 These are relatively esoteric data structures , but can be useful if you want to arrange objects into a grid - like structure . For example , if you โ re running models on a spatio - temporal grid , it might be natural to preserve the grid structure by storing the models in a 3d array . What does return when applied to a vector ? If is . matrix ( x ) is , what will is . array ( x ) return ? How would you describe the following three objects ? What makes them different to 1 : 5 x1 < - 5 ) ) x2 < - ) ) x3 < - Data frames A data frame is the most common way of storing data in R , and if used systematically makes data analysis easier . Under the hood , a data frame is a list of equal - length vectors . This makes it a 2 - dimensional structure , so it shares properties of both the matrix and the list . This means that a data frame has colnames ( ) rownames ( ) , although are the same thing . The of a data frame is the length of the underlying list and so is the same as ncol ( ) nrow ( ) gives the number of rows . As described in subsetting , you can subset a data frame like a 1d structure ( where it behaves like a list ) , or a 2d structure ( where it behaves like a matrix ) . Creation You create a data frame using data . frame ( ) , which takes named vectors as input : df < - data . frame x = y = ( df ) # # ' data . frame ' : 3 obs . of 2 variables : # # $ x : int 1 2 3 # # $ y : Factor w / 3 levels " a " , " b " , " c " : 1 2 3 Beware data . frame ( ) โ s default behaviour which turns strings into factors . Use stringsAsFactors = FALSE to suppress this behaviour : df < - data . frame x = y = ) , stringsAsFactors = ( df ) # # ' data . frame ' : 3 obs . of 2 variables : # # $ x : int 1 2 3 # # $ y : chr " a " " b " " c " Testing and coercion Because a is an S3 class , its type reflects the underlying vector used to build it : the list . To check if an object is a data frame , use class ( ) or test explicitly with is . data . frame ( ) # # [ 1 ] " list " # # [ 1 ] " data . frame " is . data . frame You can coerce an object to a data frame with as . data . frame ( ) A vector will create a one - column data frame . A list will create one column for each element ; it โ s an error if they โ re not all the same length . A matrix will create a data frame with the same number of columns and rows as the matrix . Combining data frames You can combine data frames using cbind ( ) rbind ( ) cbind ( df , z = # # x y z # # 1 1 a 3 # # 2 2 b 2 # # 3 3 c 1 rbind ( df , " z " # # x y # # 1 1 a # # 2 2 b # # 3 3 c # # 4 10 z When combining column - wise , the number of rows must match , but row names are ignored . When combining row - wise , both the number and names of columns must match . Use plyr : : rbind . fill ( ) to combine data frames that do n โ t have the same columns . It โ s a common mistake to try and create a data frame by ing vectors together . This does n โ t work because will create a matrix unless one of the arguments is already a data frame . Instead use directly : bad < - cbind a = b = ) ) ) ( bad ) # # ' data . frame ' : 2 obs . of 2 variables : # # $ a : Factor w / 2 levels " 1 " , " 2 " : 1 2 # # $ b : Factor w / 2 levels " a " , " b " : 1 2 good < - b = ) , stringsAsFactors = ( good ) # # ' data . frame ' : 2 obs . of 2 variables : # # $ a : int 1 2 # # $ b : chr " a " " b " The conversion rules for are complicated and best avoided by ensuring all inputs are of the same type . Special columns Since a data frame is a list of vectors , it is possible for a data frame to have a column that is a list : ) df $ y < - ) df # # x y # # 1 1 1 , 2 # # 2 2 1 , 2 , 3 # # 3 3 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 However , when a list is given to , it tries to put each item of the list into its own column , so this fails : # # Error in ( function ( . . . , row . names = NULL , check . rows = FALSE , check . names = TRUE , : arguments imply differing number of rows : 2 , 3 , 4 A workaround is to use I ( ) , which causes to treat the list as one unit : dfl < - I ) ) ) ( dfl ) # # ' data . frame ' : 3 obs . of 2 variables : # # $ x : int 1 2 3 # # $ y : List of 3 # # . . $ : int 1 2 # # . . $ : int 1 2 3 # # . . $ : int 1 2 3 4 # # . . - attr ( * , " class " ) = chr " AsIs " dfl [ " y " # # [ [ 1 ] ] # # [ 1 ] 1 2 3 I ( ) adds the AsIs class to its input , but this can usually be safely ignored . Similarly , it โ s also possible to have a column of a data frame that โ s a matrix or array , as long as the number of rows matches the data frame : dfm < - I 9 ( dfm ) # # ' data . frame ' : 3 obs . of 2 variables : # # $ x : int 1 2 3 # # $ y : ' AsIs ' int [ 1 : 3 , 1 : 3 ] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 dfm [ " y " # # [ , 1 ] [ , 2 ] [ , 3 ] # # [ 1 , ] 2 5 8 Use list and array columns with caution : many functions that work with data frames assume that all columns are atomic vectors . What attributes does a data frame possess ? What does as . matrix ( ) do when applied to a data frame with columns of different types ? Can you have a data frame with 0 rows ? What about 0 columns ? Answers The three properties of a vector are type , length , and attributes . The four common types of atomic vector are logical , integer , double ( sometimes called numeric ) , and character . The two rarer types are complex and raw . Attributes allow you to associate arbitrary additional metadata to any object . You can get and set individual attributes with attr ( x , " y " ) attr ( x , " y " ) < - value ; or get and set all attributes at once with The elements of a list can be any type ( even a list ) ; the elements of an atomic vector are all of the same type . Similarly , every element of a matrix must be the same type ; in a data frame , the different columns can have different types . You can make โ list - array โ by assigning dimensions to a list . You can make a matrix a column of a data frame with df $ x < - matrix ( ) , or using when creating a new data frame data . frame ( x = I ( matrix ( ) ) ) | [
"Data structures",
"Advanced R"
] |
http://advanceddermatologyct.com/ | Welcome to Our Office Welcome to Advanced Dermatology your source for expert dermatological care in Norwich Connecticut and the surrounding areas Our practice is dedicated to providing compassionate care for your skin conditions using the latest advances in medical surgical dermatology Mohs surgery phototherapy and minor cosmetic dermatology Our doctors Howard Wooding Rogers MD PhD Radford D Tanksley Jr MD Kirkland Lau DO Christy L Socha APRN and Jacqueline E Baumgartner PAC understand that every patient is different and it is their goal to provide individualized care to each person who comes into our office We thank you for your interest in our website At Advanced Dermatology we look forward to helping you attain and maintain healthy skin for life CONTACT INFO 111 Salem Turnpike Suite 7 Norwich CT 06360 Phone 8608592262 Fax 8608599819 Email Us OFFICE HOURS Mon 900 am 430 pm Tues 900 am 430 pm Wed 900 am 330 pm Thurs 900 am 430 pm Fri 900 am 1230 pm | [
"Dermatology",
"Norwich",
"compassionate"
] |
http://advancednutritionconcepts.com/ | About Us Nutritional Counseling Nutritional Laboratory Testing Dietary Supplements Conditions Treatments Rates 1 Christine Miller MS RDLDN CDE Christine has specialized in integrative nutrition dietary counseling and lifestyle coaching for over 22 years She is a Licensed and Registered Dietitian RD LDN based in Tampa Florida Have a Question Contact Us and we will be sure to get back to you shortly We respect your privacy Absolutely NO sharing of information with third parties Integrative Solution for Optimal Health Using a unique blend of her training in nutrition biochemistry and functional medicine Christine can help you to improve and manage a wide range of everyday and chronic health conditions including Autoimmune disorders RA Multiple Sclerosis MS lupus other Blood sugar imbalances prediabetes diabetes insulin resistance Bone loss osteopenia and osteoporosis Dietary supplements botanicals herbs vitamins minerals If you have questions regarding sessions insurance or rates for services please visit rates Advanced Nutrition Concepts Click the map for detailed directions Words from our clients I highly recommend her services In 2012 I was diagnosed with cancer at the age of 46 and began my quest to explore as many options as possible to both maintain and improve upon my health Although I had been a vegetarian for many years and considered relatively healthy by most I knew that I needed to work towards changing the soil that had allowed the cancer to grow in the first place Upon the recommendation of my physician I decided to get serious about my health and finally contacted Christine Miller for a consultation For almost two years I have worked very closely with A Boitnott Read More Testimonials | [
"Christine Miller",
"integrative nutrition",
"Registered Dietitian"
] |
http://advantageiisale.com/ | Advantage ยฎ II Features Benefits : Kills adult fleas within 12 hours Disrupts flea life cycle with pyriproxyfen Waterproof Guaranteed US EPA approved Application quick and easy Each topical lasts for 4 or 6 months Presenting the new & improved Advantage ยฎ II The new and improved Advantage II now offers flea and lice protection for your dog . Flea and lice treatment with Advantage II gives your dog a safe solution that only needs to be applied once a month . . . How Does it Work ? Advantage II uses the compound pyriproxyfen to kill fleas and other insects by interfering with their maturity cycle . Targeting insects , pyriproxyfen does not affect mammals . . . What can Advantage ยฎ II do for you ? Advantix II Teal kills fleas , ticks , mosquitoes biting flies and lice on dogs fast . Advantix II kills 98 % of fleas within 12 hours and continues to work for up to one month per application . It also breaks the flea life cycle by killing flea larvae . Advantix II can be used on dogs and puppies 7 weeks of age and older , weighing 11 - 20 lbs . Also , it is safe for use on pregnant and nursing dogs . Advantage is water - resistant , so it kills fleas even after shampooing and exposure to rain . Advantix II is applied on the top of the back from the shoulder | [
"Flea",
"lice treatment"
] |
http://adventure.howstuffworks.com/outdoor-activities/snow-sports/luge.htm | HowStuffWorks Adventure Outdoor Activities Snow Sports How Luge Works by Julia Layton Kathryn Whitbourne NEXT South Korea ' s Aileen Christina Frisch competes in the women ' s singles luge run 3 during the Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympic Games , at the Olympic Sliding Centre on Feb . 13 , 2018 . There are those of us who get a little nervous driving at 90 miles per hour ( 140 kph ) protected by steel air bags and anti - lock brakes . And then there are those of us who ask , " Can we remove all protective mechanisms , get close enough to kiss the pavement and lie down so we ca n ' t see real well ? " Replace " pavement " with " ice , " and you ' ve got yourself the makings of a luge team . Luge is one of the most dangerous sports in the Olympic games , and the athletes who race down an icy , high - banked track at speeds typically up to 90 mph are a special breed . Although it ' s very fast , luge might seem like a fairly easy sport to try . You just lie down on your sled and push off , right ? Wrong ! " It can also look as if an athlete is not doing that much when the sport is shown on the TV , but we ' re actually steering the whole way down and trying to be relaxed โ there ' s so much to do , but when you ' re doing it right , the spectator at home does n ' t get a feel in an interview for the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) website In this article , we ' ll learn all about Olympic luge and find out what it takes to finish first . 1 2 6 NEXT | [
"Luge",
"sports",
"Olympic games"
] |
http://adventure.howstuffworks.com/outdoor-activities/water-sports/scuba2.htm | HowStuffWorks Adventure Outdoor Activities Water Sports How Scuba Works by Craig Freudenrich , Ph . D . Scuba Breathing Apparatus Prev NEXT Typical recreational scuba divers breathe either compressed air ( 78 percent nitrogen , 21 percent oxygen ) or an oxygen - enriched , nitrogen - oxygen combination called Nitrox ( 64 to 68 percent nitrogen , 32 to 36 percent oxygen ) . The gas is contained in a cylinder that you carry on your back . The typical cylinder is made of aluminum , weighs about 31 pounds ( 14 kg ) empty and holds 80 cubic feet ( 2,265 L ) of air at 3000 pounds per square - inch ( psi ) , or 204 atmospheres ( ATM ) . This volume of gas would approximately fill a phone booth and weighs about 7 pounds ( 3.2 kg ) . Scuba gas cylinders Scuba regulator , showing second stage ( left ) and first stage ( right ) You can not breathe directly out of the tank because the high pressure would damage your lungs . Therefore , the cylinder is fitted with a regulator . The regulator does two things : It reduces the pressure from the tank to a safe level for you to inhale , and it supplies air on - demand . To accomplish these tasks , regulators have two stages : First stage - The first stage attaches to the cylinder . It reduces the pressure from the tank ( 3000 psi or 204 ATM ) to an intermediate pressure ( 140 psi or 9.5 ATM ) . Second stage - The second stage is connected to the first stage by a hose . It reduces the pressure from the intermediate pressure to ambient water pressure ( such as 1 to 5 ATM depending upon depth ) . The second stage also supplies air , either only when you inhale ( typical operation ) or continuously ( emergency operation ) . The first stage consists of high - pressure and intermediate - pressure chambers , separated from each other by either a valve - diaphragm combination or a piston , which is in contact with the ambient water pressure . The high - pressure chamber receives air directly from the cylinder , while the intermediate - pressure chamber is in contact with the ambient water pressure through the diaphragm or piston . The system operates like this : You inhale , thereby lowering the pressure in the intermediate - pressure chamber to below the ambient water pressure . The water pressure pushes inward , opening the valve or piston . The open valve connects the high - pressure chamber with the intermediate pressure chamber . Air flows from the high - pressure chamber into the intermediate - pressure chamber , thereby increasing the pressure in the intermediate - pressure chamber . When the pressure in the intermediate - pressure chamber equals the ambient water pressure , the valve or piston closes . The process repeats when you inhale again . Operation of a regulator ' s first stage The first stage usually has several ports with hoses that lead to the second stage as well as to other devices , such as an additional second stage , tank - pressure gauge and / or buoyancy control device ( BCD - - more on this later ) . Inside a regulator ' s second stage The regulator ' s second stage consists of : Plastic chamber with an outer rubber diaphragm that is in contact with ambient water pressure Purge button Inner valve that is connected to a movable lever Exhaust valve Mouthpiece The second stage is connected by a hose to the intermediate - pressure chamber of the first stage . This is how the second stage operates : You inhale , thereby lowering the pressure within the second stage to below the ambient water pressure . The water pressure presses in on the diaphragm membrane and moves the lever . The lever ' s movement opens the inlet valve . This allows air to flow into the second stage from the first stage , and into your lungs through the mouthpiece . When you exhale , the pressure in the second stage exceeds the ambient water pressure and pushes out on the membrane . The membrane moves away , allowing the lever to return to its normal position and thereby closing the inlet valve . The increased second - stage pressure opens the exhaust valve and allows the exhaled air to leave the second stage . When you inhale again , the exhaust valve closes and the process repeats . Operation of the regulator ' s second stage The regulator must be cleaned with freshwater after each dive to eliminate salt water , silt and debris that would prevent the movements of the various valves and membranes and corrode the parts . Regulators should also be serviced at least once per year . Because the regulator is one of the most important pieces of equipment , many divers choose to purchase their own regulators ( instead of rent ) so that they can be confident that the regulator is in good working order and has been properly maintained . The final parts of the breathing apparatus are accessories that contain emergency or alternate air supplies . They include the following : Pony tanks - These are smaller cylinders that strap onto the main cylinder . Pony tanks contain air and have their own regulators . They provide enough air for many emergency situations , such as an ascent from a fairly deep depth . Spare air unit - The spare air unit has the regulator built directly into the on / off valve . It is lightweight and can be carried in the pocket of a BCD . It is designed to provide only enough air to allow you to ascend from a shallow depth . Snorkel - This is a small , J - shaped , lightweight breathing tube with a mouthpiece on one end . It attaches to your mask . When at the surface , the snorkel allows you to breathe outside air when you are swimming face - down , thereby conserving tank air . 1 2 3 4 7 NEXT | [
"Scuba Works",
"Scuba Breathing Apparatus",
"fitted with a regulator"
] |
http://adventureinhawaii.com/big-island/pearl-harbor-from-big-island/ | Pearl Harbor from Big Island Select a date to start reservation ! Prev Next April 2019 Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Ask a Question Reserve Now ! ! ! No trip to Hawaii would be complete without seeing the state โ s most popular and historically important attraction โฆ the USS Arizona Memorial . The documentary film that is shown at the Visitor โ s Center sets a somber and reflective tone which this sacred place deserves . People walk out to the ferry boat in hushed silence for the short ride out to the Memorial . If you have never visited Pearl Harbor , you really should go . Visiting Pearl Harbor from Maui requires an inter - island flight to Honolulu and MUST be arranged in advance . The Arizona Memorial is the most popular visitor destination in the state of Hawaii , and space on the ferry ride out to the Arizona Memorial is limited . It is not uncommon for all available tickets for the day to be handed out by 9am or earlier during busy travel periods . This puts guests flying in from the Big Island are at a disadvantage . For this reason we HIGHLY recommend one of the two guided - tour options ; either โ A Day at Pearl Harbor โ or โ Oahu Circle Island with Pearl Harbor . โ With either of these packages the Arizona Memorial tickets and airlines reservations and transportation from the Honolulu airport to Pearl Harbor and back are handled for you to make the day โ hassle - free . โ We also offer a less - expensive Fly - drive package where you are completely on your own when you arrive on Oahu โฆ with this option you get airfare and a rental car , but no advanced reservations for any of the Pearl Harbor sites . This option is OK for those who wo n โ t be devestated if tickets to the Arizona Memorial are already gone for the day by the time they arrive . There ARE other things to see and do at Pearl Harbor , including the USS Missouri , the Bowfin Submarine , the All three of these package options normally depart from Kona Airport on the west coast of the Big Island . The two GUIDED tours which include the Arizona Memorial tickets pre - arranged for you ONLY depart from Kona , but we can book the Fly - drive packages out of Hilo . The flights are done on 117 seat Boeing 717 โฒ s and take about 45 minutes each way . Prices listed are the normal rate available on most dates with reservations made well in advance of your arrival . Last minute seats or holiday dates can increase High winds or structural or mechanical issues may affect operation of the Navy โ s shuttle boat ride out to the Arizona Memorial โฆ it may not be able to operate , or it may operate but view the memorial without actually landing . On days when this occurs there are no tour price adjustments made as such disruptions are beyond the control of the tour companies and when they do occur there is typically very little advanced notice . The Arizona Memorial visitor โ s center , museum , and documentary film are still part of the tour on March 2019 Update : The Arizona Memorial โ s dock is currently undergoing repairs expected to take a few more months . Until dock repairs are complete , the boat ride will be a narrated harbor tour around the Memorial and it will not actually land at the Memorial . All other aspects of the Arizona Tour , including the Visitor โ s Center , Museum , and documentary film are all operating normally . A Day at Pearl Harbor from Big Island : $ 459.99 per person Ask a Question Reserve Now ! ! ! If you want to immerse yourself in the Hawaii โ s historic and pivotal role in World War II , this tour is your chance to experience everything you could possibly do in a single day . You get yourself to the Kona airport โฆ and meet up with your tour guide in Honolulu . The rest of your day is guided , with all admissions to all the Pearl Harbor sites prearranged . There is nothing else for you to do but enjoy your time at Pearl Harbor worry and hassle - free . Your day will include the Meals : There will be a No - Host Lunch Stop at Laniakea Cafe Inside Pacific Aviation Museum , and additional meal opportunities at Visitor Center and USS Missouri Entrance . Dinner is available for purchase during free time in Waikiki or at the Honolulu Airport while you wait for your return flight to Kona . Schedule : Available on Monday , Tuesday , Wednesday , Thursday , and Saturday . Closed on Holidays & December 7 . Punchbowl National Cemetery closed on all Federal Holidays , except Memorial Day ; tours are unable to enter cemetery on those days . Billing Policy : Tours involving interisland airfare are charged in full at the time the reservation is finalized , are not cancellable , and are completely non - refundable . They should also be considered non - changeable as ANY itinerary changes will incur significant airline change fees plus the difference in the cost of the airfare . Tour Times : Departure flight approx . 6 : 15am & arrival back into Kona approx . 8 : 45pm . Check In : Kona Airport 1 - hour prior to departure GPS : 73 - 200 Kupipi St , Kailua - Kona , HI 96740 Click to view map Tour includes : Includes all admissions and round - trip airfare , expert World War II tour guide , a driving tour of Honolulu โ s historic sites & preferred ticketing to the USS Arizona Memorial ! What to Bring & Wear : Wear comfortable clothes & shoes , and dress appropriately and respectfully for the Arizona Memorial ( no beachwear permitted there ) . Bring sunscreen and a Government Photo Identification ( Required for Ford Island Access and airline boarding ) . No bags of any type allowed at Pearl Harbor . Bags must be checked at Pearl Harbor entrance for $ 3.00 per bag Tickets : All admissions are included in the tour price and tickets are prearranged for you . Airfare Cost : This tour includes airfare and rate quoted is the advanced booking price valid on most dates . Last minute bookings and holiday dates may have more expensive airfare . If there is a premium cost for airfare on your date we will contact you prior to charging your credit card . Sites and attractions listed for this tour are those visited on a typical day on the vast majority of tours . Partial refunds are not given in cases where flight delays , weather conditions , or unscheduled closure prevents the tour from visiting a listed attraction . If the airline delays your flight to Oahu by more than two hours ( extremely rare ) the tour operator will cancel the tour and you will receive a full refund . A Day at Pearl Harbor from Kona : $ 459.99 per Adult , $ 449.99 per Child ( ages 2 - 12 ) Oahu Circle Island Tour with Pearl Harbor from Big Island : $ 443.99 per person For those who want to visit Pearl Harbor and the Arizona Memorial but do n โ t want to spend the entire day there , this option gives you the opportunity to circle around Oahu hitting some of the major destinations and attractions of this island that is known as โ the Gathering Place . โ It is one fun - filled day of sightseeing , history , and beautiful landscapes . Your first stop is historic Pearl Harbor , highlighted by the USS Arizona Memorial and the Pearl Harbor Visitor Center . Learn the history of Pearl Harbor from Schedule : Available on Monday , Tuesday , Wednesday , Thursday , and Saturday . Closed on Holidays & December 7 . Billing Policy : Tours involving interisland airfare are charged in full at the time the reservation is finalized , are not cancellable , and are completely non - refundable . They should also be considered non - changeable as ANY itinerary changes will incur significant airline change fees plus the difference in the cost of the airfare . Tour Times : Departure flight approx . 6 : 15 am & arrival back into Kona approx . 8 : 45pm . Check In : Kona Airport 1 - hour prior to departure GPS : 73 - 200 Kupipi St , Kailua - Kona , HI 96740 Click to view map Meals : Lunch is included with your tour ! Choose from our list of locally prepared dishes , and each lunch choice comes with chips , Chef Teresa โ s Chocolate Cookie , and bottled water . Dinner is available for purchase during free time in Waikiki , or at the Honolulu Airport as you wait for your return flight to Kona . What to Bring & Wear : Wear comfortable clothes & shoes , and dress appropriately and respectfully for the Arizona Memorial ( no beachwear permitted there ) . Bring sunscreen and a Government Photo Identification ( Required for Ford Island Access and airline boarding ) . No bags of any type allowed at Pearl Harbor . Bags must be checked at Pearl Harbor entrance for $ 3.00 per bag Tickets : All admissions are included in the tour price and tickets are prearranged for you . Airfare Cost : This tour includes airfare and rate quoted is the advanced booking price valid on most dates . Last minute bookings and holiday dates may have more expensive airfare . If there is a premium cost for airfare on your date we will contact you prior to charging your credit card . Sites and attractions listed for this tour are those visited on a typical day on the vast majority of tours . Partial refunds are not given in cases where flight delays , weather conditions , or unscheduled closure prevents the tour from visiting a listed attraction . If the airline delays your flight to Oahu by more than two hours ( extremely rare ) the tour operator will cancel the tour and you will receive a full refund . Pearl Harbor / Oahu Circle Island from Kona : $ 439.99 per Adult , $ 429.99 per Child ( ages 2 - 12 ) plus 4.439 % Hawaii sales tax AST7H / VP All these tours depart from Kona , because most of our guests stay on that side of the island . The Complete Pearl Harbor Experience and Oahu Circle Island Tour are not offered to depart from Hilo . If you โ d like to depart from Hilo , you can reserve Big Island to Oahu Fly - Drive from Hilo . per person . Click here to reserve the Hilo departure option Big Island to Oahu Fly - Drive : $ 279 per person The Big Island to Oahu Fly - Drive is a completely self - guided option โฆ it allows you to be on your own schedule . You can spend as little or as much of the day as you like at Pearl Harbor , and have the freedom to visit Waikiki , downtown Honolulu , shopping at Ala Moana or the Aloha Stadium flea market , drive up to the Pali Lookout , famous North Shore surfing beaches โฆ go wherever you โ d like to go on Oahu . If you plan to visit the Arizona Memorial , it is best to reserve the earliest flight time possible ; it is not uncommon to have ALL available tickets distributed by 9am or earlier . If you do n โ t want to take the risk of arriving at Pearl Harbor only to find out that all the tickets for the day have been handed out , then you should select one of the guided tour options โฆ A Day At Pearl Harbor from the Big Island or the Oahu Circle Island Tour with Pearl Harbor from Big Island instead . Daily except for Thanksgiving , Christmas , and New Year โ s Day . We also recommend that you avoid Pearl Harbor Day โฆ while technically open on December 7th , there are always so many ceremonial events going on that makes it difficult to have a normal experience . It is also a good idea to avoid Fridays ; this is the day of the week that most Pride of America cruise ship passengers visit Pearl Harbor . Flights : Departure from Kona Airport is typically 6 : 29am or 7 : 04am ( all flights depart from the main Kona airport ) with return 5 : 46pm , 6 : 52pm , 8 : 06pm . We highly recommend the 6 : 29am flight as it enables you to get to Pearl Harbor shortly after they open at 7am . This can save you hours of waiting โฆ if you arrive later you โ ll end up stuck in line behind hundreds of tour bus passengers from Waikiki . Air / car packages are charged in full at the time the reservation is finalized and are non - refundable . They should also be considered non - changeable as ANY itinerary changes will incur significant airline change fees plus the difference in the cost of the airfare . Tour includes : Round trip airfare and rental car for the day Comfortable clothes sand walking shoes . Note : Rates quoted are our typical package prices available in advance for most dates . If travel on your selected date is going to cost more than the posted price , we will contact you prior to finalizing your reservation and BEFORE your credit card is charged . The price is based upon a minimum of 2 people sharing the cost of the car . Solo travelers will pay $ 20 more . NOTE : $ 50 more per person for holiday dates from December 15th through January 4th . Kona to Honolulu Fly - Drive : $ 279.00 per Passenger Hawaii Sales Tax included in these rates AVM1b / VP Visit the historic Pearl Harbor Watch a moving documentary Activity Tips Kevin Ditamore โ Owner / Manager While it does take a little bit of effort to get there from the Big Island , if you โ ve never been to Hawaii before you really should see Pearl Harbor . It is open seven days a week โฆ every day of the year except for Thanksgiving , Christmas , and New Year โ s Day . And while technically open on December 7th , there are always so many ceremonial events going on that it makes it difficult to have a โ normal โ experience at Pearl Harbor on that date . We also recommend that you The Arizona Memorial is the most popular visitor destination in Hawaii with over 1 million annual guests . It is truly a moving experience to stand on the memorial and look down at the outline of the sunken hull and realize that this ship is the final resting place for over 1,100 sailors who were killed on December 7 , 1941 during the attack on Pearl Harbor . With this many visitors per year , it is not uncommon to have all of the 4500 or so tickets for the day fully allotted by 9am or earlier . If you are going on your own and not on our guided โ A Day At Pearl Harbor โ or โ Oahu Circle Island with Pearl Harbor โ tours , do n โ t forget about the USS Missouri โฆ tickets to tour this battleship are available for purchase right next door to the Arizona Memorial . Walking around on the decks of the Missouri and standing in the shadows of those giant guns is in many respects a fuller experience of WWII than actually going on the Arizona Memorial , where you can only see the faint outline of One photography tip for you while you are visiting the Arizona Memorial โฆ when you are re - boarding the boat for the return to shore , try to get in the last row . As the boat pulls away from the Arizona you will get a dramatic photo . One question I often get asked about the fly - drive โฆ โ If there are four of us , should n โ t the price get a little cheaper since there are four of us sharing the cost of the car instead of two ? โ Good question . The answer is โ no โ โฆ unless you want to squeeze four people into an economy car . Parties of four get larger cars โฆ and larger cars cost more . It evens out โฆ trust me ! A major credit card is required at the time you pick If you want to enjoy your day without the hassle of finding your way around and arranging your own tickets , then go with one of our guided tour options . The โ A Day At Pearl Harbor โ is going to squeeze everything possible into your day , and is best for those who want to immerse themselves in Hawaii โ s historic role in WWII . If you want to visit the Arizona Memorial , but do n โ t want your ENTIRE day to be centered on Pearl Harbor , the โ Oahu Circle Island with Pearl With the guided tour options you still are โ on your own โ to get to the Kona Airport . After your flight to Oahu you will meet up with your tour guide just outside of baggage claim at the Honolulu Airport . And at the conclusion of your day your guide will drop you off at Waikiki for some free time and then a shuttle will pick you up to take you to the Honolulu Airport for your return flight to the Big Island . While airfare is included with these guided tour packages , any issues with cancellations It is important to realize that with either guided tour option the list of sites and attractions that are included with the tour is the typical itinerary that is done on the vast majority of tours . Not all days are perfect . The tour operator is not able to do partial refunds if something on that list is n โ t available due to circumstances beyond the tour operator โ s control . If a mechanical issue with Hawaiian Airlines delays your flight to Oahu by an hour , that means that your day of sightseeing is going to The two most important things you need to understand about Pearl Harbor โฆ 1 . You MUST plan it right away . The longer you wait the cost of flights can only go UP and your chances of seeing the Arizona Memorial can only go DOWN . 2 . Once you have reserved your package involving interisland airfare you should consider it โ set in stone . โ Due to interisland flight restrictions your event can not be cancelled or refunded ( unless the airline cancels due to weather or mechanical issues , etc ) . And while date changes may be possible , significant airline change fees will likely make any date change โ cost prohibitive . โ | [
"Pearl Harbor",
"Big Island",
"USS Arizona Memorial ."
] |
http://adventureinhawaii.com/oahu/pearl-harbor/ | Arizona & Missouri with Punchbowl Tour More Tour Details Reserve Now The Arizona & Missouri with Punchbowl tour , aka Pearl Harbor Remembered , takes you to the beginning and ending of World War II . You โ ll watch a powerful documentary film and board the ferry for the ride out to the Arizona Memorial , which represents the beginning of American involvement in the war . You โ ll also have a chance to visit the USS Oklahoma Memorial , which stands as a monument to the 429 sailors who died when that ship capsized during the attack on Pearl Harbor . You will also participate in a guided Arizona / Missouri / Punchbowl Tour : $ 94.00 per Adult , $ 74.00 per Child ( 3 - 11 ) , Infants ( 2 & under in lap ) free The Best of Pearl Harbor More Tour Details Reserve Now Complete your trip to Oahu with the # 1 visited site in Hawaii ! Explore the USS Arizona Memorial , USS Missouri , Pacific National Monument , the Battleship Missouri Memorial , the USS Bowfin Memorial and Museum , and the Pacific Aviation Museum and hangars . Drive through the National Cemetery of the Pacific , where over 13,000 WWII service members are laid to rest . Follow in the footsteps of Hawaiian royalty as you tour Historic Honolulu , and see สปIolani Palace , the only royal palace on US soil . The Best of Pearl Harbor : $ 149.50 per Adult , $ 135.50 per Child ( 3 - 11 ) , Infants ( 2 & under in lap ) free Pearl Harbor & Circle Island Tour This full - day tour is perfect for those who want to see as much as possible in one day ! Visit the USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor , including a powerful documentary film and a boat ride to the memorial . The tour will continue on a 120 mile full - day circle island tour route . Numerous stops are made throughout the day including the Dole Pineapple Plantation visitor โ s center , North Shore surfing beaches , and the Nu โ uanu Pali Lookout . You โ ll see the beautiful coral and white sand beaches Pearl Harbor / Circle Island Tour : $ 115.50 per Adult , $ 91.50 per Child ( 3 - 11 ) , Infants ( 2 & under in lap ) free High winds or structural or mechanical issues may affect operation of the Navy โ s shuttle boat ride out to the Arizona Memorial โฆ it may not be able to operate , or it may operate but view the memorial without actually landing . On days when this occurs there are no tour price adjustments made as such disruptions are beyond the control of the tour companies and when they do occur there is typically very little advanced notice . The Arizona Memorial visitor โ s center , museum , and documentary film are still part of the tour on C ruise Ship Passengers If you are cruising on the Pride of America and spending the night at a hotel in Waikiki prior to your cruise , you can do any of the first 2 tours on the same day that you board your NCL cruise ship , or you can do any of the 3 a day or two before your cruise . If you are on a cruise that visits Honolulu just for the day , the Pearl Harbor / Honolulu City tour may be available for you . The other 2 tours either start too early or end too late for your itinerary . Activity Tips Kevin Ditamore โ Owner / Manager A visit to Pearl Harbor is a must - do activity for anyone coming to Oahu . The USS Arizona Memorial is one of our nation โ s most sacred places . Regardless of your interest in history or WWII , a visit to this shrine is an emotional experience . If you have never been โฆ you should go . The documentary film prepares you well for what you are about to experience , because when the film ends and the doors open , everyone boards the Navy shuttle boat in hushed silence . The boat ride to the One tip for photographing the memorial โฆ when you are re - boarding the boat for the return to the vistor โ s center , try to get in the last row . As the boat pulls away from the Arizona , you will get your an amazing dramatic photo . This page summarized a variety of tours that include Pearl Harbor โฆ some only visit the Arizona , others are more comprehensive and visit the USS Missouri Battleship , and others combine a morning at Pearl Harbor with other scenic sights and experiences on Oahu . | [
"Arizona",
"Pearl Harbor",
"World War II"
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http://adventuremaui.com/haleakala_tours.htm | Haleakala Tours The 10000 foot summit of Haleakala is a popular destination to go watch a sunrise but that means a long drive up a volcano in the middle of the night Why not go with a professional driverguide Everyone in your party can enjoy the same great sightseeing experience with one of these excellent tours The guidesdrivers are professionally trained knowledgeable safe and fun They are also NAI National Association of Interpretation trained and certified The custom cruisers have giant panoramic viewing windows elevated seats air conditioned reclining captains chairs over head storage and extra leg room The high back leather seats have headrests extra thick padding 3 point seat belts armrests and USB charging ports The ADA Compatible options include wheelchair lifts and disabled options and it must be resrved at least 4 days in advance On board there is an oxygen generator AED and all guides are first aid and CPR certified Their Valley Isle Excursions use ecofriendly methods wherever possible including environmentally friendly cleaning supplies recycle all drink containers that are provided on the tour reuse cutlery and plates repurpose melted cooler ice on the landscaping customize the vehicles to achieve optimum efficiency train their drivers how to be extra fuel efficient and maintain high vehicle maintenance standards Note Haleakala will be closed to commercial traffic for Hawaiian cultural practices 6212018 7182018 1032018 12212018 and 12312018 Haleakala Sunrise Tour Haleakala Sunrise Tour An unforgettable way to start your day on the Haleakala Sunrise Tour Haleakala Sunrise Tour The summit area is considered sacred and is known as wao akua or realm of the gods Haleakala Sunrise Tour Photograph and learn about the flora and fauna of the summit area Haleakala Sunrise Tour Cruise up the mountain in comfort and learn about the history of Haleakala Haleakala Sunrise Tour Stops include the Visitor Center Kalahaku Overlook Makawao and Paia Haleakala Sunrise Tour The Haleakala Sunrise Tours use ecofriendly methods wherever possible Haleakala Sunrise Tour Enjoy panoramic viewing windows elevated seats and extra leg room Haleakala Sunrise Tour with Valley Isle Excursions List Price Our Price Seniors ages 60 16999 15999 Adults ages 1359 17999 16999 Children 12 under 15999 14999 Hawaii General Excise tax of 4167 is added to these rates Start your day with an unforgettable Haleakala Sunrise Tour In a custom cruiser you can enjoy a safe and comfortable ride up the mountain You will have stunning photo opportunities including sunrise cultural religious and biological points of interest flora and fauna On the top of Haleakala National Park bask in the light of a new day Their interpretive onboard experience features a mobile APP and videos that their guides use to provide a high quality tour Along with English this is offered in many other languages Visitors have been ascending Haleakala for nearly 150 years in order to experience After your hotel or condo pickup the first stop is in Central Maui for a quick restroom and coffee stop Then you begin the 30 mile drive up the mountain You arrive at the summit well ahead of sunrise and everything is taken care of including extra blankets to keep you warm As you admire the predawn sky the guides teach you about celestial navigation and prepare you for the sunrise experience They give you historical information about Haleakala and you will follow Hawaiian chant protocol by announcing yourselves before venturing further Other stops include Haleakala Headquarters Visitor Center Haleakala Summit Area and Visitor Center Kalahaku Overlook Haleakala Ranch Overlook Makawao and Paia After sunrise venture back down the mountain to enjoy a delicious and authentic sit down hot breakfast which includes vegetarian and gluten free options On your way through gorgeous Upcountry Maui you will take a brief stop to smell the flowers and the fresh morning scents Complimentary hotel pickup and return is included South West Side HotelCondo pickup is between 115 am and 330 am depending on time of year and returns are between 10am and 1130am Entrance fees into Haleakalฤ National Park are also included Two meals at Poi by the Pound Restaurant in Kahului with exclusive dining The restaurant is only open for Valley Isle Excursions guests during both meals The continental breakfast before dawn includes fresh assorted inseason fruit yogurt assorted pastries The hot allyoucaneat buffet breakfast after sunrise includes french toast scrambled eggs hash browns portuguese sausage hot oatmeal pork sausage patties Explore the stories and sights of the enchanted realm and the skies above As you immerse yourself in the sacredness of Haleakala summit at sunrise the landscape will inspire you VIE3 V Haleakala Upcountry and Iao Tour Haleakala Upcountry and Iao Tour View a majestic volcano Haleakala Upcountry and Iao Tour Haleakala Crater view from one of the overlooks Haleakala Upcountry and Iao Tour The sacred Iao Valley Haleakala Upcountry and Iao Tourr Cruise up the mountain in comfort and learn about the history of Haleakala Haleakala Upcountry and Iao Tour Haleakala Summit Visitor Center Haleakala Upcountry and Iao Tour Enjoy panoramic viewing windows elevated seats and extra leg room Haleakala Upcountry Iao Tour with Valley Isle Excursions List Price Our Price Seniors ages 60 15599 14599 Adults ages 1359 16599 15599 Children 12 under 14599 13599 Hawaii General Excise tax of 4167 is added to these rates If you prefer to explore Maui in the daylight hours this tour will will bring you to significant cultural sites and you will learn how ecological systems function and more Immerse yourself in the islands culture farming practices bird watching food practices fishing climate zones and how Hawaiians malama aina care for the land You will also learn about the ancient Hawaiian watershed system ahupuaa from summit to fishpond This tour is on offered Monday Wednesday and Friday The tour includes complimentary hotel pickup and return South and West Side HotelCondo pickup are between 6am and 715 am and returns This mauka to makai tour includes sites such as Iao Valley Haleakala National Park Summit Area Upcountry Maui ranches towns as well as other special areas like Kealia Wildlife Refuge Kula and Paia too Guest have stunning photo opportunities including waterfalls religious cultural and biological points of interest Start you day by exploring central Maui with a light tropical continental breakfast of pastries coffee tropical fruits juices with the stunning views of the West Maui Mountains The Haleakala National Park is their official introduction to the Park You will learn about the land and its significance to the Hawaiians Before At the enchanted Iao Valley listen to stories and legends that fill this area and experience the beautiful Iao Needle as well as state park around it Iao Valley is a significant spiritual and historical center for Hawaiians At the entrance of Iao Valley explore the Kepaniwai Heritage Gardens which is displays the mix of cultures that make up Maui Each culture is represented with their own unique pavilion or garden style including a Hawaiian hale For a truly Hawaiian experience you will visit Kealia Pond Refuge which has had many uses over the centuries and it is now a Explore the beautiful Upcountry Maui where the winding roads take you through the islands upcountry towns ranches and forests Each with their own unique character and story This area also offers some of the best flower farms in Hawaii along excellent views A classic upcountry lunch is included in the tour at on of their many picnic locations The locations are chosen based on views and weather The picnic lunch includes baked BBQ chicken mixed green salad mac sald dinner roll curry vegetable noodles vegan cold juice water and soda VIE4 V Cruise Ship Clients NCL cruise ship passengers are able do the Haleakala Sunrise Tour on their second day in port in Kahului They will pick you up at the harbor This can also work for Lahaina cruise ship passengers on their second day in port if your cruise ship is spending two days in Lahaina They will pick you up at Lahaina Harbor ACTIVITY TIPS Starting in February of 2017 Haleakala National Park implemented a reservation system for sunrise viewing from the summit of the crater Without advanced reservations visitors are not permitted to drive rental cars into the National Park from 3am to 7am If you want to see a sunrise from the top of Haleakala and you didnt secure a permit weeks before your Maui arrival one of these tours is your only way to get inside the park in the predawn hours The road to the summit of Haleakala is not as narrow as the road to Hana but there are hairpin turns LOTS of them And driving it in the middle of the night in the dark can be a challenge Actually if you arent properly rested driving can be dangerous Consider one of these tours you can rest your eyes on the way up instead of having to prop them open with toothpicks and getting white knuckles from holding the steering wheel too tightly | [
"Haleakala Tours"
] |
http://advrider.com/index.php?threads/broken-tap-or-drill-bit.880382/ | Home Forums Home Gear The Garage Dismiss Notice Subscriptions are finally here ! You can sign up to be a site supporter here . Free ADV gear for annual subscribers : ) Broken tap or drill bit Discussion in ' The Garage ' started by Half Fast Apr 19 , 2013 Page 1 of 2 1 2 Next > Half Fast Apr 19 , 2013 # 1 Gnarly lurker Joined : Jan 7 , 2007 Oddometer : 364 Location : PA When drilling or tapping a hole , what are the options for removing a broken drill bit or broken tap that is stuck in the hole ? I just finished a project that involved lots of new threaded fasteners and each time I held my breath thinking " Man , if I break this tap / bit I ' m screwed " . All went well but what to do if the worst happens ? # 1 Motomedic # 2 Motomedic Over - caffeinated Raconteur Supporter Joined : Oct 4 , 2004 Oddometer : 3,450 Location : Spokane An EDM ( electrical discharge machining ) machine is usually the best tool for the job . # 2 # 3 Gnarly lurker Jan 7 , 2007 364 PA That ' s what I was thinking . I was curious to ask if there were any other options but EDM was all I could think of . Thanks . # 3 Daryl_Stamp # 4 Daryl_Stamp Been here awhile Oct 7 , 2006 920 FL NY It ' s a PITA for sure , EDM is ideal solution but generally out of the reach of backyard or home workshop types . A former colleague always had reasonable success by tapping around radially with a punch if anything was sticking out , but the punch usually gets pretty chewed up . Another guy that worked with me showed me a trick when we had a tap break off in a mold that was in for a rush job , We put pins in between the flutes of the tap and kept wiggling it around until it came out , but it required a lot of expletives and angst to finally get it out . IIRC , it may have been old - school bobby pins , but for sure the tap was n ' t jammed too bad , but nothing was sticking out either . Also saw a guy weld a nut onto the protruding piece of broken stud or tap , combination of heat cycle and better leverage worked ok on my brothers diesel rig . No one size fits all solution though for sure . # 4 silverbandit1 # 5 silverbandit1 Adventure Dreaming . . Jun 5 , 2004 1,473 NorCal I have removed broken HSS Taps with a carbide end mill and I have used a acid product ( available at machine shop supply ) if the tap broke in an aluminum part - otherwise EDM # 5 Beezer # 6 Beezer Long timer Oct 26 , 2004 8,789 Anchorage , formerly Spenard ( hub of the universe ) only other one I can add is the cutting torch . if the tap is broken off in aluminum you can blow it out with the ol fire ax . aluminum transfers heat way better than steel so if you heat the steel really quick you can burn it out of the hole with not too much damage to the aluminum , though you will probably need a helicoil . and yes , I have actually done this . best thing is to not need this kind of anguish in the first place . tap with a good lube , turn in a half , maybe 3 / 4 of a turn , and then out a quarter , keep the chips cleaned out of the flutes . as for broken studs . . . first is a left handed drill , if that does n ' t work I try to drill it down the center " on size " , if I screw that up I helicoil it . I really do n ' t even bother with easy outs anymore . a broken ez can be drilled with a cobalt though # 6 DaymienRules # 7 DaymienRules Traffic target Jul 10 , 2008 238 vancouver , bc I ' ve successfully used a broken tap extractor tool once before . it looks kind of like a socket with teeth that engage the reliefs in the tap . # 7 Anorak # 8 Anorak Woolf Barnato Supporter Jul 23 , 2004 49,232 San Rafael , Marin County DaymienRules said : โ I ' ve successfully used a broken tap extractor tool once before . it looks kind of like a socket with teeth that engage the reliefs in the tap . Yes ! True relief when it works . Patience is very important . # 8 kantuckid Apr 20 , 2013 # 9 kantuckid Long timer Nov 29 , 2007 7,859 Kentucky - Eastern that is ! Seriously , anything said is purely hit & miss until you fully describe the situation . We know not if it ' s a tap or a bit and nothing about the location or materials involved . It can be relatively easy or nearly impossible based on the total situation of factors . Lots of taps & bits get removed with no use of EDM . # 9 S / W Apr 20 , 2013 # 10 S / W Been here awhile Oct 21 , 2003 951 Massachusetts I have used almost all of these methods , except for the EDM and acid , with varying success . I have always had the best results with a carbide end mill . Of course , how many home shops have carbide endmills ? Probably a small percentage . Another method I have used is to shatter the tap with a center punch . This works pretty good if the tap broke because it is brittle or improperly heat treated . The center puch should be a good tool steel for it to work . Prevention is the best course of action . Buying cheap taps will get you into trouble , as they are n ' t as sharp and might be brittle . If they are n ' t sharp , they will jam and break . Also , backing the tap out until the " chip " breaks off frequently will help keep the tap from jaming , and of course use plenty of taping fluid . Examine your tap for broken or chiped teeth before you start # 10 Flashmo # 11 Flashmo Whatever . . . Dec 21 , 2008 2,664 Vagabond Hippie S / W said : โ Another method I have used is to shatter the tap with a center punch . I have tried that method . . .it always left a broken tap in a completely f ' ed up hole that could no longer be removed with any method other than our portable EDM . I could see it working in thin plate where you only need to break a couple threads of the tap to get it to come out the other side . It has not worked for me in heavier materials . To me , it is not even a viable option any more . . .YMMV . # 11 Apr 21 , 2013 # 12 Oct 21 , 2003 951 Massachusetts Flashmo said : I have tried that method . . .it always left a broken tap in a completely f ' ed up hole that could no longer be removed with any method other than our portable EDM . I could see it working in thin plate where you only need to break a couple threads of the tap to get it to come out the other side . It has not worked for me in heavier materials . To me , it is not even a viable option any more . . .YMMV . Sorry it has n ' t worked for you , I have done it a bunch of times . # 12 ohgood Apr 21 , 2013 # 13 ohgood Just givver tha berries ! ! ! Sep 21 , 2010 8,621 alabama drill the back side of the hole if possible , then whoop the drill bit of tap from there . once its out , drill and tap next size ( or two ) up and chinese knurl the back side of the tapped hole . then heat all thread and force it through , all the way with a little hanging out . hack off the all thread , both ends . center punch around the all thread , and the edge of the all thread . a lot . peen the all thread flat . file flat ( the edge cuts best and planes ) drill and tap the new hole , mo carefully . most folks ca n ' t spot the repair . ; - ) # 13 Stan_R80 / 7 Apr 22 , 2013 # 14 Stan_R80 / 7 Beastly Gnarly May 12 , 2012 2,614 VA The broken tap problem lead to the Tapmatic : http : / / www . use - enco . com / CGI / INSRIT ? PMAKA = 317 - 0726&cm_mmc = Didit - _ - SEM - _ - GglProd - _ - GglProd&003 = 18299132&010 = 317 - 0726& { copy : 002 } & { copy : 004 } & { copy : 005 } &10 = 317 - 0726&gclid = CK2G1Zis3rYCFYMWMgodNWAAjg Which is a wonderful tool if you are tapping many holes ( but a bit pricey for the HSM ) . I have always tapped holes by hand using a guide or adapting a mill for the purpose - with plenty of cutting fluid and judging by hand force taps do n ' t bread - but it is slow . I think the job would decide how to remove the broken tap . Generally , work is done for profit and time is money so the quicker the tap is removed and threads formed the better . Machine shop forums are a better place to ask this question if you are looking for experience and ideas . YMMV . # 14 ttpete Apr 22 , 2013 # 15 ttpete Rectum Non Bustibus May 13 , 2009 7,487 Dearborn , MI A few things about taps : Always buy and use high speed steel taps . They ' re ground shiny all over and marked HSS . They ' re tough and strong . Carbon steel taps are cheaper , but they are hard as glass and brittle and break easily . Taps do get dull after some use . When this occurs , do n ' t use that tap to cut new threads , especially in aluminum or brass . You can use it to clean gasket sealer and dirt out of a threaded hole . Do n ' t do this with a sharp tap if you want it to remain sharp . Always use a tapping fluid . Kerosene works well for aluminum . I like Rapid - Tap for ferrous metals . Stainless steel needs a different lube . I ' ve used Anchorlube for many years . It comes in a squeeze bottle and looks like green snot . Always use a proper tap wrench so no side loading is placed on the tap . Back the tap up every rotation to break the chips off . # 15 # 16 This is all great info , thanks . I do n ' t have a specific issue at present . I just wanted a better understanding of what options are available . This last project involved drilling and tapping in tight spots on a bronze plaque . Some areas there was barely enough room to start and turn the tap . Also lots of odd angles so the risk of breaking a tap or drill was higher than normal . Here the fastener was under the brim of a hat . I could not access the back of the piece . ( That ' s a missing canteen strap being replaced on a military monument . Yes , I know it ' s a simple tig job but if pins were originally used I drill out the old pins and do it the same way . ) I forgot about those tap removal tools . I ' m sure , just like screw extractors , they work " sometimes " . Still , it ' s another option to have on hand . Again , thanks for the ideas - I knew this was the place to ask ! # 16 GreaseMonkey # 17 GreaseMonkey Preshrunk & Cottony Jun 16 , 2006 5,911 The only county in Illinois with no train tracks For that job illustrated I strongly recommend an " extended tap wrench " . Not only does the extra length really help , the longer handle makes it a lot easier to keep it in line . # 17 Apr 23 , 2013 # 18 I like . Gonna add one to the tool kit . # 18 Apr 23 , 2013 # 19 Rectum Non Bustibus May 13 , 2009 7,487 Dearborn , MI Half Fast said : I like . Gonna add one to the tool kit . There are also tap sockets available . They have an internal o - ring to hold the tap in . Handy for inaccessible locations . # 19 Ironwood # 20 Ironwood Friday Harbor , WA Apr 10 , 2008 996 I sometimes chuck the tap in a cordless drill with just snugging the chuck . It allows you to get steady pressure and a good angle on the tap . If it gets too tight it will slip in the chuck . And it is much faster as well . # 20 ( You must log in or sign up to reply here . ) Page 1 of 2 1 2 Next > Home Forums Home Gear | [
"Broken tap",
"drill bit",
"electrical discharge machining"
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http://aequine.ca/coggins-testing | COGGINS TESTING What is a Coggins test ? A Coggins test โ more accurately referred to as an enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) test โ is a blood test that screens for a potentially fatal disease called Equine Infectious Anemia ( EIA ) . This disease , which sometimes goes by the handle โ swamp fever , โ is caused by a virus that affects the immune system of horses , donkeys , mules and other members of the Equidae family . There is no vaccine or cure for EIA . In its acute form , EIA is characterized by a sudden onset of symptoms that include high fever , anemia ( due to the breakdown of red blood cells ) , weakness , swelling of the lower abdomen and legs and irregular heartbeat . In some cases , sudden death occurs . EIA may also cause abortion in pregnant mares . How does EIA spread ? EIA is spread by biting flies ( such as horse flies , deer flies and even stable flies ) and mosquitos that first bite an infected horse and then bite another horse that โ s nearby . This disease is extremely serious and outbreaks can have catastrophic consequences . Preventing transmission That โ s why it โ s crucial to detect potentially infected travelling and showing horses through regular testing . Most horses infected with EIA do not demonstrate any symptoms whatsoever . Unfortunately , once infected , the animal becomes a carrier of the virus for life . A horse that tests positive for EIA must either be euthanized or quarantined behind screen mesh for the rest of its life . Import and export restrictions In both Canada and the United States , a โ negative Coggins โ is required for import or export of horses across their international borders . As well , many U.S. states require a negative Coggins test for interstate travel . Further , a negative Coggins is necessary in both countries for your horse to gain entry to racetracks and the majority of competitive events . An up - to - date Coggins test is recommended any time horses are gathered together , whether in a boarding stable or for competition or recreation . How is a Coggins test performed ? To begin , we assess the horse to ensure it is not exhibiting symptoms of EIA . As part of the physical exam , we fill out an EIA test form , which requires information such as the horse โ s age , breed and descriptions of colour markings and scars . Most horses that test positive for EIA antibodies do not show any outward sign of sickness or disease . For this reason , the Coggins test includes the requirement for a blood sample to be taken and submitted to an accredited lab for analysis . The blood sample must be drawn by a Canadian Food Inspection Agency ( CFIA ) - accredited veterinarian . Dr . Allossery has this accreditation . How long is a negative Coggins test good for ? For export purposes , the test is good for just 180 days ( approximately 6 months ) . You can find more information regarding EIA and import / export restrictions at the Canadian Food Inspection Agency ( CFIA ) website . | [
"COGGINS TESTING",
"enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay",
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http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/mongols/pop/polo/mp_essay.htm | In her book Did Marco Polo Go To China Frances Wood performs a useful service in summarizing the case that questions whether Marco Polo actually reached China However as Dr Wood knows scholars of the Mongol era as well as specialists on Polos text have for many years known and written about these questions As Dr Wood also knows omission in a travel account can not disprove the veracity of a journey Polos omissions have scant bearing on whether he traveled to the Middle Kingdom as China has always called itself If we hold all travel accounts to the same standard of having to describe all of the major characteristics and institutions of the societies the voyagers have visited we would need to question the veracity of the travels of the seventh century Buddhist pilgrim Xuanzang who fails to mention important facet of Indian society or the fourteenth century Arab jurist Ibn Battuta who Dr Woods lack of expertise on the Yuan dynasty in particular and the Mongol empire in general results in misinterpretations and mistakes Because she is dependent on secondary works and has scarcely consulted primary Chinese Persian etc sources she is not as well informed as she ought to be on Yuan and Mongol history For example she writes that she can not understand why the Great Khan Khubilai conqueror of China would employ and adolescent actually Marco was not an adolescent he was at least 21 years old before he met Khubilai Italian who he couldnt understand to inform him Dr Wood also asserts that Marcos descriptions have a guidebook nature and suggests that they are copied not personal records In fact his descriptions of the postal system Beijing Hangzhou Ahmads career and death Khubilais personality Shangdu feasts and banquets reveal tremendous firsthand knowledge of the Mongol court and its policies and tally with Chinese and Persian primary sources Finally Dr Wood is right that Marco exaggerates his role in events He claims that he his father and his uncle provided the Mongols with the military equipment for their successful siege of Xiangyang an impossibility since the siege ended two years before Marco reached China He also asserts that he was governor of the city of Yangzhou which is not attested by contemporary sources However the remarkable detail and accuracy of his account far outweigh exaggerations meant to boost his ego and to portray him as a more important figure in Yuan history than he truly was The fact In short Dr Wood has written a readable book not an inconsiderable accomplishment with interpretations arguments and information well known to scholars Most of these arguments and interpretations however have earlier been refuted by scholars of the Yuan and Mongol periods For the best refutation of the view that Marco Polo did not reach China see Igor de Rachewiltz Marco Polo Went to China Zentralasiatische Studien 27 1997 pp 3492 In this article Rachewiltz concludes an analysis of Frances Woods book in these words I regret to say that FWs Frances Wood book falls short of the standard of scholarship that one would expect in a work of this kind Her book can only be described as deceptive both in relation to the author and to the public at large Questions are posted that in the majority of cases have already been answered satisfactorilyher attempt is unprofessional she is poorly equipped in the basic tools of the trade ie adequate linguistic competence and research methodologyand her major arguments can not withstand close scrutiny Her conclusion fails to consider all the evidence supporting Marco Polos close window print essay | [
"Did Marco Polo Go To China",
"book",
"Frances Wood"
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http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1000ce_mingvoyages.htm | The Ming Voyages Introduction The Emperor and His Ambition The Trusted Admiral Zheng He Preparing the Fleet The Seven Voyages The Fateful Decision Discussion Questions Classroom Activities Introduction From 1405 until 1433 , the Chinese imperial eunuch Zheng He led seven ocean expeditions for the Ming emperor that are unmatched in world history . These missions were astonishing as much for their distance as for their size : during the first ones , Zheng He traveled all the way from China to Southeast Asia and then on to India , all the way to major trading sites on India ' s southwest coast . In his fourth voyage , he traveled to the Persian Gulf . But for the three last voyages , Zheng went even further , | back to top | The Emperor and His Ambitions The Ming dynasty ( 1368 - 1644 ) was a Chinese dynasty with a Chinese imperial family , as distinct from the dynasty that came before it ( the Mongol , or Yuan , dynasty of Chinggis and Khubilai Khan ) or the one that followed it ( the Manchu , or Qing , dynasty ) . To demonstrate Ming power , the first emperors initiated campaigns to decisively defeat any domestic or foreign threat . The third emperor of the Ming Dynasty , Zhu Di or the Yongle Emperor , was particularly aggressive and personally led major campaigns against | back to top | The Trusted Admiral Zheng He Zheng He was born Ma He to a Muslim family in the far southwest , in today ' s Yunnan province . At ten years old he was captured by soldiers sent there by the first Ming emperor intent on subduing the south . He was sent to the capital to be trained in military ways . Growing up to be a burly , imposing man , over six feet tall with a chest contemporaries said measured over five feet around , he was also extremely talented and intelligent . He received both literary and military training , then made Preparing the Fleet China had been extending its power out to sea for 300 years . To satisfy growing Chinese demand for special spices , medicinal herbs , and raw materials , Chinese merchants cooperated with Moslem and Indian traders to develop a rich network of trade that reached beyond island southeast Asia to the fringes of the Indian Ocean . Into the ports of eastern China came ginseng , lacquerware , celadon , gold and silver , horses and oxen from Korea and Japan . Into the ports of southern China came hardwoods and other tree products , ivory , rhinoceros horn By the beginning of the Ming Dynasty , China had reached a peak of naval technology unsurpassed in the world . While using many technologies of Chinese invention , Chinese shipbuilders also combined technologies they borrowed and adapted from seafarers of the South China seas and the Indian Ocean . For centuries , China was the preeminent maritime power in the region , with advances in navigation , naval architecture , and propulsion . From the ninth century on , the Chinese had taken their magnetic compasses aboard ships to use for navigating ( two centuries before Europe ) . An important advance in shipbuilding used since the second century in China was the construction of double hulls divided into separate watertight compartments . This saved ships from sinking if rammed , but it also offered a method of carrying water for passengers and animals , as well as tanks for keeping fish catches fresh . Crucial to navigation was another Chinese invention of the first century , the sternpost rudder , fastened to the outside rear of a ship which could be raised and lowered according to the depth of the water , and used to navigate close to Chinese ships were also noted for their advances in sail design and rigging . Bypassing the need for banks of rowers , by the third and fourth centuries the Chinese were building three - and four - masted ships ( 1000 years before Europe ) of wind - efficient design . In the eleventh and twelfth centuries they added lug and then lateen sails from the Arabs to help sail against the prevailing winds . By the eighth century , ships 200 feet long capable of carrying 500 men were being built in China ( the size of Columbus ' ships eight centuries later ! ) By the Song Dynasty ( 960 - 1279 ) , these stout and stable ships with their private cabins for travelers and fresh water for drinking and bathing were the ships of choice for Arab and Persian traders in the Indian Ocean . The Mongol Yuan Dynasty ( 1279 - 1368 ) encouraged commercial activity and maritime trade , so the succeeding Ming Dynasty inherited large shipyards , many Because the Yongle emperor wanted to impress Ming power upon the world and show off China ' s resources and importance , he gave orders to build even larger ships than were necessary for the voyages . Thus the word went out to construct special " Treasure Ships , " ships over 400 feet long , 160 feet wide , with nine masts , twelve sails , and four decks , large enough to carry 2,500 tons of cargo each and armed with dozens of small cannons . Accompanying those ships were to be hundreds of smaller ships , some The Seven Voyages The first expedition of this mighty armada ( 1405 - 07 ) was composed of 317 ships , including perhaps as many as sixty huge Treasure Ships , and nearly 28,000 men . In addition to thousands of sailors , builders and repairmen for the trip , there were soldiers , diplomatic specialists , medical personnel , astronomers , and scholars of foreign ways , especially Islam . The fleet stopped in Champa ( central Vietnam ) and Siam ( today ' s Thailand ) and then on to island Java , to points along the Straits of Malacca , The second expedition ( 1407 - 1409 ) took 68 ships to the court of Calicut to attend the inauguration of a new king . Zheng He organized this expedition but did not actually lead it in person . Zheng He did command the third voyage ( 1409 - 1411 ) with 48 large ships and 30,000 troops , visiting many of the same places as on the first voyage but also traveling to Malacca on the Malay peninsula and Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) . When fighting broke out there between his forces and those of a small kingdom , Zheng put down the fighting , captured the king and brought him back to China where he was released by the emperor and returned home duly impressed . The fourth voyage ( 1413 - 15 ) extended the scope of the expeditions even further . This time in addition to visiting many of the same sites , Zheng He commandeered his 63 ships and over 28,000 men to Hormuz on the Persian Gulf . The main chronicler of the voyages , the twenty - five year old Muslim translator Ma Huan , joined Zheng He on this trip . On the way , Zheng He stopped in Sumatra to fight on the side of a deposed sultan , bringing the usurper back to Nanjing for execution . The fifth voyage ( 1417 - 1419 ) was primarily a return trip for seventeen heads of state from South Asia . They had made their way to China after Zheng He ' s visits to their homelands in order to present their tribute at the Ming Court . On this trip Zheng He ventured even further , first to Aden at the mouth of the Red Sea , and then on to the east coast of Africa , stopping at the city states of Mogadishu and Brawa ( in today ' s Somalia ) , and Malindi ( in The sixth expedition ( 1421 - 1422 ) of 41 ships sailed to many of the previously visited Southeast Asian and Indian courts and stops in the Persian Gulf , the Red Sea , and the coast of Africa , principally in order to return nineteen ambassadors to their homelands . Zheng He returned to China after less than a year , having sent his fleet onward to pursue several separate itineraries , with some ships going perhaps as far south as Sofala in present day Mozambique . The seventh and final voyage ( 1431 - 33 ) was sent out by the Yongle emperor ' s successor , his grandson the Xuande emperor . This expedition had more than one hundred large ships and over 27,000 men , and it visited all the important ports in the South China Sea and Indian Ocean as well as Aden and Hormuz . One auxiliary voyage traveled up the Red Sea to Jidda , only a few hundred miles from the holy cities of Mecca and Medina . It was on the return trip in 1433 that Zheng He died The Fateful Decision Factions at court had long been critical of the Yongle emperor ' s extravagant ways . Not only had he sent seven missions of the enormous Treasure Ships over the western seas , he had ordered overseas missions northeast and east , had sent envoys multiple times across desert and grassland to the mountains of Tibet and Nepal and on to Bengal and Siam , and had many times raised armies against fragmented but still troublesome Mongolian tribes to the north . He had embroiled China in a losing battle with Annam ( northern Vietnam ) for decades ( most Causing further hardship were natural disasters , severe famines in Shantong and Hunan , epidemics in Fujian , plus lightning strikes that destroyed part of the newly constructed Forbidden City . In 1448 , flooding of the Yellow River left millions homeless and thousands of acres unproductive . As a result of these disasters coupled with corruption and nonpayment of taxes by wealthy elite , China ' s tax base shrank by almost half over the course of the century . Furthermore the fortuitous fragmentation of the Mongol threat along China ' s northern borders did not last . By 1449 several tribes unified and their raids and counterattacks were to haunt the Ming Dynasty for the next two centuries until its fall , forcing military attention to be focused on the north . But the situation in the south was not much better . Without continual diplomatic attention , pirates and smugglers again were active in the South China Sea . The Ming court was divided into many factions , most sharply into the pro - expansionist voices led by the powerful eunuch factions that had been responsible for the policies supporting Zheng Ho ' s voyages , and more traditional conservative Confucian court advisers who argued for frugality . When another seafaring voyage was suggested to the court in 1477 , the vice president of the Ministry of War confiscated all of Zheng He ' s records in the archives , damning them as " deceitful exaggerations of bizarre things far removed from the testimony of people ' s eyes Linked to eunuch politics and wasteful policies , the voyages were over . By the century ' s end , ships could not be built with more than two masts , and in 1525 the government ordered the destruction of all oceangoing ships . The greatest navy in history , which once had 3,500 ships ( the U.S. Navy today has only 324 ) , was gone . Discussion Questions Describe the many projects of the Yongle emperor to proclaim Ming power . Why do you think that the voyages to the west were the most grand ? Why has the Yongle emperor been called one of the most active of the Ming emperors , both militarily and politically ? Why has the role of the Mediterranean Sea for Europe been compared to that of the Indian Ocean for Asia ? Why did the Ming court rely so heavily on imperial eunuchs like Zheng He to carry out its policies rather than on traditional Confucian officials ? Compare China ' s maritime power in the fifteenth century with Europe ' s at that time . What was the basis for China ' s naval power ? Why do you think that the overseas voyages were halted ? Just as important , why do you think that the Yongle emperor ' s attempt to reinstate the traditional tributary system was abandoned ? What were some of the implications of these decisions ? Classroom Activities Divide the class into seven groups . Have each group research one of Zheng He ' s voyages , detailing the itinerary , the exchange of tribute and trade , and the reactions of the Chinese to the regions visited . Imagine you were a resident or a leader of one of the sites visited by Zheng He . Write journal entries or letters to the Yongle emperor to be sent with Zheng He about your impressions of the Chinese and the problems and possibilities of more contact with them . Make a map of the trade and tribute routes of Ming China , with a key that indicates all the products that were exchanged at its borders : northeast , north , northwest , west , south , southeast , and east . Role play the discussions at the Ming court . Select a student to be the Chinese emperor . Divide the rest of the class into pro - expansionist advisers and anti - expansionist advocates . Write memorials to the emperor detailing your position and then role play discussions at court . You might hold several of these discussions for different periods in Ming history , for example , one at the beginning of Yongle ' s reign , another after the Forbidden City was built , a third after the Mongol threat was renewed . Make a model or diagram of one of the Treasure Ships , carefully making to scale the important features of fifteenth century Chinese naval technology . The Chinese were not the only peoples to go on ocean voyages in the fifteenth century . Research Muslim , Malayo - Polynesian , West and East African , and South American expansion pre - 1450 . Then place the Iberian expansion of this period in this context . Go to the website The Great Chinese Mariner Zheng He [ Cheng Ho ] . Use the student reading and the image of a sixteenth - century Iberian ship superimposed on one of Zheng He ' s treasure ships ( at the top of the page ) to compare the Chinese fifteenth - century treasure ships with the ships used in Portuguese and Spanish maritime voyages . Acknowledgment : Dr . Sue Gronewald , a specialist in Chinese history , was the author of this unit . ยฉ 2009 Asia for Educators , Columbia University | http : / / afe . easia . columbia . edu | [
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http://affinity-pediatrics.com/ | Welcome to Affinity Pediatrics ! Affinity Pediatrics offers quality pediatric and adolescent medicine , including preventative health maintenance for healthy children and medical care for those who are sick . The expert providers at Affinity Pediatrics diagnose and treat injuries , illnesses , chronic conditions , infectious diseases , and other types of disorders in infants , children , and adolescence . Affinity Pediatrics also specializes in vaccines , asthma management , international medicine , and behavioral and developmental health for children . Our Location VIEW ON MAP 39 Kent Road Suite 5 Tifton , GA 31794 Located in the Cypress Pointe Professional Park Important Numbers Affinity Pediatrics : ( 229 ) 353 - 7337 Poison Control : ( 800 ) 222 - 1222 Emergency : 911 Tift Regional Medical Center : ( 229 ) 382 - 7120 Contact Us EMAIL US Accepting New Patients ! Call or email today for an appointment ! ( 229 ) 353 - PEDS ( 7337 ) | [
"Affinity Pediatrics",
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http://afibroidsmiracle.com/vitamins-for-fibroids/ | Vitamins For Fibroids by Meredith on Saturday , July 16th , 2011 | 2 Comments Which Vitamins Are Particularly Useful In The Treatment For Uterine Fibroids You can easily bring fibroids under control with help of natural uterine fibroid treatment methods . Trust me nature has made us like that . Our bodies are equipped to remove harmful toxins and abnormal cells when it is out of balance . Any type of treatment for uterine fibroids must specifically include certain vitamins and minerals . In this article I am going to share some of the vitamins which are absolutely a must if you desire to get rid of fibroids naturally . The best vitamins for fibroid cure are Vitamin A ( Betacarotene ) , Vitamin C and Vitamin E . Vitamin A , also known as Betacarotene , is essential for fibroid treatment . It is helpful in protecting the body cells against damage and also assists cells to reproduce normally . Secondly red blood cells production is dependent on adequate supplies of Vitamin A . This vitamin also controls heavy bleeding , a common symptom of fibroids . Vitamin C is essential to absorb iron in the body . Vitamin C with Bioflavonoids helps in strengthening our body โ s capillaries . This is again effective in reducing the heavy bleeding caused by fibroids . Vitamin E is effective for painful periods ( dysmenorrhea ) caused by fibroids . Dysmenorrhea can be primary or secondary to endometriosis or fibroids . Vitamin E combats fibroid symptoms like bloated feeling , nausea , breast tenderness , diarrhea and headaches . The refereed vitamins must be used in combination with other natural supplements in treatment for uterine fibroids . Needless to say , any uterine fibroid treatment method must be multifaceted with these vitamins being one of the important aspects . Do you want to get rid of Uterine Fibroids permanently ? There is a proven fibroids treatment that will produce results in the next few weeks . This may seem impossible , but is 100 % true . If you are serious about getting rid of fibroids naturally , discover the excellent insider secrets by clicking โ Uterine Finroid Treatment About the author : I am an ex banker turned home maker . As soon as I reached the age of 40 I started experiencing a number of typical awomen โ s problemsa . Like most others I too always resorted to modern medicines as my first line of treatment . Needless to say it was always accompanied by a number of side effects . Sick and tired of bearing up with the side effects I decided to do some research of my own . Thanks to internet I came across ideas and methods of natural cure for most of Source : http : / / www . articlesbase . com / womens - health - articles / which - vitamins - are - particularly - useful - in - the - treatment - for - uterine - fibroids - 1847983 . html Frequently Asked Questions QUESTION : vitamins & herbs for uterine fibroids ? has anyone had any luck on reducing their uterine fibroids via herbs and vitamins ANSWER : Fibroids are estrogen driven . Dr . John Lee had great success in treating them with bioidentical progesterone . It opposes the estrogen , and balances out the effects . You can read more at his website http : / / www . johnleemd . com More recommendations for healing fibroids by Dr . John Lee : WHAT TO DO : * Use natural progesterone cream . * Eat a plant - based , fiber rich diet ( at least 20 - 30g fiber per day ) * Take a liver - supporting and detoxifying herbal formula that includes the following herbs : Bupleurum , milk thistle ( silybum marianum ) , barberry or goldenseal , burdock root , yellow dock , dandelion root . * Take a uterus - healing herbal formula that includes some or all of the following herbs : myrrh , red raspberry , cayenne , Bupleurum , yarrow , vitex and lady โ s mantle ( Alchemilla mollis ) * Use a castor oil pack 2 - 4 times a week ( many books on herbal healing have instructions on how to make and use a castor oil pack . ) WHAT TO AVOID : * Unopposed estrogen * Dairy products * Feed - lot meats ( eat only range - fed , organic meats free of drugs and pestiside residue ) * Coffee ( heavily sprayed with DDT ) QUESTION : uterine fibroids ? vitamins & herbs for uterine fibroids ? has anyone had any luck on reducing their uterine fibroids via herbs and vitamins ANSWER : hello there , yes i had them and dealt w / them for a few yrs . after awhile they just got bigger ( 1 cm per yr . ) and one was pressing on my bladder and had to use the bathroom CONSTANTLY . The year b4 I had my surgery ( myomectomy ) I got accupuncture 1 - 2 times a month and it really did help A LOT . He also gave me my own individually designed herbal concoction that I took โ like one or two tab . daily . they would temporarity reduce after the accupuncture treatments and give me some relief b4 the next visit . the smaller the better , and the sooner you treat them the better . If they are small you have the opportunity to have your doc remove them / out patient procedure . but major surgery was n โ t as bad as i thought it would be . it was the fear that was the most difficult to deal with , but well worth the operation . cut down on caffeine , it โ s horrible for fibroids . however i actually noticed i had less pain back then if i drank organic coffee cut down on sugars and fats , but MOST OF ALL , ANY MEATS you eat , esp . beef , or any meat , make SURE it โ s organic . all that hormone junk they have in those store bought meats irritate fibroids terribly . eat a lot of fresh fruits , veggies , seafood , beans , soy milk . oh and watch out for dairy , esp . cheese . What are some natural treatements ( diet , vitamins ) I can take increase my progesterone ? I โ m relatively healthy , married and 26 . For the past 3 years , I โ ve begun spotting about 1 day before my period . From what I โ ve read , it can be caused by low progesterone , endometriosis or fibroids . I think that I โ m having a difficult time getting pregnant because of low progesterone which can affect implantation into my uterus . What are some natural solutions I can do ? I do n โ t want to take prescriptions or use the progesterone cream . If you have had your hormonal level checked and have low progesterone here is a few options . One you can buy a cream from the health food stores , made of plants . You can also do what is called Bio - Identical hormonal replacement . You would have a saliva test done . Pharmacies who sell bio identicals will give you the test . You have to spit a LOT in the morning . It will test all your female hormone levels . This test is more sensative and acurate than even blood . The Bio - Identical Christal One more question then Im off to bed . About prenatal vitamins ! ! ! ? I was prescribed pain medication from an ER visit 3 days ago for abdominal pain due to my fibroids . The medication is called โ Tylenol w / Codeine โ which is exactly what it is ! I want to take one tonite as Im having discomfort , but I just took my prenatal vitamin and Im unsure if the two will mix ? Has anyone asked their doc this question before and got an answer ? Just curious . Should n โ t be a prob . Doc โ s who prescribe preg women medications take into account that they are likely on a prenatal vitamin regiment . Besides , after women have their babies , they are given an Rx for painkillers . And those who are breastfeeding are STILL taking their prenatal vitamins at that point as well . I do n โ t see how it could interfere . Sweet dreams ! how many women are at the 18months + mark ttc ? Hi Ladies , Just wondering how many women have been TTC for 18 + months ? I am now at the 18 month mark This month I have stopped charting , not using opks etc just pregnancy vitamin daily . I have pcos , endo and 2 uterine fibroids . I am going to see GYN in June to book in for ANOTHER laparoscopy and d&c How is everyone else going ? Baby dust to all ! ! ! I โ m with you on this one also with endo & pcos . Very frustrating month after month . Been trying off & on for the last 5 yrs & no luck but a miscarriage 3 yrs ago but also just found out i had endo & pcos this past year and had a laparoscopy in December 09 โฒ . Like i previously told you in a past email i also stopped charting , using monitor , etc . last month so good luck to the both of us maybe just trying to let it happen will bring us vitamins for fibroids is there a natural supplement that can be taken to shrink uterine fibroids vitamins that shrink fibroids citamin c to eliminate fibroids folic acid and fibriod Posted in Fibroids Articles Fibroids Natural Treatments Tags : fibroids diet fibroids during pregnancy fibroids in uterus fibroids treatment myomas cure from vitamins vitamins and minerals vitamins for acne vitamins for energy Fibroids In Ovaries Uterus Fibroids Natural Treatment | [
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http://afma.az.gov/ | Ambulance Membership Program Patient Subsidy Changes Annexation Process Information Arizona Fire Medical Authority Accreditation Ambulance Transport Program Annexation Information Burn Permits Code Enforcement Plans Review Contact Us Authority District Financials Emergency Preparedness FAQs Fire Corps Customer Survey Kids Corner Links Resources Living in Wildfire Prone Areas Meeting Event Calendar Privacy HIPAA Notice Program Support Recent Headlines Reflective Address Sign Program Site Map Spotlight Information Unused Medication Disposal Job Announcement Notifications Interested in employment with the Arizona Fire Medical Authority If so sign up for job announcement email updates Updates are free and any information you share will be held and used only by the Authority Meeting Event Calendar January 2019 S M T W Th F S 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 Printerfriendly Version Welcome to the Arizona Fire Medical Authority Website New Website Coming Soon We are excited to announce that a new and improved Arizona Fire Medical Authority Website is under construction During the construction certain features and information on this current site may not be accessible or updated Please contact the Administrative Offices at 623 5445400 with any questio ns or if you need any assistance Arizona Fire Medical Authority The Arizona Fire Medical Authority AFMA is a joint powers agency created pursuant to Arizona Revised Statutes 4880501 and 11952 which authorizes fire districts cities and counties to form a separate legal entity to deliver fire emergency medical and associated emergency services for the partnering agencies AFMA began operations on July 1 2017 as approved by the North County Fire Medical District and the Sun Lakes Fire District the initial partners in the Authority Please Note The Sun Lakes Fire District merged with the Tonopah Valley Fire District to become the South County Fire Medical District Effective January 3 2019 AFMA provides all hazard emergency services including 911 ambulance service from eight fire stations strategically located in the Phoenix metroareas north west and east valley AFMA serves a population of approximately 80000 residents with a staff of 176 full time and 32 parttime fire and EMS personnel and associated staff AFMA also maintains 110 active citizen volunteers in community support roles For more information regarding AFMAs formation please Click Here Career Opportunities ISO Class One Accreditation Premier EMS Agency Heart Safe Community Information Notification System For more information or to register for the Community Information and Notification Systems please click on the picture above Flag Half Staff Alert US 1272018 United States Flags at HalfStaff Friday December 7 2018 in Honor of National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day US 11302018 United States Flags at Half Staff Until Sunset on December 30 2018 in Honor of George HW Bush US 10272018 US flags to Half Staff US 9112018 Fly the United States Flag at HalfStaff on US 8272018 US Flags to Half Staff Honoring Sentator McCain US 732018 US Flags at HalfStaff Presidential Proclamation Honoring the Victims of the Tragedy in Annapolis Maryland US 5282018 United States Flags at HalfStaff From Sunrise Until Noon on Monday May 28 2018 for Memorial Day US 5182018 United States Flag at HalfStaff Immediately until Sunset on Tuesday May 22 2018 Honoring the Victims of the Tragedy in Santa Fe Texas US 4172018 United States Flags at HalfStaff in Honor of Barbara Bush Immediately through Sunset Saturday April 21 2018 US 322018 United States Flags at HalfStaff Friday March 2 2018 in Honor of Billy Graham US 2152018 US flags at HalfStaff Honoring the Victims of the Tragedy in Parkland Florida US 1272017 United States Flags at HalfStaff Thursday December 7 2017 in Honor of National Pearl Harbor Remembrance US 1162017 US Flags at halfStaff Honoring the Victims of the Sutherland Springs Texas Shooting US 1022017 US Flags at HalfStaff Honoring Victims of the Las Vegas Tragedy US 9112017 US flags at HalfStaff for Patriot Day US 5292017 Fly the United States Flag at HalfStaff on Memorial Day Monday May 29 2017 US 5152017 Half Staff 5152017 for Peace Officers Memorial Day US 462017 United States Flags at HalfStaff on Thursday April 6 2017 for the Final Burial of John Glenn US 1292016 US Flags at HalfStaff for John Glenn US 1272016 The United States Flags are at Flags at HalfStaff on Wednesday December 7 2016 in Honor of National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day 2016 Get Widget Now Arizona Flags | [
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http://africantortoise.com/diet.htm | Smooth Opuntia Tortoise Diet FEEDING : In the wild , these herbivores species primarily on grasses , shrubs and succulent plants . . .surprisingly , Leopard tortoises in their natural range prefer Portulacaceae spp . In captivity the ideal situation for these animals to sustain themselves , is to just allow them to graze in a well planted chemically untreated area of your yard . Mine spend most of the year outside in a large pen heavily planted with the Grazing Tortoise Seed Mix For the few months that they are kept indoors , I grow the mix in cat litter boxes . Opuntia berries The diet should be at least 70 % grasses and hay . Not surprisingly , given its preference for grassland habitats the Sulcata grazes , extensively upon mixed grasses weeds , and flowers . It also favors the fruit and pads of the prickly pear ( Opuntia sp . ) , succulents and thistles . " Meat " foods should never be given to because it can lead to excessive growth , high blood - urea levels , kidney / liver problems , and bladder stones . In captivity it is a common error to feed too much wet food such as lettuce , tomatoes and fruit when in reality this tortoise requires a coarse , high fiber diet . The sugar content of fruit will also alter the pH of the gut which results in a die off of the normal gut flora . Feeding excessive fruit or soft foods frequently leads to repeated flagellate ( a type of parasite ) and other gut problems such as colic , most probably as a result of increased gut motility . Long term ingestion of the chemicals commonly sprayed on produce is a health concern . Choose organic greens when possible or be sure to wash in mild soapy water and rinse well . Remove plastic and metal wrappers so your torts do n ' t accidentally ingest these . Nutritious chemical free healthy foods are often freely available in your yard or vacant lots . Grasses , Clovers , Grape , Mulberry & Fig leaves , Dandelion , Plantain ( the weed ) , Hibiscus ( leaves and flowers ) , Opuntia , Thistles , Chickweed .This link will help you to be able to identify edible plants : http : / / www . africantortoise . com / edible_plants . htm Better of the easily obtainable grocery greens : Aim for a high Calcium to Phosphorus ratio and low protein diet . When fed in excess , foods high in Oxalates have been implicated in binding minerals including calcium . Moderation and variety is the key . Regularly : Dark Leafy Greens such as : Endive , Watercress , Collard Greens , Kale , Dandelion , Chicory , Escarole , Radicchio , Turnip Greens , Opuntia ( smooth or despined ) Occasionally Cabbage , Carrots , Carrot Tops , Red Leaf Lettuce , Romaine , Mustard Greens , Alfalfa Hay , Parsley * * * * Rarely * * * * Swiss Chard , Spinach , Broccoli , Bok choy , Iceberg lettuce , Sweet Potatoes , Sprouts of any kind , Corn , Cucumbers , Beet Greens , Fruit in general . Never : Rhubarb , Beans of any kind , dog food , pasta For more information on why foods above are listed as they are , please visit the links below : Tortoise Diet Nutrient Analyses of Replacment Tortoise Foods CTTC - Tortoise Diet Information Pyramiding and Shell problems Pyramiding GETTING THEM TO EAT HEALTHIER FOODS : Mixing larger portions of things your tort likes in chopped " salads " and slowly cut back on " treat " foods in this mix , is one way to get them adjusted to a better diet . If you tort is healthy and has water available at all times , it wont hurt them to go a couple days w / o food , esp . if it helps them to be hungry enough to appreciate a healthier diet . You might also try putting a bit of squash ( or some other foods that they especially like ) Here are some good links : USDA NUTRIENT DATA LABORATORY Oxalic Acid Content of Selected Vegetables Wild Edible Plant Nutrition Chemical Composition of Plants Plants For A Future - Database Search CalFlora Database California Wildflowers University of California weeds WeedAlert . com Medicinal Plants USDA Poisonous Plants Toxic and Poisonous Plants and Flowers This Canadian site list poisonous and problem plants . Click on the Latin name for a description . More poisonous plants For help with growing plants for your tortoise , join The Veggie Patch Or visit The Veggie Patch | [
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http://aft1493.org/documents-on-slos-and-accreditation/ | SHARE THIS : The documents below involve challenges to Accreditation Standard III . A . 1 . c of the Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges ( ACCJC . ) Standard III . A . 1 . c mandates that student learning outcomes ( SLOs ) be a component of faculty evaluation . At the Fall 2008 Plenary of the Academic Senate for California Community Colleges ( Nov . 8 , 2008 ) , the Senate leaders adopted a resolution titled , โ Opposition to Using SLOs in Faculty Evaluation . โ The resolution affirmed the Senate โ s โ opposition to including the attainment of student learning outcomes as an aspect of individual faculty evaluations โ and called on the Senate to โ work with the Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges and with and other concerned statewide faculty organizations to ensure that accreditation recommendations do not use student learning outcomes in any manner that would undermine either local bargaining authority or the academic freedom of individual faculty members . โ The full resolution is copied below In an October 13 , 2008 letter to the ACCJC , California Federation Of Teachers ( CFT ) President Marty Hittelman called on the accrediting agency to amend Standard III . A . 1 . c because it intrudes on negotiable evaluation criteria and violates principles of academic freedom . The full letter is copied below Lurelean Gaines ( Chair ) and Barbara Beno ( President ) of the ACCJC replied to Hittelman โ s initial letter on December 2 , 2008 . In their letter , they stated that โ The Commission appreciates your comments with respect to the issues you raise , and we will attempt to address each of them . โ They took issue with numerous points in Hittelman โ s letter , but a key argument they make is that the law gives the bargaining agent the right to negotiate โ โ procedures to be used for the evaluation of employees , โ not the โ criteria and standards โ to be used for evaluation . โ The full letter is copied Hittelman , however , then responded to Gaines and Beno on December 12 , 2008 , stating that , โ Your โ attempt โ to address our issues was not very well researched and contains a number of errors . I will try to address them as clearly as possible . โ In particular , he responded regarding the right to negotiate evaluation criteria . โ You are completely wrong in your analysis of collective bargaining law in California โฆ The PERB has ruled repeatedly that the evaluation criteria are negotiable . โ The full letter is copied 2.0 ACCREDITATION 2.01 F08 Opposition to Using SLOs in Faculty Evaluation David Morse , Long Beach City College , Area D Whereas , Campus visiting teams for the Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges ( ACCJC ) have offered conflicting interpretations of Accreditation Standard III . A . 1 . c ( faculty and others directly responsible for student programs toward achieving stated student learning outcomes have , as a component of their evaluation , effectiveness in producing those student learning outcomes ) leading to some team recommendations that the attainment of student learning outcomes should be included in individual faculty evaluations ; Whereas , The Academic Senate for California Community Colleges , in its 2004 paper The 2002 Accreditation Standards : Implementation , has stated its opposition to the use of SLOs as a basis for faculty evaluation , noting the potentially negative impact on evaluation as a collegial peer process , on academic freedom , and on local bargaining authority ; Whereas , The Academic Senate for California Community Colleges noted in the same paper that โ in the event that SLOs data is collected and aggregated , it must be without reference to specific classes , students and its instructors โ ; and Whereas , The differing interpretations of Standard III . A . 1 . c by visiting teams have caused confusion , uncertainty , and anxiety on the part of faculty at colleges that have received team recommendations that appear to conflict with stated positions of the Academic Senate for California Community Colleges , with previous understanding of the standard , and with the ACCJC โ s stated respect for academic freedom ; Resolved , That the Academic Senate for California Community Colleges work with the Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges to clarify the intent of standard III . A . 1 . c in order to resolve the conflicting messages being delivered by various visiting teams ; Resolved , That the Academic Senate for California Community Colleges affirm its opposition to including the attainment of student learning outcomes as an aspect of individual faculty evaluations ; and Resolved , That the Academic Senate for California Community Colleges work with the Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges and with other concerned statewide faculty organizations to ensure that accreditation recommendations do not use student learning outcomes in any manner that would undermine either local bargaining authority or the academic freedom of individual faculty members . Back to top October 13 , 2008 President Barbara Beno , ACCJC 10 Commercial Boulevard , Suite 204 Novato , CA 94949 Ms . Lurlean Gaines , Chair , and Commissioners of the ACCJC 10 Commercial Boulevard , Suite 204 Novato , CA 94949 Re : Amendment of ACCJC Standards III . A . 1 . c . and II . A . 6 . Dear President Beno , Chair Gaines , and Commissioners of the ACCJC : I write this letter as President of the California Federation of Teachers , AFT / AFL - CIO . As you are well aware , the Accrediting Commission for the California Junior Colleges ( ACCJC ) serves an important function by virtue of California law . In particular , the State has dictated that , โ Each community college within a district shall be an accredited institution . The Accrediting Commission for California Junior Colleges shall determine accreditation . โ ( 5 Cal . Code Regs . ยง 51016 ) In conferring this important responsibility on the ACCJC , the State of California and the Board of Governors of the California Community Colleges expect that the ACCJC will fulfill an important state objective , providing education through accredited public community colleges . ACCJC may or may not be a quasi - governmental entity , but either way it must respect State laws when fulfilling its functions . Of particular importance to the California Federation of Teachers , and its constituent locals , is the Educational Employment Relations Act , California Government Code section 3540 et seq . The Act , as you know , provides a framework for collective bargaining for employees in the California Community Colleges . One of the most important rights faculty have is to negotiate with their employer over evaluation procedures , criteria and standards . In fact , this right is so important that the Legislature deemed it worthy of explicit enumeration within the Act . In addition , pursuant to the EERA , academic freedom policies are negotiated at community colleges . In recent years , considerable controversy has existed within the community colleges over the issue of Student Learning Outcomes or SLOs . It is an understatement to say that many within the college community , faculty and administrators alike , feel the ACCJC has gone too far in its demands regarding SLOs , especially when they intrude on negotiable evaluation criteria and violate principles of academic freedom . Not long ago , the CFT invited comment from its faculty unions about SLOs , and their impact on their local colleges . Of particular concern to CFT is the propensity with which accreditation teams from the ACCJC have indicated to the colleges that they should โ develop and implement policies and procedures to incorporate student learning outcomes into evaluation of those with direct responsibility for student learning . โ This directive is based on ACCJC Accreditation Standard III . A . 1 . c . , which states , โ Faculty and others directly responsible for student programs toward achieving stated student learning outcomes have , as a component of their evaluation , effectiveness in producing those student learning outcomes . โ ( ACCJC Accreditation Standard III . A . 1 . c . ) Another standard has been used by accreditation teams to justify changes in faculty work such as syllabi . This standard , which has interfered in faculty โ s academic freedom rights , states : โ The institution assures that students and prospective students receive clear and accurate information โฆ In every class section students receive a course syllabus that specifies learning objectives consistent with those in the institution โ s officially approved course outline . โ ( ACCJC Accreditation Standard II . A . 6 . ) We believe both of these standards , as written and as applied , intrude on matters left to collective bargaining by the Legislature . For a time , we recognized that the ACCJC โ s inclusion of these standards might have been considered to be mandated by the regulations and approach of the U.S. Department of Education . Now , however , with the recently re - enacted Higher Education Act , the Federal mandate for the SLO component has been eliminated for community colleges and other institutions of higher education . I โ m sure you are aware that Congress passed , and the President signed , legislation amending 20 U.S.C. 1099 ( b ) , to provide that the Secretary of Education may not โ establish any criteria that specifies , defines , or prescribes the standards that accrediting agencies or associations shall use to assess any institution โ s success with respect to student achievement Given this amendment , it is CFT โ s position that the ACCJC has no statutory mandate which prescribes inclusion of the above - referenced standards dealing with faculty evaluations , and syllabi . Under the EERA , absent mandatory proscriptions in the law , each and every aspect of evaluation is negotiable . See , e.g. , Walnut Valley Unified School District ( 1983 ) PERB Dec . No . 289 , 7 PERC ยถ 14084 , pp . 321 - 322 ; Holtville Unified School District ( 1982 ) PERB Dec . No . 250 , 6 PERC ยถ 13235 , p . 906 . The Legislature reaffirmed the negotiability of evaluation procedures and criteria when it adopted A.B. 1725 in 1989 . ( See Cal . Ed . Code ยง 87610.1 Accordingly , the CFT wishes to inquire as to what actions ACCJC intends to take to conform its regulations to the requirements of State law , and to recognize that the adoption of any local provisions which include faculty effectiveness in producing student learning outcomes , should be entirely a matter of collective bargaining negotiations . And , similarly , that the ACCJC can not mandate inclusion of information in syllabi which faculty , by reason of academic freedom and tradition , are entitled to determine using their own best academic judgment , or through the negotiations process . Of While ACCJC is free to encourage colleges and their faculty organizations to negotiate over this topic , it is not free to mandate or coerce the adoption of such standards by sanctioning colleges which do not adopt standards that ACCJC would prefer in these areas . Given its state function , ACCJC must respect the negotiations process mandated by state law , and academic freedom rights adopted by contract or policy . California โ s public community colleges are an extraordinary public resource , and the Legislature has seen fit to decree that when it comes to faculty evaluation , that process shall be subject to collective bargaining . With the adoption of the landmark bill A.B. 1725 almost 20 years ago , the Legislature came down squarely on the side of faculty determining , with their employers , the method and content of their evaluations . This system has worked exceptionally well for almost 35 years . Given the change in Federal law , the CFT calls upon ACCJC to take prompt and appropriate action to amend its standards to respect the boundaries established by the Legislature and not purport to regulate the methods by which faculty are evaluated or determine their course work such as syllabi . I look forward to your response . Sincerely , Marty Hittelman , President California Federation of Teachers Back to top December 2 , 2008 Mr . Marty Hittelman , President California Federation of Teachers 2550 N . Hollywood Way , Suite 400 Burbank , California 91505 Dear Mr . Hittelman : This letter responds to your letter of October 13 , 2008 . The Commission appreciates your comments with respect to the issues you raise , and we will attempt to address each of them in this letter . For the convenience of the reader , we โ ve restated portions of your letter in italics and then commented on each of your points . 1 . After quoting from a section of the California Code of Regulations which requires that each community college be accredited by ACCJC , you state in your letter , In conferring this important responsibility on the ACCJC , the State of California and the Board of Governors of the California Community Colleges expect that the ACCJC will fulfill an important state objective , providing education . โ The ACCJC does not provide education . Its purpose is to assure that its accredited institutions adhere to its standards which are designed to assure that certain levels of quality are maintained . The ACCJC was not developed to help achieve any State objective . The ACCJC was not developed by the State , and it is not an agent of the State , and it has not been delegated any State function . The ACCJC is a private organization , and its standards are developed without any involvement or directions from the State of California . Its accreditation activities 2 . โ ACCJC may or may not be a quasi - governmental entity , but either way it must respect State laws when fulfilling its functions . โ The ACCJC is not a governmental or quasi - governmental entity . It is a private organization . It functions are of course carried out in a manner that are consistent with all applicable laws , state and federal . 3 . After referring to the right of teachers at community colleges to collectively bargain , you state , โ One of the most important rights faculty have is to negotiate with their employer over evaluation procedures , criteria and standards . In fact , this right is so important that the Legislature deemed it worthy of explicit enumeration within the Act . In addition , pursuant to the EERA , academic freedom policies are negotiated at community colleges . This paragraph contains a number of inaccurate and misleading statements . You are correct when you state that the faculties of community colleges have a legally protected right to bargain collectively ; however , the scope of that right is set forth explicitly in the California Labor Code , Section 3543.2 . It is limited to โ matters relating to wages , hours of employment , and other terms and conditions of employment . โ โ Terms and conditions โ includes โ . . . procedures to be used for the evaluation of employees , โ not the โ criteria ACCJC โ s standards recognize and respect the critical importance of the faculty and the Academic Senate in protecting academic freedom within the institution . ACCJC โ s standards provide in part , โ The institution relies on faculty , its academic senate or other appropriate faculty structures , the curriculum committee , and academic administrators for recommendations about student learning programs and services . โ ( Accreditation Reference Handbook Standard IV , A . 2 . b . ) . 4 . After introducing the subject of student learning outcomes , you state , โ . . . many within the college community , faculty and administrators alike , feel that ACCJC has gone too far in its demands regarding SLOs ( student learning outcomes , especially when they intrude on negotiable evaluation criteria and violate principles of academic freedom . โ Your comments reflect a fundamental misunderstanding of ACCJC โ s purposes and activities as they relate to student learning outcomes . ACCJC does not dictate to an institution or to its faculty what the intended student learning outcomes should be . Under ACCJC โ s standards , each institution defines the student learning outcomes for that particular institution at the course , program , and degree level . When these student learning outcomes are defined by the institution , the institution is then expected to measure whether the intended learning outcomes are occurring and to what degree , and , Accreditation Reference Handbook Standard II . A . ) . Assessing the extent to which our institutions are fulfilling this Standard is a basic function of the accreditation process and has become an essential measure of quality in education . ACCJC โ s Standards on student learning outcomes are in line with mainstream thinking on educational quality . The requirement that institutions assess whether the intended student learning is occurring has become an integral part of the accreditation process of all regional accrediting associations . The protection of academic freedom has always been an integral part of ACCJC โ s assessment of an institution . Standard II , A , 7 , provides in part , โ In order to assure the academic integrity of the teaching - learning process , the institution uses and makes public governing board adopted policies on academic freedom and responsibility , student academic honesty , and specific institutional beliefs or world views . These policies make clear the institution โ s commitment to the free pursuit and dissemination of knowledge . โ Academic freedom has never meant freedom from the responsibility of adhering to institutionally based standards of quality and institutional mission . 4 . Your letter next takes issue with ACCJC โ s standard ( Standard II . A . 1 . c ) . This Standard requires that the โ faculty and others directly responsible for student learning . . . โ have , as a component ( emphasis added ) of their evaluation , effectiveness in producing those student learning outcomes . โ As we have explained above , a critical part of assessing student learning outcomes is measuring the extent to which assessments of those learning outcomes are applied to improve educational quality and future student learning . Without that final component , there would be no way to assess whether the process was effective . We stress that this assessment is only one possible component of evaluations of academic staff . It is not intended to be the only component or one that is 5 . You quote from Standard II . A . 6 which states in part , โ The institution assures that students and prospective students receive clear and accurate information . . . In every class section students receive a course syllabus that identifies learning objectives consistent with those in the institutions officially approved course outline . โ You contend that this standard infringes on academic freedom . Your assertion is without merit . Again , academic freedom does not mean freedom from the responsibility of adhering to institutionally adopted curricula or course outlines . There is nothing in the Standards that mandates that course outlines include any particular content , nor do the Standards prohibit instructors from adding educational objectives other than those appearing in the institution โ s officially approved course outline . As pointed out above , California law leaves the final decisions on all such matters squarely with the governing body of the institution . It does not leave the content of these matters to collective bargaining although it does permit consultation from the collective bargaining unit . 6 . You assert that amendments to the federal Higher Education Act in 2008 removed the federal mandate that all Department of Education approved accrediting associations assure that their accredited institutions adopt and enforce student learning outcomes . Again , your assertion is misplaced . The 2008 amendments to the Higher Education Act reaffirmed that all Department of Education approved accrediting associations , of which ACCJC is one , are required to , โ . . . assess the institution โ s , ( A ) success with respect to student achievement in relation to the institution โ s mission which may include different standards for different institutions or programs , including as appropriate , consideration of course completion , State licensing examinations , and job placement rates โ ( The portion in italics reflects the change in the 2008 amendment . ) . In other words , the 2008 amendment only emphasizes that each institution is to develop its own student learning outcomes , a feature which has been an integral part of ACCJC โ s accreditation practices since the adoption of these Standards . 7 . At the conclusion of your letter you return to your opening assertion and contend , again incorrectly , that California law provides that the adoption of instructor evaluation criteria is an integral part of the collective bargaining process and therefore the criteria bargained for should be insulated from any interference from ACCJC or its Standards , including student outcome requirements . Again , you are misreading and misstating the scope of what is legally the proper subject to collective bargaining under the Labor Code . As pointed out above , the Labor Code provides only that โ faculty In conclusion , the ACCJC does not believe it has violated the law by developing and promulgating the Standards of Accreditation to which you have voiced objection . Sincerely , Lurelean Gaines , Chair Barbara Beno , President December 12 , 2008 Lurelean Gaines , Chair Accreditation Commission for Community and Junior Colleges 10 Commercial Blvd , Suite 204 Dear Ms . Gaines This letter responds to your letter of December 2 , 2008 . Your โ attempt โ to address our issues was not very well researched and contains a number of errors . I will try to address them as clearly as possible . 1 . You state that โ The ACCJC does not provide education . Its purpose is to assure that its accredited institutions adhere to its standards which are designed to assure that certain levels of quality are maintained . The ACCJC was not developed to help achieve any State objective . The ACCJC was not developed by the State , and it is not an agent of the State , and it has not been delegated any State function . The ACCJC is a private organization , and its standards are developed without any involvement or directions from the State This reply completely ignores โ Each community college within a district shall be an accredited institution . The Accrediting Commission for California Junior Colleges shall determine accreditation . โ ( 5 Cal . Code Regs . ยง 51016 ) . The fact that the ACCJC has activities outside of California does not contradict the fact that its accreditation activities in California are empowered under Section 51016 above . It is also clear that the majority of ACCJC โ s funding comes from California community colleges . In other words , it is funded heavily by the State of California and 2 . You argue that the โ the ACCJC is not a governmental or quasi - governmental entity . It is a private organization . It functions are of course carried out in a manner that are consistent with all applicable laws , state and federal . โ In part , you are making our point . As I will address later , evaluation is a collective bargaining issue and when ACCJC attempts to dictate in this area , it is conflicting with California law . By the way , the statute involved is the Government Code , not the 3 . You are completely wrong in your analysis of collective bargaining law in California , particularly when you state that โ terms and conditions โ does not include โ criteria and standards โ to be used for evaluation . I believe that if you checked this assertion with any lawyer familiar with collective bargaining law as it has been adjudicated , you will find that you are in error . The PERB has ruled repeatedly that the evaluation criteria are negotiable . I am not sure why your lawyer is unaware of this . For instance , PERB has ruled that evaluation criteria are negotiable in both Holtville Unified School District ( 1982 ) PERB Decision No . 250 ( Holtville ) and Walnut Valley Unified School District ( 1983 ) PERB Decision No . 289 ( Walnut Valley ) . Both cases hold that criteria and standards to evaluate faculty are negotiable . See also State of California ( Department of Motor Vehicles ) ( 1998 ) PERB Decision In addition , when AB1725 was enacted , the Legislature confirmed that faculty evaluation procedures include negotiable criteria . The following is from AB 1725 : โ ( v ) โฆ ( 2 ) The evaluation process should be effective in yielding a genuinely useful and substantive assessment of performance . Among other things , this requires an articulation of clear , relevant criteria on which evaluations will be based . ( 3 ) The evaluation process should be timely . This requires that evaluations be performed regularly at reasonable intervals . ( 4 ) The specific purposes for which evaluations are conducted should be clear to everyone involved . This requires recognition that the principal purposes of the evaluation process are to recognize and acknowledge good performance , to enhance satisfactory performance and help employees who are performing satisfactorily further their own growth , to identify weak performance and assist employees in achieving needed improvement , and to document unsatisfactory performance . ( 5 ) A faculty member โ s students , administrators , and peers should all contribute to his or her evaluation , but the faculty should , in the usual case , play a central role in the evaluation process and , together with appropriate administrators , assume principal responsibility for the effectiveness of the process . ( 6 ) The procedures defined by negotiations should foster a joint and cooperative exercise of responsibility by the faculty , administration , and governing board of the community college and should reflect faculty and administrator expertise and authority in evaluating professional work as well as the governing board โ s legal and public responsibility for the process . โ The Legislature then enacted these standards with Education Code section 87663 . I am not sure why you cite section 87663 , but it appears that you are ignorant of the meaning of the section , and the interpretation of PERB in the above , and other , cases . As is apparent , the Legislature anticipated that evaluation process and procedures includes the criteria for evaluating faculty work . PERB held in the above cases , and in others , that only when the Legislature expressly excluded evaluation criteria , are they not negotiable . And the only place that this took place is with respect to academic employees of UC and CSU ( owing to a lot of historical factors , including the then very weak academic unions ) . So , your claim that evaluation criteria are not negotiable based on the law is simply wrong . Moreover , in every community college district , the criteria ARE negotiated . That is the contemporaneous understanding of those charged with complying with the EERA . When ACCJC attempts to force SLOs into evaluation , it is intruding on the collective bargaining process . By the way , the Federal NLRB law is consistent with this . You claim that โ California law leaves the final decisions on all such matters squarely with the governing body of the institution . It does not leave the content of these matters to collective bargaining although it does permit consultation from the collective bargaining unit . โ Again you are just wrong . You need to consult someone who understands the collective bargaining law in California in order to perfect your understanding of the law . In short , the ACCJC is legally obligated to respect the Rodda Act when it acts to accredit community colleges and districts in California . Among these obligations is to not involve itself in the collective bargaining process and the procedures and policies with respect to evaluation of faculty . Finally , could you send me the minutes of the meeting at which you took up my letter and your response to it ? Yours Truly , Martin Hittelman President , California Federation of Teachers | [
"ACCJC",
"SLOs",
"CFT"
] |
http://afterfivestringquartet.com/mus_wedding.htm | All Music By Composer All Music by Title Listen to Us Celtic & Irish Christian Classical Contemporary & Popular Holiday Jewish Wedding Movie Soundtracks Quartet & Trumpet Vocal Accompaniment Wedding Music Special Music Requests Wedding Music The information below is intended to help clients select their ceremony music . It provides guidance for what pieces are appropriate for a given ceremony or location . But keep in mind that it is your wedding . You can have whatever music you like , so long as it is allowed . Usage Columns Each table has the following columns representing different parts of a ceremony : Fam - Family Entrance ( grandparents and parents seated ) Attd . Attendants ' Processional ( groom , officiant , groomsmen , bridesmaids ) Bride - Bride ' s Processional Int . - Interlude ( middle of ceremony ) Reces . - Recessional ( end of ceremony ) For a detailed description of each of the above ceremony parts , see the Selecting Music page . Recommended Usage The following symbols may appear for the listed piece : Recommended - Not recommended A blank cell indicates neutral preference . Church Approved Some churches may only allow sacred music . Music that is church appropriate is marked with a check mark in the Church Appr column . Music categories : Click a link here to jump to that part of the page . Marches ( faster pieces ) Slower / Smooth Pieces Contemporary ( includes popular songs and movie themes ) Vocal Accompaniment Need more ideas ? Click on the menu options in the gold bar at the left to see and hear more music . Faster tempo or " march " pieces that can be used for processionals and recessional . Please note : These samples are provided for reference only . They are not necessarily recordings of the After Five String Quartet . Composer Title Recommended for : Church Appr . Fam Attd Bride Int Reces Bach Brandenburg Concerto No . 3 Bach Brandenburg Concerto No . 5 Beethoven Ode to Joy ( from Symphony No . 9 ) Campra Rigaudon Charpentier Te Deum Clarke Trumpet Voluntary a.k.a . Prince of Denmark ) Handel Coro Minuet ( from Water Music Suite in D ) Handel Entrance of the Queen of Sheba Hornpipe ( from Water Music Suite in D ) La Rejoussance ( from Royal Fireworks Music ) Overture from Royal Fireworks ( # 1 ) Slower march portion Overture from Royal Fireworks ( # 2 ) Fast portion Mendelssohn Wedding March Mouret Rondeau Mozart Eine Kleine Nachtmusik Purcell Trumpet Tune Tchaikovsky Waltz from Sleeping Beauty Vivaldi Gloria Vivaldi Spring Concerto : Allegro ( 1st movement ) Spring Concerto : 3rd movement Wagner Bridal Chorus ( " Here comes the bride " ) Slow to medium tempo ( speed ) pieces that are good for processionals or an interlude ( e.g. unity candle lighting ) . Please note : These samples are provided for reference only . They are not necessarily recordings of the After Five String Quartet . For clients who want to add a modern or more casual flavor to their ceremony . These may also be performed during the prelude ( while guests are being seated ) . These samples are provided for reference only . They are not necessarily recordings of the After Five String Quartet . Title Composer / Artist Recommended for : Church Appr . Fam Attd Bride Int Reces All I Ask of You ( from Phantom of the Opera Looking for quartet sheet music ? Click here Andrew Lloyd Webber All You Need The Beatles Appalachia Waltz Mark O ' Connor Ca n ' t Help Falling in Love Looking for quartet sheet music ? Click here Elvis Presley Come What May ( from Moulin Rouge Ewan McGregor & Nicole Kidman Feather Theme Forrest Gump Alan Silvestri For Just a Moment ( Love St . Elmo ' s Fire David Foster From This Moment Shania Twain Gone ( main title theme ) Max Steiner Groovy Phil Collins Grow Old with Me John Lennon Here Comes the Sun The Beatles Hymne Vangelis It ( jazz standard ) Frank Sinatra / Tony Bennett La Bamba Richie Valens The Ludlows ( from Legends of the Fall James Horner Moon River ( from Breakfast at Tiffany ' s Henry Mancini Norwegian Wood Notre Dame Victory March written by Michael Shea One Hand , One Heart ( from West Side Story Leonard Bernstein Only Time Enya Over the Rainbow Judy Garland The Prayer Quest for Camelot Celine Dion and Andrea Bocelli The Rose Bette Midler Someone to Watch George Gershwin Somewhere in Time Somewhere in Time John Barry A Time for Us Romeo & Juliet 1968 ) Nino Rota Unchained Melody ( from film Ghost Righteous Brothers The Wedding Legends of the Fall James Horner When I ' m 64 Yea Alabama ! ( UA fight song ) Sykes You Raise Me Up Secret Garden / Josh Groban Vocal solos are typically performed during the ceremony as an interlude ( during a unity ceremony ) . However , they can be performed at any time that the wedding party desires . A few songs are marked Can not be played as instrumental . This inidcates that our music is strictly for accompanying a vocalist . The piece would not complete if played solely by the quartet . These samples are provided for reference only . They are not necessarily recordings of the After Five String Quartet . Composer / Artist Appr All I Ask of You ( from Phantom of the Opera Andrew Lloyd Webber Ave Maria Bach - Gounod Ave Maria Schubert Amazing Grace traditional Be Thou My Vision Irish hymn Ca n ' t Help Falling in Love Elvis Presley Come What May Moulin Rouge Ewan McGregor & Nicole Kidman From this Moment Shania Twain Grow Old with Me John Lennon Here in My Heart Can not be played as instrumental John Berry I Will Be Here Steven Curtis Chapman Jesu , Joy of Man ' s Desiring J . S . Bach / Josh Groban The Lord ' s Prayer Malotte O mio babino caro Puccini One Hand , One Heart ( from West Side Story Bernstein Panis Angelicus Cesar Franck Parent ' s Prayer Steven Curtis Chapman The Prayer Quest for Camelot Celine Dion & Andrea Bocelli Prayer for Home Fernando Ortega The Rose Bette Midler Someone to Watch Over Me George Gershwin Surely the Presence of the Lord is In This Place Wolfe Wedding Song Can not be played as instrumental Noel Paul Stookey When You Say You Love Me Can not be played as instrumental Josh Groban You Raise Me Up Secret Garden / Josh Groban | [
"Wedding Music",
"Family Entrance",
"Bride 's Processional"
] |
http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/sheep/ansc442/Semprojs/wool/wool_processing.htm | Processing Overview There are processes involved in wool production ? 1 . Shearing 2 . Washing 3 . Blending 4 . Carding 5 . Spinning 6 . Weaving 7 . Fulling & finishing 8 . Chemical Finishes Grease wool is processed into its finished products by either the worsted or woolen system . Worsted system In the worst system , the wool is combed after drying . This is method is only used on longer wools , and as a result the fibers are laid parallel to one another . Worsted materials normally have a smooth finish , and are extremely durable . Some examples of worsted products include suits , dresses , and gabardines . Wollen System Wools of short length are often used in the wollen system . In this system the wool is not combed , but rather carded . As a result , the materials are thicker , and garments look bulky in appearance . Some examples of the wollen products include , sweaters , and carpets . Processing Wool 1 . The first step in processing wool is shearing . 2 . Next , the wool must be washed ; in order to remove grease and other impurities the wool could have accumulated while being out in the feedlot . This is done by the wool being moved through a series of tubs , which are filled with soapy water . The first tub is set at a very warm 140 F , and then rinsed off in cold water . It is during this step , that the lanolin ( grease of wool ) , is separated off , and later used to help make cosmetics and soaps . 3 . The wool is then passed through a series of rollers and dryers . 4 . Wool from different batches are then mixed together mechanically , thus creating a slightly different set of colors . This in turn , helps create a standard staple length and diameter , for the wool . 5 . The clean wool is then passed through rollers , which in turn , straighten the fibers and removing unwanted matter . Rollers do vary in size and speed , which forms a thin web of fibers . 6 . Slivers , or continuous ropes are then formed by the use of steel fingers which divide the wool and roll the strands on top of one another . 7 . Coarser fibers , are then twisted into ropelike structures , a process called roving . 8 . Finer fibers are then combed and prepared for spinning into yarn . 9 . After spinning , the wool is either woven or knitted . Weaving interlocks to pieces of yarn at right angles to one another . Knitting interlocks yarns and loops and is done much faster than hand knitting . 10 . The fabric is then passed through quality control inspection , where imperfections such as broken thread , and variations in color are identified . 11 . If the fabric passes inspection it then continues on to the fulling stage . Here the fabric shrinks both in length and width . 12 . The type of system the wool was processed by determines the type of finishing the fabric will have . Woolens are brushed , and worsteds are often enhanced by special treatments . 13 . Crabbing is the next step the fabric will go through . In this process the fabric goes through hot and then cold water in order to set the cloth . 14 . Sponging is done in order to prevent the fabric form shrinking . This is done by dampening the fabric with a sponge , and then rolling it in muslin . 15 . Chemical finishes are then added to the wool , but the amount and type is determined by the end products use . | [
"Wool Processing",
"Chemical Finishes",
"Worsted system"
] |
http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/garden/mg/botany/plantparts.html | Arizona Master Gardener Manual The Master Gardener program is administered by the Arizona Cooperative Extension , which is part of the University of Arizona ' s College of Agriculture and Life Sciences . Volunteer educators ( Master Gardeners ) are recruited and trained to deliver research based home horticultural information to the public . The printed version of the Arizona Master Gardener Manual forms the core of the curriculum for the successful and highly regarded Master Gardener volunteer program . Additional Information : Available for sale online Keywords : gardening vegetables flowers trees soil plants insects Publication Date : July 2017 AZ1738 - 2017 Pages : 463 p . | [
"Arizona Master Gardener"
] |
http://agap.cag.gov.in/ae-pension.html | About us Accounts Pensions GPF Works & Forest Emply / Pensioner Corner Dos and Don ' ts for Treasuries , PAOs and PAO Works AG figures for CCO Reconciliation 1 ) Works / PWD 2 ) Forest 3 ) Loans Monthly Expenditure Report Annual Review Report The PAG ( A&E ) authorises the pensionary benefits for the following categories : State Government employees covered under the AP RPR Rules , 1980 AIS officers borne on the Andhra Pradesh cadre ( excepting those who have opted to receive their pensions from the Central Pension Payment Authority ) . Constitutional authorities such as Hon โ ble Judges of the AP High Court , Lok Ayukta and AP Administrative Tribunal , Members of AP Public Service Commission Political ( Freedom Fighters ) Pensions In addition , the PAG ( A&E ) also does the following Issues pension authorisations on the basis of Special Seal Authorities received from other pension authorising authorities in respect of their pensioners who wish to draw their pensions in Andhra Pradesh . Similarly , the PAG ( A&E ) issues Special Seal Authorities in respect of AP Government Pensioners Issues authorisations for financial assistance of spouses of deceased teachers who retired / died in service between 1.4.61 and 31.3.73 in non - Government schools on the basis of executive orders of the State Government . Pre - audits and revalidates time barred pension claims Allots new pension payment order number to those pensioners who transfer from one district to another Types of Pensions Superannuation pension โ This is granted to a Government Servant who retires on attaining the age of Superannuation . ( Rule 33 & 42 of the AP RPR Rules , 1980 ) Retiring Pension โ This is granted to a Government Servant who retires on completion of 33 years of service , or is retired , in advance of the age of Superannuation in accordance with provisions of Rule 43 & 44 of the AP Revised Pension Rules 1980 . ( Rule 34 of the AP RPR Rules , 1980 ) Pension on absorption - This is granted on pro - rata basis to a Government servant who is permitted to be absorbed on completion of 10 years of qualifying service in a service or post in or under a corporation or company wholly or substantially owned or controlled by the Government etc . , where such absorption is declared by the Government to be in public interest . No family pension is , however , payable . ( Rule 35 of the AP RPR Rules , 1980 ) Invalid Pension โ This is granted to a Government servant who is declared by the appropriate medical authority to be permanently incapacitated for further service ( Rule 37 of the AP Revised Pension Rules 1980 ) Compensation Pension โ This is granted to a Government servant whose permanent post has been abolished ( Rule 38 - subject to Rule 45 - of the AP Revised Pension Rules 1980 ) Compulsory Retirement Pension โ A Government Servant compulsorily retired from service as a penalty may be granted by the competent authority , pension or gratuity or both at rate not less than two - thirds and not more than full compensation pension or gratuity or both admissible to him on the date of his compulsory retirement ( Rule 39 of the AP RPR Rules , 1980 ) Compassionate Allowance - A Government servant who is dismissed or removed from service shall forfeit his pension and gratuity . However if such case is deserving of special consideration , sanction of compassionate allowance may be granted to him not exceeding two thirds of pension or gratuity or both which would have been admissible to him if he had retired on invalid pension . ( Rule 40 of the AP RPR Rules , 1980 ) Retirement on Completion of 20 years of Service - A government servant shall have the option to retire from service voluntarily after he has put in not less Retirement on Completion of 20 years of Service - A government servant shall have the option to retire from service voluntarily after he has put in not less than twenty years of qualifying service subject to certain conditions ( Rule 43 of the AP RPR Rules , 1980 ) Retirement on Completion of 33 years of Service - At any time after a Government servant has completed 33 years of qualifying service but before achieving 58 years of age , he may retire or may be required , by the appointing authority , to retire in public interest ( Rule 44 of the AP RPR Rules , 1980 ) Family Pension ( Rules 50 of the AP RPR Rules , 1980 ) Family Pension is payable to the family of a Government servant who dies while in service or after retirement . Family for the purpose of Family Pension means Category - I Wife / husband Sons / unmarried daughters including widowed / divorced daughters up to the date of his / her marriage / remarriage or till the date he / she starts earning or till the age of 25 years , whichever is the earliest Sons / daughters who are physically / mentally disabled throughout their life subject to certain conditions Category - II Unmarried / widowed / divorced daughters and parents who were totally dependent on the Government servant while he was alive where the deceased employee left behind neither widow nor child . When unmarried / widowed / divorced daughters and parents are alive the family pension shall be paid first to the widowed / divorced daughters and then to the parents . Father precedes mother Note : Category II members are eligible only after exhausting all members in Category I . Except in the case of widow / widower the grant of family pension is subject to ceiling of income of Rs . 3350 / - per month . Where the children of the deceased earn not less than Rs . 3350 / p.m. or where the parents were not wholly dependant on the Government servant , no family pension is payable . Family pension is normally payable only to one person at a time . No nomination facility is available for family pension If the son or daughter is suffering from any disorder or disability of mind or physically crippled or disabled so as to render him unable to earn a living even after the attaining the age of 21 years , family pension is payable for life subject to certain conditions . Calculation of Family Pension - Family pension is calculated at two rates : Enhanced Rate - Enhanced Rate of Family Pension is calculated at 50 % of emoluments last drawn and in case of death after retirement , it is restricted to the pension admitted to the individual . The enhanced rate of family pension is payable for a maximum period of 7 years and not beyond the notional date on which the deceased would have attained the age of 65 years ( Applicable only if service rendered is not less than 7 years ) E.g. . . . . . Normal Rate - - Normal Rate of Family Pension is calculated at 30 % of the Emoluments last drawn . Family Pension resulting in a fraction when calculated , is rounded off to the next higher rupee . Anticipatory Pension Where the payment of pension has not commenced on due date after retirement , the Head of Office concerned , irrespective of the fact whether pension papers were sent to PAG or not , may sanction Anticipatory Pension subject to certain conditions . The sanction order should be invariably communicated to the PAG . The Anticipatory Pension should be adjusted in full from the final pension ( Rule 51 ) . Provisional Pension It is paid in cases of employees who are under suspension / against whom departmental or judicial proceedings are pending . The minimum provisional pension is 75 % and it shall not exceed maximum pension which would have been admissible on the basis of qualifying service . Payment of provisional pension shall be adjusted against the final retirement benefits sanctioned upon conclusion of such proceedings . However no recovery shall be made where the pension finally sanctioned is less than provisional pension or pension is reduced or withheld permanently or for a specified period . GUIDELINES TO SERVING EMPLOYEES , DEPARTMENTAL AUTHORITIES AND PENSIONERS ( As on 26 - 04 - 2004 ) This Brochure is meant to be a useful guide to departmental authorities ( particularly Pension Sanctioning Authorities ) , serving employees and Pensioners . It presents only broad guidelines about the procedures to be followed . It does not modify codal provisions of AP Revised Pension Rules 1980 which deal with different kinds of pensionary benefits like Pension , Gratuity , Family Pension and Commutation . Guidelines : ( A ) For Serving Employees : Every Government servant shall submit a formal application for pension in Part I to his Head of Office at least 18 months in advance of the date of his retirement on Superannuation i ) ( a ) Maintenance of Service Records Pension is based on the length of qualifying service and on Average Emoluments or last basic pay drawn with effect from 25 - 5 - 1998 . It is , therefore , of utmost importance that the Service Book is maintained up - to - date and contains all relevant information and the entries are properly attested In respect of unverified portion of service if any , the Head of the Office shall arrange to verify the same with reference to Pay Bill Register / Acquittance Rolls If any portion of service rendered by a Government Servant can not be verified , an affidavit shall be called for from the employee duly supported by collateral evidence and a declaration that he had in fact rendered that period of service . The affidavit can be accepted by the Head of the Office in case of non - Gazetted Officers and by Head of the Department in case of Gazetted Officers . The Head of the Office / Department may issue a certificate to the effect that the Govt . Servant was in service during the relevant period and All orders and events affecting the service or emoluments or other benefits should be entered in the Service Book . Periodical verification of the entries in the Service Book should be done with due regard to the rules and orders . Option to Pension Rules , nomination etc . should be recorded in the Service Book and duly counter signed by the Head of the Office after proper and careful scrutiny and a note should be made to that effect in the Service Book II . FINALISATION OF DUES TO GOVERNMENT : Advance action should be taken to assess the dues payable to the Government and the dues recoverable from the gratuity should be noted in Part II A of pension papers to be forwarded to the PAG six months before the date of retirement of the employee on Superannuation . Where delay is anticipated , action as contemplated under rules should be taken so that the pension claim may not be held up . III . FORWARDING OF PENSION PAPERS TO PAG : After receipt of the formal application for Pension in Part - I from the employee , Pension Papers should be prepared and forwarded to the A.G. ( through the sanctioning authority ) at least six months in advance of the date of retirement after according advance sanction in Part II - B of the Pension papers . In case , during the time between submission of pension proposals and date of retirement , any facts come to the notice of the sanctioning authority necessitating the revision of the sanction , the same must immediately be intimated to the Principal Accountant General and receipt confirmed . If the Pension Sanctioning Authority wishes to get the Pension or gratuity of a retiring employee withheld or to be released after imposing a cut he has to inform PAG before the employee actually retires . The Principal Accountant General releases gratuity on the date of retirement withholding 10 % thereof for want of No Dues Certificate , and Rs . 1 , 000 / - for want of Last Pay Certificate if no major dues are intimated in the Pension Proposals . The withheld amount , however , will be released without further reference to the department if no communication is received within three months of the date of retirement . The pension sanctioning authorities / head of the offices are requested to be extra careful in respect of those service pension cases submitted after the date of retirement , as AG will release Pensionary Benefits if nothing is mentioned in the Pension proposals about pendency of departmental proceedings or dues to be recovered . IV . PENSION FORMS Following documents are to be sent along with Pension Papers . The pension forms prescribed by Government vide G . O . Ms . No . 263 , Finance ( F.W. PSC ) Department , dated 23.11.98 are common for service pension / family pension / retirement gratuity / service gratuity / commutation Application Form for Pension , Gratuity and Commutation in Part . I including list of family members . Nomination for Gratuity , Commuted Value of Pension and Life Time Arrears . Descriptive Rolls in triplicate . Joint photo of spouse and self with identification marks and specimen signatures of spouse in triplicate . Part II - A indicating calculation of Pension , DCRG and NDC . Part II B sanction of Pension Sanctioning Authority . Service Registers . Medical Certificate if the claim is for invalid pension . In case of voluntary retirement , copy of the orders of the competent authority permitting it . Last Pay Certificate . Grant in aid certificate in respect of teachers of Aided Schools / Colleges . In respect of death cases in addition to the above , the following documents should be forwarded to PAG Attested copy of death certificate . Guardianship Certificate in respect of minors . Attested copy of nomination for gratuity if filed by the deceased employees . Attested copy of legal heir certificate . Certificate of Age Proof where the children happens to be family pension beneficiaries . ( C ) FOR PENSIONERS : ( i ) Payment of Pension : After verification of the applicants ' title to the claim and its correctness , the pensionary benefits is authorised by this office for payment from the Treasury / Pension Payment Office through which payment is desired . Intimation of issue of authorisation will be sent to the pensioner . He should present this intimation to the Treasury Officer / Pension Payment Officer who will handover the pensioners copy of the Pension Payment Order to him . It may however be noted here that the payment of pensionary benefits should not be denied on the grounds that the pensioner had not ( ii ) Payment of Pension Through Banks : Payment of pension can be arranged through Banks on making an application to the Treasury / Pension Payment Officer in accordance with the provisions laid down . The retiring employees can also indicate the name of the Bank , Branch , Place and S.B A / c No . in the Application Form for pension vide Part . I of Pension Papers . ( iii ) Loss of PPOs / GPOs : When the PPO is lost the same is issued by PAG on receipt of a letter from the DTO with particulars of last payment . When copy of gratuity payment order or commutation authorisation is lost it should be reported promptly . A non payment certificate should also be sent to PAG for issue of duplicate GPO / CPO In cases where the original pension payment order ( both the copies of Treasury Officer and Pensioner ) issued by AG is lost in transit and not traceable , the PAG issues duplicate Pension Payment Orders duly obtaining the pensioner โ s copy of intimation along with non - payment certificate from the pension disbursing authority . Similar procedure is followed in cases of Gratuity Payment Order and Commutation authorisation which are lost in transit and not traceable ( iv ) Commutation : Medical examination is not necessary for commutation , if the application is received by the Department within one year of retirement except in case of invalid Pension . The willingness of the Pensioner to commute pension ( maximum 40 % of pension ) has to be indicated at Column 5 of Part I of Pension papers . One may only state the fraction of pension proposed to be commuted or as โ Maximum admissible under the rules โ . No commutation is permissible while Departmental or Judicial proceedings are pending against the pensioner . After conclusion of departmental proceedings and ( V ) If Pensionary Benefits are not authorised within two months of receipt of the Pension case complete in all respects , please bring it to the attention of the Deputy Accountant General ( Pension ) for redressal within a month . Contact Phone Numbers : DAG ( Pension ) - - 040 23231884 Office PABX - - 040 23236810 to 040 23236819 Extn . 267 Sr . Accounts Officer ( PM ) - - 040 23236810 to 040 23236819 Extn . 325 Pension Adalats With a view to settling a large number of pension cases pending for want of replies from departments / Pension sanctioning authorities to the objections raised by the PAG , while issuing Pension verification reports / Pension payment orders . Pension Adalats are conducted at District Collectorates . These are christened as Pension Committees for settlement of outstanding cases . The committee is headed by the Deputy Accountant General and the members are selected by him . The objective of the committee is to review and discuss the pending cases with the authorities concerned , examine and listen to the grievances of the pensioners and guide the departmental authorities in expediting the replies to the points / queries so that the pending pension cases could be settled either fully or partly as quickly as possible . These meetings are held at the District Collectorates on the dates fixed by the Principal Accountant General in consultation with Finance dept . and District Collector . A list of pending cases in the district is forwarded to the departments through District Collector well in advance . The District Collectors makes arrangements for the meetings giving them wide publicity in the press for the benefit of pensioners . A responsible officer nominated by the district Collector also attends the meeting . The first meeting was held on 25 - 9 - 2003 at Kurnool . So far 40 meetings were conducted and the response was been phenomenal . The latest meeting was held on 24 - 02 - 2011 in the Collectorate of Vizianagaram District . FAQ When will a retired Government Servant get his / her Pensionary benefits ? Pensionary benefits are authorized within two months from the date of receipt of Pension proposals from the department / Pension Sanctioning Authority in complete shape in A.G ' s Office . What is the procedure for drawing Pensionary benefits ? The Pensioner has to present himself with his copy of authorisation / intimation letter for Pension , Gratuity and CVP to the PPO / Treasury to whom A.G ' s Office has authorised the Pension / Gratuity / CVP . What are the reasons for the difference in the pensionary benefits calculated by the Department and that admitted by A.G. ? The difference may be due to an error in arriving at the qualifying service and some erroneous pay fixation done by the Department . The position is explained in the admissibility report sent to the Department and the Pensioner . What is the reason for withholding a part of pensionary benefits ? Generally , erroneous pay fixation done by the Department results in over payment of Pay and Allowances during his / her service . To recover the overpayment , a portion of pensionary benefits is withheld . This is also explained in the Admissibility Report ( Pension Verification Report ) sent to the Department . What is the procedure to be followed when the party copy of the authorisation has not been received by the Pensioner ? The Govt of AP has issued a circular No : 7614 - A / 127 / PSC / 89 , Fin . &Ping . FW ( PSC ) dated 20.12.1989 to all the treasuries and PPOs not to insist for production of party copy but to make payment by identifying the pensioner through the descriptive rolls forwarded by AG Office along with the Pension Payment Order . Who is eligible to receive Family Pension ? Widow / Widower / post retiral spouse / Sons / daughters / widowed daughters including adopted children till they attain the age of 25 years or up to the date of their marriage / remarriage or till they start earning a sum of Rs . 3350 / - pm , whichever is earlier . Unmarried / widowed / divorced daughters after who were dependant on when the Government servant was alive , provided the deceased employee had left behind neither widow / widower nor a child and the do not earn a income of 3350 / - pm . Family Pension involving two wives : Where a Government Servant leaves behind more than one widow , the widows will be entitled to a Family Pension of 50 % each , only if the second marriage had taken place before the introduction of Hindu Marriage Act 1955 or the second marriage is with the approval of Govt . Family Pension is not admissible to the second wife as her marriage per se is contrary to service rules and has neither legal sanction nor Government approval . Family Pension to physically / mentally disabled children : Applicable to such children of a Government servant who retired / died . If the son or daughter of a Government servant is suffering from any disorder or disability of mind or is physically crippled or disabled so as to render him or her unable to earn a living even after attaining the age of 25 years , Family Pension shall be payable to such son or daughter for life . A medical certificate in respect of the handicapped / disabled children should be obtained from a Civil Surgeon whose discipline is the same as that of illness . How to get PPO transferred from one district to another district ? The pensioner has to approach the pension disbursing authority , i.e. DTO / JD . PPO with an application for transfer . The distributing authority shall forward the PPO to the new place of payment and intimate the fact to PAG for allotting New PPO No . How to get the PPO transferred from AP to another state ? The pensioner has to approach disbursing authority DTO / JD . PPO with an application for transfer . The distributing authority shall forward the PPO with last payment details to PAG . PAG shall forward PPO to the AG office of the state concerned under โ special Authority โ to arrange for payment treasury to district treasury opted by the pensioner . Pro - forma affidavit to be submitted by the pensioner who retired voluntarily for restoration of commuted portion of penion Standard instruction to the Disbursing Authorities while making payment of Gratuity / Commutation . ANNEXURE TO GRATUITY PAYMENT ORDER The payee is being informed of the issue of Gratuity Payment Order Slips bearing attested specimen signatures / left hand thumb and finger impressions of the gratuity / Legal guardian and attested copy of his photograph are enclosed / have been enclosed with the Pension Payment Order The gratuity is debitable to MH 2071 Pensions and Other Retirement Benefits MH 104 - Gratuities Before payment it should be ensured that the gratuitant continue to be qualified . If not the fact should be reported immediately to the sanctioning authority for issue of a revised sanction in favour of remaining members of the family . The authority should be kept in the personal custody of the Disbursing Officer until it is paid . It will remain in force for 3 years only from the date of issue . If no payment is effected within this period it should be treated as void and returned to this office . Anticipatory Gratuity paid if any may be adjusted . If descriptive rolls of the gratuitant are not received the same may please be obtained locally . The recoveries may please be credited to the respective Heads of Account . It should be noted that the Disbursing Officer would be responsible for proper identification of the payee whose address is given in the endorsement of 1st page . The payment of Gratuity / DCRG authorised is subject to the above instructions . Please acknowledge receipt of this Order . As per Note below SR 92 under TR 16 of AP Treasury Code โ Volume I , - nil - payment Gratuity Payment Orders have to be converted into vouchers and necessary adjustments have to be made by the Treasury Officer . In such cases , no signature of the gratuitant on the GPO is necessary . These Gratuity Payment Orders do not require revalidation by this office . * The above instructions are general in nature and not substituted by the Codal provisions which have to be observed by the disbursing authorities while making payment ANNEXURE TO COMMUTATION PAYMENT ORDER The original pension consequent on this commutation may please be reduced and the reduced pension is payable to the pensioner from the date of receipt of the commuted value of pension by the pensioner or three months after the issue of this authority whichever is earlier . A note of the reduced amount payable may please be made on the both halves of the pension payment order under your attestation quoting this authorisation as authority . Excess payment of pension , if any , made from the date the reduced amount is payable may please be deducted from the commuted value of pension under intimation to this office . A separate bill should be prepared for the payment of the commuted value of pension quoting the number and date of this letter as authority and the paid voucher should be forwarded to this office in a registered cover , in a separate schedule . The dearness relief admissible on the original un - commuted pension will continue to be payable on the reduced pension and is allocable between Governments / Railways in proportion of their share of pension ( un - commuted as hitherto ) . The Commuted portion of pension may please be restored as per the orders issued by the Government of Andhra Pradesh vide GO Ms No 44 Finance dated 19.02.1991 , except in cases of voluntary retirement which are covered by GO Ms No 176 finance dated 23.06.1982 . The pensioner shall not be entitled to commute his pension again on the ground that the commuted pension has been restored to him . The receipt of this letter may please be acknowledged and it may be certified that the changes have been carried out in both halves of the PPO . * The above instructions are general in nature and not substituted by the Codal provisions which have to be observed by the disbursing authorities while making payment | [
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http://agario.wikia.com/wiki/Tips,_Tricks,_and_Mechanics | in : General Important Pages Tips Tricks Tips , Tricks , and Mechanics Edit Comments ( 90 ) Share Solo Edit If you want to become big again after splitting your cell quicker than waiting for them to absorb each other , why not try finding a wall and corner to eject mass towards for one of your cells to eat . This is a strategy used by many players . you can do this without a wall when in 3 + pieces , just feed the piece you want to feed but aiming at one of your small pieces . Even though a bunch of small cells may seem like an easy target , be careful , because it can merge into a cell bigger than you ( especially if there is one big cell ) . If there is more than 6 or 7 , do not try and eat that player unless if you can split and eat them . Use viruses to your advantage by hiding behind them ( not in them if you are big ) to block another player from eating you . They do n ' t want to split , so they will not pursue you , just make sure that you do not split . If a big cell is chasing you , find a virus and make them think you would shoot them and they will leave you alone . When getting chased by a bigger cell that wants to split - kill you , try moving up and down to dodge their split to make it harder for them to catch you . If you have 400 mass or more , you can eat viruses ( though not in Teams Mode ) . Make sure you are in a place where there are no other cells and many viruses . Split on 1 of the viruses , make sure you are in 16 pieces first , and then use your biggest piece to scoop up the rest of the viruses . You can split to shoot a virus at someone . they most likely wo n ' t see you coming , and if you have a small piece and someone overlaps you , lead your small piece to a virus and shoot the overlapping enemy . make sure you do n ' t shoot yourself by being a little farther to the virus than your enemy . If someone overlaps you and you ' re in 2 + pieces , stay on top of them until you merge . BUT , be careful not to merge a piece that is too small right ON your opponent , instead , use your big piece and watch their movements , then the small piece will gradually come near and merge . this can kill big opponents and especially nasty teamers . if someone viruses you , use your small pieces to bait other players to you and kill them . Alternatively , eat some viruses for more mass , but only if you are still in 16 pieces . Play aggressively when you ' re big ( 10k + ) but do n ' t get too aggressive ; hitting 2 - 3 viruses and self - feeding can activate the Anti - Team Penalty , which can cause you to lose over half of your mass in a few minutes . Knowing how aggressive to play and how to avoid Anti - Team Penalty is a skill in itself . Teaming It ' s generally a good idea to eject one mass into a cell ( player ) much larger than you . They wo n ' t bother eating you If you ' re too small and since you gave them mass they will either team with you or wo n ' t attack you . Ejecting to a skilled player and avoid dangers , but watch out for solo players as they generally think that mass shooting means that you ' re a teamer . When you are sure that you are teaming with another player let them eat your smaller cell if you somehow split from a virus , and eat their smaller cell if they split from it . However , try to stay in 16 pieces if you are facing a virus barrage , as you will only get drained by You ca n ' t always trust the players with names like " u help = i help " and " team ? " , especially if they already have a teammate . Be careful when teaming in Party . when you split , your teammate might betray you and eat all of you , resulting in a game over . These cells are called Fake Teamers . . Others If using Windows , try turning off the mouse precision setting . Control panel , mouse , mouse properties tab , un - check the box for " Enhance pointer precision " . If checked , that setting seems to make the cursor want to stick to your cell . The cell is more maneuverable if that box is not checked . In that same spot , you can set your mouse speed to fast , and little mouse movements will have you zooming around . If using a PC , make the setting adjustments suggested above , then set your browser to full screen โ more space to see danger and the browser seems more responsive . If you have a wide screen monitor , travel your cell left and right , not up and down . That gives you lots more time to see threats . If using a PC , the Agario start screen has a resolution setting . For me , there is no difference in the cell appearance if I select low resolution , and the cell is more responsive . Categories General Important Pages Tips Tricks Add category | [
"Tips",
"Tricks",
"Mechanics"
] |
http://agathachristie.wikia.com/wiki/Murder_at_the_Gallop | in : Film adaptations Miss Marple Murder at the Gallop Edit Comments Share Theatrical release poster by Tom Jung Murder at the Gallop is the second of four " Miss Marple " films made by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer . It was based on the novel After the Funeral by Agatha Christie , and starred Margaret Rutherford as Miss Jane Marple , Charles " Bud " Tingwell as Inspector Craddock and Stringer Davis ( Rutherford ' s real - life husband ) as Jane Marple ' s friend Mr . Stringer . The film changes both the action and the characters . The original novel featured Hercule Poirot rather than Miss Marple , and Christie ' s trademark suspense was replaced by light comedy . The film was made in 1963 and was directed by George Pollock , with James P . Cavanagh credited with the adaptation . The music was by Ron Goodwin . Hilfield Castle featured in the film . Plot Edit While Miss Marple and Mr Stringer are soliciting donations for a charity , they visit Mr Enderby , a rich and eccentric recluse . He tumbles down a staircase , apparently the victim of a fatal heart attack . Knowing that Enderby had a pathological fear of cats , Miss Marple becomes suspicious when she finds one in the house . She also finds a piece of mud bearing the print of a riding boot , but when she goes to Inspector Craddock , he is sceptical , believing that Enderby died of natural causes . Undeterred , Miss Marple eavesdrops when Enderby ' s family gather for the reading of the Will . Each of the four heirs ( fourth cousin George Crossfield , niece Rosamund Shane , nephew Hector Enderby and sister Cora Lanskenay ) receives an equal share of the estate . Cora declares that she believes Enderby was murdered . The next day , when Miss Marple goes to see her , she finds Cora dead , stabbed in the back with a hatpin . Cora ' s companion of many years , timid Miss Milchrest ( Flora Robson ) , can Miss Marple decides to take a " holiday " at the Gallop Hotel / riding school , as it is run by Hector Enderby ( Robert Morley ) and the other two surviving heirs are staying there . Inspector Craddock questions them ( and Rosamund Shane ' s spendthrift husband Michael ) , but none of them can produce a satisfactory alibi for the time of Cora Lanskenay ' s death . An attempt is made to do away with Miss Marple , but is foiled by the intended victim ( without her even realising it ) . Miss Marple then discovers that the piece of mud found in Enderby ' s house came from shady art dealer George Crossfield ' s riding boot , but her case against him is dashed when she learns that each of the heirs visited Enderby on the day he died . Crossfield has meanwhile found out who the murderer is , but he is locked in a stall with an excitable horse and is trampled By this point , Miss Marple knows the identity and motive of the killer , but has no definite proof . She therefore lays a trap , pretending to have a heart attack at a dance at the hotel while doing the twist with Stringer . The police doctor places her in a room by herself , declaring it to be too dangerous to move her until morning . During the night , the criminal makes one last attempt to silence her , but Miss Marple is ready . The killer is revealed to be Miss Milchrest , disguised as Cast Margaret Rutherford as Miss Marple Stringer Davis as Mr . Stringer Robert Morley as Hector Enderby Flora Robson as Miss Milchrest Bud Tingwell as Inspector Craddock Gordon Harris as Sergeant Bacon Robert Urquhart as George Crossfield Katya Douglas as Rosamund Shane , an heir James Villiers as Michael Shane , Rosamund ' s husband Noel Howlett as Mr . Trundell Finlay Currie as Old Enderby Duncan Lamont as Hillman Kevin Stoney as Doctor Markwell Frank Atkinson as Hotel Night Porter ( uncredited ) Roger Avon as Police Photographer ( uncredited ) Categories Film adaptations Miss Marple Add category | [
"Murder at the Gallop",
"Miss Marple"
] |
http://agebb.missouri.edu/mkt/lvst/index.php | Missouri Livestock Markets Reports About These Reports Interior MO Direct Hogs daily MO Weekly Direct Slaughter Cattle MO Weekly Feeder Cattle Weighted Avgs Midwest Sheep Markets MO Weekly Direct Weaner and Feeder Pig Report Daily Livestock Updates Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday One Week Ago Back to Farm Marketing | [
"Missouri",
"Livestock Markets"
] |
http://agelessherbs.com/spleen-qi-deficiency/ | Home Learn about . . . Spleen Qi Deficiency Spleen Qi Deficiency Spleen Qi Deficiency and Herbs In Traditional Chinese Medicine ( TCM ) , the Spleen is paired with the Stomach and is related to food and fluid assimilation in the body and the transformation of these substances into usable nutrients and substances . The Spleen function in this context is very different from the way that the spleen organ is viewed in western medicine . Spleen Qi Deficiency is associated with Internal Dampness , weight gain , digestive issues , and the emotions related to the Earth Element including an apathetic view - point or worrisome personality . Spleen Function with TCM Controls the raising of Qi Controls - contains the Blood Transforms and transports foods and fluids What Causes Spleen Qi Imbalances ? Typically , Spleen damage ( TCM ) occurs with poor lifestyle habits including an improper diet , too much exposure to a damp environment or damp weather , or a genetic pre - disposition to Spleen imbalances . Medications such as steroids and prolonged use of antibiotics can also damage the Spleen ( TCM ) and lead to Internal Dampness . Many of us were over - prescribed antibiotics as children , damaging are sensitive and underdeveloped digestive systems ; this set the stage for chronic allergies , sinusitis , fungal infections , and digestive issues in our adult years It is not necessary to have all of the indications of Spleen Qi Deficiency , but a multitude of symptoms would begin to suggest a pattern of Spleen Qi Deficiency Natural Herbal Therapy : Consider Restore the Middle Way formula Patterns of Spleen Disharmony Main Indications of Spleen Qi Deficiency with Spleen Qi Deficiency and Internal Dampness Poor appetite Nausea Digestive issues Eating disorders Loose stools Undigested food in stool Dull stomach pain Easy sweating without exertion Gas and abdominal distension Dampness internally Diabetes and hypoglycemia Scallops on the edges of the tongue Craving sweets Tiredness or weakness Difficulty waking in the morning Weak muscles Uterine bleeding Varicose veins Dull achy pain in muscles Chronic bleeding Easy bruising Hemorrhoids Obsessive worry or โ obsessing โ Lack of empathy Causes of Spleen Qi Deficiency Diet - An excessive consumption of cold and raw foods , including excessive juicing , can damage the Spleen โ s function of transformation and transportation leading to Spleen - Qi Deficiency . Eating too little ( dieting ) or eating a protein - deficient diet can also cause Spleen Deficiency ; therefore , eating too much or eating too little can both lead to Spleen Qi Deficiency . Emotional strain - Over - thinking and worry may weaken the Spleen and lead to Spleen - Qi deficiency . Alternately , Spleen Qi Deficiency will have symptoms of overthinking . Climate - Prolonged exposure to dampness , such as a humid climate , can weaken the Spleen and lead to Spleen - Qi deficiency . Chronic disease - Any long - term chronic disease will tend to weaken the Spleen and lead to Spleen - Qi Deficiency . This is the reason why Dampness and Phlegm are a frequent consequence of chronic diseases , as Spleen - Qi is weakened and this leads to the formation of Dampness or Phlegm . This is very important to keep in mind , as those who have been struggling with any type of illness will likely have Spleen Qi Deficiency ; in order to regain wellness , the Spleen Qi Deficiency will first have to be addressed . This is due to 3 important issues : Qi Rebellious Qi ( Qi traveling in the wrong direction ) , and Dampness - Phlegm . The pattern of Spleen Qi deficiency is central to all other Spleen dis - harmonies , as all other Spleen Deficiency patterns are a variation of it . If Spleen Qi Deficiency is not properly treated , it can lead to more serious patterns of imbalance . Spleen Qi Deficiency is the precursor to all Spleen imbalances and the symptoms above would be included . Therefore you will have the above symptoms at the onset of all of the following patterns . SPLEEN YANG DEFICIENCY Symptoms : Feeling cold , cold limbs Slight abdominal distension after eating which becomes more pronounced as the condition worsens Tiredness Pale complexion Weakness of the limbs Loose stools to watery stools , nausea and vomiting , Loss of appetite Abdominal pain that can be sharp at times Pale tongue with a white coating Tendency to obesity Edema Causes of Spleen Yang Deficiency While similar to Spleen - Qi Deficiency , this pattern is often exacerbated by exposure to a cold and damp environment . This pattern is the same as Spleen - Qi Deficiency with the addition of Cold symptoms , such as a feeling of cold and cold limbs due to the failure of Spleen - Yang to warm the body . The edema is due to the impairment of the Spleen โ s function in transforming and transporting fluids ; when fluids can not be transformed , they may accumulate under the skin giving rise to edema . Spleen - Yang Deficiency is common with the formation of Internal Dampness , Phlegm or both . Without warming Yang tonic herbs or moxa therapy , Cold is very difficult to alleviate . + Natural Herbal Therapy : Consider Restore the Middle Way formula along with Ancestor Treasure formula Spleen Qi Sinking The energy of the Spleen is ascending , lifting , and holding . Spleen Qi Sinking occurs with chronic Spleen Qi Deficiency and has the same indications of Spleen Qi Deficiency symptoms plus the following : Bearing - down sensation in the abdomen Prolapse of organs stomach , uterus , and / or urinary bladder Frequency and urgency of urination Pale tongue Additionally , Spleen Qi Sinking can have the following symptoms divided into groups of causes : Qi Deficiency - weariness , shortness of breath frequent colds and viral infections , sweating without excursions , tired limbs , weak knees , unable to talk for long periods and can not project voice , poor digestion . Clear Yang unable to ascend - Dizziness , blurry vision poor hearing tinnitus poor memory , fuzzy thinking , pale or dark - yellow face . Qi Sinking - Bearing - down sensation in the abdomen , sagging distention in the lower abdomen ( or sagging feeling in anus ) , frequent desire to defecate , chronic loose stools , frequency and urgency of urination , uterine bleeding , organ prolapse ( stomach , uterus , urinary bladder ) . SPLEEN FAILING TO CONTROL BLOOD This is a result of chronic Spleen Qi Deficiency with the same indications on the onset , progressing to the inability of the Spleen to hold Blood in the vessels and control Blood resulting in bleeding from various sources such as under the skin , in the stools or urine , or from the uterus . This bleeding is Deficient in nature as opposed to the bleeding from Heat in the blood which is of an excess nature ( ie . most severe stage of febrile disease such as hemorrhagic fever ) . Indications would include Spleen Qi Deficiency symptoms plus the possible following signs : Excessive uterine bleeding Nosebleed Subcutaneous hemorrhage or bruising Blood spots under the skin Blood in the urine or stool SPLEEN BLOOD DEFICIENCY Spleen deficiency constitutes the root with Heart Deficiency as secondary manifestations . The primary injury is to the Spleen , which is the organ that generates Blood , and Heart Blood is vital for proper Heart function . In addition to the Spleen Qi Deficiency indications , Spleen Blood Deficiency can present with these additional symptoms : Shen disturbances , emotional imbalance depression Spleen not controlling Blood symptoms Dull pale complexion Scanty periods or amenorrhea Insomnia and sleep problem s Joint pain due to Blood not nourishing the tendons Pale , thin , and slightly dry tongue Slow healing wounds Dry skin and hair Night sweats , hot flashes ( Blood is Yin in nature ) Tendency towards a thin body in some cases Spleen Blood Deficiency can also be explained by the Generation Cycle of the Five Elements theory and the relationship between Fire ( Heart ) and Earth ( Spleen ) which is one of mother and child . When the child is deficient , the mother will in turn become drained . There is actually no such thing as โ Spleen - Blood โ since the Spleen does not relate to Blood in the same way as the Heart and Liver ; the Heart governs Blood , and the Liver stores Blood , therefore we can refer to โ Heart - Blood โ and โ Liver - Blood โ . However , Food Qi ( Gu Qi ) produced by the Spleen is the precursor of Blood as Gu Qi is transformed into Blood in tandem with Lungs and Heart . + with Yin Valley formula SPLEEN - LIVER BLOOD DEFICIENCY This pattern of imbalance combines symptoms of Spleen Qi Deficiency , Blood Deficiency , and Liver Qi imbalances . Dizziness Numbness of limbs Blurred vision Diminished night vision Pale lips Gynecological problems and infertility Brittle nails with ridges Depression Pale tongue body , especially on the sides INTERNAL DAMP - PHLEGM In Chinese medicine , all of the Earthly qualities are also present in our bodies ; thus the saying that the body is a microcosm of the universal macrocosm . It makes perfect sense that our body would follow the same universal laws that govern everything around us . Common Causes of Dampness Environmental influences such as a humid climate or a great deal of rain or snow which damages the Spleen Poor diet with fried foods , too many raw foods ( juicing ) , or an over - consumption of food in general External pathogenic invasion of Cold - Damp In the body , Dampness is pathogenic ; although Blood is wet , it is not part of pathogenic Dampness . Damp conditions are only diagnosed when the body stops managing fluids correctly as a certain amount of phlegm is necessary in the body . Dampness typically has an element of Spleen Qi Deficiency , but can also be related to Kidney Deficiencies and Lung Deficiencies . Dampness tends to accumulate and sink . Excessive pathogenic fluid that blocks the free flow of Qi and Blood ; the fluid becomes more viscous and sticky as conditions become more chronic and the fluids consolidate , becoming coagulated ; they are then referred to as Phlegm . Chronic Damp conditions are tenacious and can take a very long time to clear up ; think of sticky viscous phlegm lodged in your tissue and organs . There is a type of Dampness that is considered excessive such as the Damp Phlegm of respiratory congestion . We are familiar with pathogenic Dampness affecting the Lungs - Sinuses , but Internal Dampness can develop in joints , muscle tissue , and the vessels ; arthritis , rheumatism , and many types of paralysis are associated with Turbid Dampness according to TCM . Yeast overgrowth will almost exclusively occur in the presence of pathogenic Dampness as it requires a Damp environment to proliferate . Symptoms that Indicate Internal Dampness : Copious turbid , cloudy or sticky excretions and secretions Leucorrhea or heavy vaginal discharge Chronic sinusitis Aversion to drinking , even with thirst Trouble waking in morning Symptoms worsen with wet weather Sticky or watery bowel movement , or chronic diarrhea Some types of edema Feeling of heaviness in the body , especially in the Middle Jiao DAMP PATTERNS Dampness rarely occurs all by itself ; it combines with other pathogenic factors according to Chinese medicine including Cold , Heat , and Wind . Cold - Damp Cold tends to constrict and slow things down ; Cold - Damp would be indicated by an aversion to the cold , a slowed metabolism , stiffness and soreness in the muscles and joints ( osteo - arthritis ) , clear or white discharges and phlegm , quiet voice , thick white wet coated tongue , dull headaches , tiredness , and a desire for warm foods and drink . Prolonged Coldness would be associated with Yang Depletion . Natural Herbal Therapy : Consider Damp - Heat Much like a swamps โ water stagnates and becomes putrid , this pathogenic Dampness will transform in to Damp - Heat over time . Damp - Heat is indicated by redness , swelling , blisters , UTI ' s with burning pain , thick yellow / green phlegm , sticky yellow coat on tongue , rashes with redness and discharge , sores with puss , strong odors , and painful acne with redness and puss ; herpes shingles are good examples as well as itchy , weepy psoriasis or eczema . Natural Herbal Therapy : Consider with Peaceful Warrior formula Internal Wind Damp Cold - Wind Damp Heat Wind - Damp would produce symptoms as above but with erratic patterns , moving from one place to the next as in migrating arthritic pains , and appearing and disappearing as in rashes moving from place to place . Internal Wind is often created from Liver Fire Rising . Natural Herbal Therapy : Consider Restore the Middle Way formula and Free and Easy Wanderer formula Note : External Dampness associated with allergies or a cold that produce mucus is related , but different from Internal Dampness and is explained in this article : Causes of Disease in Chinese Medicine . OBSTRUCTION OF SPLEEN - LIVER - DAMP This pattern of imbalance includes symptoms of Spleen Qi Deficiency , Internal Dampness , and Liver Qi Stagnation ; this is the only pattern of imbalance that includes the Spleen that is excessive and not deficient ; this is because Liver imbalances tend be excessive and can include : Feeling of distension and tenderness in rib area Frustration and irritability Thick , sticky , yellow tongue coating How Spleen - Liver - Damp Develops : Spleen Qi Deficiency causes the Spleen to fail in its function of transformation and transportation of fluids and fluids accumulate into Dampness . Dampness obstructs the Qi - flow in the Middle Jiao interfering with the proper direction flow of Qi . The obstruction of Dampness may result in pathogenic Internal Heat . Also , constraints of Liver Qi can result in Heat . Dampness begins to interfere with the smooth flow of Liver Qi and the flow of bile ( Liver Qi stagnates in the Middle Jiao and the Gall Bladder can not secrete bile ) . Dampness and Heat in the Middle Burner may give rise to Phlegm ( Phlegm is more viscous and more condensed as the Heat pulls out the moisture and condenses in to a thick - sticky substance ) . Insulin Resistance , Diabetes , and Spleen Qi Deficiency Insulin resistance is when glucose is rejected by cells as use as fuel , and then re - circulated to the liver to be stored as fat . The Spleen is pivotal in the ability of the body to utilize glucose for energy and building muscle and tissue on a cellular level . One can easily see how , in the face of insulin resistance , the body begins to store fat , regardless of diet ; thus the cry of so many that they can not lose weight regardless of how restrictive their diet is . The Spleen energetic Food Therapy and Spleen Qi Deficiency Food therapy and dietary recommendations with Spleen Deficiency The Spleen is responsible for absorbing the nourishment from food and separating the usable nourishment from the unusable part of food . This forms Gu Qi ( Food Qi ) and is the basis of Qi of the entire body and Blood . Gu Qi ascends to the Lungs and combines with air to form Zong Qi or ( Gathering Qi ) of the Body . The Qi from the Lungs goes to the Heart and produces Blood . Often , those with Spleen imbalances either have no appetite at all , or crave and over - eat sweet foods . Diet is important with Spleen imbalances , but an appropriate diet might not be what we associate with a healthy diet as raw foods , raw vegetables , cold salads , fruits and juices are to be avoided . Sweet foods would include processed and refined grains , white potatoes , sugars , and fried foods can also damage the Spleen function when over consumed , as can iced drinks . Learn more about Chinese Food Therapy . There are actually sweet foods and herbs that help to repair the Spleen function ( TCM ) such as yams , carrots , winter squash , and beets ; these hardy root vegetables should be baked or steamed . Legumes or beans , steamed vegetable , seeds , cooked greens , onion and garlic , mushrooms , and whole grains are also good choices to nourish the Spleen function . Eating a protein rich breakfast is crucial in maintaining Spleen health . Dairy products can exacerbate pathogenic Dampness for many people , but butter is okay for most . The Spleen function allows us to assimilate foods consumed that evolve in to thought ( likewise , over - studying can damage the Spleen ) . The Spleen function is pivotal in transforming Gui Qi , or food Qi , in to Blood , thus transporting nourishment to the Organ Systems . For more information on Food Therapy , check out our blog ! References | [
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"Stomach",
"Traditional Chinese Medicine"
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http://agency.governmentjobs.com/fitchburg/default.cfm | Wednesday November 21 2018 Welcome to City of Fitchburgs application process You can now apply online by clicking on the job title you are interested in and clicking on the Apply link If this is the first time you are applying using our online job application you will need to create an account and select a Username and Password After your account has been established you can build an application by clicking on the Build Job Application link This application can be saved and used to apply for more than one job opening Online applications are stored on a secure site Only authorized employees and hiring authorities have access to the information submitted It is important that your application show all the relevant education and experience you possess Applications may be rejected if incomplete Search Criteria All Categories are automatically selected To change the results deselect and reselect the categories by using the Clear AllSelect All buttons or by clicking on the check boxes To reset the search criteria click Clear Search at the bottom of this box Select Category Select All Categories Clear All Categories Administration 1 IT and Computers 1 Maintenance 1 Office and Administrative Support 1 Professional 1 Search or Position Emp Type Salary Closing Date City Assessor FullTime 10 FTE 3876 4430 Hourly 120218 Information Technology Specialist FullTime 10 FTE 2411 2755 Hourly 120218 Public Works Maintenance Worker Utility FullTime 10 FTE 1861 2127 Hourly 120218 Tax Collection Limited Term Employment 1250 1325 Hourly Continuous | [
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http://ageofempires.wikia.com/wiki/Civilizations_(Age_of_Empires_II) | in Age of Empires II Lists Civilizations Civilizations Age of Empires II Comments 124 Share This article is about the civilizations in Age of Empires II For the civilizations in the other games of the series see Civilization The playable factions in Age of Empires II are based on prominent civilizations or nations that were at the peak of their might between the times of the fall of Rome and the early age of discovery XVI century Each civilization in the game has one or two focused military strengths meaning units or buildings that fall into those categories are usually given mosttoall of the available upgrades in addition to favorable stat boosts by the game and will likely be part of effective battle strategies during matches While it is possible to put the focus elsewhere other than their advantageous trait eg a Persian player relying primarily on standard Barracks troops rather than cavalry it is usually not advisable to do so because most of the civilization bonuses will not apply to those additional fields It can still be effective and create a moment of surprise if nontypical units are created Listed below are all civilizations and their specialties in Age of Empires II and all its expansions Contents show The Age of Kings Britons The British Wonder Specialty Foot archers Unique unit Longbowman Unique technologies Yeomen Warwolf Wonder Aachen Cathedral Civilization bonuses Town Centers cost 50 wood starting in the Castle Age Foot archers except Skirmishers have 12 range in the CastleImperial Age Shepherds work 25 faster Team bonus Archery Ranges work 20 faster The Britons are a Western European civilization in Age of Empires II They represent the English and the AngloNormans during the High Middle Ages and Late Middle Ages They focus on foot archers The Britons unique unit is the Longbowman from their historical use of the English Longbow in their campaigns Longbowmen are archers with higher range than every other archer in the game even outranging Castles and towers in later stages of the game Their Castle Age unique technology Yeomen refers to the fact that the Britons heavily relied on archery thus giving their foot archers even more range as well as increasing their tower damage The Britons were known for their small villages scattered across England as well as their tactics of encroaching on enemies with strongholds and thus get cheaper Town Centers Known as skilled shepherds and heavily involved in the wool trade British shepherds work faster For a time in England all sports but archery were banned on Sundays thus the Britons also have faster Archery Ranges Byzantines The Byzantine Wonder Specialty Defense Unique unit Cataphract Unique technologies Greek Fire Logistica Wonder Hagia Sophia Civilization bonuses Buildings have 10203040 HP in the DarkFeudalCastleImperial Age Camels Skirmishers and the Spearman lines are 25 cheaper Fire Ships attack 20 faster Advancing to the Imperial Age is 33 cheaper Town Watch is free Team bonus Monks heal 50 faster The Byzantines or Eastern Roman Empire are Middle Eastern civilization in Age of Empires II They are situated in the Balkan peninsula and Asia Minor along the eastern seaboard of the Mediterranean in the modern countries such as Greece Turkey Bulgaria and Romania In the Attila the Hun campaign they represent the Western Roman Empire Only classified as a defensive civilization ingame they are in practice a very versatile civilization relying on a wide variety of units of all categories for both offense and defense As the medieval stage of the Roman Empire they retain characteristics of their Rise of Rome Roman Roman and Palmyran counterparts and Persian neighbors such as their unique unit the Cataphract a type of heavy cavalry that happened to also be present in the original game Their Imperial Age unique technology is Logistica referring to the Byzantines strong military tactics which grants their Cataphracts trample damage to attack multiple enemies at once The Byzantines had a head start over their European neighbors and arguably reached their zenith while the rest of Europe were in the Dark Age As a result they pay less to advance to the Imperial Age Constantinople operated as the center of a trading network that extended across nearly all of Eurasia and North Africa in particular as the primary western terminus of the famous Silk Road So the Byzantine Empires economy was among the most advanced in Europe and the Mediterranean for many centuries Europe in particular could not match Byzantines economic strength until late in the Middle Ages That is reflected upon in the game with the Byzantines having access to all economic Lumber Camp Mill and Mining Camp upgrades The Byzantines were best known for having deflected many invasions implemented by barbarians Slavs and Arabs and the famed doubled walls that surrounded their capital of Constantinople almost stood for over a millennium until overran by Ottoman Turks To reflect this achievement the Byzantines attain a theme of a defensive civilization and have tougher buildings as the Age progresses Due to carrying on many of the traditions of Rome such as their naval prowess and being the inventors of Greek fire an ancient napalm rumored to be able to ignite even on water their Fire Ship attack faster and their Castle Age unique technology is Greek Fire granting Fire Ships 1 range As a defensive civilization they also get cheaper counter units and Town Watch for free Being the bastion of Greek Orthodoxy their Monks heal faster to keep with their defensive theme Celts The Celtic Wonder Specialty Infantry and siege weapons Unique unit Woad Raider Unique technologies Stronghold Furor Celtica Wonder Rock of Cashel Civilization bonuses Infantry units move 15 faster Lumberjacks work 15 faster Siege weapons fire 20 faster Enemy herdables can be converted regardless of enemy units next to them Team bonus Siege Workshops work 20 faster The Celts are a Western European civilization in Age of Empires II They focus on infantry and siege weapons Historically they were a Central European civilization who dominated much of Europe such as Southern Germany Spain France and the British Isles The Celts in the game are based on the Celts of Scotland Ireland and Wales in Western Europe but they only speak Irish Gaelic Their unique unit is the Woad Raider a type of infantry who covers himself in paint made from the woad plant to make himself look more fearsome Woad Raiders move very fast allowing them to overcome the normal infantry weaknesses against archers and siege weapons Their Imperial Age Age of Empires IIImperial Age unique technology is Furor Celtica which refers to the Celtic warrior tradition of channeling their emotions and anger and makes their siege weapons harder to kill Being masters of guerilla warfare Celtic infantry move faster Because of their historical wood and metalworking their Siege Workshops build faster their Lumberjacks work faster and their siege weapons fire faster Like their neighbors the Britons the Celts were historically skilled shepherds and it is much easier for them to steal their enemies Sheep Their descendants are the Scottish Welsh and Irish nations These three nations alongside the English nation descendants of the Britons created a united kingdom the British civilization that is featured in Age of Empires III Chinese The Chinese Wonder Specialty Archers Unique unit Chu Ko Nu Unique technologies Great Wall Rocketry Wonder Temple of Heaven Civilization bonuses Start game with three extra Villagers but with 200 food and 50 wood Town Center supports ten population instead of five Technologies are 101520 cheaper in the FeudalCastleImperial Age Demolition Ships have 50 HP Team bonus Farms start with 45 food The Chinese are an East Asian civilization in Age of Empires II They are based on the Tang and Song dynasties of medieval China and they focus on archers The aforementioned dynasties were best known for their unprecedented technological innovations and highly populated cities accommodating millions of people by the 1200s To reflect this achievement and for being one of the civilizations that suffered the least during the Dark Ages they start with extra Villagers and their Town Centers support a higher population Although they have fewer resources to compensate allied Farms produce extra food which reflects on the importance of rice agriculture in China The unique unit of the Chinese is the Chu Ko Nu a foot archer wielding the eponymous semiautomatic crossbow invented by the Chinese that would load a new bolt simultaneously as soon as the last one was fired Chu Ko Nu fire multiple arrows at once and if employed en masse they can wreak havoc on infantry and even cavalry Due to game balance reasons the Chinese lack access to many of the technologies they invented such as the Hand Cannoneer Bombard Cannon and Block Printing the earliest record of a written formula for gunpowder appears in the 11th century Song dynasty text Wujing Zongyao the Heilongjiang Hand Cannon is widely considered the earlier surviving firearm and the Block Printing technology in Age of Empires II even tributes the Chinese by name Their unique technology Rocketry reflects their advanced gunpowder technology and boosts their Chu Ko Nu and Scorpions by adding 2 and 4 attack respectively to offer some limited compensation The Chinese have a long history of using Demolition Ships in naval battles and as such their Demolition Ships have 50 more hit points which allows them to reach their targets easier Finally the Chinese research all technologies more cheaply than any other civilization due to being one of the most advanced civilizations during the time frame of Age of Empires II Franks The Frankish Wonder Specialty Cavalry Unique unit Throwing Axeman Unique technologies Chivalry Bearded Axe Wonder St Vitus Cathedral Civilization bonuses Farm upgrades are free Castles are 25 cheaper Cavalry have 20 HP Foragers work 25 faster Team bonus Knights have 2 Line of Sight The Franks now known as the French are a Western European civilization in Age of Empires II They focus on cavalry The Franks conquered and inhabited modern day France which was previously known as Gaul They are primarily an offensive civilization although they possess a few defensive perks as well Their unique unit is the Throwing Axeman which deals melee damage at range Throwing axes were more popular than bows in the densely forested parts of northern Europe where the Franks came from and they even take their name from their throwing axe the Francisca Their Castle Age unique technology Bearded Axe reflect this by giving their Throwing Axemen more range The Frankish King Charlemagne started the tradition of using armored cavalry who became known as knights and Frankish Knights fight valiantly with more HP and greater Line of Sight This tradition also spawned the concept of Chivalry codes of knights represented by the technology of the same name which boosts their Stables working speed Castles dot France and the Franks get cheaper Castles to better emulate this Finally no Castle with a knight as its lord is complete without peasant labor and thus Frankish Farms upgrade for free and their Foragers work faster Goths The Gothic Wonder Specialty Infantry Unique unit Huskarl Unique technologies Anarchy Perfusion Wonder Mausoleum of Theoderic I Civilization bonuses Infantry are 35 cheaper starting in the Feudal Age Infantry have 1 attack bonus against standard buildings Villagers have 5 attack against Wild Boars and carry 15 food from hunting 10 population cap in the Imperial Age Team bonus Barracks work 20 faster The Goths are a Central European civilization in Age of Empires II They focus on infantry The Goths were a collection of Eastern Germanic tribes that constantly warred with the Roman Empire during its later years known for bringing Rome to its knees and traveling all over Europe bringing devastation with them Following the fall of the Empire the Goths divided into the Ostrogoths East Goths who settled in Italy and the Visigoths West Goths who settled in the region that would later become Portugal and Spain The leaders of the Goths and their Age of Empires II equivalents were the Huskarls the Gothic unique unit As the Goths were known for their raiding prowess the medium infantry Huskarls have high pierce armor and shrug off damage from fortifications This also makes them very powerful against archers and they also move quick enough to chase them down The Goths were known as flexible nomads with mostly nonexistent formal government so their first unique technology Anarchy allows their leaders the Huskarls to be trained at the Barracks like normal infantry as early as the Castle Age Their second unique technology Perfusion allows them to train infantry extremely fast As the Goths were known for being able to mass soldiers very quickly they are able to spam more units already available to all civilizations thanks to their infantry costing less as they advance to Feudal Age and their Barracks naturally working faster As raiders Gothic infantry get extra attack bonus against buildings Being nomads gave them other distinct advantage their Villagers can hunt bigger game effectively and carry more meat Finally the Goths get a higher population limit to reflect their ability to field armies quickly They are one of the ancestors of the Spanish and Portuguese civilizations Hence this is most likely why the Goths have access to gunpowder units such as Hand Cannoneers and Bombard Cannons since both the Portuguese and the Spanish used gunpowder in warfare to expand their empires although this can also be for gameplay balance purposes since the Goths have a lackluster Siege and Archery unit line Japanese The Japanese Wonder Specialty Infantry Unique unit Samurai Unique technologies Yasama Kataparuto Wonder Tลdaiji Civilization bonuses Fishing Ships have double HP 2 pierce armor and work 5101520 faster in the DarkFeudalCastleImperial Age Mills Lumber Camps and Mining Camps are 50 cheaper Infantry attack 25 faster starting in the Feudal Age Team bonus Galleys have a 50 longer Line of Sight The Japanese are an East Asian civilization in Age of Empires II They focus on infantry The Japanese are an infantrybased civilization with their infantry possessing the fastest attack speed in the game They are the descendants of the Yamato civilization which inhabited the same island The Japanese civilization is based on Feudal Japan which was dominated by the powerful regional families daimyล and the military rule of warlords shลgun from 1185 to 1868 The Samurai were the elite warrior class in Japanese society and required dozens of years of training The Samurai were armed with a Katana an extrasharp thin bladed longsword a Wakizashi a shorter version of the Katana and sometimes a Tantล These soldiers served the lord and fought for them based on the strict Bushido honor code To reflect their high rank and prestige of the Japanese warrior class and their association with the ninja a covert agent Japanese infantry attack faster Japan is an island nation seareliant for most of its history and as a result the Japanese have extensive knowledge in maritime economy and warfare To represent this their Fishing Ships have double hit points and work more efficiently when advancing through the Ages and the Japanese teams Galley line have a longer Line of Sight Japan also possesses a number of volcanoes which create fertile lands for cultivation and ores for mining To reflect this the Japanese build Mills Lumber Camps and Mining Camps at a cheaper cost Throughout its medieval history Japan was in constant conflicts of clan lords who constructed a large number of fortifications each had many arrowslits or yasama to repel attackers This is represented by the technology Yasama which increases the number of arrows shot by towers Also during Sengoku Jidai or the Warring States period the Japanese came into contact with the Portuguese and the Dutch with whom the Japanese traded goods for firearms and modern siege technology This is reflected by Kataparuto catapult written in katakana to represent the European origin that allows Trebuchets to pack unpack and fire faster Mongols The Mongol Wonder Specialty Cavalry archers Unique unit Mangudai Unique technologies Nomads Drill Wonder Great Tent of Genghis Khan Civilization bonuses Cavalry archers fire 25 faster Light Cavalry and Hussars have 30 HP Hunters work 50 faster Team bonus The Scout Cavalry line has 2 Line of Sight The Mongols are an East Asian civilization in Age of Empires II They focus on mounted archers The Mongols were a collection of nomadic tribes from the steppes of Central Asia and Siberia They were fierce warriors who are known for establishing the largest contiguous overland empire in human history At the beginning of the 13th century the Mongol clans became united under Temujin who later became known as Genghis Khan following a campaign of foreign conquest of more developed and technologically advanced civilizations across East Asia Europe and the Middle East At its height their empire stretched from Korea across Asia and into European Russia to the Baltic Sea coast They held most of Asia Minor modern Iraq modern Iran Afghanistan Pakistan Tibet parts of India parts of Burma all of China and parts of Vietnam Although greatly outnumbered in many key battles the Mongols utilized a variety of guerilla warfare tactics involving highly skilled cavalry archers whose long range and accuracy provided by the unprecedented Mongol recurve bow gave them a great advantage on the battlefield Much of the army consisted of light cavalry which were extremely light troops compared to those of other armies This allowed them to execute tactics and maneuvers that would otherwise have been impractical Having this mobility made it possible to send them on successful scouting missions gathering intelligence about routes and terrain suited to the preferred combat tactics of Light Cavalry team bonus which increases the Line of Sight of Light Cavalry and their unique technology Persians The Persian Wonder Specialty Cavalry Unique unit War Elephant Unique technologies Boiling Oil Mahouts Wonder Taq Kasra Civilization bonuses Start game with 50 food and 50 wood Town Centers and Docks have double HP and work 101520 faster in the FeudalCastleImperial Age Team bonus Knights have 2 attack against archers The Persians are a Middle Eastern civilization in Age of Empires II They focus on cavalry The Persians are based on the large number of Persian dynasties that existed throughout the Middle Ages Although their design and description were largely inspired by the Sasanian Empire they are supposed to represent all Persian factions that existed during the Middle Ages They were best known for their rivalry with the Roman Empire and gradual adoption of Islam following the Arab invasions They would grow to become a major hub and center of the Islamic world contributing much to Islamic art and culture Like their predecessor in the original game the Persians specialize in cavalry and navy Since BC the region of Persia has been known as the place where various large empires like Parthia and Sassanid once stood In addition the region of Persia was also part of international trade routes between India Far East and the Middle East This is reflected by two of their bonuses They start the game with more food and wood and their Town Centers possess higher HP and working speed To ensure the safety of traveling ships in the Persian Gulf the ruling empires stationed their military including naval vessels in the region Therefore Persian Docks also possess higher HP and work faster The Persians were known to employ powerful armored cavalry on the battlefield This is reflected by their virtually complete Stable The borders of the Sassanian Empire were often raided by various nomadic tribesmen by Arabs to the south and by Central Asians to the north and east Using neighboring vassal states eg the Lakhmid Kingdom of Arab as a buffer zone was one of the methods used by the Sassanian to stop these raids To reflect this the Persians have a team bonus which increases the attack of their Knights against archers During the Sassanian and Timurid era war elephants were part of the Persian military force This is reflected by their unique unit the War Elephant The riders of elephants were known as Mahouts and this name is used as one of the Persians unique technologies which increases the War Elephants movement speed The Sassanian Empire was also known to build complex fortification lines along their borders Thus their other unique technology Boiling Oil provides Castles with additional attack against rams Saracens The Saracen Wonder Specialty Cavalry and navy Unique unit Mameluke Unique technologies Madrasah Zealotry Wonder Great Mosque of Samarra Civilization bonuses The commodity trading fee is 5 Markets cost 75 wood Transport Ships have double HP and 5 carry capacity Galleys attack 20 faster Cavalry Archers have 4 attack against standard buildings Team bonus Foot archers have 2 attack against standard buildings The Saracens are a Middle Eastern civilization in Age of Empires II They focus on cavalry and ships The term Saracen has a disputed etymology and historically has meant different things most relevant here is the medieval European exonym for Arabs The first significant Saracen kingdoms were the Ghassanids and Lakhmids which were proxy states of the Byzantine and Persian Empires respectively In the 7th century starting with the rise of Islam and the campaigns of the Rashidun Caliphate the Saracens became a dominant power in Western Asia and North Africa Under the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates the Saracens expanded their territory immensely In that time they presided over the largest empire ever to exist larger than Rome and unmatched until the Mongol invasions In Saladin s campaign they represent medieval Egypt specifically the Ayyubid Sultanate Their ingame design thus seems like an amalgamation of various Arab groups from different time periods Situated in the crossroads of the world they were most notable for initiating the rise of Islam and starting the Arab conquests To reflect their achievement as a powerful desert civilization and for founding one of the major religions of the world their unique technologies benefit their Monks and camel units They also gave importance to their navy to protect their shores from Byzantine assault which is reflected with their naval bonus which gives their Galleys a 20 faster attack and also gives them the best Transport Ships with more hit points and a bigger carry capacity The Saracens were also active traders being located at the crossroads of the world As a result their Markets are cheaper and their commodity trading fee is only 5 as opposed to 30 the standard fee for all other civilizations Teutons The Teutonic Wonder Specialty Infantry Unique unit Teutonic Knight Unique technologies Ironclad Crenellations Wonder Maria Laach Abbey Civilization bonuses Monks have double healing range Towers garrison twice as many units Murder Holes are free Farms are 33 cheaper Town Centers can garrison 10 units Team bonus Units resist conversion The Teutons are a Central European civilization in Age of Empires II They focus on infantry Historically the Teutons were a Germanic tribe that participated in the Great Migration when the Huns pushed various tribes out of modernday Germany and into contact with the declining Roman Empire They eventually settled in modernday Germany and some in modernday Italy In the game they represent the Holy Roman Empire Crusader states and crusading orders such as the Knights Hospitaller and the Knights Templar They rely on infantry cavalry siege units and fortifications which is typical for a medieval European army Turks The Turkish Wonder Specialty Gunpowder units Unique unit Janissary Unique technologies Sipahi Artillery Wonder Selimiye Mosque Civilization bonuses Gunpowder units have 25 HP Gunpowder technologies are 50 cheaper Chemistry is free Gold Miners work 20 faster Light Cavalry and Hussar upgrades are free Team bonus Gunpowder units are created 20 faster The Turks are a Middle Eastern civilization in Age of Empires II They focus on gunpowder units The Turks originated from Central Asia and are based on the Seljuk Empire the Sultanate of Rum shown in the Manzikert scenario and the Ottoman Empire They were best known for winning many battles in the Crusades as well as successfully besieging Constantinople which ended European foothold of the Silk Road and contact with the Orient The Turks were also highly involved in the sciences and mathematics especially in the area of alchemy that would later form the backbone of modern chemistry Being an Islamic civilization they were notable for transmitting this knowledge to the west Therefore Turks mine gold faster and get Chemistry for free They also used gunpowder quite effectively becoming the first gunpowder empire having received it from their control of the Silk Road Therefore many of their unique traits benefit their gunpowder units which have greater range are created faster and cost less Additionally their unique unit is also a gunpowder unit Vikings The Viking Wonder Specialty Infantry and navy Unique units Berserk Longboat Unique technologies Chieftains Berserkergang Wonder Borgund Stave Church Civilization bonuses Warships are 151520 cheaper in the FeudalCastleImperial Age Infantry have 101520 HP in the FeudalCastleImperial Age Wheelbarrow and Hand Cart are free Team bonus Docks are 15 cheaper The Vikings are a Central European civilization in Age of Empires II They focus on infantry and navy The Vikings were best known for being advent sailors and for establishing settlements and colonies in the North Atlantic in Greenland and Newfoundland hundreds of years before the arrivals of Southern and Western European explorers They were also known for bringing fear among several European communities since they would raid small villages unexpectedly As a result their navy and infantry are among the finest in the game and have a unique unit in both branches Contrary to popular belief spread through 19th and 20th centuries popular culture the Vikings did not actually wear spiked or horned helmets but they refrained from trimming their head and facial hair to give the look of a big scary and hairy beast This is reflected by their unique unit the Berserk and their unique technology that benefits them Furthermore their infantry including the Berserk has more health The Vikings also excelled at naval warfare and tactics and mastered the art of various types of sailing Therefore their other unique unit is the Longboat which is a wellconstructed slim boat that gracefully shoots through the water and fires volleys of arrows To further emphasize their ability as fine shipbuilders all Viking ships cost fewer resources and their team bonus allows Docks to be built for less wood as well The Conquerors Aztecs The Aztec Wonder Specialty Monks and infantry Unique unit | [
"Civilizations"
] |
http://agfax.com/2017/11/15/illinois-fertilizer-nitrogen-prices-costs-lower-for-2018/ | Newsletters AgFax Weekend : Rising โ Farmer Age , Female Ownership 4 - 12 Subscribe AgFax Weed Solutions : Ultimate โ Weed - Free โ Combine , Plus Dicamba Drift โ 7 Key Points 4 - 12 Subscribe Weather Local Weather Radar U.S. Satellite 24 - Hour Surface F โ cast 24 - Hour Rainfall Est . 48 - Storm Path Accum . 6 - 10 Day Temp F โ cast 6 - 10 Day Precip . F โ Cast Thunderstorm Outlook US Drought Monitor US Palmer Drought Index US Crop Moisture Index US Growing Degree Days Hurricane Tracks Markets Cotton Futures / Options Cotton Daily Cotton Weekly Soybeans Futures / Options Corn Futures / Options Wheat Futures / Options Rice Futures / Options Rice โ Milled Weekly Grain Review All Commodities Illinois Fertilizer : Nitrogen Prices , Costs Lower for 2018 November 15 , 2017 By Gary Schnitkey , University of Illinois Ag Economist Corn fertilizer application . ยฉ Debra L Ferguson Stock Photography Nitrogen fertilizer prices are averaging lower now than in any time since September 2008 . These lower prices could translate into roughly a $ 10 per acre saving in nitrogen fertilizer for the coming 2018 production year . Further savings may be possible for those farms who are applying above recommended nitrogen rates and are willing to cut fertilizer application rates . University recommendations suggest nitrogen application rates well below 200 pounds in northern and central Illinois . Anhydrous Ammonia Prices Average anhydrous ammonia prices in Illinois are reported approximately twice a month in the Illinois Production Cost Report , a publication of the Agricultural Marketing Service , an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture . In the November 10 report , the anhydrous ammonia price was reported at an average of $ 405 per ton , with an offer range from $ 343 per ton up to $ 440 per ton . Anhydrous ammonia prices have averaged $ 404 per ton during the months of September , October , and November of 2017 . The $ 404 per ton average in 2017 is considerably lower than fall prices in recent years . AMS has been reporting anhydrous ammonia prices since 2008 ( see Figure 1 ) . During the months of September , October , and November , average anhydrous ammonia prices contained in the Illinois Production Cost Report are : 2008 : $ 1,134 per ton , 2009 : $ 430 per ton , 2010 : $ 683 per ton , 2011 : $ 846 per ton , 2012 : $ 848 per ton , 2013 : $ 683 per ton , 2014 : $ 719 per ton , 2015 : $ 656 per ton , 2016 : $ 504 per ton , and 2017 : $ 404 per ton . Click Image to Enlarge The $ 404 per ton price is the lowest fall price since reporting began in 2008 . The next lowest price occurred in 2009 , when fall prices averaged $ 430 per ton . The $ 404 fall price during fall 2017 is $ 100 per ton lower than the 2016 average price of $ 504 per ton . Lower Nitrogen Fertilizer Costs for Corn Lower nitrogen prices should translate into lower per acre nitrogen fertilizer costs . To gain a feel of the savings , recommended nitrogen application rates were obtained from the Corn Nitrogen Rate Calculator , a web tool hosted by Iowa State Agronomy Extension and Outreach , in association with many of the land grant universities in the Midwest including the University of Illinois . This tool suggests different โ Maximum Return to Nitrogen โ ( MRTN ) rates for three regions of Illinois . For a $ 3.50 corn price and a $ 400 per ton anhydrous ammonia price , the MRTNs are 169 pounds of nitrogen for northern Illinois , 186 pounds of nitrogen for central Illinois , and 200 pounds of nitrogen for southern Illinois ( see Table 1 ) . Click Image to Enlarge For this example , the 186 pound nitrogen recommendation for central Illinois will be used to illustrate cost savings . This 186 pounds include nitrogen from all sources including from DAP or MAP . An application of 180 pounds of DAP would provide the phosphorus replacement requirements of 200 bushels per acre of corn ( see replacement rates in Chapter 8 of the Illinois Agronomy Handbook . This 180 pounds of DAP contain 32 pounds of nitrogen ( 180 pounds of DAP x .18 analysis ) . If applied before mid - October , about half of 32 pounds are would be available for plant uptake , or 16 pounds ( see Nafziger , Using the N Rate Calculators The Bulletin , September 27 , 2017 ) . This would mean that 170 pounds of N would have to be applied from non - DAP sources ( 170 = 186 MRTN rate โ 16 pounds in DAP ) . Obviously , this 170 pounds of nitrogen would be more if less DAP is applied . The 170 pounds could be less if DAP is applied after October when three - fourths of the nitrogen in DAP may be available for plant uptake or if more DAP is applied . The 170 pounds of nitrogen could be applied entirely as anhydrous ammonia . To get 170 pounds of nitrogen , a total of 207 pounds of anhydrous ammonia needs to be applied ( 207 = 170 pounds of N / .82 of N per pound of nitrogen ) . The costs of 207 pounds of anhydrous ammonia is $ 41.88 per acre when a $ 404 per ton anhydrous ammonia price is used to represent 2017 prices . The $ 504 per ton price in 2016 results in a nitrogen fertilizer costs of $ 52.24 per acre . The costs savings for anhydrous ammonia then is $ 10.36 per acre . The $ 10 per acre in nitrogen savings can vary . Different sources of nitrogen will have different prices and thereby impact nitrogen savings from 2017 to 2018 . Furthermore prices could change between now and spring when some or all of the nitrogen will be applied . These price changes can again impact savings . Nitrogen Rates for 2018 The rates in Table 1 suggest that applications should not total more than 200 pounds of nitrogen for northern and central Illinois , even if corn prices approach $ 4.50 per bushel . Some farmers may be applying in excess of 200 pounds of nitrogen . Moving back to the MRTNs in Table 1 will save costs . Given that the nitrogen recommendations are correct , the cut in nitrogen rates will , on average , increase returns . Cutting back costs in today โ s low return environment seems prudent . Summary Anhydrous ammonia prices currently are lower than at any time since 2008 . This lower prices will result in per acre cost savings . Cuts in rates to MRTN levels could result in further savings on some farms . Gary Schnitkey Posted in Agricharts | No DTN Corn Belt Grain Inputs Mobile Illinois Tagged Illinois Fertilizer nitrogen applications nitrogen nitrogen management anhydrous ammonia Gary Schnitkey anhydrous prices nitrogen prices Source : http : / / farmdocdaily . illinois . edu / 2017 / 11 / nitrogen - fertilizer - prices - and - costs - lower - for - 2018 . html Cotton Soybeans Grain Rice Peanuts Tree and Vine | [
"Illinois Fertilizer",
"Nitrogen Prices"
] |
http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/archives/parsons/turf/publications/Bermuda.html | Turfgrass Texas is a major urban state with nearly 88 percent of Texans living in 25 federally designated urban areas . Houston , the Dallas / Fort Worth Metroplex , and San Antonio rank among the 12 most populated regions of the United States . Turfgrasses serve many functions in urban and suburban landscapes . Primary roles of turfgrass are soil stabilization , water conservation , and filtration of air and water borne pollutants . Actively growing turf is highly effective in control of environmental pollution , such as the suppression of dust , glare , and noise , and in heat dissipation , especially in the arid and semi - arid regions of the United States . Healthy growing turfgrasses act as biological filters and remove atmospheric pollutants . In addition to the positive benefits to the environment , turfgrasses play an important agronomic role in Texas . The turfgrass industry contributes an estimated $ 6 billion annually to the economy of Texas and ranks as the number one valued agricultural crop in the state . The economic contribution from new parks , sports fields , golf courses , commercial lawns , cemeteries , airport and industrial grounds , and highway roadsides also contribute significantly to the economy of the Texas turfgrass industry . The scope of the turfgrass industry provides substantial and continuing employment opportunities for the citizens of Texas . Faculty / Staff Ambika Chandra , Associate Professor , turfgrass breeding and molecular genetics , Dallas , TX Becky Grubbs , Assistant Professor , Extension Turfgrass Specialist , College Station , TX Lindsey Hoffman , Professor , Extension Turfgrass Specialist , Dallas Ben Wherley , Associate Professor , turfgrass science and ecology , College Station , TX Research Interests The Texas A&M University System has helped turfgrass managers , landscapers , sod producers , and the general public solve turfgrass related problems for many years . Through a network of research , extension , and teaching programs , Texas A&M has provided solutions based on sound research , extensive outreach educational programs , and assistance through statewide and county extension activities . Research efforts strive to integrate urban landscape systems to enhance quality of life , develop improved technologies for the management of weeds , diseases , insects , and other important pests , develop turf systems to reduce impact of environmental pollutants , and develop landscape management systems that conserve natural resources . These research priorities are addressed through strong interdisciplinary cooperation in agronomy , breeding and genetics , plant physiology , entomology , pathology , weed science , and soil science , plant nutrition , and water quality . Yearly TREEE Summaries 2013 - 14 TTREE Proposals 2012 TTREE Summaries 2011 Yearly TREEE Summary 2010 Yearly TREEE Summary 2009 Yearly TREEE Summary 2008 Yearly TREEE Summary 2007 Yearly TREEE Summary 2006 Yearly TREEE Summary Related Sites of Interest AggieTurf Soil & Crop Publications Soil , Water and Forage Testing Laboratory Texas Plant Disease Diagnostic Lab Texas AgriLife Research | [
"Bermudagrass",
"sports fields",
"golf courses"
] |
http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/galveston/beneficials/beneficial-66_pollinators-butterflies.htm | RETURN TO BENEFICIALS HOME PAGE Scroll Over Images and Click to Enlarge FIGURE 1 . Male monarch butterfly , Danaus plexippus ( female monarchs do not possess the pair of dark wing spots ) . FIGURE 2 . The Gulf Fritillary , Agraulis vanillae FIGURE 3 . Tropical Checkered Skipper , Pyrgus oileus . Skippers are classified as butterflies . FIGURE 4 . The Long - tailed Skipper , Urbanus proteus . While the best - known pollinators may be honeybees and bumblebees , there are a myriad of other insects that contribute to pollination . Some of the most beautiful and graceful are butterflies , and instead of noisily buzzing from flower to flower , butterflies artfully flit . Though butterflies may not be as efficient as bees in pollinating plants and crops , butterflies certainly do their fair share in bringing about seed and fruit production ๏ฟฝ and definitely are more pleasing to watch . Butterflies are diurnal , pollinating a wide variety of flowers that open during the day . They frequent big , beautiful , brightly colored blooms . Butterflies have good color vision sensing more ๏ฟฝ wavelengths ๏ฟฝ than either humans or bees and , unlike bees ; butterflies can see the color red . Scent is another characteristic . One study speculated that it might be ๏ฟฝ some kind of scent or marking ๏ฟฝ that attracts a butterfly . Another study found that many butterflies produce pheromones to entice the opposite sex , and this scent is similar to flowers that they are drawn to . As butterflies are perching feeders , they favor flowers with a landing platform ( labellum ) . They gather pollen as they walk around flower clusters on their long and thin legs . Finding the right flower is only the beginning of a pollinator ' s challenge . The butterfly must then actually find the nectar . Alcinda C . Lewis , a behavioral ecologist in the Department of Environmental , Population and Organismic Biology at the University of Colorado , studied the butterflies refined nectar gathering technique . One study showed that the cabbage butterflies ' first visit to a flower took ๏ฟฝ 10 seconds of groping before finding the right place to sip . By the third or fourth blossom , however , the butterflies are drinking in less than half In the 1970 ' s , researchers concluded that butterflies prefer flower nectar containing considerable amounts of amino acids . Recently , researchers , from the University of Basel in Switzerland , extended this theory by feeding butterflies nectar with , and without , amino acids . They concluded that butterflies laid more eggs when fed nectar containing amino acids . But back to this butterfly flitting issue . It makes butterflies sound like the blondes ( no disrespect intended ) of pollinators . Though butterflies may not be premiere pollinators , their continual flitting from flower to flower more than makes up for the quantity of pollen they carry . Another reason butterflies have not been taken seriously as pollinators is because they are not considered major players in commercial food crops . Research tends to follow the money , and butterflies have been regarded as second - class to their bee brethren . That may be valid , but Butterflies are found on every continent but Antarctica ; the U . S . is home to about 700 different species . Their beauty and mystery have enchanted mankind for centuries and are woven into folklore and legend . In ancient Hopi , Mayan and Aztec cultures , the butterfly was one of the most frequently represented figures . The butterfly has a 4 - stage life cycle ๏ฟฝ egg , caterpillar ( larvae ) , pupa and adult . After mating , females typically deposit their eggs on the undersides of leaves , especially those that act as a food source for newly emerging caterpillars . We know that adult butterflies feed on the nectar of flowers , but did you know they lay their eggs on a limited number of native plants ? This is because butterfly caterpillars are host specific . Plant - wise , the caterpillars of some butterfly species like asters , black - eyed Susan , clover , lupines , milkweed , sedum or violets . Aspen , birch , cherry , hackberry , oak or willow trees make caterpillars of other butterfly species equally happy . Oddly enough , butterflies taste with their feet , which is where their taste Butterflies have smooth , slender bodies , knobbed antennae , rest with their wings held upright , and fly during warm weather . Their bright coloring is the result of loose , powdery scales on the wings . Probably the best known of the species in the U . S . is the orange and black patterned monarch butterfly ; however , butterflies come in a wide range of colors and patterns to delight the eye of the beholder . Butterflies probe blossoms with their long tongues . Each flower has a nectary usually hidden in narrow tubes or spurs that is suitable in length . This tongue or proboscis works like a straw , drawing up nectar and when not in use , the proboscis stays coiled . Butterfly populations are on the decline due to humans reducing numbers of pollinators by destroying habitats and migratory nectar corridors , emitting pollution and the misuse of pesticides . How can you help ? Attract butterflies to your garden , by planting a " butterfly friendly " garden which provides the types of plants required by butterfly larvae . Butterfly friendly plants usually produce clusters of brightly colored sweet - smelling flowers and include asters , daisies , butterfly bush , butterfly weed , lantana , marigolds , purple coneflowers and zinnias . Understand that releasing non - native butterflies for special events , such as weddings , can be harmful to native butterfly populations . It ๏ฟฝ s worthwhile to become better educated in the effort to keep Beneficials in the Garden & Landscape is an Earth - Kind TM program coordinated through Extension Horticulture at Texas A&M University . Earth - Kind uses research - proven techniques to provide maximum gardening and landscape enjoyment while preserving and protecting our environment . | [
"bumblebees",
"butterflies",
"brightly colored blooms"
] |
http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/greenhouse/hydroponics/economics.html | Greenhouse Vegetable Production Economic Considerations , Marketing , and Financing Jose G . Pena , Extension Economist - Management In the U.S. , tomatoes are only exceeded by potatoes in economic importance . Among fresh vegetable products , annual per capita consumption of fresh tomatoes is only exceeded by lettuce and potatoes . Consumption of fresh tomatoes has remained fairly constant at around 12.8 pounds for the past 10 years as compared to the consumption of processed tomatoes in the form of ketchup and sauces which has increased . These growth characteristics only take into account commercial production and do not include the increasing popularity of home gardens . Tomatoes are the most popular backyard garden crop and possibly The greenhouse tomato industry in the south central portion of the U.S. reached a peak in the late 1960 ' s and thereafter declined rapidly as tomato growers switched to other crops . There is , however , a renewed interest in the industry . Perhaps the biggest influence , in this area , has been aggressive promotions by greenhouse manufacturers and exaggerated claims made by advertisers as to the profitability of a greenhouse operation . For example , a recent economic study by a new farm cooperative in South Texas outlined a plan to construct 43 greenhouses to produce A greenhouse tomato operation appeals to retirees and other families looking for a part - time source of income . Many of these individuals have limited agricultural background , but are attracted because of the potential revenue , minimal work claims and ๏ฟฝ cookbook ๏ฟฝ approach that many greenhouse manufacturers preach . Many families , with spare time on their hands , see a greenhouse as an opportunity to more fully utilize their time . Interviews with commercial greenhouse growers reveal an entirely different economic outlook . Greenhouse tomato production is hard , risky business . Growers claim that economic rewards are not as lucrative as they are in other related agricultural ventures such as the greenhouse foliage industry . Rising fuel costs present a major problem to growers . The lack of marketing experience and the high degree of skill necessary to successfully grow above the break - even point under intensified greenhouse conditions are other problems . Due to these and other factors , many new greenhouse vegetable growers are not successful . Objectives of the Study This study was conducted to analyze the economic situation of the greenhouse tomato industry int he south central portion of the U.S. from the individual producer ๏ฟฝ s point of view . The size , type , and cost of a greenhouse structure was reviewed to identify the typical operation and to determine the cost of construction and operation per unit of measure . The cost , yield , and price data was analyzed to determine the profitability of a typical operation . Over 60 growers from as far away as Canada and the Caribbean Islands responded to an intensive The data collected was statistically analyzed and converted to an economic profile of a typical greenhouse module . A 30 ' x 96 ' ( 9.1M x 29.3M ) greenhouse structure of 2880 square feet ( 268 M2 ) was selected as representing the most common economic module in terms of unit size most often used to expand an existing operation or used by potential entrants as a planning unit for entry into the greenhouse vegetable industry . Market Evaluation The fresh vegetable market in the U.S. , with particular emphasis in the south central portion of the U.S. , was reviewed to determine the price and relative availability of field grown tomatoes during the 8.5 month greenhouse tomato production period from mid - October through June . This price and availability analysis was compared to the cost of producing greenhouse tomatoes during the winter period to see if the greenhouse product could be economically marketed during this period . Detailed Findings Market Patterns The greenhouse vegetable industry in the U.S. revolves around the production and marketing patterns of field grown vegetables . Greenhouse production concentrates on the winter months when quantity and quality of field grown tomatoes are scarce and prices are high . Average wholesale prices for field grown tomatoes sold in the Houston and Dallas vegetable markets are shown in Chart 1 . A ten year average was used to confirm the two periods of high prices , a winter high from November through January and a spring high from mid - March through early June . The mid - winter ( Feb . - Mar . ) price slump appears to correspond to the peak production period in Mexico when large volumes of tomatoes flood the U.S. markets . The summer ( July - Oct ) price decrease is due to Insert Chart 1 here ! ! - - > The mid - winter price slump for field grown tomatoes also coincides with the period of lowest production for greenhouse growers due to short day length ( low light ) conditions . Respondents to questionnaires indicated that they did not experience any difficulty selling greenhouse tomatoes during the mid - winter price decline . They continued to receive the premium price because their output correspondingly decreased during the period . This characteristic would perhaps not hold true if the greenhouse tomato industry grew substantially so as to create a surplus of lush quality tomatoes during the peak competition periods from A one crop production system was compared to a two crop system where old plants are replaced with fresh plants during mid - winter . Total crop yields between one versus two crop systems did not differ statistically but the wholesale price peaks for field grown tomatoes clearly favors a two crop system . Many greenhouse growers , particularly those growing in the more cloudy areas in the Gulf Coast , favor the two crop system since they are then able to gain more efficient production from fresh spring plants and avoid the production problems associated with the short , These market fluctuation patterns do not appear to be present in European markets . This is probably due to the large distance to fresh product production centers and the shortage of high quality produce during a substantial portion of the year . Although some growers in the colder parts of the U.S. grows on a year - round basis , most greenhouse growers concentrate their production to the winter months discussed above the south central part of the U.S . In Canada , Alaska and northern Europe , the production cycle concentrates on the summer months from April through November . Yield data from these areas should exceed the yield data indicated in this paper since growers depend on more sunshine during the summer months . Estimated Construction Cost for Basic Greenhouse Module A wide variety if greenhouse designs , materials , construction and production methods are available . A basic set of assumptions was made relative to the greenhouse , production methods and financing . This basic set of assumptions was heavily influenced by the response to the initial survey . Sixty - five percent of the respondents were using houses with double layers of ultraviolet protected plastic over either high carbon steep pipes or aluminum frames . Fifteen percent were using fiberglass over a wood frame . The remainder were using glass houses or a combination of thin wall tubing , Very few new commercial operations are being established with glass houses since construction costs often exceed $ 30 / ft2 ( $ 323 / M2 ) for structure alone . A substantial number of the over 200 acres of glass houses in the Ohio area are being covered with a double layer of plastic to provide insulation and conserve heat . Insulation blankets and other insulation devices are being installed in most of the remaining glass houses in order to reduce heating costs . A comparative analysis of construction costs was conducted separately . It was found that the double layer plastic with ultraviolet light protection treatment over a metal frame ( steel pipe or aluminum ) was both the least expensive and most durable in the long run . As a result , the base set of assumptions used in this study was : Type of Greenhouse A quonset - type greenhouse of approximately 2880 ft . 2 ( 268M2 ) , constructed of galvanized metal tubing anchored in concrete and covered with a double layer of polyethylene film was selected as the economic unit to form the basis of the analysis . Adequate equipment for heating , cooling , and ventilation were considered an essential part of the greenhouse facility . Estimate of Construction Costs The survey disclosed that construction costs to establish a complete economic unit , to include required equipment , varied from $ 5,500 by a Louisiana grower , to over $ 70,000 for a completely automated unit in Canada . Turn key construction costs by competent greenhouse construction contractors were substantially higher than construction costs by an owner / operator who supervised construction and used subcontractors . The average construction costs varied from $ 1.90 to over $ 30 / ft2 ( $ 20.90 - $ 323 / M2 ) . These expenses did not include the cost of land . The costs shown in Table 1 include the range of costs since construction costs were highly variable . A weighted average cost of $ 6 / ft2 ( $ 20.90 - $ 323M2 ) was extrapolated from the survey using the basic assumption that a new entrant to the industry would supervise contractors of major components and use hired labor for the finishing touches . Table 1 . Greenhouse Construction Costs $ / Ft 2 $ / M 2 Range $ 4.00 - $ 30.00 $ 43.00 - $ 323.00 Recent Survey * $ 5.00 $ 64.58 * A weighted average of the range was calculated from a recent survey of greenhouse construction costs . The construction of a complete greenhouse includes : Site Preparation Structure Heating / Cooling Equipment Thermostats and Controls Irrigation System Nutrient Tank or Injector System Growing System Fuel Used Natural gas was assumed as the fuel used for heating and electricity used for lighting , operating fans , pumps and other small equipment . If LP gas is used , construction costs are basically the same , however , a separate fuel tank will be needed if one is not already available on the site . The additional costs of a fuel storage tank should be added to the initial cost requirements and variable costs should be increased by approximately fifteen percent . Planting System One crop of 730 plants per year was assumed grown in sand troughs . A yield comparison was made between one crop versus a two crop system . The difference in yields was not statistically significant . The overall annual production costs of both systems was very similar except that new transplants are needed on January 1 under a two crop system . As a result , a one crop system was used as the basis for the study . A two crop system would achieve similar results , and some growers prefer fresh spring plants to help capitalize on Feeding System Water , liquid fertilizer and micronutrients would be supplied by an automatic time control device . Growth Media Plastic lined beds filled with coarse washed sand was used as the growth media . A substantial number of respondents indicated that they are growing in plastic bags , pots or troughs using a variety of growth media such as gravel , peat lite mix , rice hulls , pine bark , cedar shavings , and other growth media . Houses built earlier were growing in a whole floor of sand , but new houses were installing sand troughs or growing in a modified nutrient film technique . A whole floor of coarse washed sand is the preferred method if Only routine general maintenance and repairs were assumed normal with the major maintenance expense coming from replacing the polyethylene glazing every two years . Estimate of Capital Requirement The initial investment for an operational greenhouse as described above , together with all the major components necessary to initiate operations , is estimated at $ 18,788 as shown in Table 2 . This table also shows that $ 1,500 will be needed to purchase equipment . The equipment would include a sprayer , dissolved solids meter , scales , timers and miscellaneous small tools . Table 2 . Estimate of Capital Requirements for Initial Construction for a 30 ' x 96 ' ( 9.1M x 29.3M ) Greenhouse Total Per FT Per M Greenhouse ( 2880FT2 x $ 6 / FT2 ) $ 17,288 $ 6.00 $ 64.37 Other Equipment $ 1,500 $ .52 $ 5.59 Total Capital Required $ 18,788 $ 6.52 $ 69.96 30 % Down Payment ( $ 5,638 ) ( $ 1.96 ) ( $ 21.00 ) 70 % Loan $ 13,150 $ 4.57 $ 48.96 This equipment could support a larger greenhouse operation . Equity capital requirements necessary to initiate financing are highly variable and depend on the loan agency , securities provided , borrower ๏ฟฝ s credit rating , and the relationship between the borrower and the lending agency . Small operators with good credit ratings can usually obtain 60 - 80 % loans , however , lending agencies are reluctant to finance large operations . Financing with equity or venture capital appears as the most viable means of financing large operations . The summary of the capital requirements shown in Table 2 assumes a 70 % loan . A grower contemplating to establish a greenhouse would need approximately $ 1.96 / ft2 ( $ 21 / M2 ) to obtain a 70 % loan of $ 4.57 / ft2 ( $ 48.96 / M2 ) . Estimate of Annual Production Costs Total annual production costs include fixed and variable expenses . Since cost data collected from the survey was associated with a wide variety of greenhouse sizes , the information was converted to a basic cost per / ft2 ( M2 ) of greenhouse space and then projected for the 2880 ft2 ( 268M2 ) model selected for the comparative analysis . A summary of annual production costs is shown in Table 3 . Table 3 . Estimate of Annual Production Costs One Unit ( 2880 ft . ) Fixed Costs ( 268 M Per FT Per M Interest Expense $ 1,644 $ .57 $ 6.12 Depreciation Greenhouse ( 5 year ) Equipment ( 3 year ) $ 3,957 $ 1.38 $ 14.73 Taxes $ .40 $ .01 $ .15 Insurance $ 200 $ .07 $ .75 Total Fixed Costs $ 5,841 $ 2.03 $ 21.75 Variable Expenses $ 5,427 $ 1.90 * $ 20.45 * Total $ 11,313 $ 3.92 $ 42.12 * Variable expenses ranged from $ 1 - $ 3 / ft2 ( $ 10.76 - $ 32.28 / M Fixed Costs Interest expense was calculated at 12.5 % on a five year note for the $ 13,150 shown in Table 2 as assumed borrowed on a 70 % loan . Depreciation was calculated on 5 and 3 year straight line basis for the greenhouse and the equipment respectively . Taxes and insurance costs were extrapolated directly from survey data . Variable Costs Variable cost included operating expenses associated with the payment for purchase of : Repairs Marketing Fertilizer Other chemicals insecticides Transportation Fungicides Labor Utilities Miscellaneous supplies Labor Requirements Respondents indicated that utilities and labor expenses comprised over 60 % of the variable operating costs . Labor requirements varied from 8 - 28 hours per week per greenhouse module . The larger operations were more labor efficient since crews can specialize in specific functions . An average of the more efficient labor requirements were used to calculate the labor expense . The cost estimate is based on 75 % of the required labor consisting of hired labor and 25 % provided by the owner / operator . The larger more efficient operators indicated that a greenhouse operation consumes approximately 3 men / acre ( 7.4 men / Ha ) to operate / maintain the greenhouse and an additional man is needed to package and ship , for a total of 4 men / acre ( 9.9 men / Ha ) . Cost per Plant Space The cost shown in Table 3 can be projected to reflect costs per plant space . The total overhead costs will approximate $ 8.00 fixed and $ 7.50 variable for a total cost of $ 15.50 per year per plant space with a plant density of 3.95 ft2 ( .37 M2 ) per plant . Estimated Annual Entrepreneurial Profits The yield and price projections shown in Table 4 are based on the data provided by respondents . Average yields of 20 lbs of U.S. No . 1 and 2 , and an additional 7 lbs of salable culls , for a total of 27 lbs of salable tomatoes per plant space were reported . Growers were receiving $ .80 / lb ( $ 1.76 / kg ) during the ๏ฟฝ 84 - ๏ฟฝ 85 season with salable culls selling at half price . The income statement shows gross income of $ 13,724 ( $ 4.77 / ft2 ; $ Break Even Costs The only true measure of risk is to compare break even costs to produce a commodity to the price expected from the sale of the product . Table 5 provides a summary of break even costs . If the total fixed and variable costs of $ 11,313 are divided by the total production of 19,710 lbs ( 8940 kgs ) determine break even production costs of $ 57 / lb ( $ 1.27 / kg ) or $ .77 / lb ( $ 1.71 / kg ) if only the total production of U.S. No . 1 and 2 is Cash Flow Analysis Table 6 provides a cash flow projection . The total revenue from tomato sales used in this comparison is the same income calculations as shown in the income statement in Table 4 . An analysis of sources and used of funds provides a potential producer a better idea of the actual operating cash generated from an operation . Many new businesses are able to show a net profit but often run into problems by not having the cash on hand to actually pay bills . A cash flow projection is different to a profitability analysis in that only cash inflow / outflow is taken into consideration . Non - cash outlays such as depreciation is not considered . The cash flow projection appears more attractive than the profitability estimate and shows that sufficient cash would be available to service debt . If yields , however , dropped to below 16 lbs ( 7.3 kgs ) per plant space , it would be difficult to generate sufficient funds to service debt even if the product is sold for $ .80 / lb ( $ 1.76 / kg ) . Break Even Analysis Table 7 shows break even yields at various levels required to recapture total annual production costs . The table shows the minimum number of pounds or kilograms of tomatoes which must be produced to cover fixed and variable costs . For example , if the average sale price for greenhouse tomatoes is $ .80 / lb ( $ 1.76 / kg ) , a grower must produce and sell 19.4 lbs ( 8.8 kgs ) to cover the total costs before any profit can be realized . This table again emphasizes that unless yields in excess of 20 lbs ( Estimated Returns to Labor Management The net returns indicated on the estimated income statement and cash flow projections shown in Table 5 and 6 are low but may not appear unattractive to some operators . When risk and opportunity costs of the investments are introduced and the potential yield levels are varied , we identify a new dimension for a prospective investor . Tables 8 and 9 analyze the investment in a greenhouse venture from a profitability and cash flow point of view and Table 10 summarizes the profitability analysis on a per ft2 ( M2 ) of greenhouse space basis . The profitability analyses The hourly wage compensation in the cash flow analysis in Table 9 increases to $ 10.64 / hr since expenses do not include non - cash outlays , such as a depreciation deduction . It should also be noted , however , that the hourly requirements per module were increased to 14 hours / unit / week instead of 11 hours / unit / week which would be required under the assumptions made initially . This adjustment was made only in the hourly calculations since it is difficult to achieve higher labor efficiency in small one unit operations . The The net income estimate in the profitability analysis in Table 8 can be used to establish investment parameters . For example , if an owner / operator requires approximately $ 50,000 in annual income he should plan to establish the equivalent of approximately 14 greenhouse modules , assuming that he is able to produce at least 25 lbs ( 11.3 kgs ) per plant space , and can sell the product for at least $ .80 / lb ( $ 1.76 / kg ) . The number of required modules drops to less than 10 units with the same assumptions The same comparisons may be made by using Table 10 . Under the same assumptions as above , a grower could generate approximately $ 52,700 in annual income from a one acre greenhouse complex . Comparative Analysis and Marketing Implications The purpose of this section is to provide a comparative analysis of greenhouse and field grown tomato production costs during the winter season . The basic premise is that a greenhouse vegetable production operation will probably not form into a viable enterprise unless it is able to compete with field growers in price or provide such a superior quality product that it in effect enters a new premium market category and direct competition is not as important . Greenhouse vegetable growers remain at a competitive disadvantage from a cost of production point of view . Successful greenhouse growers in the Cost Comparison of Field and Greenhouse Produced Tomatoes Economic theory indicates that the long run price of any commodity produced in a competitive industry is equal to the average cost of production . This suggests that the critical measurements are the differences between the costs of producing greenhouse and field grown vegetables and in the prices received for the respective products . Production and marketing costs for Florida growers average $ .255 / lb ( $ .562 / kg ) plus approximately $ .045 / lb ( $ .099 / kg ) transportation costs ( Ft . Pierce to Dallas ) for a total grower delivery cost of $ .304 / lb ( .661 / kg ) . Costs for Mexican tomato production was even less . Production costs average $ .205 / lb ( $ .452 / kg ) plus $ .031 / lb ( $ .521 / kg ) . This data is supported by the average wholesale price of The substantial increases in energy costs during the ๏ฟฝ 70s and ๏ฟฝ 80s has had a devastating effect on greenhouse production costs . Energy costs more than doubled greenhouse production costs whereas transportation costs added only approximately $ .025 / lb ( $ .055 / kg ) in delivery costs during the same period . Economic Implications of Cost Comparisons These rough calculations indicate that greenhouse tomato growers need a $ .17 - $ .27 / lb ( $ .37 - $ .60 / kg ) price premium to remain competitive with field producers . Actual differences may be greater . Greenhouse packing , marketing , and transportation costs in most situations may be greater for greenhouse tomatoes than for field grown items . Real production cost differences between field and greenhouse tomatoes may be $ .30 / lb ( $ .66 / kg ) or more for some operations . The obvious conclusion from this comparison is that greenhouse tomatoes compete at a substantial competitive disadvantage . They must have a price premium to achieve economic survival yet their profit margin is equal to or below that of field grown tomatoes . Their main advantages are : 1 ) freshness since they are grown close to retail centers and picked ripe ; and 2 ) higher quality since they are grown in a highly controlled environment . These two advantages encourage a demand for a higher price , but also characterizes them with a high elasticity of demand and with The precise elasticity of demand for specific greenhouse produce varies over a range of economic conditions . The nature of demand at retail for greenhouse vegetables varies with season and price . During the winter and early spring , total supplies are lowest and prices are highest . As the season progresses , through late spring , summer and early fall , supplies increase and prices decrease . Thus , the demand for greenhouse vegetables tends to be more elastic in the summer and more inelastic during the winter . In the final market analysis , the real key to marketing success is the availability , visual appearance and quality of available substitutes . Up to a point , the retail price of tomatoes produced in a greenhouse is not as critical on their demand as the price , visual appearance and quality of available field grown tomatoes . Our surveys of growers indicated that attractive greenhouse tomatoes would sell at twice the price or more of field grown competitors if the field grown product was unattractive or mushy . Greenhouse growers experienced problems ๏ฟฝ moving ๏ฟฝ their products at Financing Greenhouse ventures are considered high risk investments by lending institutions . Lenders are reluctant to finance large operations . Smaller operations carry higher probability of obtaining financial support from a lending institution , than larger operations . An excellent relationship between the client and the financial institution is normally an essential requirement in obtaining financing . If a loan is available , most lending institutions are reluctant to provide more than a 50 % - 80 % of the capital requirement . As a result , the use of equity or venture capital is the most common means of financing People who plan to approach a lender for credit should demonstrate their ability to use and manage money wisely . It is important to understand certain basic principles of borrowing and lending in order to compete successfully with other business and individuals for available loan funds . Lenders normally consider loan purpose in terms of its effect on the profitability of the business . Ideally , a sound loan is one which enables the borrower to increase his income by an amount significantly greater than the amount needed to repay the loan . The loan purpose also determines the length of the repayment period . Consideration should be given to how the lender decides whether the loan will be made and for what amount . A lender who provides a loan that is either insufficient or in excess of the amount needed may cause serious problems for the borrower . The following questions are often asked by lenders in a loan analysis : How much is to be borrowed ? When will the money be needed ? What is it going to be used for ? How will it affect the borrower ๏ฟฝ s financial position ? When will it be repaid ? How will it be repaid ? How will the loan be repaid if the first repayment plan fails ? In evaluating a loan request , a lender weighs the strong and weak factors in the request to assess the borrower ๏ฟฝ s ability to repay the loan . To do this , the lender attempts to : Obtain correct , adequate , and complete information , Compile the information in a useful way , Weigh the strengths and weaknesses of each credit factor , Consider the strengths and weaknesses of all credit factors in relation to each other and as a whole , Analyze the probable performance of the loan , and Make the loan decision based on technical knowledge , the institutions loan policy , and previous experience . A detailed portfolio must be prepared containing pro - forma statements , balance sheets , cash flow projections , and reference letters . The financial statements should be clear and contain at least as much economic details as shown in this paper . If the income tax treatment of greenhouse investments is favorable to investors , these facts should be highlighted in the portfolio . Sources of information , labor , equipment , and supplies must be clearly listed as well as market outlets and marketing plants . Keep in mind that lenders look for possible and probable causes of Lenders are looking for a high degree of assurance that the operation will be successful and therefore profitable for you , the lender , and the community . Carefully review your portfolio from the lenders point of view and insure that you have documented all alternatives which might cause you concern if you were the lender . Conclusions General Observation Although the greenhouse vegetable industry is again expanding , the competitive position of firms remain at a disadvantage . Increased competition from alternate supply sources and increased greenhouse production costs under a relatively elastic demand situation appears to be the cause of the competitive disadvantage . The intensity of greenhouse culture is unlike anything else in crop production . It requires substantial managerial skills , patience , and hard work from a grower . Opportunities do exist for someone willing to devote the time to establish marketing channels and manage the many facets of the business . It is a Some general implications from the analysis of the basic 2880 ft2 ( 268 M2 ) module used in this report were : 1 . Construction costs ranged from $ 2 - $ 30 / ft2 ( $ 43 - $ 323 / M2 ) of floor space , but a substantial number of excellent units are being built for $ 6 / ft2 ( $ 64.58 / M2 ) . It would be wise for prospective entrant to shop around before buying . 2 . Since operating costs are relatively inflexible , the financial success of greenhouse tomato production is highly dependent on yields and market prices . This means the need for gross returns of approximately $ 4 / ft2 ( $ 42 / M2 ) to come out even , or a minimum average production of 19.4 lbs ( 8.8 kgs ) per plant space if the market price averages $ .80 / lb ( $ 1.76 / kg ) . If a grower wants compensation for risk , opportunity costs , and management labor , he will need to produce 3 . A viable marketing program is a ๏ฟฝ must ๏ฟฝ since a premium price is essential to economic survival . 4 . Greenhouse tomato production is labor intensive . If located in a high labor cost area , returns from a greenhouse tomato production operation would be marginal if adequate labor was not available at wage rates which approximate minimum wage and substantial amount of hired labor was necessary . 5 . Fuel costs represent almost 40 % of production costs . The uncertainty of future prices necessitate an aggressive program to conserve fuel or the use of solar energy to keep this expense at a manageable level . If profits appear feasible , a carefully prepared study with pro - forma cash flow and financial statements that indicate a potential profit will be required to attract investment capital . There is no better method for securing funding since lending institutions have shown reluctance to finance greenhouse ventures . A potential entrant to the industry must not delude himself into forecasting a profit when the facts do not bear this out . The present situation appears full of risk and uncertainty . The present economic situation must be stabilized before greenhouse vegetable situation can be properly evaluated . Economics of Production One of the primary factors contributing to the weakened economic position of the greenhouse vegetable industry has been the disproportionate cost / price situation during recent years . Production costs have continued to increase steadily , while farm prices for greenhouse vegetables have remained relatively unchanged . The quantity and quality of field grown tomatoes during the winter months has increased substantially during the past few years . Consequently , growers have tried to maintain net returns by minimizing production costs and increasing yields . This objective sounds familiar since it is the object of almost all agricultural ventures . Demand for Greenhouse Vegetables Although the demand for greenhouse vegetables has been increasing over the years , such increases are primarily a function of population expansion , not increased per capita consumption . This trend will likely continue , as greenhouse vegetables are characterized by a relatively elastic demand curve with a high potential to ๏ฟฝ remain on the shelf ๏ฟฝ if the price is too high or if similar quality substitutes are available . Recommendations Managerial Considerations Each situation must be evaluated separately . If profits from greenhouse vegetables do not appear feasible , there are alternative crops which may be profitable , e.g. , bedding or foliage plants and flowers . Any particular operation may hold surprises each situation is unique . A manager should maintain close contact with research agencies and the industry to take advantage of the most efficient growing techniques . Researchers recognize that the only way that greenhouse vegetable growers will be formed into a viable industry is to increase efficiency to the point where greenhouse vegetables compete with field grown vegetables imported from the microclimatic winter growing areas . They visualize that as the price of fuel increases , it will be far cheaper to grow fresh fruit at a close proximity to a population center and eliminate long distance transportation costs if we reduce the greenhouse Profit Maximization and Space Utilization A typical greenhouse tomato production operation only utilizes approximately 60 % of the floor space of a greenhouse during the preparation phase and it takes 90 - 120 days from seed to first harvest . Substantial greenhouse space is available in sufficiently long periods of time to intercrop short duration ornamental plants . Intercropping and / or diversification into the following crops may be an economically viable alternative : Lettuce Cucumbers Bedding plants Foliage plants Seasonal crops Ornamental tomato baskets Custom growing for flower or specialty shop Production of Oriental vegetables provides a wide new horizon of expectations Marketing Marketing the crop is the area in which most greenhouse operators fail . A thorough understanding of the marketing channels available is a necessity when promoting any form of greenhouse operation . Among the usual option are wholesalers , retailers , roadside or farm stands , and door - to - door routes . Produce wholesalers complain that in order to handle a product , a steady supply must be available . Individual greenhouse tomato growers frequently can not guarantee this ; thus , wholesalers may not want to add the item to their inventories . Therefore , growers should visit several wholesalers before assuming any wholesaler will buy the crop . Small producers might well consider selling direct to retailers . Surveying produce managers in local supermarkets is highly recommended for those choosing this option . Marketing through local stores has the advantages of not requiring distant delivery , and smaller quantities are usually preferred by the store . Direct selling to the public is a frequently chosen method . In considering this method , sales costs should be considered , both in real terms , and in lost opportunity time for other endeavors . A combination of sales outlets can also be employed . Whichever is chosen , the additional costs of selling must be considered . These include transportation , time and any storage required . Taken from a paper " Greenhouse Vegetable Production Economic Considerations , Marketing , and Financing " presented and published in the proceedings of the " Hydroponics Worldwide : State Of The Art In Soilless Crop Production " conference by the International Center for Specials Studies , In Hawaii during December 1985 . The paper was completely reviewed in 1991 , found to be still current and retained unchanged . Since then , it has been reviewed several times . Whereas some of the values ( input costs and output value ) are up about 15 percent as compared to the Dr . Jose Pe ๏ฟฝ a , Texas Cooperative Extension , May , 2005 Hydroponics Index | | [
"Greenhouse Vegetable Production",
"Economic Considerations",
"Market Evaluation"
] |
http://agi32.com/blog/ | All Things Lighting 26 Aug 0 Horticultural Lighting Metrics Posted by Ian Ashdown | Greenhouse lighting Horticulture Lighting Fundamentals Looking Beyond Light Recipes Ian Ashdown , P . Eng , FIES Senior Scientist , Lighting Analysts Inc . / SunTracker Technologies Ltd . [ Please send . . . Read More 26 Aug 1 Horticultural Lighting Metrics Posted by administrator | Greenhouse lighting Horticulture Lighting Fundamentals Looking Beyond Light Recipes Ian Ashdown , P . Eng , FIES Senior Scientist , Lighting Analysts Inc . / SunTracker Technologies Ltd . [ Please send . . . Read More 19 May 1 Blue Light Hazards and Television administrator Blue light hazard Correlated color temperature ( CCT ) Human Centric Lighting Lighting quality How to Survive the 1950s Ian Ashdown , P . Eng , FIES Senior Scientist , Lighting Technologies Inc . / SunTracker Technologies Ltd . [ Please . . . 27 Apr 0 Rethinking the Photometric Data File Format Luminaire Photometry Photometric file formats Three Decades Later Ian Ashdown , P . Eng . , FIES Senior Scientist , Lighting Analysts Inc . / SunTracker Technologies Ltd . [ Please send all . . . 11 Feb LICASO and DAYSIM Ian Ashdown Climate - based daylight modeling Daylighting Lighting software validation spatial Daylight Autonomy Ian Ashdown1 , Chris Jackson2 , Joel Spahn3 , Todd Saemisch3 1 . SunTracker Technologies Ltd . , Victoria , Canada . 2 . Lighting Analysts Ltd . , London , UK . . . . 09 Dec Phytochrome and PSS Uncategorized Think Beyond Pink Ian Ashdown , P . Eng . , FIES Senior Scientist , Lighting Analysts Inc . / SunTracker Technologies Ltd . [ Please send all . . . 05 Jul CIE 171 : 2006 โ Errata Lighting software validation Getting It Right Ian Ashdown , P . Eng . , FIES Senior Scientist , Lighting Analysts Inc . [ Please send all comments to allthingslighting @ gmail . com ] UPDATE 16 / 07 / 08 . . . 14 Jun Controlling Multicolor LED Luminaires Color rendering index ( CRI ) Interior Lighting Lighting Controls Lighting quality Theatrical luminiares Public Disclosure Ian Ashdown , P . Eng . , FIES Senior Scientist , Lighting Analysts Inc . [ Please send all comments to allthingslighting @ gmail . com . ] First , a disclaimer : this . . . 29 Apr Sports Lighting Regulations Color rendering index ( CRI ) Correlated color temperature ( CCT ) Exterior Lighting Glare Rating metric Spectrally - enhanced lighting Sports lighting Television Lighting Consistency Metric Play Ball and Play Fair ! Ian Ashdown , P . Eng . , FIES Senior Scientist , Lighting Analysts Inc . [ Please send all comments to allthingslighting @ gmail . com ] . . . 05 Filtered LEDs and Light Pollution Light pollution Roadway lighting An Astronomical Problem Ian Ashdown , P . Eng . , FIES Chief Scientist , Lighting Analysts Inc . [ Please send all comments to allthingslighting @ gmail . com . . . Mar Climate - Based Daylight Modeling Climate - based daylight modeling Daylight harvesting Daylighting spatial Daylight Autonomy From Theory to Practice Ian Ashdown , P . Eng . , FIES Chief Scientist , Lighting Analysts Inc . [ Please send all comments to allthingslighting @ gmail . com ] . . . 25 Mar Topics of Interest Uncategorized It โ s All About You Ian Ashdown , P . Eng . , FIES Chief Scientist , Lighting Analysts Inc . [ Please send all comments to allthingslighting @ gmail . com ] . . . 17 Feb Botanical Light Pollution Exterior Lighting Light pollution Roadway lighting Red is the New Blue Ian Ashdown , P . Eng . , FIES Chief Scientist , Lighting Analysts Inc . [ Please send all comments . . . 21 Jan Mobile Light Pollution Sports lighting Driving the Night Away Ian Ashdown , P . Eng . , FIES Chief Scientist , Lighting Analysts Inc . [ Please send all comments to . . . 24 Nov Kruithof Revisited Circadian Rhythms Human Centric Lighting A Human - Centric Perspective Ian Ashdown , P . Eng . , FIES Chief Scientist , Lighting Analysts Inc . [ Please send comments to allthingslighting @ gmail . com ] . . . Oct Seeing Ultraviolet Circadian Rhythms Ultraviolet Radiation Keeping Time with Neuropsin Ian Ashdown , P . Eng . , FIES Chief Scientist , Lighting Analysts Inc . [ Please send comments to allthingslighting @ gmail . com . . . 20 Jul Light Pollution and Uplight Ratings IDA / IES Model Lighting Ordinance TM - 15 - 11 BUG Ratings Swatting BUGs Ian Ashdown , P . Eng . , FIES Chief Scientist , Lighting Analysts Inc . [ Please send comments to allthingslighting @ gmail . com ] Related . . . 07 Color Temperature and Outdoor Lighting Examining the Limits of CCT Ian Ashdown , P . Eng . , FIES Chief Scientist , Lighting Analysts Inc . [ Please send comments to . . . 21 Entraining Circadian Rhythms Intensity versus Color Ian Ashdown , FIES Chief Scientist , Lighting Analysts Inc . January 21 , 2015 [ Please send comments to allthingslighting @ gmail . com . . . Jan Solar Illumination The Inconstancy of Constants Ian Ashdown , FIES Chief Scientist , Lighting Analysts Inc . January 21 , 2015 [ Please send comments to . . . 2 All blog posts What โ s new in 2019.6 ( 2018.11 and 2017.14 too ) Lighting in ElumTools vs . Lighting in Revit Rooms Inside of Rooms My Rendering Went Dark ! Categories All Things Lighting Blue light hazard ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 8 ) ( 3 ) Daylight harvesting ( 1 ) ( 7 ) ( 10 ) Glare Rating metric ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 5 ) IDA / IES Model Lighting Ordinance Interior Lighting ( 10 ) Internet of Things Lighting Controls ( 4 ) Luminaire Photometry Medical lighting Mesopic lighting Photometric file formats Spectrally - enhanced lighting ( 3 ) Television Lighting Consistency Metric Theatrical luminiares TM - 15 - 11 BUG Ratings Ultraviolet Radiation | [
"All Things Lighting",
"Horticultural Lighting Metrics",
"LICASO"
] |
http://agileelement.com/ | We Know Data Software Development Data Analytics Website Design Learn More What We Do Software Development Our team of software engineers develops custom webbased and mobile software applications for businesses that are looking to reduce costs improve efficiencies and excel in their field Contact Us Lets Work Together Powered by vCita Lets Talk Thanks for stopping by Were here to help you with any question Please dont hesitate to reach out Contact us now Schedule Now Schedule Now Leave Your Details Call 9547076915 | [
"Software Development"
] |
http://agingresearch.buffalo.edu/health/chf/exercise.htm | Aging A participant being assessed for gait stability . What ' s Happening Now The Virtual Group Exercise at Home ( V - GEAH ) randomized controlled trial , funded by the National Institute on Aging ( NIA ) , was completed . The results of the V - GEAH study was published in the Gerontology and Geriatrics : Research in summer 2016 . Barbara , a participant in the trail study , walks for 45 minutes everyday with John ( who joined her walking ) in her apartment community room . She also does Tai - chi and a group exercise once a week , and still does the Week 24 exercise ( last V - GEAH exercise ) almost every day using ankle weights . Learn More Home Safety Self - Assessment Tool Functional Exercise Contact Us Copyright ยฉ 2017 University at Buffalo , Occupational Therapy Geriatric Group | [
"Aging",
"National Institute on Aging",
"V-GEAH study"
] |
http://aglobalworld.com/holidays-around-the-world/china-taiwan-ching-ming/ | China and Taiwan Celebrate Ching Ming or Tomb Sweeping Festival Ching Ming : April 4 Ching Ming is a public holiday in China and Taiwan . Ching Ming ( Qing Ming ) also known as Tomb Sweeping Festival is observed in China and is celebrated every 5th of April annually . The date of the celebration may vary either on the 104th date after winter solstice falls or the 15th day from the Spring Equinox . Ching Ming is known and observed among Chinese - speaking countries and territories such as Taiwan , Hongkong , and Macau . Tradition has it when Chinese go out during the summer season and visit the graves of their departed loved ones during the holiday season . People clean and paint the tomb of the dead and give gift offers and prayers . The Festival is known for several names but two of the popular names of the festival are Clear Bright Festival and Ancestors Day . History of Ching Ming Festival The origin of Ching Ming Festival has its root on a story about a Jie Zitui , one of the loyal followers of Duke Wen of Jin , leader of the State of Jin in China from 636 BC to 628 BC . The celebration of Ching Ming relates to the life of Jie Zitui and his master Duke Wen during their 19 years of exile from China . With almost nothing to eat , Jie cut his thigh to get a piece of muscle that he used as meat in the soup he prepared for Wen . Wen , being initially unaware of what the soup was made of , thanked Jie for this act of kindness but was surprised later after he learned that it was Jie โ s own flesh that was used to make the soup . Wen made When Wen โ s position was elevated to a Duke position , Jie decided to go to the woods with his mother to live . Wen then launched an expedition to search for Jie but he failed . In his desperation , he ordered that the forest be burnt just to find Jie so that he will be forced to leave his area ; however , this unfortunate event led to his untimely death . Wen , being regretful of what he did , ordered an observance of fireless days ( three days ) to honor Jie โ s life In 732 , Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty records the celebration of Qingming and authored the idea that paying respects to departed ancestors can only be done during the celebration of Qingming . China and Taiwan โ s Ching Ming Festival : Traditions , Customs and Activities Ching Ming is considered as family day because it is a time when the families go out to pay a visit to the graves of their ancestors . People bring incense , and paper accessories or gifts such as paper money and clothes thinking that the souls of the dead will be able to use the offerings in that fashion . Food is also part of the celebration . Traditional Chinese food are cooked and brought to the cemeteries and are served after a formal ceremony , usually a prayer , has ended . Pictures of the loved ones are offered with food and incense and served with tea , fruits , and other gifts . Tags : April Calendar chinese grave sweeping date qing ming jie celebration ideas Categories : China Holidays Lunar Calendar Taiwan Holidays Comments Off on China and Taiwan Celebrate Ching Ming or Tomb Sweeping Festival | [
"Tomb Sweeping Festival",
"Ching Ming",
"public holiday"
] |
http://aglobalworld.com/holidays-around-the-world/lailat-al-baraa/ | Lailat al Bara โ a Lailat al Bara โ a Date : July 4 Moslems observe Lailat al Bara โ a as an islamic holiday . The Lailat - ul Barat is a very important night for the Muslims . It is also popularly known as Shab - e - Barat . It marks the glory of the god of the Muslims . Lailat means night and Barat means Privilege . It is believed that in this night God himself blesses all human beings and accumulates all of us in his infinite mercy . In 2009 , this day will be celebrated on August 6 . Lailat al Bara โ a History It is believed that in this night Allah - the God of the Muslims himself descends on the earth and cures every human being of his sufferings and sins . According to the encyclopedia of Islam , Allah at this night forgives all mortals for their sins . Even the holy Prophet used to pray throughout this night in order to receive blessings from Allah himself . The holy Quran itself has mentions about the night of salvation . The religious importance of this activity is very high . The holy Prophet Muhammad is believed to have said , โ Allah forgives every Muslims in this night . But he does not forgive the Mushrek , the jealous , the cruel and the adulterer . โ It is the 15th of Sha โ ban . It is believed that Muslims wait throughout the year for this auspicious night so that they can get rid of their wrongs and their sins and under the never - ending umbrella of the merciful Allah . There are numerous events to prove that Prophet himself was deeply engrossed in prayers at this night , even visiting graveyards to pray for the dead . People greatly value the sacredness and importance of this night of privilege and salvation . It is believed that at this night Allah himself opens the Doors of Mercy and Grace for the Muslims . All these events mark the holiness , the peacefulness , and the heavenly involvement of this occasion . At this night the holy tree of life , on whose leaves are written the names of the people , is shaken and all those leaves which fall indicates the names of the people who are going to die the coming year . Although there are many opinions and false linking of this auspicious night to other events of the past but the Quran easily distinguishes this Night of Privilege from others . Lailat al Bara โ a Traditions and Activities This holy festival called Lailat - ul - Barat or Lailat al - Bara โ a is celebrated with sweets , crackers , halwas , and rotis . There is a lot of merry making and people celebrate because they know that at this night they will overcome their sins with the blessings of Allah himself . Actually , the event was marked to be celebrated not with merrymaking and delicious dishes and fun but with prayers and deep concentration for god and to correct our wrong doings . The food and other merrymakings are shared with poor . People dance all through the night and meet their neighbors and their friends and all of them together celebrate this holy day . People not only seek divine mercy at this night but also seek the right path for goodness from god and blessings for a bright future . People promise god that they would become kind , feel for the poor , and love humankind and will not restore to drinking , adultery , and bloodshed . Tags : aug 6 at AGLOBALWORLD . com website august 6th at AGLOBALWORLD . com august calendar Categories : August Holidays Islamic Calendar Comments Off on Lailat al Bara โ a | [
"Lailat-ul Barat",
"Muslims"
] |
http://agmap.psu.edu/Businesses/index.cfm?fid=4484 | Growmark FS , LLC Armstrong County , Pennsylvania Contact : Kittanning Growmark 656 Tarrtown Rd . , Adrian , PA 16210 Phone : ( 724 ) 543 - 1101 Website : none Email : kittanning @ growmarkfs . com About Us : Growmark FS , LLC is a supplier of fertilizer , chemicals , and seed in Western Pennsylvania and parts of Eastern Ohio . We sell both bag fertilizer and bulk ( we can do custom mixes for bulk orders ) . We offer a complete line up of chemiclas to combat your weeds , insects , and other pests . We can custom apply herbicides and Nitrogen to row crops . We also rent out buggeys for fertilizer applications . We sell our FS line of seeds for row crops as well as Dekalb and Asgrow seeds . We also Location Map : Business Hours : Monday : 7 : 00 - 3 : 30 Tuesday : 7 : 00 - 3 : 30 Wednesday : Thursday : Friday : Saturday : Sunday : Season : Open Year Round Exceptions : Classification of Business : Sales Ag Products - Retail Only Fertilizer Supplies - Farming Supplies - Horticultural Turfgrass - Pesticides Services Agricultural Consulting Crop - Fertilizing Crop - Spraying ( Ground Application ) Weed Control Commodities : Seed Crops Turfgrass Fertilizer Pesticides Top Search Terms For Growmark FS , LLC " growmark fs " " fertilizer " " Growmark FS LLC " Businesses Similar To Growmark FS , LLC Shamrock Mills , LLC Northampton Farm Bureau Cooperative Timac USA , Inc . | [
"Growmark FS , LLC",
"Armstrong County , Pennsylvania",
"fertilizer applications"
] |
http://agr.mt.gov/agr/Producer/PulseCrops/ | Home Topics I Want To . . . About the Department Pulse Crops Peas , Dry Beans , Lentils & Chickpeas Montana ' s Pulse Power Play Pulses are a leguminous crop that are harvested solely for the dry seed . Dried beans , chickpeas , lentils and peas are the most commonly known and consumed types of pulses . These little nutrition nuggets play a huge role in healthy diets in countries all over the world . They also are a powerful versatile crop the Montana farmers can use to promote biodiversity , improve soil health , and generate income from local and global markets . Download 2018 Potential Crop Budget Comparisons ( PDF ) Download 2018 Potential Crop Budget Comparison Report ( PDF ) Download 2018 Potential Crop Budget Comparison Worksheet ( Excel ) Pulse Overview Marketing & Production Info Montana ' s Pulse Potential Why Pulses Are Super Foods Learn about the Montana Pulse Crop Committee Pulse Crop News USDA is Still Accepting Applications for a Trade Mission to Colombia , June 4 - 7 The application deadline is March 22 , 2019 Are you looking for a thriving market to grow your food and agricultural exports ? Join the U.S. Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) on a trade mission to Bogota , June 4 - 7 , 2019 , and learn how the U.S. - Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement ( CTPA ) is opening doors , creating new opportunities and helping U.S. ag exports flourish to record levels . Read more Join USDA Trade Mission to Colombia , June 4 - 7 The application deadline is March 22 , 2019 Join the U.S. Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) on a trade mission to Bogota , June 4 - 7 , 2019 , and learn how the U.S. - Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement ( CTPA ) is opening doors , creating new opportunities and helping U.S. ag exports flourish to record levels . Read more USDA Press Release : Federal Agencies Release Framework for Advancing the Bioeconomy WASHINGTON , D.C. , March 5 , 2019 - The federal Biomass Research and Development ( BR&D ) Board today unveiled a multi - agency strategy to accelerate innovative technologies that harness the nation โ s biomass resources for affordable biofuels , bioproducts , and biopower . The Bioeconomy Initiative : Implementation Framework ( PDF , 2.3 MB ) was developed by the B&RD Board โ an interagency collaborative which is co - chaired by the U.S. Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) and the U.S. Department of Energy ( DOE ) - to guide such efforts . Agriculture Development & Marketing Bureau Montana Department of Agriculture Phone : ( 406 ) 444 - 2402 E - mail agr @ mt . gov Fax : ( 406 ) 444 - 9442 302 N Roberts Helena , MT 59601 Pulse Crop Forms & Files Get URL Download First Prev Next Last This folder is empty | | MDA Use of Google Analytics Privacy Statement Terms Of Use | [
"Pulses",
"leguminous crop",
"Dried beans"
] |
http://agriculture.mo.gov/animals/health/disease/deer.php | Captive Deer & Elk ( Cervids ) in Missouri Home Animals & Livestock health disease ยป Captive Deer and Elk in Missouri Captive Cervids : Elk , elk - hybrids , red deer , roe deer , sika deer , white - tailed deer , mule deer , moose , and related species in the Cervidae family , raised under confinement or agricultural conditions for the production of meat or other agricultural products or for sport or exhibition , and free - ranging cervidae when they are captured for any purpose . For information concerning health requirements governing the admission of CWD status herds of Elk , elk - hybrids , red deer , roe deer , sika deer , white - tailed deer , mule deer , moose , and related species in the Cervidae family , sold , traded , exchanged , leased , donated , relinquished or otherwise involved in a change of ownership contact the Division of Animal Health at ( 573 ) 751 - 3377 , or e - mail Animal . Health @ mda . mo . gov | [
"Captive Cervids",
"Missouri"
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http://agriculture.vic.gov.au/agriculture/livestock/honey-bees/compliance-and-management/feeding-honey-bee-colonies-to-prevent-starvation | Feeding honey bee colonies to prevent starvation Introduction Honey bees store honey in the hive to provide food for winter and for other times when there are few or no nectar secreting flowers available . When nectar is in short supply or unavailable , bees draw on their honey stores in the hive . During these times , it is important to frequently monitor the amount of honey in the hive because when it has all gone , the colony will starve . Starvation can be prevented by moving bees to an area where plants are yielding nectar or by feeding them white table sugar , or syrup made with white sugar . Never use raw , brown and dark brown sugar , and molasses as these may cause dysentery in bees . Bee colonies can be kept alive for long periods by feeding white sugar . Honey as feed for bees It is extremely important not to feed honey to bees unless it is from your own disease free hives . Spores of American foulbrood disease can be present in honey . Feeding honey from an unknown source , for example , a supermarket or even another beekeeper , may cause infection in your hives . If you feed suitable honey to your bees , it must be placed inside the hive . Never place honey in the open outside the hive as this is illegal under the Livestock Disease Control Act 1994 How and when to feed bees If sugar syrup or dry sugar is fed in the open , bees from nearby managed and feral colonies will be attracted . You will end up feeding other bees as well as your own . Besides being a waste of money , feeding in the open may cause robber bee activity in the apiary and possible interchange of bee disease pathogens . Placement of sugar syrup or dry sugar in hives is best done towards evening to minimise any tendency for bees to rob the hives that are fed . Making and feeding sugar syrup There are differing views about the correct amount of sugar in syrup . Some beekeepers prefer a ratio of one part of sugar to one part of water , measured by weight ( known as 1 : 1 ) . Others prefer a dense syrup of two parts of sugar to one part of water ( known as 2 : 1 ) . Generally , 1 : 1 syrup is used to supplement honey stores , stimulate colonies to rear brood and encourage drawing of comb foundation particularly in spring . The stronger syrup is used to provide food when Heat the water in a container large enough to hold both the water and sugar . As soon as the water has begun to boil gently , remove the container from the heat source . Pour in the sugar and stir the mixture until the sugar crystals are dissolved . Never boil the mixture as the sugars may caramelise and may be partially indigestible and toxic to bees . Always let the syrup cool to room temperature before feeding it to bees . The cooled syrup can be given to hives using one of the following four methods . Container with sealable lid Fill a clean jar , tin with a push - down lid , or similar container with sugar syrup . Drill or punch the lid with 6 - 8 very small holes . Cut two 12 mm high risers from a piece of wood and place them across the top bars of the frames that are in the top box of the hive . Invert the filled container and place it on the risers . Next , place an empty super on the hive to enclose the feeder and then replace the hive lid . The risers provide a bee Plastic bag Partially fill a plastic freezer bag with sugar syrup , about half full . Gently squeeze the bag to expel all the air . Tie the neck of the bag using an elastic band . Place the bag on the top bars of the frames in the top box of the hive , under the hive cover . Use a brad or very small diameter nail to punch about 6 - 8 small holes into the upper surface of the bag . The bees will suck the syrup through the holes . Never put the holes on the under surface Shallow tray Place sugar syrup in a shallow tray , such as aluminium foil tray , under the hive lid . Bees need to be able to reach the syrup without falling into the liquid and drowning . Some grass straw or wood straw of the type used in cooling devices may be placed in the syrup for this purpose . It is important not use any straw or floating that has been treated , or been in contact , with chemicals as this may be hazardous to bees . The hives should be on level ground to prevent loss of syrup Frame feeder Place sugar syrup in a ' frame or division board feeder ' . This is a container , the size of a full - depth Langstroth frame , that has an open top and which sits in the super as a normal frame does . The feeder requires a flotation material or other means to allow bees to access the syrup without drowning . How often to feed It is normal for bees to remove syrup from a feeder , reduce the water content and store it in the combs as if it were honey . Whatever feeder is used , a medium to strong colony will usually empty it in a matter of days . For colonies with virtually no stored honey and no incoming nectar , the initial feed will be largely determined by the amount of brood , the size of the colony and to some degree , the size of the container used to hold the syrup . It is safer to over - feed a colony than to skimp and possibly cause the death of the colony . Some beginners have tried tablespoons of syrup , but this amount is much too small . An initial feed of around 1 - 3 litres could be tried . It is then important Properly ripened syrup should have a moisture content of around 18 % . Syrup that is not ripened adequately will ferment and adversely affect bees . Colonies with insufficient stores for winter should be given enough syrup to boost their stores before the cold weather of autumn sets in . This will enable the bees to fully process the syrup . Feeding dry sugar Medium to strong colonies can also be fed dry white table sugar placed on hive mats or in trays under the hive lid . Bees require water for liquefying the sugar crystals . They will obtain supplies from sources outside the hive and sometimes use condensation that may occur inside the hive . Some beekeepers prefer to wet the sugar with water to prevent it from solidifying . In effect , this creates a partial syrup . Weak colonies may be incapable of gathering sufficient water and feeding of dry sugar to them is not recommended . Regardless of colony It may be preferable for a colony at starvation level to be first fed syrup before dry sugar is given . This will give the bees immediate food without the need to liquefy crystals . Bees will generally not use dry sugar when they are able to collect sufficient nectar for the colony ' s needs . The sugar will remain in the hive and in some cases will be deposited by the bees outside the hive entrance . A small amount of dry sugar may be converted to liquid and stored in the cells . Important note Sugar remaining in combs must not be extracted with the next honey crop . The sugar will contaminate the honey and the extracted product will not conform to the legal standards set out in the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code - Standard 2.8.2 โ Ho ney . Ideally , the amount of sugar that was given to the hive will be fully eaten by the bees at the time hives are placed on a honey flow . This is not always possible to achieve . Also , during expansion of the brood nest , sugar stored in brood nest combs may be moved by the bees to the honey super . | [
"honey bee",
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http://agriculture.vic.gov.au/agriculture/pests-diseases-and-weeds/animal-diseases/beef-and-dairy-cows/bracken-fern-poisoning-of-cattle | Food and fibre industries Biosecurity Farm management Weather and climate Dairy Grains and other crops Horticulture Livestock Animal health and welfare Digital agriculture Invest in Victorian agriculture Innovation and research Pests diseases and weeds Protecting Victoria from pest animals and weeds Pest animals Pest insects and other invertebrates Animal diseases VetSource Information for Vets Beef and dairy cows Annual ryegrass toxicity Beef measles Benign theileriosis information Bloat prevention in pasture fed beef cattle Bluegreen algal poisoning of stock Bovine Johnes Disease Bovine virus diarrhoea Mucosal disease BVDMD Bracken fern poisoning of cattle Eye cancer in cattle Facial eczema of sheep and cattle Grass tetany Hypomagnesemia in beef cattle Heliotrope toxicity in sheep and cattle Lameness in store weaner cattle Leptospirosis in cattle pigs sheep goats horses and humans Livestock cancers Lumpy jaw Lumpy skin disease Oestrogens in pasture hay and silage Ostertagia in cattle Recognising foot and mouth Warts on cattle Acetonaemia Ketosis of Dairy Cows Biosecurity A practical Approach for Beef Herds BSE Clostridial Diseases of Livestock Controlling Bloat in Dairy Cows Milk Fever Hypocalcaemia in Cows Perennial Ryegrass Toxicosis Pinkeye in Beef Cattle Horses Pigs Poultry Sheep Bees General livestock diseases Disease surveillance programs Notifiable diseases Zoonoses Plant diseases Weeds Diagnostic Services Fisheries Forestry Game hunting Emergencies Bracken fern poisoning of cattle Note Number AG0107 Martin Roche Warrnambool Updated June 2007 Bracken fern Pteridium aqulinum var esculentum is a natural plant of forest areas On farms it is classified as a weed because it competes with pasture for moisture nutrients and light and is poisonous to stock Ptaquiloside a known carcinogen has been identified as the toxic factor concerned In Victoria bracken grows in regions of high rainfall on well drained soils Bracken poisoning is a problem on farms adjacent to hilly areas such as the Great Dividing Ranges in the NorthEast Stoney Rises and the Otway Ranges in the SouthWest Strzelecki Ranges and hills of South Gippsland and on coastal sands Prediposing Factors The toxicity of the plant varies The most toxic parts are the underground stems rhizomes next come the younger green fronds and the least toxic parts are the mature fronds Cattle exposed to bracken that has been slashed ploughed or burnt are at risk because of the regrowth of young stems and the exposed rhizomes The toxicity and palatability of bracken varies with season growth and locality which makes the condition difficult to manage There are two situations where bracken fern poisoning commonly occurs firstly when high quality pasture feed is in short supply and secondly when the pasture is very lush and stock are looking for roughage The first scenario is much the most common especially in the autumn in Victoria Frequently it is young stock around 8 18 months of age which are affected partly because they havent learnt to avoid the bracken but also because they are given the poorer pastures to graze Signs in Cattle Two distinct clinical syndromes have been recognised in cattle a chronic form and a subacute form The subacute form is the more common and usually occurs when cattle have had access to bracken for at least 10 days The toxin in the bracken affects the bone marrow which is the source of both red and white blood cells Because the white cells are not properly formed the animals are susceptible to many forms of infection Common clinical signs therefore include High temperature Diarrhoea Panting respiration Abdominal pain Death Because the red cells and platelets are also affected the blood clotting mechanism doesnt function properly either Clinical signs related to that include Bleeding from any external orifices eg nose anus vulva and mouth Pale gums eyeballs and other surface membranes Pinpoint haemorrhages in the skin gums and vaginal surfaces Blood in the urine Death The more chronic form of disease is a cancer of the bladder wall The clinical signs relate to this typically being Blood clots in the urine Redwater Thickened bladder wall Loss of condition Death usually follows but it is a lingering process in contrast to the more sudden death which occurs in the acute form Post Mortem In acute poisoning cases the signs seen relate to infection and the inability of the blood to clot Many haemorrhages are present throughout the carcase They may be seen inside the stomach muscles lungs heart and intestines Post mortem signs with the chronic form of poisoning are seen in the bladder Signs of bracken poisoning can be confused with the signs of diseases such as anthrax mucosal disease blackleg arsenic poisoning and some fungal poisonings Treatment Treatment of the condition is almost always unsuccessful If diagnosed early blood transfusions may be beneficial and antibiotics on a veterinary prescription can also be given to control secondary infections Prevention Removal of the bracken is the surest way of preventing poisoning and this has been done on many properties Cultivation slashing and the use of registered herbicides are ways to control bracken If any of the above control methods are used on a paddock stock access to this paddock should be monitored closely Regrowth and the ensuing palatable young green fronds are a bigger danger to stock than mature fronds Exposed underground rhizomes are even more toxic Care should be taken not to allow hungry young cattle access to bracken that has recently been sprayed slashed burnt or cultivated If stock must graze these areas always provide a good alternative feed source such as silage hay or cereals Pasture improvement to provide plant competition for the bracken and controlled grazing to keep the pasture healthy are both essential in keeping bracken to a level where its of minimal risk to grazing stock Goats are more resistant to bracken poisoning than cattle and are often grazed on hilly country to aid in the control of bracken Acknowledgement This Information Note was originally developed by Mike Jeffers The previous version was published in November 1998 The advice provided in this publication is intended as a source of information only Always read the label before using any of the products mentioned The State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication | [
"Bracken fern",
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http://agrimalaysia.com/ | Prev BOOK A STAND Exhibit at Agri Malaysia to maximize your exposure at international and domestic markets GET A FREE VISITOR PASS Preregister your visit to enjoy hassle free admission to the exhibition and receive first hand updates SEMINARS Be inspired by key industry experts on current trends and issues within the agricultural industry MALAYSIAS MOST PROFESSIONAL AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY EVENT Agri Malaysia is a professional trade platform dedicated to the local and international industry stakeholders to explore the business opportunities and to learn the latest happenings NEWS EVENTS UPCOMING NEWS AT AGRI MALAYSIA | [
"Agri Malaysia",
"trade platform",
"international"
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http://agrocropexports.com/about/ | About Us We at Agrocrop Exports Ltd apply our extensive knowhow and product knowledge of Pulses Beans Lentils Peas Grains to make sure that the best of the world reaches you with Your Private Label We are a HACCP BRC certified company and have even attained the highest rating of A since the first audit The BRC certification has been helpful for Agrocrop Exports Ltd to secure high volume business with significant Retailers in USA Europe Canada We have a high tech processing Packaging facility and our experience with international supply chain enables us to handle variable scale of operations effortlessly The fact that Canada is by far the Worlds largest grower of Beans Lentils has made it possible for Agrocrop Exports Ltd to become the largest Private Label processor and exporter of consumer packaged Beans Lentils to Europe USA Canadian Beans Lentils are typically exported in bulk but Agrocrop Exports Ltd is the only processor who has successfully captured the Value Added Part of the export of attractive consumer packs instead of bulk Our focus on Pulses Beans Lentils Peas has made us the undisputed experts in this narrow segment and has created our own niche in seamless supplier of Private Label products required for next day shipment HACCP BRC certification plus strict compliance with FDA CFIA regulations guarantee that your private label pulses are safe in addition to the inherent health aspect Our History Agrocrop Exports Ltd started as a Trading Company in Food Products and then moved to pulses beans lentils peas grains and being the niche provider of Private Label consumer packs of these products The Family expertise in the Pulse industry Beans Lentils Peas plus consistent high product quality are the corner stones in Agrocrop Exports Ltds success Agrocrop Exports Ltd has successfully grown to become the largest Private Label processor of Pulses Beans Lentils Peas in the Western Hemisphere Constant upgrades have resulted in the plant being an efficient stateoftheart facility fully automated Agrocrop Exports Ltd takes pride in the modern hightech advanced processing facility where products from all over the world is cleaned packed in Private Label Consumer Packs for export reexport | [
"Agrocrop Exports",
"BRC certification",
"international supply chain"
] |
http://ahorsesmouth.com/faq.htm | Home Mouth Care Visit / Checkup FAQ Schedule Services / Fees About Paul Testimonials Photo Gallery Local Events Links Contact Equine dental care is a great investment : your horse will be more comfortable , may maximize feed efficiency , may perform better , and may live longer . These Frequently Asked Questions along with their answers straight from A Horse ' s Mouth may answer your questions . Just click on the question and it takes you to the answer . If your question is not here , send an e - mail and the answer will be posted here . Why do horses require dental maintenance ? My grandfather never had dentistry performed on his horses . This is just a new fad , is n ' t it ? How often should a horse ' s teeth be checked by an Equine Dental Technician or a Veterinarian ? My horse is involved in an upcoming competition . Should I wait until after to have its teeth done ? What is floating ? Is floating enough ? How do horses eat ? Do all horses need their teeth floated ? Need maintenance ? What is whole - mouth - dentistry ? What is " performance floating ? " What are bit seats ? What are wolf teeth ? What are blind wolf teeth ? What are molars ? Incisors ? What are hooks and ramps ? What is a wave mouth ? Will my horse require sedation for any procedure ? Can you provide sedation for my horse ? My horse is like a member of the family . Will this procedure be traumatic for him / her ? Can a horse be " aged " by its teeth ? Cherokee ' s Boy Citidancer - Cherokee Wonder , by Cherokee Colony Winner of 19 races , 14 stakes , $ 1,177,946 Maryland ' s Horse of the Year , 2005 Champion 2 - year old in 2002 Why do horses require dental maintenance ? Horses teeth are hypsodontic in nature , which means that they have a limited growth period , but prolonged eruption throughout the life of the animal . The majority of a horse ' s teeth are buried within the maxilla or mandible , and lengthen through " eruption " to compensate for wear . However , with domestication - and the unnatural eating patterns and diet that accompany it - the horse ' s teeth often grow faster than they wear . Periodic maintenance will reduce teeth that have become so long that they impede rather than aid the horse in reducing its feed to digestible sizes . Even the horse which spends a lot of time " on pasture " requires maintenance . Horses do not chew " up and down . " Rather , while chewing , their jaw travels in an elliptical motion , moving both to the left and right , as well as forward and backwards , effectively grinding their food . As their molar arcades are naturally angled , this grinding , circular motion " hones " the molars , creating very sharp edges on both the buccal ( outer ) side of the upper molars , and the lingual ( tongue ) side of the bottom molars . These very sharp points can cause severe oral lacerations , eventually causing odd eating behaviors , a reluctance to eat , and performance problems . Horses are not immune to many of the dental problems people experience : decay , impactions , gingivitis . Regular dental maintenance to spot and resolve these problems will result in a much happier , healthier , and more productive animal . My grandfather never had dentistry performed on his horses . This is just a new fad , is n ' t it ? There is a misconception that equine dentistry has developed over the last 10 to 20 years . Not true at all ! Evidence exists that suggests equine dentistry has been performed for centuries . In the cavalry , dentistry was considered to be just as important as farrier work . As horses faded away as our primary source of transportation , so , to a great degree , did this facet of equine health . Race horses have been an exception ; trainers know the importance of good dental health on performance , and it would be a rare instance for a trainer to risk the loss of a purse to neglected teeth ! How often should a horse ' s teeth be checked by an Equine Dental Technician or a Veterinarian ? A foal should be checked shortly after birth , as early intervention can improve congenital flaws such as brachygnathism ( parrot mouth ) , prognathism ( monkey or sow mouth ) , or wry nose . The individual should then be checked as a yearling and then each 6 - months until the age of 5 - years to monitor the shedding and re - growth of 24 - deciduous ( baby ) teeth . Generally , after the age of five , a once - a - year checkup will suffice . NOTE : The standard guideline for equines in Maryland is to have an annual dental checkup and necessary treatment to ensure proper and adequate food digestion . My horse is involved in an upcoming competition . Should I wait until after to have its teeth done ? Absolutely not ! Do it now - your horse may benefit immensely from the procedures and reflect its newfound comfort in a dramatic performance improvement . However , bear in mind : if we need to utilize the services of a veterinarian for sedation , such drugs may " test " positive in a urinalysis , as well as any topical analgesics I might use . If your horse is performing in an upcoming event , let me know before any procedures are started What is floating ? Floating is defined differently by different people , but generally means the removal of sharp edges that develop on the molar arcades as a result of the honing action of chewing . Is floating enough ? Absolutely not ! While floating alone is beneficial to a horse , it is only a small percentage of the work required to restore your horse ' s mouth to full chewing efficiency and comfort . Healthy and comfortable dentition is achieved through equilibration , or whole - mouth - dentistry . How do horses eat ? Horses use their very dexterous lips to choose their feed and draw it into their incisors ( also known as nippers ) . With their incisors , they tear the grass from the ground , and with their tongue , move the food back to the molars . The molars act as a millstone , grinding the grass , hay , or grain into digestible sizes easy to swallow . Do all horses need their teeth floated ? Need maintenance ? Yes . Regardless of the horse ' s diet and / or time in the pasture , wear will occur on the teeth causing eventual loss of chewing efficiency , and causing the horse to be susceptible to TMJ ( temporomandibular joint ) syndrome , weight loss , and other health risks . Just like having your farrier and veterinarian visit , dental checkups by an equine dental technician must be an integral part of the horse ' s wellness plan . What is whole - mouth - dentistry ? Whole - mouth - dentistry , or equilibration , considers and maintains the working relationships of all the teeth , primarily through crown - height reduction . Its goal is to achieve a three - point - balance between the incisors , the molars , and the temporomandibular joint ( TMJ ) . What is " performance floating ? " Performance floating is the application of whole - mouth - dentistry with a special emphasis on the foremost molars in the creation of bit - seats , and are applicable to any riding horses that utilize a bit . What are bit - seats ? The creation of bit - seats is a technique in which the first major premolars - the teeth against which the bit rides - are carefully rounded and shaped , thereby lifting the bit up and off of the sensitive bars , reducing tongue pressure and making certain that sensitive cheek tissue is not pinched between the bit and tooth . Bit - seats provide for much greater comfort for the horse , and often result in great improvements in performance . The installation of bit - seats reduces a great number of performance vices : headshaking , evading the bit , lugging , etc . Bit - seats are a " must " for competition horses , and for horses in which a high degree of performance is expected . Performance improvement is often instant and dramatic . What are wolf teeth ? Wolf teeth are vestigial premolars , remnants of the hyracotherium stage in a horse ' s development when seven molars were present . Wolf teeth sit just forward of the first major premolar - where the bit lies - and their lack of sufficient rooting often creates pain upon application of the bit . The likely resultant performance problems - head throwing , lugging , getting " behind " or " over " the bit - makes a strong case for their removal prior to training or major events . Wolf - tooth extraction is an invasive procedure . For the well - being of your horse - and as required by law - all extractions must be supervised by a veterinarian . What are blind wolf teeth ? These are wolf teeth that have not erupted through the gum , but can cause extreme discomfort from the bit while the horse is ridden . An equine dental technician or a veterinarian can find these by feeling the gums . Blind wolf teeth are often removed . What are molars ? Incisors ? Premolars and molars are the cheek teeth used to grind and chew food . Incisors are the front teeth . Also known as nippers , they are used to tear grass out of the ground . What are hooks and ramps ? Hooks and ramps are a problem of the molar arcades , and develop when there is a malocculsion - a failure to meet properly - of a tooth and its opposing tooth on the opposite arcade . If , as a result of the malocclusion , a tooth only partially receives wear , the unworn part will continue to lengthen through the process of eruption . The unworn aspect of the tooth will develop a hook or ramp . A hook is a particularly steep overgrowth ; a ramp is a more gradual overgrowth . What is a wave mouth ? Cheek teeth that are wavy rather than flat . Will my horse require sedation for any procedure ? Very often a horse ' s dentition can be restored to complete efficiency without any sedation . If a horse is particularly fractious ( unruly ) - rearing , striking , or so fractious that a satisfactory job can not be performed - sedation may be required . I do require sedating for the removal of any teeth , including wolf teeth . Can you provide sedation for my horse ? As I am not a veterinarian , I can not provide sedation for your horses . While I am trained in the administration of such drugs , I am not educated in or equipped to deal with an adverse reaction to such medicines , such as an allergic reaction . If sedation is required to perform dentistry on your horse successfully , we will need to schedule a time in which a veterinarian can intercede to perform sedation requirements . The owner , of course , can sedate the animal provided he / she is using drugs that have been supplied by their veterinarian for use on that particular horse . My horse is like a member of the family . Will this procedure be traumatic for him / her ? Horses respond to dentistry procedures differently . Some dislike it , some are indifferent , and others actually enjoy the procedure ! Regardless , all horses are treated as gently as possible , utilizing techniques of good horsemanship and employing methods of gentle desensitization . Your horse will not be abused in any way ! Can a horse be " aged " by its teeth ? To a degree . Age can be determined with reasonable accuracy in a younger horse , because the growth of dentition occurs in quite predictable patterns . However , once a horse has developed its permanent teeth , age determination is based on the degree of tooth wear and is subject to many factors that include : breed , nature and quality food , environmental conditions , heredity , injury and disease . | [
"horses",
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http://ahrensandcondillinc.com/ | Address 206 S Northwest Hwy Barrington IL 60010 Phone 8473813021 Office Hours Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday 800 am 430 pm 800 am 430 pm 800 am 430 pm 800 am 430 pm 800 am 430 pm 24 HOUR EMERGENCY SERVICE News Dont wait until your furnace or boiler breaks down Be sure to have your equipment cleaned and checked yearly A properly maintained unit runs efficiently safely and is much less likely to beakdown Call today for an appointment Ahrens Condill is the Barrington areas most trusted HVAC company We are committed to being the best in installation service customer satisfaction and technician training We are proud to be a service oriented company offering 247 emergency service and service contracts to make sure that your furnace and air conditioner are running efficiently and safely We built our reputation on expert service Let us earn your business AccreditationsAffiliations We Accept Instant Utility Rebates FinancingApply Online Referrals We love our customers and hope you will refer us to friends family and neighbors Areas Serviced Arlington Heights Barrington Barrington Hills Lake Barrington North Barrington South Barrington Port Barrington Buffalo Grove Cary Crystal Lake Deer Park Fox River Grove Inverness Kildeer Lake in the Hills Lake Zurich Long Grove Palatine Just to name a few | [
"HVAC company"
] |
http://aht.seriouseats.com/archives/2009/10/the-burger-lab-best-burger-blend-profiles-of-eight-cuts-of-beef.html | Recipes Meal Burger More Breadcrumbs The Burger Lab : Mastering the Art of Burger Blending with Eight Cuts of Beef The Burger Lab Burger recipes and cooking tips from J . Kenji Lรณpez - Alt . J . Kenji Lรณpez - Alt Profile Twitter Facebook Contact Note : You may already know J . Kenji Lopez - Alt ( of Good Eater ) ' round these parts from his previous burger exploits โ making the Blumenburger and his 8 - hour 12 - burger binge . We ' re pleased to announce that he ' ll stop by every other week to give the comprehensive Kenji treatment to burger recipes this new column , The Burger Lab . In his inaugural post he analyzes eight kinds of beef cuts to find his ideal burger blend . Photographs : J . Kenji Lopez - Alt Get the Recipe The Blue Label Burger Blend There ' s nothing new about blending different cuts of meat to make a better burger . But despite all I ' ve read , and despite the fact that I ' ve been fiddling with burger blends at least a few times a week for the past couple of years , I ' ve yet to see a good , thorough , scientific analysis of what actually makes the best burger . Is it fat content ? Texture ? Flavor ? Presumably all three , but what does one cut have to offer over another ? Why mix three cuts instead of two ? Would a fourth cut make it even better ? Due to the intense marketing efforts of liquor distributors , most whiskey drinkers in this country ( myself included ) tend to favor single malts as the pinnacle of expression of the form . But we ' re doing ourselves a disfavor . Surely blending whiskeys โ that careful balancing act to achieve the perfect mix of high notes and low notes , of sweetness and smokiness โ is a job equally impressive and intricate if not more delicious than distilling the spirit itself ? And if the whiskey industry has Master blenders to manage their blends , surely the burger โ a food with an equally noble heritage and devout following โ requires just as much attention . To this end , I decided to do a tasting of " single - malt burgers , carefully noting what distinguishes each cut from the rest , as well as cataloguing all the flavors that come under the umbrella term " beefy , " in the hopes of coming up with the ultimate blend . The Blue Label Burger , if you will . I pulled out my boning knife and meat grinder , and headed to the butcher , determined to master the art of burger blending . In choosing cuts of beef that could go into the burger , I first made a broad decision : This was to be an everyman ' s burger . Fancy - pants burgers exist , but they are contrary to the spirit of the sandwich . There would be no dry - aged cuts , no special breed cows , and nothing that is more suited for a steakhouse in my blend . Burgers , like good charcuterie , are about taking the cheap and ordinary , and converting it into the sublime . For this reason , I set an upper limit of $ 8 a pound for the cuts in my mix , which narrowed down my options to eight cuts : sirloin , chuck , short Sirloin ( $ 5 / pound ) Location : Top half of the cow , towards the back , just before the rump . Alternatives : Butt steak , sirloin butt , sirloin steak , center - cut roast , culotte steak . Fat Content : Low . Flavor : It ' s often sold as the more expensive pre - ground option to chuck at the supermarket , though I ' m baffled as to why . It is extremely tender , but lacks the fat necessary to keep it juicy . Its flavor offers a slight sour grassiness and nuttiness , but it ' s more of a blank canvas than a beef bomb . Chuck ( $ 4 / pound ) Location : Top half of the cow , just behind the shoulders . Alternatives : 7 - rib roast , blade steak , flatiron steak , round bone roast Fat Content : High . Flavor : Chuck is like burger meat designed by committee : It ' s got a good lean to fat ratio , it ' s well - balanced in flavor , but it lacks real character . As a single meat , it makes the kind of burger that ' s tough to find fault with , but wo n ' t have you sucking the juices out of your napkin when you ' re done . If you ' ve got only one choice to make at the butcher , this is the one to go with . Skirt Steak ( $ 8 / pound ) Lower half of the cow , running from the plate to the flank . Cut from the cow ' s main daphragm muscle . Fajitas meat , Philadelphia steak . Low . Flavor : This chef ' s cut can be a little difficult to track down in some areas . It has a strong , gamey flavor , and a distinct sourness . The texture in its whole form is rope - y , requiring you to cut it thinly against the grain . When ground , it acquires a slightly gritty texture that on its own , comes across as an almost dirty or dusty quality . Short Rib ( $ 5 / pound ) Short sections of rib with attached meat , cut from the front half of the cow , just below the loin . Braising strips ( boneless short ribs ) . Very high . Extremely rich and nutty , with no grassiness or sourness at all . This cut is all umami , and is quite overwhelming on its own . The high degree fine marbling helps it stay moist even when the burgers are cooked beyond medium - rare . Flap Meat ( $ 6 / pound ) From the back of the short loin โ where porterhouse and T - bones come from โ but closer to the belly of the animal . Top sirloin tips , beef sirloin tips , sirloin tip steak , bavette d ' aloyau . Moderate . One of the most savory cuts around , with a substantial , chewy texture . Like short ribs , it lacks offsetting grassy notes , but unlike short ribs , it also lacks fat . Ground on its own , it has a grainy texture that crumbles more easily than some finer - grained cuts . Hanger Steak ( $ 7 / pound ) " Hangs " between the last rib on the cow and the loin bavette , hanging tenderloin , butcher ' s steak , often misspelled " hangar " steak , but it ' s beef , not a bloody airplane . Moderate . This butcher ' s cut is loved by chef ' s for its gaminess and inexpensiveness . It has a distinct , almost cheesy , rancid overtone ( in a good way ) . Its biggest drawback is its gritty , crumbly texture when ground , and the lack of high notes in its flavor profile . Brisket ( $ 7 / pound ) From the belly region of the front half of the cow . Depending on butchering , moderate to low . Extremely grassy and sour , with a distinct aroma of iron and liver . A little grainy when ground , and completely lacking in rich , savory notes . It ' s no wonder this cut is often pickled for use a corned beef or pastrami โ it tastes almost pickled on its own . Ox - Tail ( $ 4 / pound ) Do I really need to clarify ? Ridiculously high . Immensely savory , with richness , nuttiness , and gaminess to spare . Thanks to the diligent work of flies , this muscle is used constantly throughout the cow ' s life , and as a result , is about as flavorful as they come . It ' s as if the cow swallowed an entire other cow , * compressed it , and shoved it all into its own tail . Fattiness that does n ' t just blur the line between delicious and over - indulgent , but gives them both a miss , jumping straight into the realm of obscene . It leaves a coat in your mouth reminiscent of drinking a beef - flavored candle . * Legally not possible since the mad cow scare . Creating the Blend Through this tasting , I discovered that beef has four basic flavors : Nutty : Comes across as a cheesy , almost parmesan - esque flavor . Grassy / sour : Where beef gets its high notes . Can come across as a slight metallic , iron flavor . Rich / umami : Different from fattiness , and gives you a full , meaty sensation in your mouth and on the back of your tongue . Gamey / livery : In the wrong context can come across as almost rancid , but in moderation can add depth to an otherwise boring blend . In order for a burger to invoke that sensation that we describe as " beefy , " all four of these flavor components need to be in balance . My first line of thought was to try and pick just two cuts of meat that offer a good cross - section of these flavors , and provides ample , but not overwhelming fat . To this end , I tried various blends consisting of short ribs or oxtail ( for rich , nutty flavors ) , combined variously with skirt steak , hanger , and brisket ( for high notes and gaminess ) . Immediately , oxtail was right out โ it was simply too much for my mouth to handle . Though the flavor of the short rib Finding the Right Texture In all three mixes , the gritty , crumbly texture of the cuts I was mixing in with the short rib was ruining the overall burger . I thought that perhaps grinding it twice , or grinding it with a smaller die would solve the problem , but no good โ these rough - grained cuts have a hard time holding together once ground . The only way I could get the burgers to form properly was to massage them and press them into submission , at which point grittiness was replaced by toughness , an equally undesirable state of That ' s when I realized โ perhaps sirloin does have a use after all ? Though it ' s not too flavorful on its own , it ' s very tender , and binds extremely well . I ground up a new batch of meat , this time mixing in one part short rib and brisket ( the best tasting of the previous blends ) , to two parts sirloin . Much better โ the burgers held together perfectly , and had a nice mix of textures : the tenderness of the sirloin , combined with the slight , steak - like chew of the short rib . And with the brisket only making up a quarter of the mix , its crumbly texture was completely eradicated . Unfortunately , gone too was a lot of the flavors . Since sirloin is so bland , the flavor of the short rib and brisket that came through was still perfectly balanced โ there just was n ' t enough of it . I found that I could increase the ratio of short rib and brisket to sirloin up until they were all in nearly equal parts ( any more than that , and cohesion issues resumed ) , giving me the best burger blend yet , but I knew there was something better out there . Then I realized โ the oxtail that I had so quickly dismissed out of hand might actually be useful . With its intense savory / nutty / gamey flavor , as well as its great fat content , could I use it in place of the short ribs to boost up my beef ? It worked perfectly . Now that it was only a bit player in a larger mix , its intensity was largely played down , perfectly tempered by the bland tenderness of the sirloin , and the high notes from the brisket . In retrospect , it all seems so obvious : oxtail in a burger ? Of course ! But like all good things in life , this burger blend is still a work in progress , and every time I play with it , I discover something new . Anybody else out there have any good burger - grinding tips ? I ' ve tinkered with adding suet and bone marrow for added fat , but have yet to seriously document the efforts in an organized way . Continue here for The Blue Label Burger Blend ยป Get the Recipe The Blue Label Burger Blend View Recipe ยป This post may contain links to Amazon or other partners ; your purchases via these links can benefit Serious Eats . Read more about our affiliate linking policy J . Kenji Lรณpez - Alt Chief Culinary Advisor Profile Twitter Facebook Contact J . Kenji Lรณpez - Alt is the Chief Culinary Advisor of Serious Eats , and author of the James Beard Award - nominated column The Food Lab , where he unravels the science of home cooking . A restaurant - trained chef and former Editor at Cook ' s Illustrated magazine , his first book , The Food Lab : Better Home Cooking Through Science is a New York Times Best - Seller , the recipient of a James Beard Award , and was named Cookbook of the Year in 2015 by the International Association of Culinary Professionals . He ' s currently raising a daughter by day , writing his second book by night ( Now with 10 % more science ! ) , and is working on Wursthall , a beer hall in downtown San Mateo which will be open by the end of 2017 . Order your copy of The Food Lab : Better Home Cooking Through Science today ! Filed Under beef essential recommended taste test the burger lab | [
"Burger Lab",
"Mastering",
"Beef"
] |
http://aht.seriouseats.com/archives/2011/04/the-burger-lab-whats-the-best-way-to-grind-beef.html | Recipes Meal Burger More Breadcrumbs The Burger Lab : What ' s The Best Way To Grind Beef ? The Burger Lab Burger recipes and cooking tips from J . Kenji Lรณpez - Alt . J . Kenji Lรณpez - Alt Profile Twitter Facebook Contact [ Photographs : J . Kenji Lopez - Alt ] More tests , more results ! Follow The Food Lab on Facebook or Twitter My wife has been out of the country for the last three weeks , and will be gone for eight weeks longer , which has instigated a number of changes in my lifestyle . First , I ' ve taken to sleeping on the couch with Dumpling ( the dog ' s not allowed on the bed and I feel weird sleeping alone ) . I ' ve also chosen to adopt the well known do - no - chores - but - perform - a - massive - cleanup - the - day - before - she - gets I ' m a cook by trade but a grinder by nature . Nothing pleases me more than the careful , controlled deconstruction and reconstruction of what nature has so carefully put together . The Howard Roark of cows , if you will . As for the method of deconstruction , my usual go - to is the KitchenAid meat grinder ( check out this article for tips on how to use it ) , but is that always the best method ? What about the food processor ? Hand chopping ? Or โ dare I say it โ pre - ground beef ? I gathered my meat grinder , food processor , gigantic Chinese cleaver , and 10 pounds of fresh beef chuck to find out . A Note On Temperature I know that I ' ve mentioned this before , but I ' d like to stress once more that the most important step for effective grinding is to chill the meat and the grinder . The warmer meat gets , the softer it becomes , and the harder it is to chop . Fat , in particular , has a tendency to smear , like this : The meat on the left was ground in an un - chilled grinder , while the meat on the right was ground in a grinder that was chilled in the freezer for a couple of hours . As you can easily see , the mealy , pulpy stuff on the left looks a whole lot less like ground beef than the clean grind on the right , and it cooks up accordingly badly . With properly ground beef , the fat is distributed throughout the lean in distinct pockets . As the burger heats and this fat melts , it ensures a loose textured patty with tiny bursts of juice speckled throughout . Smeared fat , on the other hand , tends to leave the meat with a mealy texture and leaks out of the patty much more easily . The result is a dry burger with a pulpy texture . I know which one I ' d rather put in my mouth . Grinding Methods Head - to - Head For my tastes test , I gathered a couple of pounds of beef ground through each of four methods : store - bought 80 percent lean ground chuck , chuck ground in the meat grinder , chuck chopped in a food processor , and chuck finely chopped by hand . I tasted the beef cooked into two types of burgers . The first was my Best Burger For a Single Man or Woman โ a simple affair designed to maximize crispness and looseness of the patty . They ' re made by very loosely pushing together the ground beef into a thin patty that then gets pan - seared until well browned and crisp all over . By default , because of its thinness , it gets cooked to around medium ( but is by no means dry ! ) . For the second , I went for a larger - format 8 - ounce patty cooked using the Spotted Pig ' s Charbroiled Burger method : Seared hard in a grill pan ( it ' s still too cold to break out the real grill ) , the transferred to a cooler pan to cook through to medium rare . Both types of burgers were analyzed for texture , flavor , and ease of use . Here are the results . Pre - Ground Beef Flavor : Not bad . Quite fatty , but only mildly beefy . In my experience , flavor can vary greatly from day to day and store to store โ you never know exactly what ' s going into the ground beef , so a lot of it comes down to luck of the draw . Texture : Compact , dense , slightly mealy . Ease of Use : Very easy โ buy the pack and open it up . The only difficult part is forming the patties properly โ the very compressed meat is less shapeable than loose , freshly - ground beef . Overall Impression / Best Uses : It ' s fine in a pinch , but will never make a memorable burger . It was far better in the thinner style patty than the thick patty where its denseness and poor texture really come out . The best way to cook store - bought beef is actually by the Shake Shack smash method , since with that method , the meat gets quite compacted anyway . The Meat Grinder Grinding Tips : Make sure meat is cut into cubes no larger than an inch or two across , that all connective tissue is trimmed away , and that everything is cold . The meat should come from the fridge , and the grinder should come from the freezer . Use relatively high speed ( 6 to 8 on the stand mixer ) to get the meat through quickly without heating up the machine . Flavor : Rich and meaty . These patties retain plenty of juicy fat as they cook , both the thin and the thick versions . Texture : Tons of nooks and crannies . As a thin patty , it gets nice , crisp pebbly edges while as a large burger , it remains tender and easily chewed . Ease of Use : Relatively easy , provided you have a stand mixer and the grinder attachment . Cleanup can be a bit of a pain ( getting meat and fat out of an L - shaped tube ai n ' t easy ) , but my dishwasher takes care of most of the hard work . Overall Impression / Best Uses : It ' s an excellent , quick , easy , all - purpose grinding tool that produces beef that ' s worlds better than the store - ground stuff . The Food Processor Grinding Tips : To minimize smearing , cut meat into 1 - to 2 - inch chunks and place them in a single layer on a sheet tray or large plate in the freezer for about fifteen minutes before grinding . Grind in batches no larger than a half pound for a 10 - cup food processor . Pulse rather than constantly running the grinder to get a more even grind . Unless your processor blades are essentially brand new , you ' re going to get some degree of smearing . Thus , food - processed meat loses more of its fat during cooking than beef ground in an actual grinder , but not much more . Not quite as pebbly or crisp as meat ground in a meat grinder , but very nice overall . It does n ' t grind as evenly as a grinder , which means you get a good mix of some largish chunks , and very fine bits . Moderate . Freezing the meat adds an extra step to the process , as does working in batches . Finally , smeared beef fat is not the easiest thing to clean out of a processor bowl . A great , relatively low - fuss method to get home - ground beef if you do n ' t own a stand mixer and grinder attachment . Still a significant improvement over the store - bought stuff . The unevenness of the grind did leave a few mealy patches that did n ' t fare so well in a thicker burger . Stick with thin , loose patties . Hand Chopped First and foremost , use a sharp , heavy knife . A cleaver is a great choice for this technique . Because of its weight , you wo n ' t have to use much effort yourself . As with grinding , you want your meat to stay nice and cold while chopping so that everything chops easily . Chop on a soft wooden or composite cutting board that you do n ' t mind getting scarred a bit ( the heavy cleaver will leave marks on the surface ) . It ' s easiest to work in small batches so that you can more carefully control the texture of the final grind . Virtually no smearing means great hole structure and juice retention during cooking . You can chop as fine or as coarsely as you like , but no matter what , you ' re going to end up with a good degree of variation in the texture . This is a good thing . Your burgers end up with nice tiny bits of meat and fat for crust formation , but retain enough larger pieces that each bite has a few , steak - like moments with a touch of chew . Very satisfying indeed . There ' s no denying it : this process is time consuming . At least three or four times as slow as a grinder or processor . On the bright side , it ' s good exercise , and cleanup is a snap . When I ' ve got the time , this ' ll be my new go - to method , particularly for thicker burgers where that steak - like quality of the chunky beef really makes for an interesting finished texture . So there you go . If you ' ve got the impetus , hand - chopped beef is probably the way to go for most applications , though meat ground in a real meat grinder comes in a close second . I ' ve said it a million times before , but if there ' s one thing you can do to instantly and dramatically improve your burgers , it ' s to stop using store - bought ground beef . Even before cooking , there ' s a distinct difference between the fresh ground beef on the left and the store - bought beef on the right . On the left , you can clearly see the openness of the texture , which translates to better browning , a better crust , more juiciness , and a loser texture in the finished burger . Indeed , check out the four types of burgers cooked below and tell me which one of those things is not like the other : That ' s right , it ' s the one on the top left . Because of its tight , compact structure , the proteins in store - bought ground beef are intertwined and stuck together much more firmly . This translates to more shrinking as it cooks . More shrinking leads to less juice and denser texture . It ' s been a long time since I at a regular cheeseless burger , but I felt the hand - chopped beef deserved the spotlight all its own this time . One last note : Hand chopping can get a little bit messy , so do n ' t do it wearing your nicest shirt . Hopefully the blood stains on the wall will still be easy to clean 8 weeks from now when I get around to it . This post may contain links to Amazon or other partners ; your purchases via these links can benefit Serious Eats . Read more about our affiliate linking policy J . Kenji Lรณpez - Alt Chief Culinary Advisor Profile Contact J . Kenji Lรณpez - Alt is the Chief Culinary Advisor of Serious Eats , and author of the James Beard Award - nominated column The Food Lab , where he unravels the science of home cooking . A restaurant - trained chef and former Editor at Cook ' s Illustrated magazine , his first book , The Food Lab : Better Home Cooking Through Science is a New York Times Best - Seller , the recipient of a James Beard Award , and was named Cookbook of the Year in 2015 by the International Association of Culinary Professionals . He ' s currently raising a daughter by day , writing his second book by night ( Now with 10 % more science ! ) , and is working on Wursthall , a beer hall in downtown San Mateo which will be open by the end of 2017 . Order your copy of The Food Lab : Better Home Cooking Through Science today ! Filed Under essential the burger lab | [
"Grind Beef",
"Burger Lab"
] |
http://ahusuk.org/ahus-is-rare-2/ | What is aHUS ? What is aHUS ? Professor Tim Goodship According to Professor Tim Goodship โ Atypical Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome ( aHUS ) is a rare disease . Research shows that in most cases that it is genetic in origin , with abnormalities in the innate immune system called complement . These abnormalities lead to excessive activation of the complement system which can in turn lead to the development of blood clots in the filters of the kidney . This is why patients with this condition develop kidney failure . In its typical form Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome ( HUS ) is associated with gastrointestinal E . coli O157 infection and this is why in E . coli outbreaks victims can experience kidney failure .The good news is that if the HUS episode is controlled full recovery is possible with no recurrence . In its atypical form ( aHUS ) other factors such as pregnancy or a viral infection may trigger an episode . Most patients with aHUS do not recover kidney function and need long term dialysis . Kidney transplants in these individuals unfortunately often fail because disease recurs in the new kidney โ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Dr . Sally Johnson At the first aHUS Patients Conference held in Newcastle upon Tyne on 11 June 2011 Dr . Sally Johnson who is a Consultant Pediatric Nephrologist at the Great North Children โ s Hospital in Newcastle gave a presentation which also answers the question . A video of the 30 minute presentation , which also includes comments by the Chairperson of aHUSUK , Margaret Squires , can be viewed at : http : / / ahus . org . uk / videos / sally / * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * At the NKF roadshow this autumn , Dr David Kavanagh , a Consultant Nephrologist at the Freeman Hospital , Newcastle upon Tyne , gave a talk about Genetics and atypical Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome . Follow the link here to listen to the talk . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * A comprehensive lay explanation of what is , courtesy of Bill Biermann in the USA , can be read on the Foundation for Children with Atypical HUS website at http : / / atypicalhus . ning . com / page / what - is - ahus * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * An abstract about aHUS from the website of Orphanet which is a European Organisation with the most comprehensive and reliable in formation on rare diseases can be seen here * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * As for some reason wikipedia has a link to ahusuk . org so we reciprocate , by clicking here For further more clinically orientated information on and its diagnosis and treatments go to the Medical Matters section of our website . | [
"aHUS",
"disease",
"innate immune system"
] |
http://aig.alumni.virginia.edu/raven/poe-resources/poe-as-a-student/ | Poe as a student Edgar Allan Poe at the University Born in Boston on January 19 , 1809 , Edgar Allan Poe moved to Richmond just three years later with his mother and infant sister . His mother , a talented actress , succumbed to pneumonia soon after their arrival , leaving her children all alone in a strange city . John Allan , a prominent Virginia merchant , agreed , under pressure from his wife , to care for Poe and to pay for his education . While still a young teenager , Poe received special tutoring to gain early entrance into the new University of Virginia , probably Edgar Allan Poe enrolled at the University on February 14 , 1826 , the 136th of 177 students registering for the second session . He attended classes in the Schools of Ancient and Modern Languages , under Professors Long and Blaetterman respectively . Although not known for spending long hours at his lessons , Poe was already remarkable for his brooding , lonely genius . His excellent memory allowed him to read ahead in class and recite correctly even when utterly unprepared . In his final examinations , he took top honors in French and Latin and was cited for Only in class from seven until nine - thirty each morning , Poe had ample free time to explore Charlottesville and participate in University activities . He was elected to the Jefferson Literary and Debating Society on June 17 , 1826 and once served as its Secretary pro tem . Shortly after joining , he read an essay on โ Heat and Cold โ and probably took part in the many lively debates of the term . Although he did not regularly present original work to the Society , he often entertained his closest friends with private readings in his His little room on the West Range was often filled with a small , select audience of his most particular friends , who , spell - bound , scarcely breathed while they eagerly listened to some story โ strange and wild like all the rest โ that he had just written and which he read with his whole soul thrown into every action and intonation of his voice โ now loud and rapid like the mad rush of many waters , and now sinking into a scarcely audible whisper , of some terrible sentence of incantation or curse sending a Generally well - liked , Poe was considered talented , if slightly odd by his peers . Once when he read a short story written specially for his friends , someone laughingly claimed that the hero โ s name , โ Gaffy , โ was repeated too often . Before the others could object , Poe hurled his manuscript into the fire , thereby earning the longtime nickname โ Gaffy โ Poe . This nickname , though never relished , is said to have followed him all the way to West Point five years later . In the University of Virginia Library โ s WWW Exhibit โ Arise and Build โ a letter is displayed , written by Poe and addressed to John Allan , dated September 21 , 1826 . His letter bemoans the approach of finals and the many hours spent studying . Poe also writes about the continuing construction of the University , noting that the Rotunda was almost completed . He closes his letter with an account of a particularly nasty altercation between two students . Such was the life of a student in the nineteenth century . Although a gifted and popular student , Poe left the University on December 15 , 1826 , never to return . The funds his stepfather had sent him were woefully inadequate despite his many pleas for more assistance . He was forced to borrow on credit from Charlottesville merchants and then turned to heavy gambling in an attempt to pay his bills . Unfortunately , Poe was extremely unlucky at cards , and by the end of the ten - month session , had amassed a debt of over $ 2,000 . John Allan , who disapproved strongly of gambling A pane of glass taken from the window of Room 13 , West Range , is on display in the University โ s Rotunda . According to legend , Poe etched the following stanza into this pane sometime before his unfortunate departure : O Thou timid one , let not thy Form rest in slumber within these Unhallowed walls , For herein lies The ghost of an awful crime . After returning to Richmond , Poe was trained as a clerk and put to work in his stepfather โ s counting house . Frustrated by Allan โ s stifling authoritarianism and sarcastic contempt for his writing , Poe secretly sought independence and applied for other employment . Upon discovery , he was heartily denounced as an ungrateful wretch and ordered from the family home . He soon moved to Boston , in 1827 , where his first book Tamerlane and Other Poems , was published the very same year . It was not until the 1845 publication of โ The His enduring influence is evident in the number of visitors drawn each year to the University of Virginia just to get a glimpse of Poe โ s Roomand hear the stories of his early days . Although his stay at the University was regrettably brief , it is natural to wonder how his time here helped shape his later life and works . He wrote โ Tamerlane โ while still a student , and in both this poem and โ A Tale of the Ragged Mountains โ , he refers explicitly to his experiences in Charlottesville . President Alderman , | [
"The Raven Society",
"Edgar Allan Poe",
"Boston"
] |
http://aikendrivingacademy.com/ | Welcome To Aiken Driving Academy Where YOURE In The Drivers Seat Aiken Driving Academy was founded in 2011 by Steve Deibel a former Deputy Sheriff and Traffic Safety Coordinator for the National Safety Council Our programs feature a strong behavior base where students not only focus on the mechanics of driving but the approach to driving and how to make better choices behind the wheel All of our instructors have a professional driving background ADA focuses on providing our studentsparents with the most professional training environment you will find anywhere ADA News Check out our latest updates News ADA will only be offering driver education in 2019 All students will test at the DMV We still have 2 Examiners but due to scheduling conflicts it is not possible to regularly schedule tests ADA is committed to helping our students prepare for the road test no matter where they take it Since we did not add more students in Nov Dec students in our Jan Feb classes will be able to finish much sooner than in previous years due to ADA always having a high volume of students each month in the past Parents still need to plan ahead Happy Thanksgiving Merry Christmas from all of us at ADA This entry was posted in ADA News on November 26 2018 | [
"Aiken Driving Academy",
"Steve Deibel",
"Traffic Safety"
] |
http://aircompressors-parts.com/ | Our strength Technology We are passionate about new technologies as they make our work and everyday life easier . Smart , durable solutions allow us to save money and priceless time . Simply โ they are investments that pay off big . We encourage you to look to the future . Best quality We are proud to offer our customers only solutions and products from renowned manufacturers and of recognized quality . All parts that are in our offer are genuine and manufactured in accordance with European standards . Worldwide coverage There are no borders for our business . We cooperate with companies from around the world . In each of our working days we prepare for a dispatch parcels to be delivered to our clients on almost all continents . We care We provide our clients with professional technical advisory in terms of selecting solutions , equipment and parts . Contact us if you have needs in this field and we will do our best to prepare an interesting quotation that will meet the technical requirements and will be at a good price . History overview 1985 Polinski AMT was founded We started to grow selling parts to a pneumatics system in trucks . With time we have moved into industrial pneumatic systems . 1998 AMT Polinski went into air processing and vacuum systems Gained experience and business contacts resulted in the broadening of our business scope . 2003 We became authorized Atlas Copco distributor Our knowledge is our strength The source of our strength are our knowledge , experience and readiness to meet all your expectations in the area of appropriate selection and delivery anywhere in the world โ air compressors , air blowers , replacement and wearable parts manufactured by Atlas Copco . We will do our best to solve even most unusual problem . Please feel free to contact us . Products We offer genuine Atlas Copco parts โ ball berings โ basic module โ blower element โ bushing โ combi cooler โ compressor elements โ cooler โ electric motor โ elektronikon fan assembly โ filter element โ filter kit โ heating element โ hose โ hose assembly โ hoses isolator โ vibration โ oil cooler โ oil filter โ oil free skrew โ o - ring โ pipe โ plain nasher โ programing elektronikon โ service clamp โ service stage โ solenoid kit โ solenoid valve โ spring โ temperature sensor โ thermostatic valve โ unloading valve / blow off valve โ valves assembly In our offer you can also find Atlas Copco air compressors and blowers , including air compressors refurbished by Atlas Copco in very good prices Feb 18 4 Mobile air compressors Post by webmaster | Uncategorized | No Comments The XAS 110 small air compressor The XAS 110 is the result of over a decade of continuous development . This compressor is perfect for single tool applications ( or two if the new RTEX breaker is used ) and for sites with difficult access and terrain . This model is part of our legendary 8 Series range . The [ โฆ ] Read more Oct 23 3 See our products Post by webmaster | Uncategorized | No Comments NAME SERIAL NUMBER MANUFACTURER ELECTRONIC WATER DRAIN 8102043620 ELEKTRONICZNY SPUST WODY 8102043620 8102043620 ATLAS COPCO ELECTRONIC WATER DRAIN 8102043505 ELEKTRONICZNY SPUST WODY 8102043505 8102043505 ATLAS COPCO AIR COMPRESSOR ATLAS COPCO GA18 + P A 10 8152700665 Sprฤลผarka ลrubowa Atlas Copco GA18 + P A 10 8152700665 8152700665 ATLAS COPCO AIR COMPRESSOR ATLAS COPCO GX2 10 200l TM 8152101104 [ โฆ ] Read more Product brochures and specs [ PDF ] Click on the button below to open . In order to download the files , you need to > > register < < first , and then > > login < < If you see blank page and the download doesn ' st start - it means you ' re not logged in . Oil - free Screw Blowers ( download ) Oil - free Screw Blowers - series brochure ( download ) Oil - free Tooth Compressors ( download ) Oil - injected Rotary Screw Compressors [ GA 11 - 30 i GA 15 - 30 ] ( download ) Oil - injected Rotary Screw Compressors [ GA5 - 11VSD ] ( download ) Atlas Copco Air Compressor Parts & Kits REGISTER | LOG IN | [
"industrial pneumatic systems",
"vacuum systems",
"AMT Polinski"
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http://airconditioningsoutheast.com/blog/2013/03/why-does-my-ac-compressor-cycle-on-and-off | Why does my AC Compressor Cycle On and Off ? Published on : March 8 , 2013 Why does my AC compressor cycle on and off is a common question that every AC contractor hears repeatedly . Cycling is part of the normal process through which your HVAC operates . It โ s not the fact that your air conditioning system is cycling that is a problem , but the frequency that indicates problems . To understand why cycling occurs you must first understand the principle of refrigeration within an air conditioning system . HVAC units use refrigerants repeatedly in order to operate in an economical manner . Chemicals such as R - 22 and R - 410a , both forms of Freon , move heat from an area , and then cool that location , followed by expulsion of heat to the outside . To accomplish this task , the air conditioning unit goes through a cycle of compression , condensation , expansion and evaporation . In other words , the liquid refrigerant absorbs In this process , refrigerant enters the compressor as a low - pressure gas where it is transformed into a high - pressure gas and moved to the condenser . Here , it turns into a liquid where it gives off heat to the outside air . The liquid then moves under high pressure to the expansion valve , which restricts flow and lowers pressure . Next , the low - pressure liquid moves to the evaporator where it absorbs heat from inside air and then changes back into a gas . The hot , low - pressure gas then The compressor is the mechanical heart of your air conditioning system . Residential HVAC systems typically use a hermetically sealed unit that combines a compressor with an electric motor . A thermostat that controls run times by sensing indoor air temperature is another essential system component . On a moderate summer day , typically three cooling cycles will occur in an hour when the design heat load is at 50 percent . This means the compressor will run for 10 minutes , then shut down and start up again after 10 minutes . Problems , however , often do not Unusual cycles , such as when the compressor runs for a long time without stopping , shuts down briefly , then runs again for a long time , call for air conditioner repair . Short cycling , when the compressor constantly shuts on and off , is one of the most common air conditioning problems . Several conditions cause short cycling , including a faulty or obstructed thermostat , leaking refrigerant , icy coils or an HVAC system that is too big for the building in which it is installed . Your AC contractor can diagnose and solve the problem . Solutions include replacing or relocating the thermostat , cleaning or replacing fins on the condenser , replacing or cleaning a dirty air filter , adjusting refrigerant charge , detecting and repair refrigerant leaks or replacing an oversized HVAC unit . | [
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http://airconditioningsoutheast.com/tips/air-conditioning/how-does-ductless-ac-work | How Does Ductless AC Work ? Published on : June 5 , 2013 Ductless AC is an HVAC technology that โ s innovatively designed to bring greater versatility , increased convenience and improved energy efficiency to the modern home . A ductless system works by connecting an outdoor compressor to one or more compact indoor evaporator units via a narrow conduit that contains a refrigerant line , an electrical power cord , suction tubing and a condensate drain pipe . The outdoor unit delivers cooling โ or in some cases heating and cooling โ to the home through the indoor air handling units , which can be mounted on the wall or ceiling If you have any questions about ductless systems or need help locating an HVAC contractor in the Southeastern U.S. who is qualified to install and service your ductless system , please visit the AC Southeast Find a Contractor page . This handy resource will help you find a reliable ductless AC distributor - contractor near you . Who Needs a Ductless System ? Ductless air conditioning is an excellent choice for homes without existing ductwork . These systems are quick and easy to install and wo n โ t require the extensive renovations that a ducted system might . Because a ductless system functions without the need for conventional air ducts , installing a new air duct system will be completely unnecessary when you choose ductless AC . A ductless HVAC or AC system is also convenient for homes that require supplemental heating or cooling to boost the effectiveness of their central HVAC or air conditioning systems . It also helps to keep room additions and other difficult - to - treat areas of the home consistently comfortable . Adding a ductless system to your existing HVAC or AC system will eliminate the need for extending your home โ s ductwork to accommodate the additional room or zone you โ ll need to condition . What Are the Advantages of Ductless Technology ? Ductless HVAC and AC systems offer a variety of advantages that may prove both practical and cost - effective for your home . Some of the main features and benefits that homeowners appreciate about ductless systems follow : With a ductless system , the temperature of each room or zone can be individually controlled . For AC models , the indoor unit for each room or zone can be individually set for cooling , ventilation or dehumidification . Heat pump models also offer a heating option . A conventional HVAC air distribution system , or duct system , is not required for system operation . A ductless HVAC system can be used to cool or heat your entire living space . It can also supplement your existing HVAC system or condition hard - to - reach areas of your home . Ductless systems are fully customizable , allowing you to mix and match indoor and outdoor units to create the system that most closely meets your needs . Ductless systems can be as much as 50 percent more energy efficient than similar - capacity ducted models . A ductless system consists of a single outdoor unit connected to one or more indoor units , which can allow the homeowner to save even more money on utilities by using only those units that condition occupied rooms . A ductless air conditioner can be used in places where portable window air conditioners ca n โ t โ such as in a room that does n โ t contain a window . Ductless systems maximize efficiency by eliminating the warm or cool air losses that typically occur with traditional ductwork . Ductless systems eliminate the need for duct cleaning , maintenance and repair . Ductless HVAC systems operate more quietly than their ducted counterparts . What Types of Ductless Systems Are Available ? Ductless systems come in split system , mini - split system and multi - split system models . Because all ductless heating and cooling systems consist of an outdoor unit and at least one indoor unit , all are considered split systems . Split Systems Ductless split system air conditioners , heat pumps and complete HVAC systems are powerful enough to heat and cool a significantly large area . In many milder climates , these systems are sufficient to provide dependable indoor comfort without the need for supplemental heating or cooling . Like all split AC systems , ductless splits consist of an outdoor compressor - condenser unit that powers an indoor evaporator - air handler . Ductless split systems are available as air conditioners for cooling - only applications or as heat pumps for all - around heating and cooling functions in less - extreme climates . In colder locations , a ductless heat pump can be combined with a ducted furnace to provide โ hybrid heat . โ This dual heat system can help ensure that even on the coldest nights , you receive sufficient heat and yet still enjoy the energy efficiency of your heat pump as a method for heating your home on milder winter days . Mini - Split Systems Mini - split systems , also known as mini splits , are similar to standard split systems , except that they are smaller in size and are designed to target a specific area of the home . This area could be a single room , a workshop , a foyer or another part of the home that is fairly limited in size . These AC systems work well for providing supplemental cooling to those parts of the home that may not be sufficiently cooled by a central air conditioner . Mini - split ductless heat pumps can also be effective for summer cooling . However , in winter they work just as well for supplementing the heat provided by radiant floor panels , wood stoves , propane or electric space heaters , and other portable heater types , including hydronic heaters , which may prove insufficient for maintaining consistent indoor comfort on very cold days and may not adequately warm outlying rooms or other difficult - to - heat areas without extra help . Multi - Split Systems Multi - split systems provide whole - house cooling or whole - house heating and cooling . These systems are designed for connecting several indoor units to a single , more powerful outdoor unit . This space - saving option eliminates the need for more than one outdoor unit , as would be required when installing multiple split or mini - split systems . Depending on where you live and how you use your system , a multi - split AC or heat pump system can also save you money by potentially allowing you to invest in a smaller - capacity outdoor unit . For example , your usage patterns may not require an outdoor unit that can handle all indoor units simultaneously . If you use only the indoor units in the main living areas of your home during the day and only the units in the bedrooms at night , your cooling and / or heating load requirements wo n โ t Multi - split ductless systems also provide the option to mix and match the styles of the air handlers you place in each room . For example , if you would prefer a recessed ceiling - mounted unit in your dining room and standard wall - mounted units elsewhere in your home , the system you select should offer that option . Many systems also offer ceiling - suspended and floor - level - installed air handlers , giving you a wide variety of decorative and practical choices for your ductless system . How Is a Ductless System Controlled ? Most modern ductless air conditioning or HVAC systems feature a remote control unit , though many also offer a wall - mounted control panel . Each indoor unit can be individually controlled , allowing different rooms , or zones , to be treated individually as to temperature setting and whether or not the unit is turned on in the first place . Unlike central heating and cooling solutions , ductless systems are not required to heat or cool every room in your home every time the system is turned on . This is one of their most attractive features . Multi - split systems often include a master control panel that allows the homeowner to operate each individual unit throughout the home from a single central location , offering even greater convenience . In addition , each air handler can also be operated by remote control , allowing the room โ s occupant to adjust the unit โ s settings from inside the room or zone . Look to AC Southeast for Key HVAC Resources For more information about ductless air conditioning , visit the AC Southeast Ductless Air Conditioning Services page . You โ ll also find a number of other helpful informational resources by browsing our blog . These ongoing posts will help you better understand ductless systems and many other critical HVAC topics . If you reside in Alabama , Florida , Georgia , Mississippi , or South Carolina , we can help you find a trustworthy , experienced and credentialed ductless air conditioning specialist who can help you select the right system for your needs . Our contractors are factory - trained and NATE - certified HVAC professionals who are capable of providing a wide variety of services , including installation and ongoing maintenance for your new ductless system . Search our listings today to find the Carrier or Bryant distributor in your area who can help make ductless air conditioning a comforting | [
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http://aireraft.com/ | AIRE Raft Specialists Weve built a reputation in the Bay Area as one of the most honest inflatable boat dealers out there for 37 years We are AIREs first California Dealer but also sell to the entire USA Canada and most other countries We are an AIRE Raft Specialists AIRE Sabertooth Frameless Cataraft Our AIRE Raft AIRE Tributary Raft Inflatable Kayak Philosophy Many whitewater websites talk of their employees using what they sell which may be true enough but at AIRE Raft Specialists we rented rafts and iks for over two decades weve seen the worst case scenario for a lot of our inventory Sharing our rental experiences and retail customer feedback clearly helps you compare similar products to make an informed decision and we dont gloss over any negative feedback we get People who have spent any time chatting with us know this to be true If we end up with a lot of bad feedback on a product we have Catalogs and webpages that only speak in a positive light for every item within seem useless to us If each little widget is perfect which little widget should you buy Ditto for all the websites that contain nothing more than copy paste info from various manufacturers websites Parroting manufacturers catalogs as 99 of them do the vast majority of AIREs dealers are the best example is not conducive to helping you make a decision You may be shocked at the way we seem to find negatives in much of what we sell but that does not mean they are bad AIRE Sabertooth 12 Frameless Cataraft AIRE Raft and Inflatable Kayak Specialists Since 1982 You can use our fully secure shopping cart 247 though our preferred way of doing business is still over the phone You are always welcome to phone us at 9258202628 with orders or questions For larger ticket items its almost always a good idea If you know what you need and have no questions or maybe you work at times that make phoning us difficult then by all means use the cart Please understand that it is set up for US shipments only and it only calculates for UPS Any orders for outside the US or those that require postal 34 Years in the Raft and Inflatable Kayak Business Were going on our 34th year now We know that many of you live in areas lacking in normal precipitation so well keep our pinkies crossed that this winter will have a better snow pack or rainfall for all of you Happy paddling AIRE Raft Lochsa River Idaho Weve built a reputation in the Bay Area as one of the most honest inflatable boat businesses out there so you neednt worry about us disappearing into the netherworld of evaporating webpages with your money or credit card number Our online shopping cart uses the fully secure Authorizenet system Many whitewater websites talk of their employees using what they sell which may be true enough but since we rented rafts and iks for over two decades weve seen the worst case scenario for a lot of our inventory Sharing our rental experiences and retail customer feedback clearly helps you compare similar products to make an informed decision and we dont gloss over any negative feedback we get People who have spent any time chatting with us know this to be true If we end up with a lot of bad feedback on a product we have not personally used AIRE Cataraft on North Fork of the Payette River Idaho Competitors in AIRE Raft Specialists Market Catalogs and webpages that only speak in a positive light for every item within seem useless to us If each little widget is perfect which little widget should you buy Ditto for all the websites that contain nothing more than copy paste info from various manufacturers websites Parroting manufacturers catalogs as 99 of them do the vast majority of AIREs dealers are the best example is not conducive to helping you make a decision You may be shocked at the way we seem to find negatives in much of what we sell but that does not mean they are bad AIRE Raft and AIRE Tributary Raft History Our Parent company The Boat People originally began primarily as a raft rental service in the early 80s expanding into retail raft inflatable kayak and accessory sales by mid1982 We published four rounds of a printed catalog called Inflatable Kayak Specialties between 1988 before the days of the internet and 1996 There were already several large river gear mail order companies then and we wanted to focus on what we knew best which was small one and two person river craft Weve always sold rafts though along with the inflatable kayaks and once we had a website it became much AIRE Lynx II CK Rockit Lee Lee Wu River Taiwan We began in San Jose CA and stayed there the first 26 years The first half of that period we were running The Boat people from our house then we purchased a commercial building on South First Street where we stayed for the remaining twelve years In October of 2006 we sold that building and after renting it back for another six months moved northward in March of 2007 to the much prettier small town of Danville CA The 1925 vintage San Jose building which had the store downstairs and apartments upstairs had become highly problematic due to serious plumbing If you are traveling the highway 680 corridor you are welcome to stop by AIRE Raft Specialists and visit this Authorized AIRE Raft Dealer All our inventory is here and yes you can look at any boat or accessory you wish we are not just a virtual business We are generally here weekdays from 930am to 600 or 630pm and most Saturdays from 1000am to 500pm Often we are also here Sunday morning You can give us a ring at 925820BOAT when you want to stop by just to be sure The shipping and payment modules on AIRE Raft Specialists site will take some time to get fully working in SECURE mode Until that happens please call in your order 9258202628 or visit our main site The Boat People Inflatable Kayak Raft Specialists We are an Authorized Aire Raft Dealer and we provide product support for goods we sell AIRE Rafts AIRE Inflatable Kayaks Tributary Rafts Tributary Inflatable Kayaks Innova Kayaks Rocky Mountain Rafts RMR RMR Kayaks MTI Cannon Paddles Ortlieb Dry Bags Northwest River Supply NRS Our online shopping cart uses the fully secure Authorizenet system For dealer or outfitter pricing inquiries please call AIRE direct at 1800AIREhead and ask for Shaun or Dan Allumbaugh If Shaun and Dan are unavailable you can also talk with Nick or Pete For AIREs Outcast fly fishing division please ask for Chris If you are in need of warranty work or have service questions Kyle at AIRE is probably the best person to chat with though anyone there can assist you AIRE is located in the Mountain time zone and they are open Monday thru Friday 800am to 500pm For retail purchases or inquiries about AIRE Tributary rafts catarafts and inflatable kayaks please call The Boat People at 925820BOAT Credits Cards AppBank Transfer Paypal | [
"California"
] |
http://airfieldmodels.com/information_source/math_and_science_of_model_aircraft/rc_aircraft_design/ | Designing Radio Control Model Aircraft It is probably safe to say that everyone involved in this hobby has dreamt of some really cool model airplane designs . I ' ve had ideas for glow engine powered Frisbees TM , a canard sort of thing with a sleek migrating bird shaped fuselage and an inverted gull wing having twin ducted fans in pods slung underneath , a B รผ cker Triplane and a lot of things I ca n ' t remember . The Frisbee thing may not work out but I once tried bolting a Cox .049 to the center of one . It was a resounding failure that revolved slowly all the way to the ground . The rest of the designs could be made to fly but I may never build them . Most of my designs that I ' ve built have flown . My early attempts were not stellar examples of anything other than what can be produced by a fledgling modeler with flawed design ideas . Nevertheless , I ' ve always found designing model aircraft to be enjoyable . I have no interest in advanced aerodynamics so I do what many others do live by rules of thumb , learn from experience and apply the laws of aerodynamics that I do know and understand . If any of my designs were ever subjected to wind - tunnel testing I would probably not be pleased by the results . I ' m sure my designs have aerodynamic flaws that I do n ' t know about . But that ' s why I do n ' t care . I ' ve learned a lot over the years and I ' m very pleased with how my models fly for the most part . Regardless of my lack of expert aerodynamic knowledge , I design most of my own R / C aircraft simply for the reason that it ' s fun and I can do anything I want . I began designing my own models because I had wood lying around that needed something done with it and I figured I ' d try my hand at it . I continued to design models because at the time kits were n ' t all that great . Most of them were poorly die - cut and often the wood was warped , too heavy or had other defects . Now I design because I enjoy it and to have models that are unique and are purpose - designed to do what they do better than anything commercially available . It is not my intention to encourage everyone to design model airplanes . I simply want to pass along what I know for those who want to try it . These articles may help you learn how various design parameters affect a model even if you have no interest in designing your own . This series will cover is a variety of model aircraft design topics while leaving you to put it all together and do the critical thinking necessary to package it into your own successful design . In this series Previous โ Next โ Formulas Used with Flying Model Aircraft Supplies for the Model - Building Shop Comments about this article Back to Information Source Airfield Models Home Copyright ยฉ 2003 Paul K . Johnson | [
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"Radio Control Model",
"cool model airplane designs"
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http://airforce.colostate.edu/ | Det 90 Home of the Dactyls 1 2 3 Detachment 90 is an Air Force ROTC training program based out of Colorado State University in Fort Collins Colorado Detachment 90 also supports cadets from the University of Northern Colorado Front Range Community College and Aims Community College The Cadet Corps includes approximately 175 cadets from all four colleges News Upcoming Events 1 Nov Career Day 10 Nov Veterans Day Ceremony 20 Nov Flight Competitions 1923 Nov Thanksgiving Break 29 Nov Cadet Change of Command 1 Dec DiningIn 371014 Dec UNC CSU Finals Week AFROTC Website wwwafrotccom JOIN THE AIR FORCE Contact Us Air Force Disclaimer Clery Act Notice Air Force FOIA | [
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"Detachment 90",
"Colorado State University"
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http://airforce.corviasmilitaryliving.com/mcconnell/map | McConnel Air Force Base Calendar Newsletter Map Lawn Care Trash & Recycling Office Resident Responsibilities Submit Work Order Request | [
"MCCONNELL AIR FORCE",
"MAP"
] |
http://airpadrekiteboarding.com/weather/south-padre-island-air-and-water-temperatures.html | Home > Weather > South Padre Island Air and Water Temperatures Air and Water Temperatures South Padre Island Average Temperatures South Padre Island , Texas has a humid sub - tropical climate that is similar to that of South Florida . A long warm season keeps the water temperatures reasonably warm year round . Summer months see water temperatures in the 70s and 80s , while winter month are in the high 50 ' s and 60s . Average Water Temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico by Month South Padre Island Temperature Forecast Other Weather Resource Pages Current Wind Get current wind speeds for South Padre Island and the rest of the Gulf Coast of Texas . Wind History See wind history for South Padre Island by seasons and dates - what to expect for the upcoming season . Wind Forecast View wind forecast for the upcoming days , weeks , and months for the North Flats on South Padre Island . Temperatures View temperatures of water and air - past and present on South Padre Island , Texas . Waves and Tides See wave and tide charts for the two bodies of water surrounding SPI - Gulf of Mexico and Laguna Madre Bay . Severe Weather Watch severe weather as it develops and pertains to south Texas and the Gulf of Mexico . El Niรฑo / La Niรฑa Learn about El Niรฑo / La Niรฑa - Severe weather patterns that move through the oceans during select years and how they affect the wind . Sign up for our Email Newsletter | [
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http://airplanemode.com/blog/how-to-use-a-click-track | How to Set Up a Click Track for under 60 February 15 2016 Dave Wiskus Airplane Mode plays to a click It ensures that the entire band is in time and it allows us to use triggered events to fill out our sound for live performances For us the click is about polish If youve ever considered using a click track for your band youve probably run into two problems Theres no good software to drive the metronome The hardware to make it all work is confusing and expensive Weve solved the first problem with Clickarus our set listmetronome app for iOS Joe has an excellent writeup that you should definitely read For the hardware I went through a ton of options and solicited the help of a professional sound engineer and heres what my research has yielded Required Clickarus for iOS Free Behringer 4Channel Headphone Amplifier 25 Earphone Extension Cables 9 18 Audio Cable 7 14 to 18 Adapters 8 18 to 14 Adapters 9 Optional Gator InEar Bag 55 Logitech Bluetooth Receiver 27 Shure PSM 300 Wireless InEar Monitor System 800 Shure P3RA Receiver one per person 450 Slightly Cheaper Shure P3R 340 Shure SE215CL Earphones one per person 100 Simply put plug your iPhone or iPad into the input of the headphone amp then run cables to everyone At the heart of it youre just trying to split the headphone cable from your iOS device to multiple people You can get away with playing the click over a PA or stereo system in your practice space but that obviously wont fly at a show Were a little on the fancy side so we have everyone on wireless Its a more expensive option but it offers the most mobility and frankly is the easiest for setup and teardown We usually get about five to ten minutes on either side of our set to get things in order so every second counts If you want to go wireless you have two options You can run to a single wireless system and have everyones receivers connected to that or each person can have their own wireless system I use my inears primarily for my vocals with the click turned down in my mix since I mostly cue off of our drummer anyway In a singlesystem setup everyone in the band gets two feeds my vocals and the click They can choose how much of each they want including turning my vocals off entirely but they cant add a third Depending on the venue size and surliness of the sound person sometimes Ill have them run a monitor feed into the wireless system instead with my vocals cranked up If everyone has their own wireless system each person can run their instrument through or get a house mix tailored for them This seems like the platonic ideal but truth told most small bands are playing shows where the sound people simply dont want to deal with this much complexity My solution I keep one earphone in but leave the other out so I can hear the stage mix This works pretty well Playing to a click track feels a little like cheating but its dialed our game way up and I strongly recommend it for anyone looking to add polish to their stage show 5 Likes | [
"Click Track",
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http://airport-authority.com/SJO | Juan Santamaria International Airport โ San Jose , Costa Rica Juan Santamaria International Airport Telephone : + 506.437.2400 The airport is 16km from San Jose . There is an airport tax of US $ 26 for departing flights . This may be paid in advance at many hotels in San Jose , which can save some time at the airport . Facilities and amenities Local or public bus to town Express or private bus to town ATMs accepting international cards Airlines Air Canada American Airlines Condor Delta Air Lines Iberia jetBlue Spirit Airlines United US Airways Budget airlines Fly for less - check for budget airline flights from Juan Santamaria International Airport Public transport Buses running between San Jose and Alajuela stop at the airport . The fare to San Jose is about 500 colรณnes . Taxi service Orange airport taxis charge about U $ 20 for the trip between the airport and town , which takes up to 30 minutes . Other nearby airports Tambor Airport , Tambor ( TMU ) , 93km ( 58mi ) Tortuquero Airport , Tortuquero ( TTQ ) , 99km ( 62mi ) Upala Airport , Upala ( UPL ) , 126km ( 79mi ) Limon Airport , Limon ( LIO ) , 130km ( 81mi ) Palmar Sur Airport , Palmar ( PMZ ) , 141km ( 88mi ) Or , view all airports in Costa Rica Recent searches How are people finding this page ? juan santamarรญa international airport san jose costa rica airport lost and found juan santa maria international airport juan santamaria international airport address juan santamaria intl airport san jose costa rica airport phone number costa rica airport phone number airlines serving sjo san jose costa rica airport security juan santamarรญa international sjo Passenger feedback Fuck you ( USA ) - February 6 , 2019 Todos los que trabajan por la seguridad aqui in CR son pinche idiotas . Quitaron todas las cosas de mi maleta despues de que encontraron lo que buscaban , un tenedor . Quitaron cosas muy personales de mi maleta y no encontraron nada . Que te vayas y te chingues . F Myob July 8 , 2018 I had two small wrenches for bicycle repair in my personal bag . They were taken and no receipt was given . The last time I came here I was given a reciept for a pen knife that was so I could get it back when I returned . I explained this to the baggage check workers but they do n โ t care and were unwilling to let me speak to their supervisor . sonia Dsouza June 13 , 2018 I left my wallet in the Copa Lounge . Who do I get in contact with and how in order to file a claim ? Sihan Yang ( Virginia , United States ) - May 28 , 2018 I flew out of SJO early in the morning of May 27 with Spirit 338 . I lost my phone somewhere close to Gate 1 , 2 or 3 , probably on the charging table . It is a black iPhone 5S with an earphone attached to it . There is a card holder stuck to the cover of the phone , with several cards inside . It is currently set to the lost mode . Please contact me as soon as possible if you have found it . katherine spelman ( Seattle WA ) - March 13 , 2018 I was traveling on Alaska Airlines from San Jose Costa Rica to LAX on March 3rd on flight 221 . I went through security and took off my silver bracelets and put in a small bin and forgot when I cleared security . Please could you assist me in re - connecting with these two items ? These are not small bracelets , but are two inches wide . One is of a Beaver and the other is of an Seal . One has no stones ; the other has two small inlayed shell flecks . Examples of the sort of bracelet are depicted above to give you an idea of size and large - ness . Please let me know what further I might need to assist in helping you locate . These were my grandmothers and have great sentimental value . Thank you . - Kate Roland Rodriguez ( U.S. and Atenas ) - February 21 , 2018 Can not understand why they refuse to staff immigration services at the airport . Very frustrating - very , very long lines . More tourist means for airport fees , etc . Poor services = less tourism , less airport fees . Very much unable to resolve a common sense issue . https : / / news . co . cr / travelers - complain - juan - santamaria - airport - costa - rica - long - lines / 70806 / Boo February 12 , 2018 Terrible service Joana February 12 , 2018 My bag was accidentally send to this airport . It was not returned back for 5 days already . It ' s just went missing there . Also I spend all my allowance on calling to them and listening signals . Guys just do not pick up the phone . Or if they do they hang up immediately . Service is terrible . David Richard Almada ( USA ) - February 2 , 2018 D . Ross ( Boston , MA ) - July 7 , 2017 This phone number : Telephone : + 506.437.2400 did not work . It seems to need and extra digit . I think this one works : Telephone : + 506.2437.2400 larry larsen ( colorado ) - October 20 , 2014 how can I talk to a English speaking person in regards to a reservation change on their part of spirit airlines . I have a local phone without long distance . dharrington ( Costa Rica ) - October 16 , 2014 I am an American who now lives in Costa Rica and has traveled all over the world . The San Jose International Airport is not as bad as many comments make it seem . It is pretty much an average airport . I ' ve had luggage , as well as individual items , stolen from my luggage at many airports in the US - it is not a Costa Rican thing - it happens everywhere . Exercise some common sense , and you wo n ' t have any problems . Whenever I go to the airport ( SJO or otherwise ) , if I have a questionable item , I ask the security supervisor if the item will be allowed through security . If no , then I put it in my check on - this eliminates any problems . As far as the airport departure tax , THIS IS NOT A COSTA RICAN SCAM AS MANY PEOPLE SEEM TO THINK . MANY , MANY , MANY countries charge a departure tax that must be paid before you can check in and is separate from the taxes paid in your ticket . The US and many European airports have it included in the ticket . Central American countries , some Caribbean countries , and several South American countries charge it as a separate fee . DO A LITTLE RESEARCH ABOUT THE COUNTRY BEFORE YOU GO AND YOU WILL FIND THIS Also , with regard to the cash advance fee - there are SEVERAL small signs located underneath the payment windows that specifically state that all card transactions will be processed as a cash advance . People just do not bother to read the signs when they are standing in line . HOWEVER , all of that being said , the only problems I ever had at the SJO airport were with the Immigration Dept . . They are pushing people who live in Costa Rica to get residency . So if you are a person living in Costa Rica and are doing the 90 - day tourist visa stay and then leaving for 72 - hours , and then returning ( 90 - days for US citizens , can be shorter for other countries ) , they are major jerks - many times not even giving people the whole 90 - So overall , I guess my comment is , do n ' t blame the airport as thefts etc . happen everywhere , and it is n ' t any worse in Costa Rican than in the US or Europe ( where I had many things stolen - and even intentionally broken by airport security ) . And also remember that Costa Rica is a sovereign country and NOT subject to TSA rules ( or our US Constitutional rights ) . And its national language is Spanish - so do n ' t go to a Spanish - speaking country and complain that the people speak only Spanish . Like someone else said , if you want the comforts and familiarity of the US , stay in the US . N Ziegler ( Minnesota ) - September 10 , 2014 I left my cell phone on the plane in the seat pouch . I have no idea who to contact . the airline said since it was a international flight that airport has its own people clean the plane . Any suggestions ? D Kaithe September 5 , 2014 Dear S Householder ( USA ) This may come as a total shock to you , but the TSA does n ' t operate in Costa Rica . Costa Rica is an independent country with its OWN RULES ! ! One of the primary attributes of airline security is the unpredictability of what they search for and how they do it . You should consider yourself very lucky you have n ' t endured some of the * really bad * airline security check points ! D Marsh August 24 , 2014 Since most of the comments here seem to be by people who had a bad time , thought I ' d say I found the airport modern , efficient and comfortable . Flew home from SJO a couple of days ago . Yes , you need to pay a tax on departure ( now $ 29 ) , but this process took 10 mins or so , the queue moved quickly . Security was efficient - and flying to Europe there was only one set of security checks . The shops after security seem over - priced , but is n ' t that true at every airport ? S . Householder July 15 , 2014 Just returned home yesterday from San Juan International Airport . What a disorganized MESS ! ! ! ! Noone tells you that you have to pay the $ 28 per person departure tax BEFORE you can check in with your airline . Also , there are now signs posted at the tax desk that says that if you use a credit card , they will process it as a cash advance . Once you get checked in , you go thru security , which includes metal detectors . They were really unfriendly , but I was just happy to get Debbie Roseberry - Odom ( Atlanta , Georgia ) - June 26 , 2014 On Friday , June 13 , 2014 we arrived at the Juan Santamaria Airport . Being from America you feel a little confused and overwhelmed because everyone is speaking Spanish . My husband and I stood in a line to get our tickets without our baggage . We could not get our hotel to print the boarding passes so we had to stand in a very long line . While I guarded our luggage ( both the carry on ones and the ones we were checking ) my husband stood in another line to get the boarding passes . We Lunar Module May 30 , 2014 Change may have occurred since the postings about using a credit card to pay the depart . tax , but I was clearly told , in English , in Apr . ' 14 that it was charged as a cash advance . So I used by check card instead of my credit card . . . problem solved . Overall , airport is a very nice facility for a relatively poor country . Americans must understand when you travel abroad , we ' re not in Kansas any more . If you you ' re not prepared to accept another country ' s way of doing things , stick to Florida . L . Orntin May 16 , 2014 Costa Rica & the people were great BUT once you are ready to leave , the airport experience can be a disaster . The TSA equivalent has gestapo like tactics . Having been checked thru security once , we had to go thru the degrading process again " at the gate " . On the way to the aircraft , they ( the gestapo ) were pulling people out of line randomly and searching their carry on and persons in front of all to see . They were nasty , unfriendly and rude ! ! My wife was picked and jon riggins ( florida . my fiance is costa rican ) - April 16 , 2014 Do you need 6 months on your passport to leave the country . C.R. citizen ? Barbara Franks March 29 , 2014 The airport is nice and organized , but airport security are thieves ! They take what they want while they are " searching " your suitcase " behind closed doors " . Apparently no one is monitoring security personnel during bag searches , it gets worse every year and no one is doing anything about it . Be Cautious do n ' t trust them . Ed Paynter ( Indiana ) - March 18 , 2014 We flew home from a great tour on Sunday , March 16 , 2014 . We had over three hours to wait at the airport and spent some of it visiting shops and vendors along the hallway . From one of the artist / vendors in the hallway I purchased two watercolor paintings . As I was pulling a few bills from my wallet , he put a blank card between the two of them ( I thought for the protection of the bottom one ) , slid both into a tight plastic envelope and taped it shut . One D Franks ( US ) - March 17 , 2014 We have ben flying in and out of Costa Rica for years without many problems . This year my husband accidentally left his wedding ring in his checked bag and it was stolen by airport security . I do n ' t know how they get away with this , is n ' t anyone monitoring these people . Are the officials thieves as well to allow this ? I ' ve heard of this happening to others , but now it has happened to us and we are pissed . There is no one to call to complain or Keith Subero ( Calgary , CANADA ) - February 26 , 2014 Recently departed SJO . At departure gate I realized that I had forgotten my gold cross pen in the security check basket . I asked ( in Spanish ) a security person if it was at all possible to enquire whether it was found by any of the agents . He took me to a very pleasant young lady who asked me to describe it , opened her desk drawer and handed it to me with a smile . That experience spoke volumes about the honesty of that employee , as she could easily have kept it My positive Tico experience . Keith Sube February 25 , 2014 James Michael Mudd ( cincinnati , ohio ) - January 12 , 2014 I had chemoratioation to my neck and take prescription medication and am on an all liquid diet . How do I not get my meds confiscated at the security point and gate pat down ? I palnned on packing a full sized suitcase with the powdered ingredients to make my nutritional drinks in CR , ( mix with milk ) . How do I get a suitcase full of white powder thru ? Mair Lloyd ( UK ) - January 7 , 2014 I am about to travel to CR and am amused by the complaints of USA citizens . They obviously have never been a foreigner travelling to USA airports . , we are and I have threatened to divorce my husband if after this trip I ever have to travel via USA again , their airports are hell Is there an answer to left luggage facilities at San Jose airport ? Melania January 3 , 2014 Lost and Found telephone : 2442 - 2139 . I am Costa Rican , but not live there . Coming back , we lost a box worth several hundred dollars in purchases we made at the airport two days ago . I digged and found this phone ( above mentionend ) . Called , and got connected right away . They located the box , and my family picked it up already . Maybe because I spoke Spanish , maybe a bit of luck but I received expedited service . Three emails in the last 3 hours to let me Lise Durocher ( Montreal Quรฉbec , Canada . ) - November 20 , 2013 We will have to take a local flight to go south , and a week later , north . A lot of gear wo n ' t be used when on the south . Is there lockers , or safe space we can rent , to leave our extra luggage , and get them back one week later when we will travel north ? Nelli Wedler ( Germany ) - October 24 , 2013 Hello , is it possible to pay the airport tax of 26 $ with MasterCard Kreditcard too ? ? ? Best regards Nelli Wedler Daniel Ko ( Los Angeles ) - August 13 , 2013 This airport follow their own " CETAC " regulations , none of which are listed online . It does not follow TSA regulations or any other regulations of major airports . Thus , the security takes what they want , without any notice of what is allowed and what is not . It is a very unjust procedure . Mary ann gilkey ( ocean city , md ) - August 6 , 2013 We flew into CR 8 / 4 thru Fort Lauderdale from BWI and arrived after midnight . To our dismay , only one suitcase made it . By 2 : 30 in the morning we were talking to lost a baggage representative . We filled out a form , got a claim number and were told they would deliver it to our hotel the next day when it arrived . He provided us with a phone number to call and check the next day . Next day , no suitcase . We call the numer given , it did n Samuel Barth ( California ) - July 13 , 2013 Soon I will be traveling into San Jose International . I need to reach the North terminal or " Hangares de Norte " ( Located inside International Airport . Can anyone tell me about this ? How do I reach this Hangares de Norte ? How long will it take to get there on foot ? And does anyone have a diagram of the SJO airport ? thank you so much . R . Bodmer ( Switzerland ) - June 20 , 2013 http : / / www . tsa . gov / traveler - information / prohibited - items You should respect the TSA rules . Your security personnel has seized valuable items which went through many controls in the USA and in Switzerland . Could it be considered as a theft ? How can you argue in such a situation ? Your personnel is very aware of this . N Parsons ( Costa Rica ) - June 18 , 2013 With all these comments , I feel it ' s worth my time to share something with you . My husband and I now live in Costa Rica from Northwest . We travel . With all these travels around the world , I have not lost anything , knock on wood . When I am in Security line , I never let go of my stuff unless I am actually ready to go through , so that I am aware where my things are , with these order ; shoes , hand - carry luggage , tray of electronics and A Peters May 13 , 2013 I ' m glad I ' ve found myself amongst the equally dissatisfied . I recently took a trip to CR and left my cell in the little back - pocket on the plane . Since then , I ' ve accumulated almost " every " number at that airport trying to get to the Lost and Found . Every time I called . . . busy signal ! ! ! Then I get back to the states and file a complaint . TWO WEEKS LATER I get a semi - canned response stating that they ' re sorry for J Dobo ( UK ) - April 3 , 2013 Do not use your credit card to pay the departure tax ! The airport deceitfully process the payment as a cash withdrawal without informing anyone . This means you will incur a cash fee and resulting interest . The tax charged also does not tally up to the details on the signs of how it is distributed which is telling . A Moraes ( Brazil ) - March 29 , 2013 Please , what is the name of the restaurant located outside the terminal , on your right as you exit the building . i think is just pass the puclic phones ! Thank You , RC March 19 , 2013 My cell phone was stolen out of my carry on luggage , most likely as my bag was ' searched ' going through security or out of the taxi I took . Do n ' t let anyone touch anything you own that is of value or you can expect it to disappear . Sad . LaVonne Airdo ( Ft . Lauderdale , FL ) - March 10 , 2013 i have traveled back and forth from San Jose airport to florida several times and I ' ve never had any problems at the San Jose airport , all these reviews i ' ve read about them stealing things , have never happened to me and I ' ve brought over many things to CR . So i ' m very happy with the airport until now , they have lost my daughers whole backpack after she volunteered to help out Spirit airline by taking a later flight , now her backpack is gone and no one has helped her Peter Farr ( NYC ) - March 5 , 2013 I have been to San Jose many times and find the buses fine for my purposes . I will be flying in on Spirit next time and arriving a little after midnight . Do the buses run all night ? Is there a schedule anywhere ? Thanks Joe March 3 , 2013 El sistema de verificar equipaje es uno super anticuado y ni las mismas personas que hacen la verificacion del equipaje antes de abordar entienden los requisitos . En mi viaje mas reciente a Costa Rica , la persona verificando mi equipaje no pudo darme una razon por la cual no podia utilizar mi bolsa transparente donde guardo mis liquidos y gel de pelo . Solo decia que tenia que ser en una ziplock porque asi lo exigia TSA y que al llegar a los Estados Unidos tendria porblemas . Les recomiendo que se eduquen pues esto no es cierto . El ejemplo de la ziplock es porque es lo mas economico y todos saben lo que es . La verdad que se complican muchisimo y no tiene sentido que luego de haber pasado por el chequeo de rayos x haya que verificar todo el equipaje al 100 % . Lamentable que en este tiempo tengan un sistema tan anticuado y mas aun , denigrante e incomodo . Joe March 2 , 2013 Security check point is a joke . Why do they have to go through every single carry - on after you ' ve gone through the x - ray machines and metal detectors . This makes no sense whatsoever . Furthermore , the " security " check does not gives you a valid reason as to why certain items are not allowed . It seems the security person liked my hand sanitizer and wanted to keep it . She told me it was only allowed in a ziplock bag , so I pulled one out to put the hand sanitizer Well done Costa Rica TSA . Ashley February 5 , 2013 My kindle was lost or stolen . I flew into San Jose on 1 / 25 / 13 and it has a purple case . Please contact me if found ! ! ! Thank you ! monica zuniga ( costa rica ) - January 26 , 2013 Be very careful with luggage you bring from us to Costa Rica , security and whom ever is checking the luggage steal everything . I had new clothes for myself to wear over there that were stolen , red bulls that were in my check bags stolen , I have had my camera in my carry on and my daughters ds stolen . Be sure to wrap your suircases in plastic when going to costa rica and when departing . Also , be careful in san jose . I had a taxi pick me up in san jose and I Victor Roth January 23 , 2013 In looking at the recent comment by Matthew it seems that the new scam when paying the departure tax is to use the cash advance option . Not only was i charged a $ 10 cash advance fee , but I was charged $ 57 ( for one person ) when paying the departure tax with the cash advance . Who would I speak to in order to correct this ? - Victor Gil Garcia ( Honduras ) - January 18 , 2013 Can any one confirm the cost of taxis to town , This page says abput $ 20.00 but cant tell how long ago that was . Thanks GG FM ( California , USA ) - December 19 , 2012 The airport shops ( Britt ) run a scam where they swipe your credit card multiple times and then produce your payment receipt . Actually what they are doing is running multiple charges against your card and taking the extra funds . Trying to correct the situation is impossible once you discover the error . Avoid using a card when paying at the airport shops . Matthew Hayden ( United States ) - December 1 , 2012 My wife and I recently departed San Jose . I paid for the departure tax with my credit card . The woman at the desk processed each person seperatley and then when I returned home I found a $ 5 charge for each of us as a cash advance . No one told me this , nor was there a sign or anyting to tell me I would be charged and additional $ 5 fee for using my credit card . The FEE Costa Rica charges is higher than anywhere in the world and adding this is insult to injury james morgan ( massachusetts , USA ) - November 27 , 2012 This is by far the most backward airport in the world . You have to buy exit tax before check in so everyone is crowded by luggage everywhere . There is a fast line for creditcard but the sign does not tell you about the feesthat come with it . After being checked once you must be body searched at gate . No more food court but new stores selling overpriced crap . Janet M . Forni ( New Martinsville , WV USA ) - November 8 , 2010 I was encouraged by the staff - many people - to purchase small bottles of a tomato salsa instead of a large bottle . ( I had a recipe from a chef in Atenas that used this salsa . ) The bottles were too big , the security said as I was about to board the plane . I believe the amount ub tge bittke was 135 ml . I do n ' t know how I could damage a plane with salsa . I think there should be no checks at boarding if you ' ve already gone through security . I loved the country , but the airport security needs a mediator at the boarding station . terrance phillips ( united states ) - October 29 , 2010 with the remodeling of the CR airport to look more " western " has come the rude security people that we suffer through in the US . They also have no food available except the crappy fast food we try to get away from when leaving the US . SO SAD for Costa Rica . H Christensen ( OHIO ) - October 22 , 2010 I am disappointed and concerned . Upon check in yesterday I had my 2 nice travel umbrella confiscated . They were in my carry on and supposedly not allowed . Who travels CR in the rainy season without rain gear ! Security web sites say umbrellas are allowed after bring inspected . TSA states that umbrellas - allowed in carry - on baggage once inspected to ensure prohibited items are not concealed . This should not have happened . Rosa ( Florida ) - August 28 , 2010 Security in the airport is very poor . In the regardes that they do not tell you why they take something . I tried to ask but the man did not know any english and I tried the semi spanish I knew . He took a bag of shells and some glass pebbles I bought from a local vendor . The shells I come to find out are not allowed to leave the country by law . But when I asked about my glass he just gave me a " oh - well " look and walked away . The Ana Chavez ( Costa Rican ) - July 9 , 2010 I always have been proud of my Country because of their coordiality and consideration for the elderly , the pregnant women but this time around , being 7 months pregnant I had to stand over an hour to check in my feet were killing me , my belly was hurting and still they did let me go thru to a faster lane , but they did let families with young children in their strollers to go to a faster lane . Why is that ? they are in an stroller any ways ? they are not getting tired ? . This time you guys really dissapointedme Angie ( Florida USA ) - May 1 , 2010 Telephones are a big rip off in San Jose International airport ! Our plane had mechanical problems and was delayed for 48 hours . I had to call home from the airport to notify my babysitter . They do not post the rates on the phone ! When I returned home 2 days later , a 5 min phone call to Florida was $ 85.00 ! ! I had made a few calls , all $ 85 each . Do not use these phones . Shame on the airport for letting the vulnerable tourists be ripped off ! Carrie Jones ( Ontario ) - March 25 , 2010 Need a contact for lost and found - my daughter left her Nintendo DS on American Airlines flight end of February and I am told by airline this would have been left at the arriving airport ? Thanks ! MIkhail Mustafin ( Russia ) - December 21 , 2009 I lost my wallet in the area of Juan Santamaria Internetional airoport on my back travel home on th 13th of december . I was notified that i can request it back , since it was found by airport administration . How can i get it back ? There was cash , two credit cards , ( citybank and lumibank ) , driver license , padi diving sertificate . Can you send it back by plane ? I am ready to pay any mean you will provide . N . Tipton ( Colorado ) - October 26 , 2009 We have a group arriving at different times of the day . Is there a secure place to lock up our baggage in the airport so we can explore while waiting for the rest of our group ? Sara Perkins ( United States ) - July 5 , 2009 How do I get a phone number for lost and found at the security check - in station ? paul j . bonchi ( usa ) - April 3 , 2009 i brought a skateboard into costa rica , the security in america let me take as carry on , which is correct procedure , a skateboard is not listed as a banned item for carry on . When leaving costa rica , the security man said that i was not allowed to take my skateboard as carry on luggage . so i do my best to put it in my back pack . when i get home and and unpack my things , my skateboard is cracked . this skateboard is a work of art , that took many hours to create . So because of the Security of SJO , i have a broken skateboard . I do n ' t blame Spirit , they handle bags rough , obviously . That is why it i Doris J Birkett ( Tampa Fl ) - December 13 , 2008 It was nice , when I arrived , but I desperately need to find out the taxi fare from calle 6 avendia 5y7 , 45 metros sur Iglesia , De fatima - Heredia . to the airport , I want to be sure I have enough colones to pay for the taxi , can anyone help me . Gina Ramirez ( Miami Florida ) - February 24 , 2008 The only thing that you do not provide is a customer service phone number . . .the reason is I am in need to locate a person at the airport and there is no phone number for contact . . . . . Have you used Juan Santamaria International Airport ? Love it ? Hate it ? We welcome your reviews , questions , or comments about the airport . Your feedback , if suitable , will be published on this page for the benefit of other users . Costa Rica travel facts Basic stats Population 4.0 million Capital San Jose Diplomacy 65 Costa Rican embassies and consulates Money Currency Costa Rican colรณn ( CRC ) Euro exchange rate โฌ 1 = CRC788 . 0 CRC1000 = โฌ 1.27 US dollar exchange rate US $ 1 = CRC547 . 9 CRC1000 = US $ 1.83 Telephone Country code + 506 International dialing prefix 00 Electricity Voltage 120V Frequency 60Hz Plug type Find airports by city name or airport code : ยฉ 2019 The Airport Authority | [
"Juan Santamaria International Airport",
"San Jose ."
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http://airport-bos.com/Transportation.cfm | Boston Logan Airport - Transportation Boston Airport Transportation Between Terminals At Boston Airport there are several means of transportation to transfer safe and sound between terminals . By taking either the Blue Line subway , the Silver Line Bus Rapid Transit , or Massport shuttle buses , it is possible to transfer to Terminal A , Terminal B , Terminal C or Terminal E from the airport premises . More information Boston Logan Express By the Boston Logan Express it is possible to get not only to downtown Boston , also to Framingham , Braintree , Woburn and Peabody . More information Water Shuttle From Logan Airport it is possible to get to downtown Boston by water taxi . Massport shuttle bus no . 66 offers free service to the Boston Deck from all the terminals . MBTA MBTA stands for Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority , which owns the different means of transportation available at Boston Airport such as Silver Line , Blue Line and Commuter Boat . Taxis and Limos Get within 15 - 25 minutes to downtown Boston . Find them outside each terminal . The fare to Boston city centre is around $ 25.00 - 45.00 . On the other hand , limousine service is also available at Logan Airport . Car Rental Various car rental agencies provide car rental service at Boston airport . Check here the different options that do you have and book now your vehicle ! | [
"BOSTON LOGAN AIRPORT",
"Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority",
"Water Shuttle"
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http://airport.globefeed.com/Germany_Nearest_Airport.asp | Airports Near Me , Nearest Airport Search , Germany This is an online tool to search airports in Germany nearest to the entered place , city , town or village and display them on the map with their distances . Both domestic / regional and international airports in Germany with their IATA codes will be listed . Click " Airports Near Me , Find Now " button to search airport from Germany near your location . OR Enter the place in the above text box and select from the list of options . This will display the tabular list of airports nearest to the selected place , city , town or village in Germany , sorted by their distance . Note : Data of all the airports in the Germany may not be available or may not be accurate and distances are air distances . Quick Reference : Bellow is the list of some of the major cities with their nearest airport in Germany for your quick reference . Click the city link to display nearest 10 airports around the city with distances on map . City Nearest Airport Berlin ( Berlin ) Berlin - Tegel International Airport Hamburg ( Hamburg ) Hamburg Airport Munich ( Bavaria ) Oberpfaffenhofen Airport Koeln ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Cologne Bonn Airport Frankfurt am Main ( Hessen ) Frankfurt am Main International Airport Essen ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Dรผsseldorf International Airport Stuttgart ( Baden - Wurttemberg ) Stuttgart Airport Dortmund ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Dortmund Airport Dusseldorf ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Dรผsseldorf International Airport Bremen ( Bremen ) Bremen Airport Hannover ( Niedersachsen ) Hannover Airport Leipzig ( Sachsen ) Leipzig Halle Airport Duisburg ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Wahren ( Sachsen ) Leipzig Halle Airport Nuernberg ( Bavaria ) Nuremberg Airport Dresden ( Sachsen ) Dresden Airport Bochum ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Dortmund Airport Wuppertal ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Bielefeld ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Gรผtersloh Airport Bonn ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Cologne Bonn Airport Mannheim ( Baden - Wurttemberg ) Mannheim - City Airport Karlsruhe ( Baden - Wurttemberg ) Karlsruhe Baden - Baden Airport Wiesbaden ( Hessen ) Wiesbaden Army Airfield Munster ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Mรผnster Osnabrรผck Airport Gelsenkirchen - Alt ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Kreisfreie Stadt Aachen ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Geilenkirchen Airport Monchengladbach ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Mรถnchengladbach Airport Augsburg ( Bavaria ) Augsburg Airport Chemnitz ( Sachsen ) Altenburg - Nobitz Airport Braunschweig ( Niedersachsen ) Braunschweig Wolfsburg Airport Halle - Neustadt ( Sachsen - Anhalt ) Krefeld ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Mรถnchengladbach Airport Halle ( Sachsen - Anhalt ) Kiel ( Schleswig - Holstein ) Kiel - Holtenau Airport Neustadt ( Sachsen - Anhalt ) Magdeburg Airport Oberhausen ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Freiburg ( Baden - Wurttemberg ) Lahr Airport Lubeck ( Schleswig - Holstein ) Lรผbeck Blankensee Airport Erfurt ( Thuringen ) Erfurt Airport Hagen ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Rostock ( Mecklenburg - Vorpommern ) Rostock - Laage Airport Kassel ( Hessen ) Kassel - Calden Airport Hamm ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Mainz ( Rheinland - Pfalz ) Wiesbaden Army Airfield Saarbrucken ( Saarland ) Saarbrรผcken Airport Herne ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Mulheim an der Ruhr ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Osnabruck ( Niedersachsen ) Mรผnster Osnabrรผck Airport Solingen ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Ludwigshafen am Rhein ( Rheinland - Pfalz ) Mannheim - City Airport City Nearest Airport Leverkusen ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Oldenburg ( Niedersachsen ) Bremen Airport Neuss ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Potsdam ( Brandenburg ) Berlin - Tegel International Airport Heidelberg ( Baden - Wurttemberg ) Paderborn ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Paderborn Lippstadt Airport Darmstadt ( Hessen ) Frankfurt - Egelsbach Airport Wurzburg ( Bavaria ) Niederstetten Airport Regensburg ( Bavaria ) Hohenfels Army Air Field Wolfsburg ( Niedersachsen ) Braunschweig Wolfsburg Airport Recklinghausen ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Gottingen ( Niedersachsen ) Kassel - Calden Airport Heilbronn ( Baden - Wurttemberg ) Adolf Wรผrth Airport Ingolstadt ( Bavaria ) Ingolstadt Manching Airport Ulm ( Baden - Wurttemberg ) Laupheim Airport Bottrop ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Pforzheim ( Baden - Wurttemberg ) Stuttgart Airport Offenbach ( Hessen ) Frankfurt - Egelsbach Airport Bremerhaven ( Bremen ) Nordholz Airport Remscheid ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Reutlingen ( Baden - Wurttemberg ) Furth ( Bavaria ) Nuremberg Airport Moers ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Koblenz ( Rheinland - Pfalz ) Mendig Airport Siegen ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Siegerland Airport Bergisch Gladbach ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Jena ( Thuringen ) Erfurt Airport Gera ( Thuringen ) Altenburg - Nobitz Airport Hildesheim ( Niedersachsen ) Hannover Airport Erlangen ( Bavaria ) Witten ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Trier ( Rheinland - Pfalz ) Spangdahlem Air Base Zwickau ( Sachsen ) Kaiserslautern ( Rheinland - Pfalz ) Ramstein Air Base Iserlohn ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Schwerin ( Mecklenburg - Vorpommern ) Schwerin Parchim Airport Gutersloh ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Gรผtersloh Airport Duren ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Norvenich Airport Esslingen ( Baden - Wurttemberg ) Ratingen ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Marl ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Lunen ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Hanau am Main ( Hessen ) Velbert ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Ludwigsburg ( Baden - Wurttemberg ) Flensburg ( Schleswig - Holstein ) Schleswig Airport Cottbus ( Brandenburg ) Cottbus - Drewitz Airport Wilhelmshaven ( Niedersachsen ) Jever Airport Tubingen ( Baden - Wurttemberg ) Minden ( Nordrhein - Westfalen ) Buckeburg Airport State / Province level nearest airport search : Thuringen Schleswig - Holstein Sachsen - Anhalt Sachsen Saarland Rheinland - Pfalz Nordrhein - Westfalen Niedersachsen Mecklenburg - Vorpommern Hessen Hamburg Bremen Brandenburg Berlin Bavaria Baden - Wurttemberg | [
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http://airportcodes.aero/iab | McConnell AFB Airport Information ICAO : KIAB IATA : IAB FAA : IAB Name McConnell AFB Country United States Elevation 1,371 feet Latitude 37 ยฐ 37 ' 18.67 " N Longitude 97 ยฐ 16 ' 5.49 " W Chart Airport Diagram FAQs for McConnell AFB What is the airport code for McConnell AFB ? What is the ICAO code for McConnell AFB ? Airport Code KIAB What is the airport code for McConnell AFB ? What is the IATA code for McConnell AFB ? Airport Code IAB McConnell AFB Airport Code Wichita Airport Code United States airport codes Control Tower Game ATC - SIM : a browser - based air traffic control simulator game | [
"Airport Information"
] |
http://airportparkingguides.com/jacksonville-airport-parking-guide/ | Jacksonville ( JAX ) International Airport Parking Guide The Jacksonville International Airport services the northeastern Florida region . It is located 13 miles north of downtown Jacksonville and serves as a civic - military airport . There is also affordable parking . Drivers can choose from five on - airport parking options , and several off - site lots and garages near the airport . This guide is designed to help you find the best parking option depending on what matters most to you . Read on for parking rates , details on short and long term options , maps , tips , and links to other resources . . . . JAX Airport Online Parking Reservations Explore parking options near JAX Airport and use SpotHero to make a reservation . . . Jacksonville Airport Parking Rates & Options Parking at the Jacksonville airport costs from $ 2 per hour for hourly parking to $ 20 per day . See below for a full set of short and long - term parking prices and options at Jacksonville International Airport . Long - Term JAX Parking There are two options for long - term parking at Jacksonville Airport : the Daily Surface Lot and the Economy Lots . Economy Parking Lots 1 and 2 are located east of the airport . There are also long - term off - site parking facilities that charge as low as $ 5 , offer advanced reservation online , and provide shuttle service to the terminals . Long - Term Off - Site W / Shuttle Rate Per Day โ Book Now ! $ 5 Daily Surface Lot Rate Per Day $ 8 Economy Parking ( Lot 1 and 2 ) Per Day $ 5 Daily Garage Per Day $ 15 Hourly Garage $ 20 Short - Term JAX Parking The Jacksonville Airport provides both Hourly and Daily Parking areas near the terminals . The Hourly and Daily Parking Garages are located right in front of each domestic terminal entrance . The Daily Surface Lot is located just east of the Daily Garage . If you are simply picking someone up or dropping them off here , the Hourly Parking is the perfect option , however if you need overnight parking , you should opt for either the Daily Parking or Economy Parking areas . See below for short - term parking rates . Hourly Parking Garage Rate Per 30 Minutes $ 2 Daily Max $ 20 JAX Airport Parking Maps Official Parking Map for JAX JAX Parking Resources , Discounts and Coupons Parking at or near Jacksonville Airport can be expensive , especially if you โ re parking for several days . Here are some ideas to find the best rates , discounts , and coupons to make it more affordable . Official Airport Parking Page : Find official airport information like rates and news . The airport site links to information on the airport , flights , and passengers . SpotHero : SpotHero sells extra inventory from parking operators near JAX , often at a discounted rate . In addition to their website , there โ s also an app available for Android and iPhone Groupon : Some garages near JAX participate in Groupons , this could be useful if you โ re looking to save on parking . Global Airport Parking : This airport parking search engine allows you to search for available parking and compare rates . Simply enter the time frame in which you will need to park and you will receive a list of available parking options and their rates , along with an interactive map . FlySmart : FlySmart is like having your own personal airport concierge . You have access to real - time flight information and parking lot availability . The app also includes other functionalities , such as itinerary management . This app is available for iPhone , Android , and Blackberry . JAX Airport Parking Companies Near the Airport โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ - Featured Spot : WallyPark at 1201 Airport Rd The off - airport WallyPark location is a mere seven minute valet ride from the terminal , but it โ s a world away in terms of cost : less than $ 6 per day ! With WallyPark , you can take advantage of a free shuttle ride that runs every five minutes , covered parking away from the hot Florida sun , friendly on - site staff , and thoughtful niceties like a drive - through check out window and complimentary beverages . These people know how to take care of their parkers , give them a try the next time you fly out of JAX . โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ - USA Park โ USA Park boasts some of the lowest off - airport parking rates . They offer a customer coupon for $ 2 per day of parking for first times users . You can find both covered and uncovered parking here , with free shuttle service to and from the airport . Park EZ Fly by Jetway โ This off - airport parking option is reservation only . You can find rates starting at $ 3 a day . And they promise that their shuttle service is always on time , so you do n โ t spend any time waiting around . Parking Club โ This location offers indoor , outdoor , and curbside valet parking , as well as detailing and additional services like car washes and oil and filter changes . At Parking Club , their main focus is proving great customer service . VIP Park & Ride โ This location is a local family business also offers additional services such as car washes and a full line of auto maintenance . To park at VIP Park & Ride , make a reservation in advance at no additional charge . Free shuttle service to and from the airport included . Jacksonville Airport Hotel Parking with Shuttle Service Many people are discovering the wondrous luxury that is Park , Stay , and Fly packages offered by many hotels . These deals allow you to stay at the hotel the night before your flight and take the complimentary shuttle to the airport , while leaving your car parked at the hotel . The following hotels offer Park , Stay , and Fly packages , along with complimentary shuttle to the airport . Call the hotel ahead of time to ensure availability and rates , as they can change at any time . Microtel Inn & Suites by Wyndham Jacksonville Airport Address : 13200 Intl Airport Blvd , Jacksonville Distance from Dulles : 2 miles Phone : 904 - 741 - 4911 Quality Inn Airport Address : 1351 Airport Road , Jacksonville Distance from Dulles : 2.5 miles Phone : 904 - 741 - 0094 Hampton Inn & Suites Jacksonville - Airport 13551 Airport Court , Jacksonville 1.7 miles Phone : 904 - 741 - 4001 Comfort Inn Suites Chantilly 13980 Metrotech Dr , Chantilly 7.5 miles 703 - 263 - 2007 Daily Rate : $ 5.00 Jacksonville Airport Parking Tips Jacksonville Airport also offers a frequent parking program . Travelers earn 10 points for every dollar spent , and then can redeem those points for free parking days . The cost of points vary by the garage , see the airport site for details . There is also a pre - paid program for $ 200 per month . | [
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http://airportstaxitransfers.com/transportation/taxibookings/Transfer-from-Lisbon-Cruise-Port-to-Lisbon-Airport | Transfer quotes from Lisbon Cruise Port to Lisbon Airport Sedan Car Standard Service passengers 3 medium 2 small 3 Supplier Rating More Info Free Cancellation 24h EUR 17.50 One Way Book Now Minivan Standard Service passengers 6 medium 6 small 6 Supplier Rating More Info Free Cancellation 24h EUR 36.00 One Way Book Now Minibus 8 8 8 EUR 37.00 Bus 14pax 14 14 14 EUR 72.00 Bus 20pax 20 20 20 EUR 97.00 Bus 27pax 27 27 27 EUR 162.00 Bus 55pax 55 50 50 EUR 230.00 | [
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http://airsafe.com/ | Latest video Todd Curtis interviewed about the crash of a Horizon Air Q400 near Seattle Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video Other videos Airline safety and security information This site is your source for information about recent plane crashes as well as about security issues such as what is allowed in your checked and carryon bags Below are links to some of the key sections of the site Crashes by airline Prohibited items Fear of flying Recent crashes Baggage issues Complaints Rates by model Carryon bags Marijuana rules Crashes by model Baggage tips Crashes by region Top 10 questions Flying with cash Child travel Flying with batteries Flying with adult toys Flying with computers Flying with drones Drone batteries Drone FAQs Fear of Flying Resources Find out more about fear of flying and how to deal with it What is fear of flying Warning signs Conquer your fears Get relief Travel Partners Perhaps you want to know more about the fear of flying from the eyes of a veteran airline captain or advice on Shipping art by air as a means to promote such efforts Private Jet Charter options are also available for travelers with demanding travel needs or a Cold Stone Franchise for those who just want to provide a cool break on a hot day If money is your thing then perhaps New Forex Systems Reviewed is for you You can find a range of other articles at the AirSafecom Journal page | [
"Airline",
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http://airshowstuff.com/v4/2014/us-navy-blue-angels-20152016-airshow-schedules-released/ | 9 Dec 2014 US Navy Blue Angels 2015 Airshow Schedule Released posted in : Airshows Jet Teams Schedules 41 NOTE : The Blue Angels have released an updated schedule for 2016 along with a preliminary schedule for 2017 . The 2016 dates shown below may no longer be accurate but are being left up for reference . You can find the new dates in our more recent post : US Navy Blue Angels 2016 / 2017 Schedule Released Here is the 2015 / 2016 airshow schedule for the United States Navy Blue Angels ! Will you see them in 2015 ? Let us know ! Post on our Facebook page and make sure you share pictures after the show ! 2015 March 14 , NAF El Centro Air Show , El Centro , CA March 21 - 22 , Melbourne Air and Space Show , Melbourne , FL March 28 - 29 , Tuscaloosa Regional Air Show , Tuscaloosa , AL April 11 - 12 , MCAS Beaufort Air Show , Beaufort , SC April 18 - 19 , NAS Corpus Christi Air Show , Corpus Christi , TX April 25 - 26 , Vidalia Onion Festival Air Show , Vidalia , GA May 2 - 3 , Barksdale AFB , LA May 9 - 10 , Quad City Air Show , Davenport , IA May 16 - 17 , Great New England Air Show , Westover ARB , MA May 20 , US Naval Academy Air Show May 22 , US Naval Academy Graduation Flyover May 23 - 24 , Rochester , NY May 30 - 31 , Rhode Island Air Show , North Kingstown , RI June 6 - 7 , Rockford Air Fest , Rockford , IL June 13 - 14 , Ocean City Air Show , Ocean City , MD June 20 - 21 , Westmoreland County Air Show , Latrobe , PA June 27 - 28 , Evansville Freedom Festival , Evansville , IN July 4 - 5 , Chippewa Valley Air Show , Eau Claire , WI July 11 , Pensacola Beach Air Show , Pensacola Beach , FL July 18 - 19 , Oregon International Air Show , Hillsboro , OR July 25 - 26 , Fargo Air Show , Fargo , ND August 1 - 2 , Boeing Seafair Air Show , Seattle , WA August 15 - 16 , Chicago Air & Water Show , Chicago , IL August 22 - 23 , Kansas City Aviation Expo , Kansas City , MO August 29 - 30 , Thunder Over Michigan , Ypsilanti , MI September 2 , Thunder Over the Boardwalk , Atlantic City , NJ September 5 - 6 , Great State of Maine Air Show , Brunswick , ME September 12 - 13 , Fort Worth Alliance Air Show , Fort Worth , TX September 19 - 20 , NAS Oceana Air Show , Oceana , VA September 26 - 27 , Naval Base Ventura County Air Show , Ventura , CA October 3 - 4 , MCAS Miramar Air Show , Miramar , CA October 10 - 11 , San Francisco Fleet Week , San Francisco , CA October 17 - 18 , Kaneohe Bay Air Show , MCB Hawaii , HI October 24 - 25 , Sea & Sky Spectacular Air Show , Jacksonville Beach , FL October 31 - November 1 , The Great Georgia Air Show , Peachtree City , GA November 7 , Blue Angels Homecoming Air Show , Pensacola , FL 2016 These dates were released on a preliminary basis and some are no longer accurate . Please reference the updated schedule that was released more recently : US Navy Blue Angels 2016 / 2017 Schedule Released March 12 , NAF El Centro Air Show March 19 - 20 , Los Angeles County Air Show April 2 - 3 Southernmost Air Spectacular April 9 - 10 Wings Over South Texas Air Show April 16 - 17 Smoky Mountain Air Show April 23 - 24 NAS Fort Worth JRB Air Show April 30 โ May 1 MCAS Cherry Point Air Show May 7 - 8 Guardians of Freedom Air Show May 14 - 15 Spirit of St . Louis Air Show May 21 - 22 Lynchburg Regional Air Show May 25 USNA Air Show May 27 USNA Graduation Flyover May 28 - 29 Jones Beach Air Show June 4 - 5 Great Tennessee Air Show June 11 - 12 Syracuse International Air Show June 18 - 19 Vectren Dayton Air Show June 25 - 26 Vero Beach Air Show July 2 - 4 National Cherry Festival Air Show July 9 - 10 Milwaukee Air & Water Show July 16 Pensacola Beach Air Show July 23 - 24 SD Air National Guard 70th Air Show July 30 - 31 Arctic Thunder Open House August 6 - 7 Seattle Seafair Air Show August 20 - 21 New York City Air Show at Coney Island August 27 - 28 Cape Cod Air Show September 3 - 5 Cleveland National Air Show September 10 - 11 NAS Oceana Air Show September 17 - 18 Reno National Championship Air Races September 24 - 25 MCAS Miramar Air Show October 1 - 2 Rocky Mountain Air Show October 8 - 9 San Francisco Fleet Week October 15 - 16 Star Spangled Spectacular October 22 - 23 Wings Over Houston October 29 - 30 NAS Patuxent River Air Expo November 5 - 6 Birthplace of the Blue Angels Air Show November 11 - 12 Blue Angels Homecoming Air Show Related : 41 Responses mark reed December 3 , 2015 | Reply Always a godsend , truly a blessed event from above . Take care God Bless The Blue Angeles ! David Taylor December 19 , 2015 | Reply We love you . We look forward to your appearance at the Air shows in our area . Rex Bagley December 30 , 2015 Blue Angels schedule says Rocky Mountain Air Show 1 - 2 Oct . Rocky Mountain website says USAF Thunderbirds . Which is it ? ? Ron Coles January 7 , 2016 Really waiting for the airshow to come back to the Wilkes Barre / Scranton Airport it has not been the same without it . Very upsetting with all the kids growing up and parents having to drive out of their way for hours to see an airshow when the airport is right here and the airshow was unbelievable . I know my kids really want to see 1 along with alot of other parents and never have being how far away most are . It โ s just disturbing and not right to take that away from everyone that lives Debra Bowen January 15 , 2016 I am interested in going to one of these amazing air shows in March at the Smokey Mountains in Knoxville , TN . Inquiring about cost for tickets for this air show . Thank you for your time and attention in this inquiry . Respectfully , Debra Bowen RyanS January 16 , 2016 Hi Debra , You โ ll have to refer to the show โ s website for that info : http : / / smokymountainairshow . com / Enjoy the show ! demetrius pone January 26 , 2016 Is it true that the blue angels are coming to Mather field on September 24 - 25 at the California Capitol airshow ? ? M bennett January 29 , 2016 Why no Beaufort MCAS in 2016 ? ? ? Robert Dayon February 1 , 2016 when you going to do Minneapolis st . paul Minnesota again . Patsy Gee February 29 , 2016 Could you please tell me what type of plane you will be flying at the Smokey Mountain Airshow ? My son is a pilot , and when I told him it looked like an older type of plane , we have since been trying to find out what kind ? From the time he could talk , Airplanes , jets , helicopters , as long as it is a type of flying transportation , he โ s interested ! He has retired from the Texas Highway Patrol , ( planes & helicopters ) , flew for awhile in Hawaii , RyanS February 29 , 2016 Hi Patsy , I โ m not quite sure what information you are looking for . There will be many types of airplanes at that airshow , but no one on this website will be flying them . Your best bet is to send him this link to the airshow โ s website and see what he knows about it . I hope it works out ! http : / / smokymountainairshow . com / about / aerial - performers - 2 / Greg Dally April 10 , 2016 Portland Ore . is one place that really feels left out when the Angels do n โ t show . Please schedule the Portland Rose Festival Air Show when possible . It โ s the only aircraft show that demonstrates military hardware for the Pacific N.W. Seafair is scheduled each year , but it is getting way too many crowds . Portland needs and LOVES you ! The Hillsboro Ore . area is where a LOT of military recruits come from . You need to keep the visibility active for our mighty military โฆ โฆ .Thanks for all you do Bob Brandt May 1 , 2016 Really glad the air show has returned to Cape Cod . It โ s the most organized and perfect location for the show . Janet Adams June 2 , 2016 I am so very sorry for the accident that took the life of Capt . Cuff today . My heart is broken for his family and colleagues and the rest of his team . May God โ s grace and love hold you all in His arms through this deep deep pain . โ Older comments | [
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http://aisdalc.org/ | provide support and offer resources and mentorship to guide students in making different decisions Registration Registration Use the links below to browse the Registration content updated 62518 2019 ALC Parent Student Handbook English 2019 ALC Parent Student Handbook Spanish ALC Registration Packet English ALC Registration Packet Spanish For other Languages please contact campus Social Services and Counseling ALC wins NAEA national video contest Use the links below to browse through the Social Services and Counseling information Counseling Staf f Graduation Planning Understanding AtRisk Youth Guide To Family Support Services Contact We moved AISD Alternative Learning Center 4900 Gonzales Street Austin Tx 78702 Main Office 512 4142554 Fax 512 4140161 | [
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"Social Services and Counseling",
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http://aitkin.com/ | EXPERIENCE AITKIN THE AITKIN AREA CHAMBER OF COMMERCE BECOME A MEMBER EVENTS + ACTIVITIES SMALL TOWN . BIG EXPERIENCES . apR 18 2019 | 5PM - 7PM BUSINESS AFTER HOURS AT GREEN OWL GALLERY Esquire Title invites you to Business After Hours on April 18th . Join us for casual networking , door prizes , and refreshments . MAy 2 2019 | 5PM - 7pm SPRING DINNER FISH FRY Fishing Opener is almost here ! Celebrate at our Fish Fry Dinner on May 2nd . Menu includes fish fry , fries , slaw , and desert . Plus , we have games , raffles , door prizes , and a cash bar . Join us at the American Legion Post 86 from 5 - 7pm . Buy Tickets may 16 2019 | 5PM - 7PM BUSINESS AFTER HOURS AT BLOCK NORTH BREW PUB May โ s Business After Hours is hosted by Aitkin โ s newest business ! You โ re invited to join us for casual networking , menu samples , and a chance to check out a beautiful new destination in downtown Aitkin . jul 10 - 13 2019 AITKIN COUNTY FAIR Summer ai n โ t summer without a county fair . Come to ours ! Check out the fair website for details . More Info SEE FULL CALENDAR SUBMIT EVENT At the Aitkin Area Chamber of Commerce , community is at the forefront of everything we do . Our programs and activities are designed to help members reach their goals , grow their business , and make this town feel like home . Learn more about what we do and how you can be a part of it . THE AITKIN AREA CHAMBER OF COMMERCE EXISTS TO Attract tourists , permanent and seasonal residents and businesses to the area Raise awareness of city , county , state , and federal governing / legislative developments that affect the area Enhance public relations through marketing , programs , and events , which encourage total community awareness of the area Advance business , professional , educational , church , community health in the area In collaboration with our partners , we assist in advancing the economy by championing the retention , expansion , and attraction of Chamber members and area businesses . MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY SEARCH ADD / UPDATE LISTING Subscribe to our Newsletter Get the latest local events , promotions , and news from the chamber and our members . | [
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http://ajcc.aacnjournals.org/content/11/5/448.full | Acute Care Nurse Practitioners Creating and Implementing a Model of Care for an Inpatient General Medical Service Jill N Howie RN MS FNP ACNP and Mitchel Erickson RN MS ANP ACNP Author Affiliations University of California San Francisco School of Nursing JNH and Medical Center ME San Francisco Calif Next Section Abstract Changes in medical education and healthcare reimbursement are recent threats to most academic medical centers dual mission of patient care and education Financial pressures stem from reduced insurance reimbursement capitation and changes in public funding for medical residency education Pressures for innovation result from increasing numbers of patients higher acuity of patients an aging population of patients with complex problems and restrictions on residency workloads A framework for addressing the need for innovation in the medical service at a large academic medical center is presented The framework enables acute care nurse practitioners to provide inpatient medical management in collaboration with Changes in medical education and healthcare reimbursement are recent threats to most academic centers dual mission of patient care and education Financial pressures stem from reduced insurance reimbursement capitation and changes in public funding for medical residency education The authors present a framework for addressing the need for innovation in the medical service at a large academic medical center The framework enables ACNPs to provide inpatient medical management in collaboration with a hospitalist Rapid changes are occurring in academic medical centers Managed care has resulted in pressure to minimize patients length of stay Patients have complex health problems yet the number of available medical residents is decreasing especially within specialty and surgical services 1 2 Academic medical services regulated by credentialing agencies must struggle to adhere to limitations on the maximum number of patients admitted At the same time the focus is on evidencebased care and improved outcomes of care and it is understood that interns and residents are still learning to apply theory from medical school to the care of patients The evolution in healthcare has created opportunities for advanced practice nurses An evolving type of nurse practitioner is the acute care nurse practitioner ACNP Whereas traditional nurse practitioners focus on promotion of health and management of chronic illness ACNPs focus on the care of acutely ill patients More than 75 graduate programs are training ACNPs today 3 Another important change in academic health centers has been the development and use of hospitalists 4 Hospitalists are defined as physicians who care for hospitalized patients but then refer the patients to the care of primary physician upon hospital discharge 4 The University of California San Francisco Medical Center an academic facility used this time of turmoil in healthcare to incorporate creative models of care in the medical service One creative model included the use of hospitalists and ACNPs primarily to expand the medical services capacity but also to improve the efficiency and quality of patients care We describe the processes that led to the creation of an ACNPhospitalist framework of care and describe the frameworks development acceptance successes barriers to implementation and evaluation Previous Section Next Section ACNPs Literature Review Nurse practitioners can provide many services for patients to improve the overall course of care in the hospital Nurse practitioners provide highquality costeffective care for patients in a variety of outpatient settings 5 7 however data on the role of the practitioners in hospitals are limited see Table Much of the research substantiating the effectiveness of inpatient nurse practitioners relative to quality of care satisfaction of patients and patients family members and length of stay has been done in pediatric settings 8 17 18 For example Schultz et al 8 found that the care provided by neonatal nurse practitioners was not only comparable to the care provided by house staff but was more costeffective because the patients length of stay was shorter The study was limited by a design that used a historical comparison from 2 consecutive years so factors other than the practice of the nurse practitioners may have influenced care Another limitation of the study was the absence of data on satisfaction among parents house staff and hospital staff Effectiveness of nurse practitioners in the emergency department has also been researched 10 19 In these studies nurse practitioners often provided care to patients in a fasttrack or urgent care area created to manage less emergent cases Buchanan and Powers 9 described a minor emergency or fasttrack area staffed by nurse practitioners The fasttrack area was opened to reduce the number of nonurgent visits to the emergency department and was staffed by nurse practitioners Use of the nurse practitioners led to improved access to care less costly care and shorter visits to the emergency department Complaints from patients were rare Buchanan and Powers also hypothesized that more efficient care might attract more patients Rhee and Dermeyer 10 did a telephone survey to assess satisfaction levels among patients seen by a nurse practitioner in a university emergency service and reported that the patients were satisfied with the care provided The limitation of this survey was that only 1 nurse practitioner was evaluated so the results may not be representative of most nurse practitioners Several researchers have studied nurse practitioners in surgical and trauma service settings Hylka and Beschle 11 described hiring nurse practitioners to provide services in a more costeffective manner The nurse practitioners obtained patients medical histories and did physical examinations preoperatively ordered laboratory tests and taught patients about what to expect When nurse practitioners did the preoperative workups laboratory costs and surgical delays were decreased The nurse practitioners followed up with the patients during the hospital stay and at outpatient followup appointments Additional cost savings resulted from the development of guidelines to individualize patients care The nurse practitioners were familiar with the patients throughout the continuum of care and they could tailor the care and education to In a study 12 on a surgical service nurse practitioners were hired to work in the trauma surgery service because of a dramatic increase in the number of inpatients due to consolidation of regional trauma services without subsequent increases in house staff The addition of nurse practitioners was associated with a decreased length of stay for seriously injured patients improved documentation in medical records decreased waiting time in the outpatient clinic and fewer complaints from patients The researchers 12 reported time savings for house staff but did not report on the quality of care that nurse practitioners provided or how these nurses influenced patients outcomes or satisfaction Few published reports 13 14 20 21 describe nurse practitioners in an inpatient medical service Reductions in the number of house staff have affected surgical and some specialty programs rather than internal medicine services The reluctance to assimilate nurse practitioners into acute internal medicine services may be related to the extensive differential diagnoses required for these patients who often have numerous comorbid conditions Genet et al 13 described an inpatient medical service that was designed for delivering patient care without medical residents The nurse practitioner had the primary responsibility for facilitating the plan of care for all the patients admitted until they were discharged Genet et al stated that collaboration between physicians and the nurse practitioner was the key component of the care delivery model Benefits of this model included decreased fragmentation of care increased interaction between physicians and nurses and enhanced roles of nurses in clinical evaluation and decision making Genet et al also stated that use of nurse practitioners in inpatient services allows teaching hospitals Goksel et al 14 wrote a brief description of an inpatient service that used nurse practitioners to manage medically stable hospitalized patients The patients were admitted by house staff and then transferred to the nurse practitioner service after being in the hospital more than 48 hours The service was designed to reduce the burden on house staff in the internal medicine service by transferring patients who were expected to have a long stay over to the nurse practitioners The nurse practitioners effectively cared for internal medicine patients and received favorable ratings from house staff Satisfaction among patients and staff was not evaluated Rudy et al 15 did a comprehensive and informative study comparing a large group of ACNPs physician assistants and residents at 2 large academic medical centers The participants in the study described their care activities through diaries and data on patients outcomes were collected The researchers examined the number and type of procedures that nurse practitioners and physician assistants performed in comparison to house staff They found that the patients treated by the house staff were sicker and older than the patients treated by the nurse practitioners and physician assistants However outcomes were similar in both groups Rudy et al did not describe how Stetler et al 16 evaluated the role of the ACNP They described role expectations influence on targeted aspects of care retention of focus on nursing and factors facilitating or hindering the effectiveness of ACNPs They concluded that the ACNPs improved patients care retained a visible nursing component in their role and were accepted as providers by patients and patients families They did not evaluate patients outcomes in that study Although this summary of published literature offers little insight into the function and value of nurse practitioners in inpatient medical services it does highlight the potential value of nurse practitioners in acute care settings In a supportive environment the assimilation of nurse practitioners into an inpatient medical service can create a successful patient management team To explore this assimilation further we examine the experience at a single institution Previous Section Next Section Motivation for Creation of an ACNP Medical Service The University of California San Francisco Medical Center is a large 476bed hospital that employs nurse practitioners in the acute clinical areas of oncologyhematology neonatal intensive care nurse midwifery and preoperative evaluation The medicine service was divided into 4 teams with patients assignment to 1 of the 4 teams determined by the admission activity on the call day the particular day a team is on call The medicine service also provides consultation to other specialty services Each team included an attending physician residents medical students a pharmacist and pharmacy students An attending faculty member and a second or thirdyear resident Because of an increase in medical patients restrictive admission caps for house staff and workload reduction the department of medicine considered using nurse practitioners to provide acute care services for inpatients The school of nursing had recently developed an ACNP program In early 1998 members of the departments of nursing and medicine began discussing the use of ACNPs in the inpatient medical service Hospital administrators were an integral part of the negotiation and were asked to provide financial support for the concept in an effort to meet the accreditation requirements and patient care activities of the medicine service Initial discussions between the departments involved detailing ACNP practice the education abilities and contributions of ACNPs and the limitations of their practice Four areas of initial concern were continuity of care among ACNPs continuing education use of the hospital formulary and preserving opportunities for medical residents to learn procedures A job description based on the needs of the medical service the role of the ACNPs the licensing regulations of the California Board of Registered Nurses and other institutions experience with ACNPs was developed see Appendix The job description was presented to the interdisciplinary practice committee and was refined creating a functional framework that described patients care patients admissions lines of communication and interactions with consultative and interdisciplinary services The ACNPs collectively developed a standardized practice protocol which also required approval from the interdisciplinary practice committee Roles and responsibilities were explicitly defined and ultimate approval was received after several months In October 1998 3 nurse practitioners were hired to create an additional medical management groupor teamalong with a resident and an attending physician With the supervision and collaboration of the attending faculty member the new team provided care for patients who did not require a stay in the intensive care unit The residents continued to do the medical consultations but they also assisted with management of patients especially as the ACNPs were establishing their role and knowledge base Previous Section Next Section The Role of the ACNP Team The ACNP team admitted and managed patients from a general medical population of patients who had a lower probability than other patients of acute cardiac decompensation or need for treatment in the intensive care unit The team did not provide care for patients who required transfer to the intensive care unit however they provided care for the patients when the patients were transferred back to a general or stepdown unit The sources of patients included the emergency department transfers from other teams and direct or planned admissions Examples include planned admissions of patients undergoing chemotherapy for solid tumors patients with cystic fibrosis who required antibiotics and respiratory therapy patients in whom lowprobability myocardial infarction needed to be ruled out and patients with a multitude of acute exacerbations of chronic illnesses The ACNPs admission cap was 3 to 5 new patients per day and the entire services cap was 10 patients per day The ACNPs provided care 7 days per week during daytime hours and they did not admit patients on Each day an ACNP prerounded on all patients on the team and presented the new patients to the attending physician andor resident Management plans were formulated by the ACNP and were reviewed with the attending physician and throughout the day as necessary The ACNPs initiated contact with each patients primary care provider if possible and integrated outpatient care needs with the inpatient management of the patient The ACNPs dictated discharge summaries for all patients on the day of discharge in an effort to enhance timely insurance reimbursement and to communicate about followup with primary care providers ACNPs employed on this medical service provide a continuity of care that is difficult to compare with traditional resident models The ACNPs are generally more familiar with hospital and community resources and policies than are residents Because the ACNPs are nurses with inpatient experience they are familiar with issues specific to patients and patients families that may influence recovery This expanded focus provides an additional dimension beyond medical diagnosis and management The primary goal of the ACNPs is to provide excellent care that focuses on the needs of patients without the distractions of academic learning requirements Residents rotate monthly and may not be able to use the resources or hospital system as effectively as the servicebased ACNPs can The primary goal of residents is to learn which may add to inefficient use of resources and services as they order diagnostic tests for academic inquiry Our framework of using ACNPs may create the ideal team situation taking advantage of the strengths of all members on a medical service The ACNPs provide the continuity and collaboration of resources and the residents share the residents training and medical expertise Previous Section Next Section Standardized Practice Protocols Part of establishing the role of the ACNPs included writing standardized protocols and receiving approval from the hospitals interdisciplinary practice committee with subsequent acceptance by the medical executive board The state of California requires that all nurse practitioners develop standardized procedures or protocols to reflect their practice This document for our ACNPs describes their role setting and functions This document was reviewed revised and accepted by committee members in a series of meetings Getting all committee members to accept the document was challenging because of legal concerns about the authority to write prescriptions practice limitations and historical reluctance Physicians on Inpatient medication orders and therefore access to the hospitals formulary were the most important barriers to approval The ACNPhospitalist team decided to review this issue at a later meeting of the interdisciplinary practice committee This delay would allow time to evaluate the teams practice and provide anecdotal validation of the teams successes A second issue was the procedural interventions proposed by the ACNP team Procedural interventions such as paracentesis lumbar puncture thoracentesis and placement of central venous catheters were thought to be important learning opportunities for medical students and residents The most frequent procedures needed for the patients of the ACNP team included obtaining blood for arterial blood gas analysis and other laboratory tests and infrequently paracentesis or lumbar puncture The patients of the nurse practitioner team did not require frequent procedures so medical students and residents would not miss learning opportunities The ACNPs established a protocol for procedural proctoring that permitted Previous Section Next Section Continuing Education A concern about the extent of the ACNPs knowledge of disease pathophysiology and management of complex and simultaneous disease processes was voiced by members of the medical service The ACNPs were not educated as ACNPs but as family nurse practitioners and adult nurse practitioners Each nurse practitioner had a unique and extensive background in management of medical patients that provided a foundation for practice in the new role but knowledge deficits were identified The residents and attending physicians on the service provided lectures and learning opportunities through didactic interaction and case review to meet the knowledge deficits of each nurse practitioner The medical center has many mechanisms in place to assist in case review The university has daily medical conferences at noon weekly medical grand rounds multiple conferences throughout the year and financial support available for travel to conferences Previous Section Next Section Initiating the Role An important step in the beginning was to discuss the role of the ACNPs with the staff nurses and administrative nurses The staff were given information about the ACNPs role and opportunity for clarification was provided at nursing staff meetings and administrative nursing meetings We also discussed the role with the pharmacists and solicited their support Active solicitation of support and education helped establish good communication patterns Eliciting feedback from these groups further improved and streamlined delivery of care Monthly meetings with the director of nursing to discuss issues and report on the evolving role of the ACNPs and frequent The director of the medical consultation service took a survey of residents perceptions of the ACNPs practice The survey used 7 parameters to evaluate their practice Overall residents ranked the ACNPs as either competent or superior in the categories of responsibility continuity of care interaction with patients interaction with team members and record keeping The ACNPs were ranked competent in clinical judgment and fund of knowledge These findings were somewhat surprising to the residents and attending physicians because the role of managing inpatients on the medicine service was a new one for the nurses Perhaps the ACNPs previous experience negated Previous Section Next Section Lessons Learned Despite extensive communication of the new role and responsibilities of the ACNPs it took time for all allied health professionals house staff and nurses to understand the role A prudent approach would be to explain the new role at its initiation to all allied health professionals including nurses residents pharmacists respiratory therapists dietitians home care workers case managers and social workers This communication could be accomplished by having all providers attend staff meetings rather than focusing only on the nursing staff Such communication would have eased the lack of clarity for clinical personnel Another important factor that ensured success was the creation of a good communication system among the ACNPs Cards describing patients care were created to hand off patients to the next ACNP after a patient was admitted or to the nighttime resident Figures 1 and 2 Reporting clinical information about the patients in a consistent and structured manner was initially a problem The initial structure required the ACNP who was going off duty to communicate with the ACNP who was coming on duty With the frequent changes in the ACNPs schedules the time required for such communication was significant Eventually the signout process was streamlined by using a voicemail system and improved signout cards View larger version In this page Figure 1 Patient admission card used by the acute care nurse practitioner team The card is printed out on a 20 x 28cm piece of paper and is folded twice View larger version In this page Figure 2 Card used by acute care nurse practitioners to hand off patients to nighttime residents Providing educational opportunities for the ACNPs also was challenging Attendance at existing housestaff educational conferences and grand rounds was encouraged however because of responsibilities for patients care attendance was inconsistent Didactic sessions with the attending physicians provided additional learning opportunities The ACNPs were responsible for pursuing independent continuing education They also coordinated routine team meetings 1 to 2 times per month to address their concerns Previous Section Next Section The Future Anecdotally the general opinion of the residents and allied health professionals was that the team was undeniably a success The nurses found that the ACNPs were responsive to the nurses suggestions for patients care very approachable and willing to explain a patients disease in detail In addition they found that the ACNPs were willing to take extra time with patients families The ACNPs were available throughout the day to interact with the nursing staff and were not distracted by academic demands The continuity of the ACNPhospitalist team was valuable for the patients who were repeatedly admitted because of acute exacerbations No study has fully evaluated nurse practitioners in inpatient settings Most researchers have focused on methods to relieve workload for the house staff and reduce cost Although these aspects are important it would be useful to study patients outcomes and the clinical decisionmaking skills associated with patients managed by nurse practitioners Although past studies focused on either the level of quality that nurse practitioners can provide or how they can replace or reduce the workload of residents the studies did not focus on what value nurse practitioners can add Future studies on ACNPs should focus on patient outcomes and clinical Nurse practitioners should not replace all functions of medical residents they are not trained as residents With advanced practice training nurse practitioners can provide highquality costeffective care use resources effectively for excellent care of patients and create consistent relationships with attending faculty staff nurses patients allied healthcare workers and primary care physicians while providing high levels of satisfaction throughout the healthcare system ACNPs have continued to grow in their roles and expand into new areas With implementation of a practice framework ACNPs at our institution were able to expand their role and enhance collaboration between physicians and nurses The establishment and implementation of the ACNP medical service was an exciting opportunity to create and shape the direction of an innovative model of care Nurse practitioners practice in primary care specialty clinics nursing homes and subacute acute and critical care settings Nurse practitioners must continue to document and communicate methods to improve patients care in costeffective and innovative ways across the continuum of Previous Section Next Section Appendix ACNP Role Description and Responsibilities Department of Medicine UCSF MoffittLong Hospital Inpatient Nurse Practitioner Medical Service Position Description General Responsibilities Working under the supervision of Medicine faculty and receiving general direction from the Vice President Nursing and Patient Care Services the inpatient nurse practitioner NP will provide clinical care to medicine cardiology and solid tumor patients The NP will utilize advanced clinical skills and knowledge to assess patients and manage all aspects of care including invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures Heshe will communicate clinical issues to the attendingresident physician on the team write orders according to standardized proceduresprotocols coordinate and schedule diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and facilitate arrangements for discharge Continuity of care will be maintained from admission to discharge Specific Responsibilities Participate in daily clinical rounds management rounds team meetings other appropriate patient care meetings and conferences and communicate pertinent clinical history Maintain current knowledge of the clinical status of all assigned patients including current diagnoses and treatment plans Perform pertinent physical exams and clinical evaluations of assigned patients and document findings in the medical record Monitor solid tumor patients for side effectstoxicities of standardized chemotherapeutic regimens Sign out patients daily to the days oncall team per current protocol Each AM receive report for assigned patients and overnight admissions per established schedule Assess and manage all medication therapies according to established protocols practice guidelines standards or algorithms as warranted by patients diagnosis or changing medical condition Perform procedures such as but not limited to venipuncture paracentesis thoracentesis blood cultures arterial blood gases and lumbar puncture as required for diagnostic andor therapeutic purposes Order and review laboratory test results Notify the attendingresident physician of any problems that may require immediate attention or intervention and coordinate any required nursing interventions Using guidelines and standardized procedures write daily TPN orders and monitor for abnormal blood chemistries weight changes and related problems Using protocol guidelines and standardized procedures write transfusion orders Order and review diagnostic studies such as CT and MRI scans radiographic and ultrasound procedures endoscopies and biopsies as required Arrange for the placement of central lines and communicate pertinent clinical history Provide support and educational inservices to clinical nursing staff on medical floors regarding clinical management issues Manage clinical care according to supportive care management guidelinesprotocols such as in the care of dying or palliative care patients Participate in planned efforts to improve such services Participate in short and longrange planning of patient care and clinical research activities as identified on the medicine service Coordinate patient care with members of the multidisciplinary team to include physicians nurses pharmacy social work physical therapy home care case management and appropriate supports Coordinate transition to outpatient care including appointments with PMDs appropriate providers in clinics and orders for required outpatient management Interface with inpatient nursing staff ancillary departments and consultative services to promote and maintain effective communication and cooperative working relationships Demonstrate adherence to Medical Center Telephone and Service Excellence standards in all interactions and follow through in all areas of responsibility In collaboration with the faculty develop and maintain protocols and associated standardized procedures for overlapping practice Participate in standardized procedure revision and amend as needed or at least every three years Communicateconsult immediately with medicine consult attendingresident as evidence of patient decompensation evolves Develop annual plan of personal educational and growth needs to meet continued certification and licensure requirements Complete annual selfevaluation of job performance with written feedback from the Chief of the Medical Service Medicine Consult Attendings medicine service registered nurses and another interdisciplinary staff member Qualifications Required Masters degree in Nursing with at least 3 years of acute inpatient Medicine experience Current California NP licensure Current certification from the American Nurses Credentialing Center Current Board of Registered Nurses Certificate proof of NP status National Certification as a Nurse Practitioner Current Nurse Practitioner Furnishing License Verification of Experience to Furnish must have experience furnishing for at least one year under MD supervision and must have a physician attest to the fact that such supervision took place Current CPR certification Current ACLS certification Preferred One year experience as an NP in an inpatient emergency department or outpatient adult medical setting Previous Section Next Section Footnotes ACLS indicates Advanced Cardiac Life Support ACNP acute care nurse practitioner AM morning CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation CT computed tomography MD physician MRI magnetic resonance imaging PMD primary care physician TPN total parenteral nutrition To purchase reprints contact The InnoVision Group 101 Columbia Aliso Viejo CA 92656 Phone 800 8092273 or 949 3622050 ext 532 fax 949 3622049 email reprintsaacnorg Copyright 2002 by the American Association of CriticalCare Nurses Previous Section REFERENCES French M Managed care crisis HRBenefits Review Summer 2001 pp 56 San Francisco Calif University of California San Francisco Human Resources Department Google Scholar Foster HW Jr Selzer VL Accommodating to restrictions on residents working hours Acad Med 1991 66 94 97 CrossRef Medline Google Scholar Kleinpell RM Evolving role descriptions of the acute care nurse practitioner Crit Care Nurs Q February 1999 21 9 15 CrossRef Medline Google Scholar Wachter RM The hospitalist movement ten issues to consider Hosp Pract 1999 34 95 98 104106 111 Medline Google Scholar Buppert C Justifying nurse practitioner existence hard facts to hard figures Nurse Pract August 1995 20 43 48 Medline Google Scholar Health Technology Case Study 37 NPs PMs and CNMs A Policy Analysis Washington DC US Congress Office of Technology Assessment 1986 Publication OTCHSC37 Google Scholar Hall JA Palmer RH Orav EJ Hargraves JL Wright EA 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http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/69/3/455.long | Article Navigation Variation by body mass index and age in waist - to - hip ratio associations with glycemic status in an aboriginal population at risk for type 2 diabetes in British Columbia , Canada Mark Daniel Stephen A Marion Samuel B Sheps Clyde Hertzman Diane Gamble The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , Volume 69 , Issue 3 , March 1999 , Pages 455 โ 460 , https : / / doi . org / 10.1093 / ajcn / 69.3.455 Published : 01 March 1999 Article history Split View PDF Cite Permissions Share ABSTRACT Background : It is unclear whether obesity and age modify or confound relations between abdominal adiposity and metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes . Objective : Our objective was assess the consistency of relations between abdominal adiposity and glycemic variables across discrete categories of obesity and age . Design : We performed a stratified analysis of prevalence data from a rural screening initiative in British Columbia , Canada . Subjects were Salishan Indians , all healthy relatives of individuals with type 2 diabetes [ n = 151 ; age : 18 โ 80 y ; body mass index ( BMI , in kg / m 2 ) : 17.0 โ 48.2 ] . We measured waist - to - hip ratio ( WHR ) ( 2 categories ) ; insulin , glycated hemoglobin ( Hb A 1c ) , and 2 - h glucose concentrations ( 2 categories ) ; and BMI ( 4 categories ) . BMI and age - specific odds ratios ( ORs ) and 95 % CIs were calculated . Results : WHR - glycemic variable relations were not consistent across BMI and age strata . Risks associated with high WHR were : for persons with BMIs from 25 to 29 , elevated insulin ( OR : 6.71 ; 95 % CI : 1.41 , 34.11 ) and Hb A 1c ( OR : 16.23 ; 95 % CI : 2.04 , 101.73 ) concentrations ; for persons aged 18 โ 34 y , elevated insulin concentrations [ OR : indeterminate ( + โ ) ; 95 % CI : 1.89 , + โ ] ; and , for persons aged 35 โ 49 y , elevated Hb A ( OR : โ ; 95 % CI : 3.17 , โ ) and 2 - h glucose ( OR : 9.15 ; 95 % CI : 1.74 , 59.91 ) concentrations . Conclusions : WHR discriminates risk of type 2 diabetes in overweight but not obese individuals . Abdominal adiposity is associated with elevated insulin concentrations in younger age groups and with impaired glucose control in middle - aged groups , suggesting metabolic staging by age on a continuum from insulin resistance to impaired glucose tolerance . Type 2 diabetes North American Indians body fat distribution obesity abdominal adiposity waist - to - hip ratio body mass index Issue Section : Carbohydrate metabolism and diabetes INTRODUCTION Obesity is considered the strongest risk factor for type 2 diabetes ( 1 ) , and body mass index ( BMI ; in kg / m 2 ) is a standard predictor of diabetic status and plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin ( Hb A ) concentrations in aboriginal Canadian ( 4 ) and other populations ( 5 7 ) at high risk for type 2 diabetes . Similar associations have also been reported for abdominal adiposity ( 8 10 ) . Most studies have used the anthropometric indicator waist - to - hip ratio ( WHR ) to assess adipose tissue distribution . The validity of WHR as an indicator was determined by in vivo methods ( 11 12 ) . It is unclear whether relations between adipose tissue distribution and glycemic variables are a function of obesity . Furthermore , the influence of age on these relations has been overlooked . Studies analyzing relations between obesity , regional adiposity , and chronic disease have often used multivariate analytic techniques ( 13 17 ) . Age and obesity are typically treated as confounding โ nuisance โ variables , and effect modification has not been adequately assessed . This report responded to the limitations of multivariate analyses of regional adiposity and glycemic status . We examined the consistency of relations between abdominal adiposity and glycemic variables across discrete levels of obesity and age . SUBJECTS AND METHODS Data analyzed in this report were derived from a type 2 diabetes screening initiative in registered Indians ( Interior Salishan ) on reserves in the Okanagan region ( 18 ) of British Columbia . The population and setting were described previously ( 19 ) . The Okanagan is in the South Mainland Zone quadrant defined by the Medical Services Branch , Pacific Region , Health Canada . For on - reserve registered Indians aged โฅ 18 y in the Okanagan , we estimated a crude diabetes prevalence rate of 36.1 / 1000 ( n = 1276 ) ( 19 ) . Participant selection and measurement protocol Persons with established ( physician - diagnosed ) diabetes were identified before screening by using records maintained by the local Medical Services Branch unit . Diabetic individuals and their first - and second - degree relatives were asked to participate in a diabetes diagnostic and risk factor screening initiative . Relatives were considered to be at risk both genetically and behaviorally . Health education efforts in this population have been few and could not be expected to have reduced risk of disease in relatives of diabetic persons . Incentives to participate were not offered ; however , participants were told Tests were conducted in community meeting halls between 0730 and 1200 . Ethical approval was provided by the University of British Columbia Behavioral Sciences Screening Committee . All participants provided informed , written consent . Pregnant women and minors aged < 18 y were excluded from testing . Persons with established diabetes participated in testing but were excluded from the analyses reported here . Persons taking medications known to influence blood glucose concentrations were omitted from analysis ( 20 Of 194 participants in screening initiatives , 31 were previously diagnosed diabetics . A further 12 persons were ineligible for the analyses reported here because they used medication that affects glucose concentrations . The resultant sample of 151 persons includes 6 persons subsequently diagnosed ( after screening ) with diabetes ( 4 women and 2 men ) , using World Health Organization criteria ( 21 ) . Besides the measures reported here , the screening included assessment of psychosocial and behavioral variables ( reported elsewhere ; 19 ) . Blood samples and analytic methods for glycemic variables For screening purposes , participants provided a venous blood sample after a 12 - h fast . From these samples , Hb A and insulin concentrations were determined . Two - hour glucose concentrations were determined from blood samples drawn 2 h after subjects consumed a 75 - g carbohydrate load , ingested for diagnostic purposes after fasting blood samples were drawn . The results of 2 - h oral glucose tolerance tests for diabetes screening have been reported elsewhere ( Whole blood specimens collected in EDTA anticoagulant were used to determine Hb A . Analyses for insulin and 2 - h glucose were performed on serum specimens . Serum was obtained on location by low - speed centrifugation at 1800 ร g for 10 min at room temperature . Whole blood and serum samples were stored at 4 ยฐ C for transport for analysis at a regional hospital laboratory . Analyses were performed on the day of specimen collection . Blood samples stood at room temperature โค 15 min before refrigeration or centrifugation . Serum insulin concentrations were determined by using microparticle enzyme immunoassay kits ( IMx ; Abbott Laboratories , Abbott Park , IL ) . Percentage Hb A was measured by using ion capture assay kits ( IMx ) . Two - hour blood glucose concentrations were assessed by using enzymatically linked assay kits ( Kodak Ektachem ; Eastman Kodak Co , Rochester , NY ) . Intra - and interassay CVs were , respectively , insulin , 3.8 % and 4.2 % ; Hb A , 4.4 % and 4.6 % ; and 2 - h glucose , 1.2 % and 1.8 % . Anthropometric measurements All measures were performed by nurses trained in anthropometric measurement . Participants wore light clothing with footwear removed . Weight , height , and waist and hip girths were assessed , taking the median of 3 measures as the true value ( 22 ) . A calibrated beam balance and a stadiometer were used to measure weight and height . Minimum waist girth was taken where the waist was best defined , halfway between the costal border and the iliac crest . Maximum hip girth was obtained at the level of the greatest posterior protuberance . BMI and WHR were calculated . Data analysis Values for WHR were dichotomized into high and low categories according to age - and sex - specific norms ( 23 ) from the Canada Fitness Survey ( 24 ) . Cutoffs corresponded to the 75th percentiles for given combinations of sex and age ( Table 1 ) . This approach accounts for sexual dimorphism in pelvic structure as well as normal increases in WHR with increasing age . The 75th percentile was chosen as the cutoff point because it corresponded with the geometric mean for the distribution of WHR in the study population ; it is also the point beyond which risk of all - cause mortality increases substantially in both men and women ( 25 TABLE 1 Age - and sex - specific cutoff points for classification of high compared with low waist - to - hip ratios 1 Age ( y ) Waist - to - hip ratio Men Women 18 โ 34 0.89 0.79 35 โ 49 0.95 0.82 50 โ 64 0.98 0.84 โฅ 65 0.99 0.86 Based on age - and sex - specific norms ( 23 ) from the Canada Fitness Survey ( 24 View Large TABLE 1 Age - and sex - specific cutoff points for classification of high compared with low waist - to - hip ratios Age ( y ) Waist - to - hip ratio Men Women 18 โ 34 0.89 0.79 35 โ 49 0.95 0.82 50 โ 64 0.98 0.84 โฅ 65 0.99 0.86 Based on age - and sex - specific norms ( View Large Values for fasting plasma insulin , Hb A , and 2 - h glucose concentrations were dichotomized into high and low categories by using median sample values that approximated geometric means and tended toward the midpoints of normal clinical ranges . Cutoff points and normal ranges were as follows : insulin , 76.0 pmol / L ( 14 โ 180 pmol / L ) ; Hb A , 5.4 % ( 4.4 โ 6.4 % ) ; and 2 - h glucose , 5.2 mmol / L ( < 7.8 mmol / L ) . Values for BMI were grouped into 4 categories : < 25 , 25 โ 29 , 30 โ 34 , and โฅ 35 . These categories recognize that the range of BMI associated with minimum mortality is 20 โ 25 in both men and women , with progressive increases in all - cause mortality at 30 and 35 ( 26 ) . The categories are consistent with the US National Heart , Lung , and Blood Institute ' s evidence - based clinical guidelines ( 27 ) , which define overweight as BMI = 25 โ 29 and obesity as BMI โฅ 30 . Age was grouped into 3 categories : 18 โ 34 , 35 โ 49 , and โฅ 50 y . Preliminary analyses showed that age group was associated with classifications of Hb A P = 0.0001 ) and 2 - h glucose ( P = 0.002 ) concentrations , but not with classifications of insulin , WHR , or BMI . Sex was not significantly associated in pooled or age - specific analyses with the dichotomized outcome variables or with categories of age or BMI . For all variables except WHR ( continuous versions , before categorization ) , mean differences between sexes were minor and not significant . For these reasons sex was omitted as a separate variable . Sex was accounted for in use of sex - specific cutoffs for categorizing WHRs . Lifestyle factors potentially related to fatness , fat distribution measures , and glycemic variables were assessed in separate analyses as possible confounders of WHR - glycemic outcome relations . Diet and physical activity were related in crude analyses to WHR and glycemic outcomes . Controlling by stratification for age and BMI nullified the influence of diet and physical activity . Our results were unlikely to be confounded by lifestyle factors associated with age and BMI . Statistical analysis Two separate stratified analyses were performed to determine the relation between high WHR and high concentrations of insulin , Hb A , and 2 - h glucose . The strength of the relation between WHR and glycemic variables was based on a maximum likelihood estimation of the odds ratios ( ORs ) , two - tailed exact 95 % confidence limits for ORs , and exact mid - values . The first analysis assessed the age - adjusted relation between WHR and the 3 dichotomized outcomes separately for each BMI category . Likelihood ratio tests of uniformity were conducted for each BMI category to evaluate effect modification by age . A Cochran - Mantel - Haenszel trend test , stratified by age group , was then performed across all BMI categories . The test evaluated for each outcome the hypothesis that poor glycemic status increased proportionately with increasing BMI , ignoring WHR . The second analysis assessed the BMI - adjusted relation between WHR and the 3 outcomes , separately for each age group ( ie , the roles of age and BMI were reversed ) . Age - specific crude and summary BMI - adjusted ORs were calculated . Likelihood ratio tests of uniformity were conducted to evaluate effect modification by BMI . Maximum likelihood estimation of parameters for stratified analyses was conducted by using MLEPID software ( 28 ) ; ฮฑ was set at 0.05 . The algorithm used by MLEPID is based on equations 12 โ 25 in chapter 12 of Rothman ( 29 ) . The routine MOWAN was used to calculate Miettinen ' s mid - exact CIs for crude ( unstratified ) analyses ( 30 ) . The Statcalc module of EPI INFO was used to test linear trends in proportions ( 31 RESULTS Characteristics of the population sampled are presented in Table 2 . Women comprised 65 % of the sample , men 35 % . There were no significant differences between men and women in mean age , BMI , or concentrations of insulin , Hb A , or 2 - h glucose . Mean WHR was greater in men than in women . TABLE 2 Characteristics of 151 participants at familial risk for type 2 diabetes Men ( = 53 ) Women ( = 98 ) Age ( y ) 42.2 ยฑ 13.2 42.0 ยฑ 14.5 Body mass index ( kg / m 28.1 ยฑ 5.7 28.9 ยฑ 5.7 Waist - to - hip ratio 0.945 ยฑ 0.077 0.869 ยฑ 0.081 Fasting insulin ( pmol / L ) 98.4 ยฑ 149.6 100.4 ยฑ 92.5 Hemoglobin A ( % ) 5.7 ยฑ 1.7 5.4 ยฑ 0.6 2 - h Glucose ( mmol / L ) 5.52 ยฑ 3.83 5.67 ยฑ 1.82 xฬ ยฑ SD . Significantly different between sexes ( t = 5.60 with 149 df ; = 0.0001 ) . TABLE 2 Characteristics of 151 participants at familial risk for type 2 diabetes Men ( = 53 ) Women ( = 98 ) Age ( y ) 42.2 ยฑ 13.2 42.0 ยฑ 14.5 Body mass index ( kg / m 28.1 ยฑ 5.7 28.9 ยฑ 5.7 Waist - to - hip ratio 0.945 ยฑ 0.077 0.869 ยฑ 0.081 Fasting insulin ( pmol / L ) 98.4 ยฑ 149.6 100.4 ยฑ 92.5 Hemoglobin A ( % ) 5.7 ยฑ 1.7 5.4 ยฑ 0.6 2 - h Glucose ( mmol / L ) 5.52 ยฑ 3.83 5.67 ยฑ 1.82 xฬ ยฑ SD . Significantly different between sexes ( t = 5.60 with 149 df ; = 0.0001 ) . Age - adjusted , BMI - specific , summary ORs describing relations between WHR and glycemic status are shown in Table 3 . Likelihood ratio tests of uniformity across age categories were not significant at any BMI category for any glycemic variable . Therefore , age seems to confound , rather than modify , BMI - specific associations between WHR and glycemic status . Effect modification by BMI , however , was evidenced by differences in estimated ORs across BMI strata . Poor glycemic status associated with high WHR , adjusted for age , was significant for the overweight category ( BMI 25 โ 29 ) for insulin ( OR : 6.71 ) and Hb A ( OR : 16.23 ) . Insulin and Hb A were not significantly related to WHR for other BMI categories . When adjusted for age , WHR was not associated with 2 - h glucose concentration for any BMI category . TABLE 3 Age - adjusted relations between waist โ to โ hip ratio ( WHR ) and poor glycemic status by BMI Outcome and BMI ( in kg / m WHR - outcome association Insulin < 25 ( = 40 ) 2.41 ( 0.28 , 22.24 ) 25 โ 29 ( = 56 ) 6.71 ( 1.41 , 34.11 ) 30 โ 34 ( = 34 ) 0.62 ( 0.01 , 13.77 ) โฅ 35 ( = 21 ) 7.91 ( 0.40 , โ ) 3 Hb A < 25 ( = 40 ) 4.42 ( 0.63 , 33.18 ) 25 โ 29 ( = 56 ) 16.23 ( 2.04 , 101.73 ) 4 30 โ 34 ( = 34 ) 2.24 ( 0.14 , 67.86 ) โฅ 35 ( = 21 ) 1.57 ( 0.09 , 55.13 ) 2 - h Glucose 5.42 ( 0.57 , โ ) 3 2.59 ( 0.72 , 9.21 ) โ ( 0.30 , 0.50 ( 0.01 , 6.92 ) Odds ratio ; exact mid - 95 % CI in parentheses . WHR - outcome association was significant : = 0.012 , = 0.003 . Indeterminate ( โ ) point estimates and exact upper CI values are consequences of one or more strata tables with a common zero cell . TABLE 3 Age - adjusted relations between waist โ to โ hip ratio ( WHR ) and poor glycemic status by BMI Outcome and BMI ( in kg / m WHR - outcome association Insulin 2.41 ( 0.28 , 22.24 ) 6.71 ( 1.41 , 34.11 ) 0.62 ( 0.01 , 13.77 ) 7.91 ( 0.40 , Hb A 4.42 ( 0.63 , 33.18 ) 16.23 ( 2.04 , 101.73 ) 2.24 ( 0.14 , 67.86 ) 1.57 ( 0.09 , 55.13 ) 2 - h Glucose 5.42 ( 0.57 , 2.59 ( 0.72 , 9.21 ) โ ( 0.30 , 0.50 ( 0.01 , 6.92 ) Odds ratio ; exact mid - 95 % CI in parentheses . WHR - outcome association was significant : = 0.012 , = 0.003 . Indeterminate ( โ ) point estimates and exact upper CI values are consequences of one or more strata tables with a common zero cell . Ignoring WHR , there were significant linear age - adjusted trends in poor glycemic status across increasing BMI categories for insulin and 2 - h glucose concentrations ( Table 4 ) . The trend test result for Hb A was not significant . TABLE 4 Age - adjusted associations between poor glycemic status and BMI , relative to the lowest BMI category Poor glycemic status outcome association Insulin 1.00 3.87 ( 1.21 , 14.56 ) 8.99 ( 3.32 , 49.61 ) 14.61 ( 3.42 , 69.20 ) 1.00 1.63 ( 0.58 , 4.62 ) 2.71 ( 0.87 , 8.25 ) 2.42 ( 0.61 , 8.92 ) 2 - h Glucose 1.92 ( 0.72 , 5.21 ) 5.02 ( 1.46 , 19.44 ) 4.22 ( 1.04 , 17.39 ) Odds ratio ; exact mid - P 95 % CI in parentheses . Significant linear trend in proportions : ( ฯ = 27.7 with 1 df , < 0.00001 ; Significant linear trend in proportions : ฯ = 8.0 with 1 df , = 0.005 . Nonsignificant trend test ( ฯ = 3.8 with 1 df , = 0.052 ) . TABLE 4 Age - adjusted associations between poor glycemic status and BMI , relative to the lowest BMI category Poor glycemic status outcome association Insulin 3.87 ( 1.21 , 14.56 ) 8.99 ( 3.32 , 49.61 ) 14.61 ( 3.42 , 69.20 ) 1.63 ( 0.58 , 4.62 ) 2.71 ( 0.87 , 8.25 ) 2.42 ( 0.61 , 8.92 ) 2 - h Glucose 1.92 ( 0.72 , 5.21 ) 5.02 ( 1.46 , 19.44 ) 4.22 ( 1.04 , 17.39 ) Odds ratio ; exact mid - P 95 % CI in parentheses . Significant linear trend in proportions : ( ฯ = 27.7 with 1 df , < 0.00001 ; Significant linear trend in proportions : ฯ = 8.0 with 1 df , = 0.005 . Nonsignificant trend test ( ฯ = 3.8 with 1 df , = 0.052 ) . Age - specific crude and BMI - adjusted summary ORs for relations between WHR and glycemic status are shown in Table 5 . Tests of uniformity across BMI categories were not significant at any age category for any glycemic variable , indicating that BMI did not modify age - specific associations between WHR and glycemic status . Rather , as evidenced by differences between estimated crude and BMI - adjusted summary ORs , BMI confounded age - specific relations between WHR and glycemic status . This was most apparent for the association between WHR and insulin in the group aged โฅ 50 y . For the group aged 35 โ 49 y , adjusted for BMI , high WHR was significantly associated [ OR : indeterminate ( + โ ) ] and 2 - h glucose ( OR : 9.15 ) concentrations . The BMI - adjusted risk of elevated insulin concentrations associated with high WHR was significant in the group aged 18 โ 34 y ( OR : + โ ) . Other relations were not significant . TABLE 5 Age - specific associations for waist โ to โ hip ratio ( WHR ) and glycemic outcomes , crude and adjusted for BMI Outcome and age group ( y ) 18 โ 34 ( Crude 17.29 ( 2.53 , 385.07 ) BMI - adjusted โ ( 1.89 , 35 โ 49 ( = 62 ) Crude 1.94 ( 0.65 , 6.03 ) BMI - adjusted 1.39 ( 0.35 , 5.49 ) โฅ 50 ( = 36 ) 16.25 ( 2.49 , 121.79 ) 5 11.70 ( 0.96 , 18 โ 34 ( 2.67 ( 0.55 , 19.62 ) 1.01 ( 0.20 , 5.96 ) 35 โ 49 ( = 62 ) 10.00 ( 2.22 , 68.37 ) โ ( 3.17 , 6 โฅ 50 ( = 36 ) 3.00 ( 0.73 , 12.38 ) 3.06 ( 0.53 , 16.46 ) 2 โ h Glucose 2.05 ( 0.50 , 10.38 ) 0.91 ( 0.16 , 5.44 ) 5.67 ( 1.72 , 19.80 ) 7 9.15 ( 1.74 , 59.91 ) 8 4.00 ( 0.77 , 22.74 ) 1.29 ( 0.21 , 8.61 ) Significant association : = 0.001 , Significant association : = 0.009 , = 0.0007 , 6 = 0.0008 , = 0.003 , = 0.0005 . TABLE 5 Age - specific associations for waist โ to โ hip ratio ( WHR ) and glycemic outcomes , crude and adjusted for BMI Outcome and age group ( y ) 17.29 ( 2.53 , 385.07 ) โ ( 1.89 , 1.94 ( 0.65 , 6.03 ) 1.39 ( 0.35 , 5.49 ) 16.25 ( 2.49 , 121.79 ) 11.70 ( 0.96 , 2.67 ( 0.55 , 19.62 ) 1.01 ( 0.20 , 5.96 ) 10.00 ( 2.22 , 68.37 ) โ ( 3.17 , 3.00 ( 0.73 , 12.38 ) 3.06 ( 0.53 , 16.46 ) 2 โ h Glucose 2.05 ( 0.50 , 10.38 ) 0.91 ( 0.16 , 5.44 ) 5.67 ( 1.72 , 19.80 ) 9.15 ( 1.74 , 59.91 ) 4.00 ( 0.77 , 22.74 ) 1.29 ( 0.21 , 8.61 ) = 0.001 , = 0.009 , = 0.0007 , = 0.0008 , = 0.003 , = 0.0005 . Indeterminate point estimates and upper confidence limits in Tables 3 and are a consequence of one or more strata tables with a common zero cell ; the lower exact confidence limit , however , and the two - tailed exact maximum likelihood mid - values provide a basis for evaluating strength of effect . DISCUSSION In our study population , relations between abdominal adiposity and glycemic status were not consistent across age or BMI categories . Our stratified analysis showed that age and BMI can both confound and modify associations between WHR and glycemic status . High WHR was a significant predictor of risk in overweight subjects ( BMI 25 โ 29 ) for high insulin ( OR : 6.71 ) and Hb A ( OR : 16.23 ) concentrations , adjusted for age . Although the age - adjusted prevalence of high insulin concentrations increased monotonically ( < 0.00001 ) from the lowest BMI category ( < 25 ) across the overweight ( 25 29 ) and 2 obese categories ( 30 โ 34 and โฅ 35 ) , after fixing BMI we observed no consistent WHR - insulin relation . For BMIs beyond the overweight range , the discriminatory ability of WHR was not apparent . In overweight but not in clinically obese individuals , a predominance of abdominal adiposity is a strong indication of risk for poor glycemic status . At higher BMIs , however , overall adiposity is better related than abdominal adiposity to poor glycemic status . Intraabdominal fat is accepted as the physiologic cause of conditions associated with abdominal adiposity indexed by WHR ( 32 ) . The importance of WHR lies in its ability to discriminate risk among overweight individuals at low risk on the basis of BMI . Our results support the use of waist and hip girths for screening people whose overall adiposity is not pronounced . Moreover , our results contradict the perception that a slight degree of overweight might actually be healthy ( ) . Fat distribution must be evaluated . WHR was not related in this study to poor glycemic status at BMIs โฅ 30 . This is not to suggest that a high BMI is not related to health risk , but that WHR is a poor indicator of the risks associated with a high BMI . We observed strong associations between increasing BMI and worsening glycemic status . Although the abdominal region is most responsive to changes in weight ( 33 ) , high levels of overall adiposity may obfuscate the interpretation of WHR as selectively indexing intraabdominal adiposity . High BMI is associated with elevated abdominal and peripheral adiposity ( 32 ) . Therefore , for persons with BMIs < 30 , the relative amount of intraabdominal fat indexed by WHR may be more important than the absolute amount of intraabdominal fat . At BMIs โฅ 30 , the situation is reversed , presumably because a critical mass of intraabdominal fat has been achieved in the development of obesity . Obesity per se is not a requirement for increased risk of diabetes ( 34 ) , yet little attention has been given to regional adiposity as a risk factor in the absence of general obesity . Adipose tissue distribution may explain , in part , why many nonobese persons develop type 2 diabetes , and why many obese persons never develop it . Genetic determinants regulating adipose tissue distribution ( 35 36 ) may reflect different pathways by which genotype is related to type 2 diabetes and metabolic abnormalities in aboriginal populations ( 37 38 Disease phenotypes may become manifest only as the result of a highly variant series of complex interactions with environmental challenges to metabolism ( 39 40 ) . Dramatic changes in diet and physical activity among aboriginal populations over the past several decades most likely interact with genetic determinants of obesity and fat patterning in influencing risk of diabetes ( 41 ) . Whereas dietary factors and physical activity levels are reflected by obesity and fat distribution measures ( 42 ) , their unique contribution to the risk of developing diabetes has been difficult to assess . Some studies have shown links between the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and intake of particular dietary constituents ( 43 44 ) . At the population level , however , the overall nature of dietary change is a stronger etiologic factor for type 2 diabetes than associations with consumption of certain foods ( Our second analysis , in which we controlled for BMI , shows variation by age in associations between WHR and glycemic status . These results suggest metabolic staging ( 45 ) by age from insulin resistance to impaired glucose tolerance and , possibly , type 2 diabetes . The finding that abdominal adiposity is associated with elevated insulin in young persons ( aged 18 โ 34 y ) and with high Hb A and 2 - h glucose concentrations in middle - aged persons ( aged 35 โ 49 y ) is aligned with a 2 - step model for development of type 2 diabetes . In this model , insulin resistance is a consequence of abdominal obesity , leading to impaired glucose tolerance ( step 1 ) and , with ฮฒ - cell failure , progression to type 2 diabetes ( step 2 ) ( 46 47 Age - related differences in personal preference for body size may covary with dietary patterns in aboriginal populations ( 48 ) . Controlling for BMI and age by stratification prevents such confounding , however . Therefore , it is possible that younger persons , in whom WHR predicts high insulin concentrations , may proceed to develop the fasting hyperglycemia observed in middle - aged persons , and that some of these individuals will develop type 2 diabetes at a later age . Early detection and intervention to reduce abdominal adiposity in individuals < 35 y of age with family histories of diabetes may be of major importance in preventing type 2 diabetes ( 49 ) . In such actions , an understanding of body size preference , its variation with age and sex , and links to dietary behavior , may be particularly important ( 50 Cutoff points used in this study to dichotomize WHR reflected normative age - associated increases in abdominal adiposity . That such changes are normative does not mean they are healthy . Use of population - based 75th percentile values as cutoffs for sex and age combinations prevents confounding in WHR classifications and is necessary for pooled analysis of the data . Nevertheless , this strategy may underestimate WHR - outcome associations as might be determined by using sex - but not age - dependent cutoff points to define risk associated with low compared with high WHR ( eg , 0.90 Limitations of this study include the possibility of bias in blood test results if participants failed to fast before blood samples were drawn . Such behavior would influence blood test results , but it is unlikely that any such bias might vary systematically with classifications of WHR . Measurement error in blood and anthropometric measures is possible , and would bias ORs toward 1.0 . Categorizing variables before analyzing associations reduces but does not eliminate this possibility . That more women than men participated in community screening is unlikely to have biased our results , given the lack of association The generalizability of these results to populations other than Interior Salishan people is a matter of degree and is not properly assessed as a dichotomy . The indigenous populations of Canada and the United States are genetically heterogeneous ( 40 ) and it may be that studies in other peoples would produce similar findings . At least some relations between body composition and diabetes , however , may be specific to particular ethnic groups ( 51 ) . Replication of our analyses in other populations , both aboriginal and nonaboriginal , may further clarify the influence of BMI and age on relations between WHR and glycemic status . We conclude that relations between abdominal adiposity and glycemic variables are not consistent across discrete levels of obesity and age in aboriginal men and women at familial risk for type 2 diabetes . Abdominal adiposity is a critical measure of risk in persons at low risk on the basis of BMI , independent of age . The age - specific patterns of association of WHR with hyperinsulinemia and fasting hyperglycemia suggest that abdominal adiposity relates to the development of insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in individuals at familial risk for type 2 diabetes more strongly than to obesity per se . We thank the people of the Okanagan , Spallumcheen , and Penticton Indian Bands , all Advisory Committee members , and the Band Councils of all 3 communities . Special thanks for technical assistance are extended to Betty Carlson and Lowell Laidlaw , at the Laboratory of Vernon Jubilee Hospital . We also thank our colleagues Kerin O ' Dea , Leonard Piers , and Kevin G Rowley , Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine , Monash University , Melbourne , for their helpful advice and criticism of primordial drafts of this paper . The project team included : Didi REFERENCES World Health Organization Expert Committee on Diabetes Mellitus . Second report World Health Organization Tech Rep Ser 1980 646 Young TK Sevenhuysen G Ling N Moffatt M Determinants of plasma glucose levels and diabetic status in a northern Canadian Indian population Can Med Assoc J 1990 142 821 30 Young TK Sevenhuysen G Obesity in northern Canadian Indians : patterns , determinants , and consequences Am J Clin Nutr 1989 49 786 93 Google Scholar Crossref PubMed Harris SB Gittlesohn J Hanley AJG , et al . 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Toronto Oxford University Press 42 Murphy NJ Schraer CD Thiele MC Dietary change and obesity associated with glucose intolerance in Alaska Natives J Am Diet Assoc 676 82 43 Adler AI Boyko EJ Schrae CD Murphy NJ Lower prevalance of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes associated with daily seal oil or salmon consumption among Alaska Natives 1498 1501 44 Wolever TMS Hamad Gittlesohn Low dietary fiber and high protein intakes associated with newly diagnosed diabetes in a remote aboriginal community Am J Clin Nutr 66 1470 45 Granner DK O ' Brien RM Molecular physiology and genetics of NIDDM : importance of metabolic staging 1992 15 369 95 Bogardus Tuomilehto Epidemiology and natural history of NIDDM : non - obese and obese . In : Alberti KGMM DeFronzo Keen , eds . International textbook of diabetes . Chichester , United Kingdom John Wiley 1992 148 76 47 Hamman RF Genetic and environmental determinants of non - insulin - dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM ) . Diabetes Metab Rev 287 338 Wolever TMS Harris - Giraldo R AJG Zinman Specific patterns of food consumption and preparation are associated with diabetes and obesity in a native Canadian community J Nutr 1998 128 541 Bernard Lavallee Gray - Donald Delisle Overweight in Cree schoolchildren and adolescents associated with diet , low physical activity , and high television viewing J Am Diet Assoc 800 50 Thorne - Lyman Barnie Body image varies by age and sex in an isolated Ojibway - Cree community in Canada J Nutr 1996 126 2990 3000 51 Saad MF Obesity in the Pima Indians : its magnitude and relationship with diabetes 1991 53 1543S 51S FOOTNOTES Supported by Health Canada through the National Health Research and Development Program ( grant no . 6610 - 2022 - ND ) ; a National Health PhD Training Fellowship ( to MD , 1994 โ 1997 ) ; a Killam Trusts Scholarship ( to MD , 1994 โ 96 ) ; and a Killam Fellowship ( to MD , 1997 โ 1998 ) . ยฉ 1999 American Society for Clinical Nutrition | [
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http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/81/5/1246S.full | Article Navigation Micronutrient requirements of physically active women : what can we learn from iron ? Sharon R Akabas Karen R Dolins The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , Volume 81 , Issue 5 , May 2005 , Pages 1246S โ 1251S , https : / / doi . org / 10.1093 / ajcn / 81.5.1246 Published : 01 May 2005 Split View PDF Cite Permissions Share ABSTRACT The health benefits of physical activity are well established and there is increasing recognition of the importance of fitness as a key modulator of chronic disease . The impact of physical activity on micronutrient requirements is a topic of tremendous interest to the lay public , but the interest is in sharp contrast to data from well - designed studies . Research in this area is poorly controlled for nutritional status of the participants , standardized exercise protocols , markers and cutoff points for measurement of micronutrient status , and variability in subject characteristics . The micronutrient status of women Exercise physical activity iron micronutrients women supplementation nutritional status dietary intake exercise protocol markers Issue Section : Supplement : Women and Micronutrients : Addressing the Gap Throughout the Life Cycle INTRODUCTION Though the health benefits of physical activity are indisputable ( 1 8 ) , its impact on micronutrient requirements is much less well established . In the case of many micronutrients , women have inadequate intake ( 9 ) , and a deficiency has a known detrimental impact on physical performance . Less clear is whether physical training and physical activity increase the requirement of particular micronutrients , and whether amounts in excess of the dietary reference intakes ( DRIs ) should be recommended for physically active individuals . In the few instances where exercise does appear to increase an individual โ s requirement , the increase can be obtained within the additional calories required for energy balance ( 10 12 ) . A large gap on micronutrient requirements exists in the literature regarding the impact of a weight loss regimen โ s that include exercise . Much of the uncertainty regarding micronutrient requirements and exercise stems from the lack of standardization or assessment of the nutritional status of the participants at entry , failure to assess subject โ s dietary intake , lack of standardization of the exercise protocol or program , lack of standardization of markers and cutoff points , difficulty comparing one subject population ( sex , menstrual status , age ) to another , and failure to differentiate between nutritional requirements during the initial training period and those of the period that follows the adaptive phase . In the absence of clear recommendations , micronutrient supplementation is often indiscriminate without regard to nutrient status , due to the belief that it can not hurt and may help . This assumption is erroneous . In some instances , additional micronutrient ingestion beyond the DRI not only has no effect on exercise performance ( 12 14 ) but may have negative impact on general health ( 15 16 ) . Many of these issues have been comprehensively addressed in recent reviews of the topic of exercise and micronutrients ( 13 14 17 ) . This article uses iron as an example of how the limitations in current research constrain the ability to make clear recommendations regarding the impact of exercise on micronutrients requirements in women . The article concludes with the practical implications of the ambiguity , and suggestions for future research . BRIEF OVERVIEW OF IRON PHYSIOLOGY AND REQUIREMENTS Iron is a critical nutrient for active individuals , male and female alike . It plays a key role in energy production as a carrier of oxygen , both in the form of hemoglobin in the blood and myoglobin in the muscles . Additionally , iron is a part of the cytochromes found in the electron transport system . The recommended dietary allowance ( RDA ) for premenopausal women is 18 mg daily . While additional iron is recommended for pregnancy and lactation , an increased intake is not recommended for physically active women . A tolerable upper level ( UL ) has been set at 45 mg daily for all adults to avoid the gastrointestinal distress often experienced with doses above this amount ( 18 ) . Menstruating women carry an increased risk for iron deficiency regardless of training status due to monthly blood loss . Adding to this concern , survey data shows that female athletes often underconsume calories ( 19 21 ) , making it less likely that they will consume adequate dietary iron . As iron clearly plays a critical role in athletic performance and deficiencies are not uncommon , female athletes are often advised to supplement iron without prior determination of hematological parameters . This practice is discouraged by medical practitioners due to the danger of toxicity from iron overload . Iron depletion occurs in 3 stages . The first stage , depletion of stores , is identified by serum ferritin below 12 ฮผg / L . The second stage , iron - deficient erythropoiesis , is identified by increased concentrations of transferrin and reduced transferrin saturation . Stage 3 , anemia , is characterized by microcytic hypochromic red blood cells and diagnosed as hemoglobin below 12 mg / dL in females and below 13 mg / dL in males . While it is clear that iron deficiency anemia impairs athletic performance , it is less clear whether iron deficiency without outright anemia will have this effect . Thus a focus of current research is whether iron deficiency without anemia will impair performance and , if so , whether and at what point iron supplementation should be initiated . The choice of markers of iron deficiency has complicated clarification of this issue . Serum ferritin , the most commonly used marker , may become elevated in response to inflammation , infection , liver disorders , malignancies , and exercise - induced hemolysis ( 22 ) . Iron deficiency may therefore be masked in certain individuals . Also clouding this issue is the lack of standardization in cutoffs used for diagnosis . Though serum ferritin concentrations below 12 ฮผg / L is typically considered to be the marker for depletion of stores , researchers have use varying levels in developing inclusion criteria for their studies . Measurement of serum levels of soluble transferrin receptor ( sTfR ) has recently become the gold standard for identifying iron deficiency in its earliest stage . First described in 1963 , sTfR is bound to the cell membrane and mediates the endocytic transfer of iron from transferrin into erythroid cells . Levels increase when iron stores are depleted or turnover stimulated . Small amounts appear in the blood and can be measured . This marker , therefore , reflects both iron stores and the rate of erythropoiesis , and has been found to be more sensitive to iron deficiency than 23 ) . At this time , this marker is the most accurate indicator of iron stores , and least confounded by factors such as inflammation ( 24 ) . Values may be confounded by muscle growth , as this will result in a rise in sTfR levels due to a need for increased erythropoiesis . Thus muscle growth must be taken into account during analysis of changes in sTfR . In addition , the most appropriate cutoff point must be clearly established to allow a meaningful consensus to emerge regarding physical activity and iron requirements . DOES EXERCISE INCREASE IRON REQUIREMENTS ? Proposed mechanisms for an increased requirement for iron include increased losses in sweat , feces and urine , intravascular hemolysis , and impaired absorption . Endurance athletes are known to experience sports anemia , a dilution of ferritin and hemoglobin due to the plasma volume expansion that occurs with training . This is a transient effect that occurs when plasma volume increases more rapidly than the increase in red blood cell mass , and typically results in a dilution of ferritin and hemoglobin of 15 % ( 25 Long distance runners may experience greater gastrointestinal losses through the feces . Though female data have not been provided , Telford and colleagues ( 26 ) studied hemolysis in male triathletes after a 1 - hr cycle and run . They found that plasma free hemoglobin and serum haptoglobin concentrations were increased after both exercise bouts , but the increase was 4 times greater after the run than after the cycle . The authors concluded that footstrike is the major contributor to hemolysis during running . Iron losses may occur through sweat and desquamated epithelial cells . One early study conducted in healthy males , in which the skin was carefully cleaned to remove desquamated epithelial cells and thus isolate sweat , found sweat iron losses to be small ( 22 ฮผg per liter sweat ) and thus unlikely to have an impact on iron requirements ( 27 ) . A more recent study of female athletes found that sweat losses of iron declined with time ( 28 ) . The greatest concentration of iron in sweat occurred during the first 30 min of exercise , and was lower in a hot environment than a neutral environment . Sweat iron concentration in this study was related to ferritin concentration , suggesting that conservation of iron may occur with reduced stores . The authors estimated that 5.7 % of daily absorbed iron , or 1.2 mg / dL , would be lost by exercising females during the first hour of exercise , and that this could contribute to depletion of iron stores . The effect of exercise on iron absorption has been questioned . While female data are not provided in this area either , moderate intensity exercise did not impair iron absorption in a study on male cyclists exercising at 60 % VO 2 max for one hour ( 29 ) . To the contrary , absorption of 100 mg ferric sodium citrate led to a 48.2 % increase in serum iron concentrations when taken 30 min before exercise as compared with an increase of 8.3 % when taken at rest . Based on the available research , it is difficult to arrive at conclusions regarding the impact of exercise on iron requirements in women . If there is an increase in requirements , it will most likely be for women engaged in long distance running due to gastrointestinal losses and footstrike hemolysis . To fully clarify the confusion , future research protocols must control for diet , menstrual status , standardize exercise protocols , and use sTfR as the primary marker of iron status . EFFECT OF TRAINING ON IRON STATUS Strength training Numerous studies have looked at changes in iron status that occur with training . In a study designed to examine the effects of resistance training on iron status , Murray - Kolb and colleagues tested 17 older , postmenopausal women ( 54 โ 71 y old ) and 18 men ( 56 โ 69 y ) before and after a 12 - wk resistance training program ( 30 ) . Diet including bioavailability of iron was evaluated with a 3 - day food log , supplements accounted for , and compliance monitored . All hematological measures , including iron , transferrin , ferritin , and sTfR were within normal limits for both genders at baseline and after training . However , women did experience a significant decrease in ferritin and a trend toward increased TIBC , whereas men experienced a rise in sTfR , probably related to an increase in lean mass , which was not achieved by the women . Thus the researchers found that men and 31 ) designed a similar study with collegiate men and women participating in a 12 - wk weight training program . Diet and adherence were monitored . Contrary to the previous study , only the men experienced a decline in ferritin , and no change in sTfR was observed in subjects of either sex . Despite the care taken by both research teams to control for diet , and to use state of art assessment of iron status , these 2 studies fail to resolve the question of whether strength training increase iron requirements , perhaps due to differences in exercise protocols . Clarification is needed regarding whether the observed rise in sTfR during resistance training indicates muscle growth or iron deficiency . Endurance training The iron status of female triathletes was assessed before and after a competition consisting of a 1.5 km swim , 40 km cycle , and 10 km run ( 32 ) . Of the 12 athletes studied , 2 presented with anemia based on hemoglobin below 12 mg / dL and 4 met the researcher โ s criteria for iron deficiency of ferritin below 10 ฮผg / L before the event . Serum transferrin receptor was elevated in one subject before the race . After the race , ferritin concentration remained elevated after correction for hemoconcentration , while sTfR levels did not change . The dietary intake of iron in these athletes was not assessed , leaving it unclear whether iron deficiency and anemia occurred as a result of increased Ashenden et al ( 33 ) conducted a retrospective review of hematological status from 6 y of data on female rowers , basketball players , and netball players to establish changes that occur through training seasons and how the mode of training might effect those changes . Mean serum ferritin concentrations for all athletes experienced a decline in serum ferritin of about 25 % during the training season . While the means did not drop below normal at any point , a sub - group presented with low concentrations ( 7.5 ยฑ 2.7 ฮผg / L ) . Rowers ( non - weight - bearing Based on these few studies , one of which focused on an acute exercise bout , the other on long - term training , it is once again too difficult to arrive at a conclusion that could serve as the basis for a recommendation for or against iron supplementation in response to training . A major obstacle to arriving at a conclusion is the failure of each study to assess dietary intake and correlate with hematological changes . EFFECT OF IRON SUPPLEMENTATION ON NONANEMIC , IRON - DEFICIENT WOMEN Earlier studies supplementing iron in non - anemic women have been equivocal . Reasons for this include lack of control of iron status and dietary intake , variability in subject characteristics ( trained versus untrained ) , exercise protocols , parameters used for cutoffs , and use of different markers for measuring iron depletion . A series of studies from the lab of Brownlie and colleagues tested the hypothesis that iron supplementation would help deficient but non - anemic women progress through a training program by improving endurance capacity ( 34 36 ) . Subjects in these studies were 18 - to 33 - y - old untrained but active women who presented with normal hemoglobin ( > 120 mg / L ) and low serum ferritin based on a cutoff of 16 ฮผg / L . Subjects were given 8 mg elemental iron BID ( 35 36 ) or 10 mg BIO ( 34 ) versus placebo for 6 wk . A 4 - wk training protocol was carried out using cycle ergometers . The studies were all carefully controlled for diet using 4 - d food logs and compliance with the protocol was monitored . In the first of this series ( ) , subjects in the iron - supplemented group experienced an increase in serum ferritin , iron , and transferrin saturation , while sTfR concentration decreased . The placebo group was without significant changes in these parameters . Endurance capacity and exercise performance were tested with a 15 - km time trial at a level of resistance consistent with 70 % VO 2 max . While both groups improved their finish time in a time trial after the training program , the supplemented group was found to improve twice as much as the placebo group . Further analysis demonstrated that the effect of supplementation on endurance capacity was most pronounced in those who exhibited higher sTfR levels at baseline , suggesting an increased efficiency of oxygen utilization at the tissue level . A subsequent study was conducted by the same laboratory ( 35 ) to further elucidate the effect iron depletion without anemia would have on women โ s ability to improve aerobic capacity during a 4 - week training program . The exercise protocol was the same as the previous study . Here , however , though serum ferritin , iron , and transferrin saturation increased in the supplement group sTfR did not significantly change . Exercise testing revealed greater improvements in both absolute and relative VO max in the supplement group as compared with placebo . Using sTfR to further delineate iron status , results were stratified between those with initially elevated levels indicating decreased stores and erythropoiesis and those with normal levels using a cutoff of 8.0 mg / L . Those with higher baseline sTfR were found to respond the most to iron supplementation , exhibiting the greatest improvements in VO max . Exercise performance was not tested in this study . In the third study of this series ( ) , a time trial was again introduced as a performance measure . Physiologic responses were stratified by baseline sTfR concentrations using a cutoff of 8.0 mg / L , revealing a significant effect of supplementation on % VO max in the time trial in those subjects with baseline elevated sTfR . Improved performance in the time trial approached significance in this group compared to placebo . The results of these studies demonstrate the value of including sTfR as a marker for functional iron deficiency . As the authors note , further research is needed to develop the most appropriate cutoff value so recommendations for supplementation can be accurately made . Using another population , Friedmann and colleagues ( 37 ) studied the effect of iron supplementation in adolescent male and female trained athletes with serum ferritin levels < 20 ฮผg / L and normal Hb levels . Athletes were given 100 mg elemental iron twice a day or placebo for 12 wk . A treadmill performance test was administered before and after the treatment period . Ferritin concentration increased significantly in the supplement group , while blood volume , red blood cell volume , and total body hemoglobin did not change in either group . VO 2max and O consumption increased significantly in the iron group , although it should be noted that the increase was slight , and relative VO max did not reach significance . sTfR was not measured , perhaps preventing the researchers from demonstrating an increase in erythropoesis and masking a more significant improvement in a subgroup of their population . Furthermore , previous studies were successful at improving aerobic capacity and iron status with a much smaller dose of supplemental iron , leaving open the question of just how much iron is necessary to obtain the desired results . Brutsaert and colleagues ( 38 ) used maximal voluntary contractions ( MVCs ) to test progressive muscle fatigue in 18 - to 45 - y - old women with normal hemoglobin ( > 110 g / L ) and low ferritin ( < 20 ฮผg / L ) given a supplement of 10 mg elemental iron or placebo . Serum transferrin receptor , serum iron , and total iron binding capacity were measured . After a 6 - wk training period , sTfR concentrations were found to rise in the placebo group , indicating a decrease in available iron . Serum iron and transferrin saturation Non - iron deficient adolescent male and female swimmers were studied for a 6 - mo period while training for competition ( 39 ) . A strength of this study was the attention paid to menstrual cycle and consequent blood loss . All subjects presented with normal levels of hemoglobin and ferritin ( cutoff of normal was 7 ng / mL ) , but sTfR was not measured . One group was given an iron supplement of 47 mg , a second group was counseled on a high iron diet plan providing 26 mg of iron and a third group was included as a control without either intervention . Compliance with diet and supplementation was monitored . Dietary analysis showed that all groups Given the low cutoff used for serum ferritin , combined with the apparent adequate intake for all participants , it is not surprising that supplementation did not have an impact . In fact , this study was designed to deter unnecessary and indiscriminate supplementation that is common among female athletes . These studies suggest that iron supplementation in nonanemic , iron - deficient women improves endurance performance . Although the range of supplemental iron was tremendous ( 8 mg / d to 100 mg / BID ) , it appears that 8 mg / d may be sufficient to achieve improvements . Three of these more recent studies ( ) demonstrate that by controlling for dietary iron intake , reducing the variability in chosen markers , and by choosing a marker that is not confounded by inflammation , it is more likely to reach a consensus regarding physical activity and iron . The 1 study that showed no improvement is an affirmation that supplementation is only warranted in the presence of iron deficiency ( 39 HIGH - RISK GROUPS Certainly specific populations are at an increased risk for iron deficiency , including adolescents experiencing a growth spurt especially once they begin menstruating . Inadequate energy intake has been identified from numerous surveys of female athletes ( 20 21 ) , which increases the likelihood of inadequate iron intake . Individuals adhering to a strict vegetarian diet are hampered by the diminished bioavailability of non - heme iron . In addition , they are likely to consume food substances that impair absorption such as phytic acid , polyphenols , calcium and phosphate salts , and soy protein , placing them at further risk . Due to these factors , the RDA for premenopausal vegetarian women is 32 mg per day , almost twice the RDA for nonvegetarians ( 18 In a recent review , Barr and Rideout noted that iron intake is similar among vegetarian and nonvegetarian athletes ( 40 ) . The failure to meet the increased RDA for vegetarians is probably responsible for the higher incidence of functional anemia ( normal Hb with low ferritin ) reported in this population . Another review also concluded that a vegetarian diet may be a risk factor in iron deficiency , particularly for female runners ( 41 Active women frequently remain physically active during pregnancy or may be unaware that they have become pregnant . Iron requirements increase significantly during pregnancy , and maternal anemia has been associated with an increased risk of preterm delivery ( 42 ) . Therefore , it is imperative that women of childbearing ages , particular those with multiple pregnancies , monitor iron status carefully . RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IRON SUPPLEMENTATION The degree to which exercise itself increases iron requirements is unclear . While long - distance runners may experience gastrointestinal bleeding , it is likely that these losses will be compensated for by an increase in iron absorption ( 25 ) . Sweat losses of iron do not appear to be of a degree to cause concern ( 27 It is clear that iron supplementation should never be initiated without prior determination of iron status , as iron overload presents serious health issues . A group of male French elite cyclists were found in 1 study to have hyperferritinemia as a result of excessive enteral and parenteral iron supplementation ( 43 ) , which may increase the risk of liver disease . Hemochromatosis is a hereditary disorder that can result in iron overload . Supplementation might lead to toxic levels in athletes with this disorder . Those who supplement need to be aware that the body does not have a mechanism by which to excrete excess iron , and that excess iron will act as a pro - oxidant , carrying with it a risk of liver cancer and cardiovascular disease . Additionally , dietary iron intake has been positively associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes in postmenopausal women 44 Governing groups must set protocols for evaluating iron status and initiating iron supplementation . A recent survey of NCAA Division I - A schools found that screening for iron deficiency was not routine , and that there is a wide degree of variability in the criteria used for diagnosis and treatment ( 45 ) . Perhaps most interesting , hemoglobin and serum ferritin together were most often used to determine iron deficiency in the institutions responding to the survey , demonstrating that iron deficiency without anemia is not routinely identified . Serum transferrin receptor concentration is currently considered the most reliable way to identify iron deficiency and should , in the opinion of some scientists , become the standard for assessing the iron status of athletes ( 16 In an intriguing recent study of 321 early postmenopausal women ( 46 ) , dietary iron was positively associated with bone mineral density in those women who had mean calcium intakes ranging from 800 to 1200 mg calcium daily . The relation remained after protein , which is also positively associated with bone mineral density , was factored out . The authors suggest that iron may play a role in the prevention of stress fractures in both the elderly and elite female athletes . Given the incidence of disordered eating in this population and its effect on bone mineral density , this study provides more ammunition for convincing female athletes to forego Protocols will be difficult to develop unless testing and treatment become more standardized . Nielsen and Nachtigall ( 47 ) recommend using a pharmaceutical iron preparation of 100 mg / d with a known high bioavailability for a period of 3 mo , with the conditions for testing standardized and reported . They feel that supplementation should be recommended for those athletes with serum ferritin < 35 ฮผg / L to reverse up - regulation of mineral absorption and prevent an increased absorption for other potentially toxic metals along with iron . The need for such high dosages should be assessed in future studies , especially when in cases of mild deficiency , 8 โ 10 mg / d In the studies reviewed above , diagnosis of iron deficiency has been made with a range of serum ferritin levels ( 7 ฮผg to 35 ฮผg ) . Some of the more recent studies measured sTfR , others did not . Few controlled for diet or initial iron status . Some studies were conducted on trained individuals , others on individuals initiating an exercise program , and exercise protocols varied in intensity , duration , and frequency . As a result , clear recommendations are difficult to make . PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH Despite an upsurge in interest in physical activity , for most vitamins and minerals , current research is not conclusive enough to provide specific micronutrient recommendations to physically active women . It is clear that they need to get at least the RDA for micronutrients , and that many women fail to do so for several vitamins and minerals . Therefore , a primary practical implication is to assess the micronutrient intake of any women engaged in a physical activity program , or about to embark on a program , and make sure that her intake at least meets the With regard to iron and many other micronutrients , several articles in this supplement stress the importance of a woman being replete at the outset of her pregnancy . Although young female athletes may be focused on performance , and the idea of pregnancy may seem remote , the importance of educating them , their physicians , and their parents about starting pregnancy โ with a full tank โ of micronutrients , can not be overemphasized . As to whether or not exercise increases micronutrient requirements , future studies should be designed to address the gaps that currently exist : variability of nutritional status of the participants at entry lack of control and standardization of subject โ s dietary intake of the micronutrients of interest . lack of standardization of the exercise protocol or program variability in subject population lack of standardization of markers and cutoff points failure to differentiate the training period from the steady state period that follows the adaptive phase assessment as to whether a change in micronutrient status is physiologic and adaptive , not pathologic ( increase in sTfR due to increased LBM versus diminished stores ) When trying to translate findings from the literature to particular athletes , it is important to assess the similarities and differences between the study population and the consumer . The needs of women exercising to achieve fitness are likely to differ from those of competitive athletes concerned with exercise performance . Elite athletes may train at much higher intensities and for longer durations than the typical athlete , but they may also consume many more calories . With the widespread public health recommendation that physical activity be incorporated into weight loss regimens , the issue of micronutrient status in women on calorie - restricted diets who engage in regular physical activity deserves immediate attention . Until these issues are resolved , a primary goal for active women should be to obtain at least the RDA of all micronutrients . As with the general recommendation to women , regardless of physical activity level , it should be emphasized that micronutrient consumption above the DRIs will not improve performance and that excessive intakes of micronutrients should be avoided . 48 ) ( Figure 1 ) can be used to determine the best route to establishing sufficiency . FIGURE 1 . View large Download slide Approach to insuring nutritional adequacy . Factors along the left side of the diagram determine micronutrient requirements . In the case of exercise , a behavior , there may be an increase in micronutrient requirement . In instances where the requirement can not be met by food , supplementation may be warranted . ( Adapted from reference 48 ) . FIGURE 1 . View large Download slide Approach to insuring nutritional adequacy . Factors along the left side of the diagram determine micronutrient requirements . In the case of exercise , a behavior , there may be an increase in micronutrient requirement . In instances where the requirement can not be met by food , supplementation may be warranted . ( Adapted from reference 48 ) . The authors have no personal or financial conflict of interest related to this project . FOOTNOTES Presented at the conference โ Women and Micronutrients : Addressing the Gap Throughout the Life Cycle , โ held in New York , NY , June 5 , 2004 . REFERENCES 1 . Thompson PD Buchner D Pina IL , et al . Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease : a statement from the Council on Clin Cardiology ( Subcommittee on Exercise , Rehabilitation , and Prevention ) and the Council on Nutrition , Physical Activity , and Metabolism ( Subcommittee on Physical Activity ) American Heart Association Council on Clin Cardiology ( Subcommittee on Exercise , Rehabilitation , and Prevention ) American Heart Association Council on Nutrition , Physical Activity , and Metabolism ( Subcommittee on Physical Activity ) Circulation 2003 107 24 ) : 3109 Google Scholar Crossref PubMed 2 . Gordon NF Gulanick M Costa F , et al . Physical activity and exercise recommendations for stroke survivors : an American Heart Association scientific statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology , Subcommittee on Exercise , Cardiac Rehabilitation , and Prevention ; the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing ; the Council on Nutrition , Physical Activity , and Metabolism ; and the Stroke Council Circulation 2004 109 ) : 2031 41 Google Scholar Crossref PubMed 3 . Knowler WC Barrett - Connor E Fowler SE , et al . , for the Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group . Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin N Engl J Med 2002 346 393 403 4 . Vuori IM Dose - response of physical activity and low back pain , osteoarthritis , and osteoporosis Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001 33 6 suppl S551 86 5 . Wing RR Hill JO Successful weight loss maintenance Annu Rev Nutr 2001 323 6 . Pollock KM Exercise in treating depression : broadening the psychotherapist โ s role J Clin Psychol 57 1289 1300 7 . Breslow RA Ballard - Barbash R Munoz K Long - term recreational physical activity and breast cancer in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I epidemiologic follow - up study Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 10 805 8 8 . Slattery ML Potter JD Physical activity and colon cancer : confounding or interaction ? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002 913 9 9 . Kennedy E Meyers L Dietary reference intakes : development and uses for assessment of micronutrient status of women : a global perspective Am J Clin Nutr ( in press ) . 10 . Manore MM Effect of physical activity on thiamine , riboflavin , and vitamin B - 6 requirements Am J Clin Nutr 2000 72 598S 606S 11 . Maughan RJ King DS Lea T Dietary supplements J Sports Sci 2004 22 1 95 113 12 . Position of the American Dietetic Association , Dietitians of Canada , and the American College of Sports Medicine : Nutrition and athletic performance J Am Diet Assoc 2000 100 1543 56 13 . Lukaski HC Vitamin and mineral status : effects on physical performance Nutrition 20 632 44 14 . Urso ML Clarkson PM Oxidative stress , exercise , and antioxidant supplementation Toxicology 2003 189 1 โ 2 54 15 . Hemila H Virtamo J Albanes D Kaprio J Physical Activity and the Common Cold in Men Administered Vitamin E and Beta - Carotene Med Sci Sports Exer 11 1815 16 . Zoller H Vogel W Iron supplementation in athletes โ first do no harm Nutrition 615 17 . Haskell WL Kiernan M Methodologic issues in measuring physical activity and physical fitness when evaluating the role of dietary supplements for physically active people 72 ( suppl ) : 541S 50S 18 . Institute of Medicine , Food and Nutrition Board . Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A , vitamin K , arsenic , boron , chromium , copper , iodine , iron , manganese , molybdenum , nickel , silicon , vanadium and zinc Washington , DC National Academy Press 19 . Thompson JL Manore Energy Balance . In : Berning Steen S eds . Nutrition for sport and exercise . 2 nd ed . Gaithersburg , MD Aspen Publishers 1998 167 186 20 . Deuster PA Kyle SB Moser PB Vigersky RA Singh A Schoomaker EB Nutrition survey of highly trained women runners 1986 954 62 21 . Mulligan K Butterfield GE Discrepancies between energy intake and expenditure in physically active women Br J Nutr 1990 64 23 22 . Hallberg L Hulthen High serum ferritin is not identical to high iron stores 78 1225 23 . Skikne BS Flowers CH Cook JD Serum transferrin receptor : a quantitative measure of tissue iron deficiency Blood 1990 75 1870 24 . Nikolaidis MG Michailidis Y Mougios V Variation of soluble transferring receptor and ferritin concentrations in human serum during recovery from exercise Eur J Appl Physiol 89 500 25 . Haymes EM Trace minerals and exercise . In : Wolinsky I ed . Nutrition in exercise and sport . 3 rd ed . Boca Raton , FL CRC Press 1998 26 . Telford RD Sly GJ Hahn AG Cunningham RB Bryant C Smith JA Footstrike is the major cause of hemolysis during running J Appl Physiol 94 38 42 27 . Brune Magnusson B Persson Hallberg Iron losses in sweat 1986 43 438 28 . Waller MF Haymes EM The effects of heat and exercise on sweat iron loss Med Sci Sport Ex 1996 28 197 203 29 . Schmid A Ernst Berg Effect of physical exercise and vitamin C on absorption of ferric sodium citrate Med Sci Sport Ex 1996 1470 3 30 . Murray - Kolb LE Beard JL Joseph LJ Davey SL Evans WJ Campbell WW Resistance training affects iron status in older men and women Int J Sport Nut Ex Met 11 287 98 31 . Deruisseau KC Roberts LM Kushnick MR Evans AM Austin Iron status of young males and females performing weight - training exercise 241 32 . Rocker Hinz Holland Gunga HC Vogelgesang Kiesewetter Influence of endurance exercise ( triathlon ) on circulating transferrin receptors and other indicators of iron status in female athletes Clin Lab 48 307 33 . Ashenden MJ Martin DT Dobson GP Mackintosh C Hahn AG Serum ferritin and anemia in trained female athletes Int J Sport Nut Ex Metab 223 34 . Hinton PS Giordano Brownlie T Haas Iron supplementation improves endurance after training in iron - depleted , nonanemic women J Appl Physiol 88 1103 35 . Brownlie Utermohlen V Hinton PS Giordano Haas Marginal iron deficiency without anemia impairs aerobic adaptation among previously untrained women 75 734 36 . Utermohlen Tissue iron deficiency without anemia impairs adaptation in endurance capacity after aerobic training in previously untrained women 79 437 37 . Friedmann B Weller Mairbaurl Bartsch P Effects of iron repletion on blood volume and performance capacity in young athletes Med Sci Sports Ex 741 6 38 . Brutsaert TD Hernandez - Cordero S Rivera Viola Hughes G Iron supplementation improves progressive fatigue resistance during dynamic knee extensor exercise in iron - depleted , nonanemic women 77 441 39 . Tsalis G Nikolaidis MG Mougios Effects of iron intake through food or supplement on iron status and performance of healthy adolescent swimmers during a training season Int J Sports Med 306 13 40 . Barr SI Rideout CA Nutritional considerations for vegetarian athletes 696 703 41 . Fogelholm Dietary products , meat and sports performance Sports Med 615 631 42 . Scholl TO Iron status during pregnancy : setting the stage for mother and infant ( in press ) . 43 . Deugnier Y Loreal O Carre F Increased body iron stores in elite road cyclists Med Sci Sports Ex 876 80 44 . Lee DH Folsom AR Jacobs DR Dietary iron intake and Type 2 diabetes incidence in postmenopausal women : the Iowa Women โ s Health Study Diabetologia 47 185 194 45 . Cowell BS Rosenbloom CA Skinner R Summers SH Policies on screening female athletes for iron deficiency in NCAA Division I - A institutions Int J Sport Nut Ex Metab 277 85 46 . Harris MM Houtkooper LB Stanford VA Parkhill Weber Flint - Wagner Weiss Going SB Lohman TG Dietary iron is associated with bone mineral density in healthy postmenopausal women J Nutr 133 3598 602 47 . Nielsen P Nachtigall Iron supplementation in athletes Sports Med 4 207 48 . Zeisel SH Is there a metabolic basis for dietary supplementation ? ( suppl ) : 507S 11S ยฉ 2005 American Society for Clinical Nutrition View Metrics Email alerts New issue alert Advance article alerts Article activity alert Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic | [
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http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/85/1/238.full | Article Navigation Benefits of ketogenic diets Nicholas J Krilanovich The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , Volume 85 , Issue 1 , 1 January 2007 , Pages 238 โ 239 , https : / / doi . org / 10.1093 / ajcn / 85.1.238 Published : 01 January 2007 Split View PDF Cite Permissions Share Dear Sir : In this age of the obesity epidemic , some careful work reported in the May issue of the Journal by Johnston et al ( 1 ) provides more information to help solve the problem . With strict controls in a 6 - wk trial , they directly compared 2 diets : a ketogenic very - low carbohydrate ( KLC ) diet and a nonketogenic low - carbohydrate ( NLC ) diet . They concluded that the KLC and NLC diets were equally effective in reducing body weight and insulin resistance , but the KLC diet was associated with several adverse metabolic and emotional effects . Thus , the use of ketogenic diets for weight loss is not warranted . This conclusion is amplified by the As shown in Table 1 of the article by Johnston et al , the 2 diets were equal in energy content ( 1500 kcal / d ) . The major nutrients provided daily by the KLC and NLC diets , respectively , were as follows : 33 and 157 g carbohydrate , 125 and 117 g protein , 100 and 50 g total fat , 35 and 13 g saturated fat , 34 and 16 g monounsaturated fat , 14 and 7 g polyunsaturated fat , 15 and 30 g fiber , and 620 and 230 mg cholesterol . Could It is safe to assume that no species could have survived millions of years if its members could not tolerate occasional brief periods of natural starvation , which itself is ketogenic . In fact , everyone approaches ketogenesis in the sleep portion of every diurnal cycle . If only water is ingested , stores of liver glycogen decrease steadily to zero in the first 12 โ 24 h ( 2 3 ) . The body then must rely heavily on its vital gluconeogenesis capability to meet the needs of the body for glucose when carbohydrate is not available in sufficient amounts from the diet or from glycogen reserves . A supply of glucose is necessary , especially for the nervous system and erythrocytes . Death usually results if gluconeogenesis fails ( 2 ) . At the same time , concentrations of insulin and glucose decrease ( glucose decreases toward โ 3 mmol / L ) while glucagon increases . These changes initiate a strong increase in the concentration of free fatty acids as the body switches from the fed state to the starved state . Although slightly delayed , the concentration of blood ketone bodies increases from a negligible value to โ 2 mmol / L ( 3 ) . As noted decades ago , after โ 3 d , hunger decreases considerably as the concentration of these ketone bodies continues to increase to > 4 mmol / L ( 4 ) . Ketosis arises because the major fuel being burned is fat from body stores . The brain spares some glucose by using these ketone bodies . This mild ketosis is the body ' s natural adaptation to starvation and is not to be confused with the dangerous ketoacidosis associated with untreated type 1 diabetes . When zero calories are ingested , the maximum possible rate of weight loss occurs , and there will likely not be a flat weight - loss plateau . Of course , the ingestion of zero calories for an extended time is not healthful because The protein - sparing modified fast ( PSMF ) is a human - engineered variation on natural starvation designed to extend the period of rapid weight loss and low hunger while preventing the body from catabolizing itself . Because of the special biochemical importance of glucose , essentially the same changes as described above for starvation take place if little glucose - producing food ( carbohydrate ) is ingested , despite the fact that protein and fat are still being ingested . Ketostix ( Bayer Corporation , Elkhart , IN ) can be used to verify the presence of ketosis 5 ) . In this 1976 article , Bistrian et al conclude that โ For diabetics with some endogenous insulin reserve , the PSMF offers significant advantages for weight reduction , including preservation of lean body mass ( as reflected in nitrogen balance ) and withdrawal of exogenous insulin . โ The small amount of carbohydrate allowed must be chosen carefully to maximize the nutrients per gram of carbohydrate . A controlled study compared reports of appetite and symptoms in 28 obese subjects randomly assigned to either a 500 - kcal PSMF or a 1200 - kcal balanced diet ( 6 ) . During the first comparison month , the subjects who consumed the PSMF lost significantly more weight and reported significantly less hunger than did the subjects who consumed the balanced diet ; the former group reported significantly greater problems with cold intolerance , constipation , dizziness , dry skin , and fatigue . A ketogenic diet was developed early in the 20th century to successfully treat children with drug refractory epilepsy ( 7 ) . A direct comparison showed that saturated fat is undesirable even when a high - fat ketogenic diet is required , as in special treatments of refractory epilepsy ( 8 ) . A 2 - wk carefully controlled inpatient study showed that a ketogenic diet was beneficial for the control of weight and blood glucose concentrations in diabetic patients . Cutting carbohydrate consumption to โ 20 g / d produced a spontaneous reduction in calories of โ 1000 kcal / d with little change in hunger , diet satisfaction , or energy levels ( 9 ) . Clearly , one major advantage of the ketogenic diet is that it allows the calorie intake to be cut drastically without producing ravenous hunger . A suggestion for extending the benefits of ketogenic weight - loss diets would be to alternate 1 โ 3 wk of the PSMF with longer periods of the Heller plan ( 10 ) . The Heller plan allows for one full , healthful , balanced meal plus snacks daily that follow a PSMF protocol . This would enable the consumption of useful amounts of vital plant foods while taking the body back and forth through the entire cycle of emptying ( 23 h ) and refilling ( 1 h ) the liver ' s glycogen stores . No conflicts of interest were reported . REFERENCES 1 Johnston CS Tjonn SL Swan PD White A Hutchins H Sears B Ketogenic low - carbohydrate diets have no metabolic advantage over nonketogenic low - carbohydrate diets Am J Clin Nutr 2006 83 1055 61 Google Scholar PubMed Murray RK Granner DK Mayes PA Rodwell VW Harpers illustrated biochemistry . 26th ed . New York , NY Lange Medical Books / McGraw - Hill 2003 Bender DA Introduction to nutrition and metabolism . 3rd ed . New York , NY Taylor & Francis 2002 4 Ezrin C Kowalski RE The type II diabetes diet book . Los Angeles , CA Lowell House 1995 5 Bistrian BR Blackburn GL Flatt JP Sizer J Scrimshaw NS Sherman M Nitrogen metabolism and insulin requirements in obese diabetic adults on a protein - sparing modified fast Diabetes 1976 25 494 504 Google Scholar Crossref PubMed 6 Wadden TA Stunkard AJ Day SC Gould RA Rubin CJ Less food , less hunger : reports of appetite and symptoms in a controlled study of a protein - sparing modified fast Int J Obes 1987 11 239 49 7 Mandel A Ballew M Pina - Garza JE Stalmasek V Clemens LH Medical costs are reduced when children with intractable epilepsy are successfully treated with the ketogenic diet J Am Diet Assoc 2002 102 396 8 Crossref Fuehrlein BS Rutenberg MS Silver JN , et al . Differential metabolic effects of saturated versus polyunsaturated fats in ketogenic diets J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004 89 1641 9 Boden G Sargrad K Homko C Mozzoli Stein TP Effect of a low - carbohydrate diet on appetite , blood glucose levels , and insulin resistance in obese patients with type 2 diabetes Ann Intern Med 2005 142 403 11 10 Heller RF Heller RF Vagnini FJ The carbohydrate addict ' s healthy heart program . Ballantine Publishing Group / Random House 1999 Issue Section : Letters to the Editor ยฉ 2007 American Society for Clinical Nutrition View Metrics Email alerts New issue alert Advance article alerts Article activity alert Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic | [
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http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/87/5/1554S.full | Article Navigation Current protein intake in America : analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey , 2003 โ 2004 Victor L Fulgoni , III The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , Volume 87 , Issue 5 , May 2008 , Pages 1554S โ 1557S , https : / / doi . org / 10.1093 / ajcn / 87.5.1554S Published : 01 May 2008 Split View PDF Cite Permissions Share ABSTRACT In recent years there has been considerable interest in the benefits of high - protein diets . This study determined current usual intake of protein in America . Using the most recent data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey , 2003 โ 2004 , usual protein intake for Americans aged 2 + years was estimated . Usual protein intake was calculated on a grams per day , grams per kilogram ideal body weight , and a percentage of calories basis . Protein intake averaged 56 ยฑ 14 g / d in young children , increased to a high Issue Section : Supplement : Protein Summit 2007 : Exploring the Impact of High - Quality Protein on Optimal Health INTRODUCTION Protein intake can be measured various ways : grams per day , grams per kilogram body weight as per the dietary reference intakes ( DRIs ) , or as a percentage of calories ( 1 ) . In addition , protein sources can be measured via food sources in ounces of meat and meat alternatives as in the older Food Guide Pyramid or as in the newer MyPyramid protein equivalents per day ( 2 3 ) . The estimated average requirement ( EAR ) is set on a grams per kilogram basis , and only a few Americans have been reported to consume less than the EAR ; thus , protein malnutrition is not considered to be prevalent in America ( 1 ) . Although protein malnutrition may not be an issue , the question remains as to whether higher levels of protein intake are helpful for certain segments of the population , the elderly in particular , or provide some benefit in managing chronic diseases such as obesity and diabetes . Moshfegh et al ( 4 ) reported usual protein intake in grams per kilogram body weight from the National Health and Nutrition Survey ( NHANES ) 2001 โ 2002 . For all subjects aged 1 y or older , usual protein intake was 1.5 ยฑ 0.04 g / kg . The highest protein intake of 4.4 ยฑ 0.10 g / kg was reported in young children , and the lowest protein intake of 1.0 ยฑ 0.02 g / kg was reported in older women . Very few men reported protein intakes less than the EAR . However , 13 % of adolescent females 14 โ Another measure of protein intake is the acceptable macronutrient distribution range ( AMDR ) , which is 5 โ 35 % calories from protein , depending on age . The US Department of Agriculture dietary patterns for MyPyramid used the DRIs and AMDRs to establish nutritional goals for protein intake . On a grams per day basis , the lowest protein intake goal was 13 g / d for young children and the highest protein intake goal was 56 g / d for adult men . The goal on a percentage of calories basis ranged from 5 % to 20 5 ) . The expected estimate of the protein intake in the MyPyramid food patterns ranged from 44 to 126 g protein / d , depending on calorie levels ( which was 1.7 to 3.5 times the recommended dietary allowance for protein ) . As a percentage of calories , the expected estimated intake of protein from the MyPyramid food pattern ranged from 17 % to 21 % of calories ( 6 ) . The expected protein intake from the MyPyramid food patterns only approaches the midpoint of the AMDR of 5 โ 35 % ; thus higher protein intakes could be safely recommended . The US Department of Agriculture Food Guide Pyramid recommended 5 โ 7 ounces of meat or meat alternatives per day ( 2 ) . Cook and Friday ( 7 ) reported , from 1 d of intake , that Americans 2 y and older consumed an average of 5.3 ounces of meat or meat alternatives . The range of intake was 2.6 ounces for young female children to 7.9 ounces for men aged 30 โ 39 y . Ten percent of Americans 2 y and older consumed < 1 ounce of meat or meatalternatives , whereas only 44 % of this group consumed the minimum number of ounces of meat or meat alternatives . Only 37 % of women aged 20 y and older consumed at least the minimum Given the commonly held belief that protein consumption by Americans is excessive , protein intakes were estimated by using the most recently available data to determine current usual protein intake in Americans on a grams per day , on a grams per kilogram body weight , and on a percentage of calories basis . MATERIALS AND METHODS Data used were from the NHANES release from 2003 to 2004 . In this release 24 - h dietary recalls for 2 days of food and nutrient intake were made available . The first day of intake was collected in the Mobile Examination Center using the automated multiple pass method , whereas the second day of intake was collected via a telephone interview 3 โ 10 days later ( 8 ) . A minimum of 2 nonconsecutive days of intake is required to estimate usual intake . Experts recommend that the assessment of diets of population groups to DRIs be based on usual intake ( ) . Usual protein intake distribution was determined with the use of specialized software , Software for Intake Distribution Estimation ( 9 ) , which adjusts for interday variation in intake . Both days of protein intake estimates were used as data sources for Software for Intake Distribution Estimation analysis . Usual protein intake was estimated 3 ways : ) grams of protein per day , ) grams of protein per kilogram ideal body weight , and 3 ) percentage of energy from protein . For grams of protein per kilogram ideal body weight calculations , body weights were adjusted to the nearest ideal body weight . Namely , for adults who were overweight / obese , body weights were adjusted to a body mass index ( BMI ) of 24.9 kg / m and for adults who were underweight , body weights were adjusted to a BMI of 18.5 kg / m . For children whose weights were less than the 5th percentile for BMI for age , body weight was adjusted to 5 % of BMI for age . For children whose weights were greater than the 85th percentile for BMI for age , body weight was adjusted to 84.9 % . Because standing height was not available for children 2 โ 3 y of age , missing body weight was set at 12 kg , the reference amount for this group ( ) . Individuals were grouped by age / sex groups used by the DRI panels ( ) . For the purposes of this research , data were not separated by ethnicity . Means , SDs , and percentiles of distribution were generated using SAS version 9.1 ( 10 ) , SUDAAN version 9.0 ( 11 ) , or Software for Intake Distribution Estimation ( 9 ) with appropriate sample weights to adjust for the complex sample design of NHANES . RESULTS As shown in Figure 1 , protein intake averaged 55 ยฑ 14 g / d in young children , increased to a high of โ 91 ยฑ 22 g / d in adults aged 19 โ 30 y , and then decreased to โ 66 ยฑ 17 g / d in older adults ( 71 + years ) . Median intakes for the groups were 53 , 89 , and 63 g / d , respectively . Averages and percentiles of protein intake by age / sex group are presented in Table 1 FIGURE 1 . View large Download slide Protein intake ( g / d ) by age โ NHANES , 2003 โ 2004 . FIGURE 1 . View large Download slide Protein intake ( g / d ) by age โ NHANES , 2003 โ 2004 . TABLE 1 Protein ( g / d ) : usual intakes from food , compared to estimated average requirement ( EAL ) Mean ยฑ SD Percentiles EAR Percentage less than EAR 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 Males and females 2 โ 3 y ( n = 375 ) 54.9 ยฑ 13.8 35.6 39.1 45.5 53.4 62.6 72.5 79.3 10.8 < 3 4 โ 8 y ( n = 726 ) 66.1 ยฑ 13.7 45.7 49.6 56.5 65.0 74.6 84.1 90.2 15.2 < 3 Males 9 โ 13 y ( = 452 ) 80.9 ยฑ 17.6 54.6 59.6 68.6 79.6 91.7 103.9 111.9 27.2 14 โ 18 y ( = 638 ) 96.5 ยฑ 25.2 59.5 66.4 78.9 94.3 111.7 129.5 141.3 44.7 19 โ 30 y ( = 475 ) 109.2 ยฑ 25.8 70.6 78.0 91.1 107.1 125.0 143.1 154.9 46.2 31 โ 50 y ( = 634 ) 104.3 ยฑ 23.7 68.4 75.5 87.9 102.6 118.9 135.3 146.1 46.2 51 โ 70 y ( = 556 ) 88.3 ยฑ 22.1 55.9 61.9 72.8 86.2 101.4 117.1 127.7 71 + y ( = 399 ) 73.4 ยฑ 18.2 45.4 50.8 60.5 72.3 85.0 97.3 105.1 5.6 Females 9 โ 13 y ( = 478 ) 67.5 ยฑ 15.5 44.1 48.7 56.7 66.4 77.1 87.7 94.7 27.2 14 โ 18 y ( = 578 ) 67.9 ยฑ 17.3 42.3 47.2 55.9 66.2 78.2 90.8 98.9 46.0 8.6 19 โ 30 y ( = 399 ) 72.1 ยฑ 18.1 45.7 50.6 59.5 70.4 82.8 95.8 104.6 38.0 31 โ 50 y ( = 618 ) 68.5 ยฑ 16.6 44.1 48.7 56.9 66.9 78.3 90.2 98.1 38.0 51 โ 70 y ( = 618 ) 66.7 ยฑ 18.8 38.8 53.5 65.1 78.0 91.2 100.0 4.4 71 + y ( = 419 ) 58.6 ยฑ 14.7 37.1 41.2 48.4 57.2 67.1 77.5 84.6 5.9 Data from individuals with two days of reliable intakes from NHANES 2003 โ 2004 . Results generated using SIDE program . View Large TABLE 1 Protein ( g / d ) : usual intakes from food , compared to estimated average requirement ( EAL ) Mean ยฑ SD Percentiles EAR Percentage less than EAR 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 Males and females 2 โ 3 y ( = 375 ) 54.9 ยฑ 13.8 35.6 39.1 45.5 53.4 62.6 72.5 79.3 10.8 4 โ 8 y ( = 726 ) 66.1 ยฑ 13.7 49.6 56.5 65.0 74.6 84.1 15.2 Males = 452 ) 80.9 ยฑ 17.6 54.6 59.6 68.6 79.6 91.7 103.9 111.9 = 638 ) 96.5 ยฑ 25.2 78.9 94.3 111.7 129.5 141.3 44.7 = 475 ) 109.2 ยฑ 25.8 70.6 91.1 107.1 125.0 143.1 154.9 = 634 ) 104.3 ยฑ 23.7 68.4 75.5 87.9 102.6 118.9 135.3 146.1 = 556 ) 88.3 ยฑ 22.1 61.9 72.8 86.2 101.4 117.1 127.7 73.4 ยฑ 18.2 45.4 50.8 60.5 72.3 85.0 97.3 105.1 5.6 Females = 478 ) 67.5 ยฑ 15.5 56.7 77.1 87.7 94.7 = 578 ) 67.9 ยฑ 17.3 42.3 47.2 66.2 78.2 90.8 98.9 46.0 8.6 72.1 ยฑ 18.1 50.6 70.4 82.8 95.8 104.6 68.5 ยฑ 16.6 56.9 66.9 78.3 98.1 66.7 ยฑ 18.8 38.8 53.5 65.1 91.2 100.0 4.4 = 419 ) 58.6 ยฑ 14.7 37.1 41.2 48.4 57.2 67.1 77.5 84.6 5.9 Data from individuals with two days of reliable intakes from NHANES 2003 โ 2004 . Results generated using SIDE program . View Large Average protein intake on a gram per kilogram ideal body weight basis , the actual DRI format , is presented in Figure 2 . Young children 2 โ 3 and 4 โ 8 y of age had average intakes of protein of 4.5 ยฑ 1.1 and 2.4 ยฑ 1.1 g / kg ideal body weight , which is much higher than the EARs of 0.9 and 0.8 g / kg body weight , respectively . In adolescents , average protein intakes ranged from 1.7 ยฑ 0.7 and 1.5 ยฑ 0.6 g / kg ideal body weight for those aged 9 โ 13 and 14 โ 18 y , respectively . In adults , average protein intakes ranged from 1.0 ยฑ 0.3 g / FIGURE 2 . Protein intake ( g / kg body weight ) โ NHANES , 2003 โ 2004 . FIGURE 2 . Protein intake ( g / kg body weight ) โ NHANES , 2003 โ 2004 . The percentage of the population who consumed less than the EAR for protein was very low for men , but 7.7 % of adolescent females reported consuming less than the EAR for protein . Additionally , 7.2 โ 8.6 % of older adult women reported consuming protein levels below the EAR ( Table 2 ) . TABLE 2 Protein ( g / kg ideal body weight ) : usual intakes from food , compared to estimated average requirement ( EAR ) 2 โ 3 ( = 374 ) 4.6 ยฑ 1.2 2.9 3.2 3.8 5.2 6.1 6.7 0.9 4 โ 8 ( = 722 ) 2.4 ยฑ 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.6 2.3 3.1 3.9 4.6 0.8 9 โ 13 ( = 451 ) 1.9 ยฑ 0.7 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.3 0.8 14 โ 18 ( = 633 ) 1.7 ยฑ 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.7 19 โ 30 ( = 470 ) 1.5 ยฑ 0.4 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.2 0.7 31 โ 50 ( = 624 ) 1.4 ยฑ 0.3 1.6 1.8 1.9 51 โ 70 ( = 555 ) 1.2 ยฑ 0.3 1.3 1.5 1.7 71 + ( = 391 ) 1.0 ยฑ 0.3 9 โ 13 ( = 476 ) 1.5 ยฑ 0.7 1.9 2.4 2.8 7.7 14 โ 18 ( = 570 ) 1.2 ยฑ 0.5 2.1 7.7 19 โ 30 ( = 393 ) 1.2 ยฑ 0.3 31 โ 50 ( = 612 ) 1.1 ยฑ 0.3 1.3 4.0 51 โ 70 ( = 606 ) 1.1 ยฑ 0.3 0.6 7.2 71 + ( = 406 ) 1.0 ยฑ 0.3 0.6 Data from individuals with two days of reliable intake from NHANES 2003 โ 2004 . Body weights adjusted to nearest ideal bodyweight for both children and adults . Results generated using SIDE program . TABLE 2 Protein ( g / kg ideal body weight ) : usual intakes from food , compared to estimated average requirement ( EAR ) 2 โ 3 ( = 374 ) 4.6 ยฑ 1.2 2.9 3.2 3.8 5.2 6.1 6.7 4 โ 8 ( = 722 ) 2.4 ยฑ 1.1 3.1 3.9 4.6 = 451 ) 1.9 ยฑ 0.7 3.3 = 633 ) 1.7 ยฑ 0.7 2.5 3.0 = 470 ) 1.5 ยฑ 0.4 2.2 = 624 ) 1.4 ยฑ 0.3 = 555 ) = 391 ) = 476 ) 1.5 ยฑ 0.7 2.4 = 570 ) 1.2 ยฑ 0.5 2.1 = 393 ) = 612 ) 4.0 = 606 ) 7.2 = 406 ) Data from individuals with two days of reliable intake from NHANES 2003 โ 2004 . Body weights adjusted to nearest ideal bodyweight for both children and adults . Results generated using SIDE program . The AMDR for protein is 5 โ 35 % of calories , depending on age ( the high end of the AMDR is 35 % of calories ) . The average percentage of energy from protein ranged from 13.5 % of calories in children 4 โ 8 y of age and 16.0 % of calories in adults 51 โ 70 y of age ( Figure 3 ) . FIGURE 3 . Protein intake ( % of calories ) โ NHANES , 2003 โ 2004 . FIGURE 3 . Protein intake ( % of calories ) โ NHANES , 2003 โ 2004 . The median intake of protein on a percentage of calories basis ranged from 13.4 % in children 4 โ 8 y of age to 16.0 % in men 51 โ 70 y of age ( Table 3 ) . The 95th percentile of protein intake did not approach the highest AMDR of 35 % for any age / sex group . The 95th percentile of protein intake was 20.8 % of calories in men 51 โ 70 y of age . TABLE 3 Protein ( % kcal ) : usual intakes from food , compared to acceptable macronutrient distribution range ( AMDR ) Low AMDR Prob Below High AMDR Prob Above 14.2 ยฑ 1.7 11.6 12.1 13.0 14.1 15.3 16.5 17.2 20 13.5 ยฑ 1.6 11.1 11.6 12.4 13.4 14.5 15.6 16.2 30 13.9 ยฑ 1.2 12.0 12.4 13.1 13.9 14.7 15.5 15.9 30 14.1 ยฑ 1.8 11.3 11.8 12.8 14.0 15.3 16.5 17.3 15.3 ยฑ 2.2 11.9 12.6 13.7 15.1 16.6 18.2 19.2 35 15.1 ยฑ 2.2 11.7 13.6 15.0 18.0 19.1 35 16.2 ยฑ 2.6 12.3 13.1 14.4 16.0 17.9 19.7 20.8 15.9 ยฑ 1.7 13.2 13.7 14.7 15.9 17.1 18.2 18.9 14.1 ยฑ 1.6 12.1 13.0 14.0 15.1 16.2 16.9 13.5 ยฑ 2.0 10.4 11.0 13.3 16.1 17.0 14.3 ยฑ 2.8 10.2 11.0 18.0 19.4 4.3 14.8 ยฑ 2.7 12.9 14.6 16.4 19.4 15.7 ยฑ 2.8 11.5 12.3 13.8 15.5 17.4 19.3 20.6 15.7 ยฑ 2.1 12.5 14.3 15.6 17.1 18.5 Data from individuals with two days of reliable intake from NHANES 2003 โ 2004 . Results generated using SIDE program . TABLE 3 Protein ( % kcal ) : usual intakes from food , compared to acceptable macronutrient distribution range ( AMDR ) Low AMDR Prob Below High AMDR Prob Above 14.2 ยฑ 1.7 14.1 17.2 20 13.5 ยฑ 1.6 11.1 13.4 14.5 13.9 ยฑ 1.2 12.0 13.9 14.1 ยฑ 1.8 11.3 11.8 12.8 17.3 15.3 ยฑ 2.2 11.9 12.6 16.6 19.2 15.1 ยฑ 2.2 11.7 13.6 15.0 19.1 16.2 ยฑ 2.6 14.4 16.0 17.9 19.7 20.8 15.9 ยฑ 1.7 13.2 18.9 14.1 ยฑ 1.6 16.9 13.5 ยฑ 2.0 10.4 13.3 16.1 17.0 14.3 ยฑ 2.8 10.2 4.3 14.8 ยฑ 2.7 12.9 14.6 16.4 15.7 ยฑ 2.8 11.5 13.8 17.4 19.3 20.6 15.7 ยฑ 2.1 12.5 14.3 18.5 Data from individuals with two days of reliable intake from NHANES 2003 โ 2004 . Results generated using SIDE program . DISCUSSION Although most age / sex groups appear to consume more protein than the respective EAR , a significant percentage of adolescent females and older women appeared to have inadequate protein intake . These results were similar to those of Moshfegh et al ( 4 ) , who observed that most men met the EAR , whereas some female age groups consumed inadequate protein . There is a trend for decreased protein intake as Americans age ( Figures 2 and ) , although percentage of calories from protein increases slightly in older Americans . Given the rising concern about sarcopenia , protein intake in older Americans deserves increased attention . MyPyramid food patterns have been estimated to provide a protein intake ranging from 17 % to 21 % of calories ( 5 ) , but very few Americans are consuming this amount of protein . Given the positive benefits of higher protein intake on satiety and other physiologic functions , efforts should be undertaken to help Americans consume the recommended amounts of protein . Furthermore , given the prevalence of being overweight or obese in America and the role protein may play in managing body weight , it makes sense to consider increasing protein intake recommendations even further , to 25 โ 30 % of calories , a level that is still within the AMDR . Virtually none of the population approaches An honorarium for preparing the manuscript and reimbursements of travel expenses for attending the Protein Summit were provided to VF by the Protein Summit sponsors . VF has also received research grants from The Beef Checkoff through the National Cattlemen ' s Beef Association . REFERENCES Institute of Medicine Dietary reference intakes for energy , carbohydrate , fiber , fat , fatty acids , cholesterol , protein , and amino acids . Washington , DC National Academies Press 2002 US Department of Agriculture , Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion The food guide pyramid . Washington , DC US Government Printing Office 1992 slightly revised 1996 . ( Publication HG252 . ) US Department of Agriculture , Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion Inside MyPyramid . Internet http : / / www . mypyramid . gov / pyramid / meat . html accessed 14 April 2007 Moshfegh A Goldman J Cleveland L What we eat in America , NHANES 2001 โ 2002 . Usual nutrient intake from foods as compared to dietary reference intakes . US Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service . 2005 Internet http : / / www . ars . usda . gov / SP2UserFiles / Place / 12355000 / pdf / usualintaketables2001 - 02 . pdf accessed 14 April 2007 US Department of Agriculture MyPyramid : Nutritional goals for proposed daily food intake patterns . http : / / www . cnpp . usda . gov / Publications / MyPyramid / DevelopmentMaterials / FedlRegNoticeSept2003 / table3 . pdf 6 US Department of Agriculture MyPyramid . Nutrients in proposed food intake patterns . http : / / www . cnpp . usda . gov / Publications / MyPyramid / DevelopmentMaterials / FedlRegNoticeSept2003 / table5 . pdf 7 Cook AJ Friday JE Pyramid servings intakes in the United States 1999 โ 2002 , 1 day . Beltsville , MD USDA , Agricultural Research Service , Community Nutr Res Group CNRG Table Set 3.0.2005 . Internet http : / / www . ars . usda . gov / research / publications / publications . htm ? seq_no_115 = 178561 8 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Health Statistics Documentation , codebook , and frequencies exam component : Dietary interview โ total nutrient intakes data ( second day ) . 2006 http : / / www . cdc . gov / nchs / data / nhanes / nhanes_03_04 / dr2tot_c . pdf Iowa State University Software for Intake Distribution Estimation ( SIDE ) http : / / cssm . iastate . edu / software / sidesas . html 10 SAS Institute INC Statistical analysis system , version 9.1 . SAS Institute Inc , Cary , NC . http : / / www . sas . com 11 Research Triangle Institute SUDAAN , version 9.0 . Research Triangle Park , NC Research Triangle Institute http : / / www . rti . org / sudaan / index . cfm FOOTNOTES Presented at the conference โ Protein Summit 2007 : Exploring the Impact of High - Quality Protein on Optimal Health , โ held in Charleston , SC , May 24 , 2007 . Support for โ Protein Summit 2007 : Exploring the Impact of High - Quality Protein on Optimal Health โ and this supplement was provided by the Egg Nutrition Center , National Dairy Council , National Pork Board , and The Beef Checkoff through the National Cattlemen ' s Beef Association . ยฉ 2008 American Society for Clinical Nutrition | [
"protein",
"National Health",
"Nutrition Examination Survey"
] |
http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.6.1071 | Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Article Full Access National Trends in the Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Mark Olfson M.D. , M.P.H . Marc J . Gameroff Ph . D . Steven C . Marcus Ph . D . , and Peter S . Jensen M.D . Published Online : 1 Jun 2003 https : / / doi . org / 10.1176 / appi . ajp . 160 . 6 . 1071 View Options Tools Share Abstract OBJECTIVE : Nationally representative descriptive data were presented regarding recent trends in the outpatient treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) in children . METHOD : Service use data were analyzed in children ages 3 to 18 years from two nationally representative surveys of the U.S. general population , the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey , and the 1997 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey . Trends in the rates of treatment for ADHD were presented by age , gender , race , family income , and health insurance status . Trends in ADHD treatment were also determined by annual numbers of visits , use of pharmacotherapies , and types of health care professionals . RESULTS : The rate of outpatient treatment for ADHD increased from 0.9 per 100 children in 1987 to 3.4 per 100 children in 1997 . Significant increases in the rates of treatment for ADHD were evident across nearly all sociodemographic groups , with the largest increases among children from poor , near - poor , and low - income families and children ages 12 to 18 . Among children who received treatment for ADHD , there was a significant decrease in the number of treatment visits but an increase in the number of stimulant prescriptions between 1987 and 1997 . CONCLUSIONS : During the decade , there was a marked and broad expansion in access to treatment of children with ADHD but a decline in intensity of treatment , as measured by number of visits . These changes occurred during a period of expanding access to special education services , growth of managed behavioral healthcare , and increased public acceptance of effective psychotropic medications . Figures References Cited by Details Volume 160 Issue 6 June 2003 Pages 1071 - 1077 Metrics History Published online 1 June 2003 Published in print 1 June 2003 | [
"National Trends",
"ADHD",
"Medical Expenditure"
] |
http://ajss.abasyn.edu.pk/ | Welcome to Abasyn Journal of Social Sciences The Abasyn University Journal of Social Sciences AJSS is a multidisciplinary peer reviewed open access journal that is published on six monthly bases The AJSS intends to serve as an open platform for academia researchers and civil society to communicate their ides views and research findings across the cultures The journal strives to provide quality research publications that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence The management of the AJSS is committed to complete peer review process with in two months maximum and informs the author about the acceptance or otherwise about the paper accordingly Current Issue Abasyn Journal of Social Sciences Volume 11 Issue 1 2018 Measuring SHRM Vertical and Horizontal Fit Scale Development and Validation Noman Soomro Aamir Firoz Shamsi Analyzing the Interaction among Factors Hindering the Growth of SMEs Evidence from Cutlery Sector of Pakistan Naveed Iqbal Chaudhry Zaid Bin Khalid Haleema Farooq Reflecting on Islamic Development Process and Sens Capabilities Approach Shafiullah Jan Zahoor Khan Karim Ullah Open Access Policy Abasyn Journal of Social Sciences ensures that all manuscripts published in it are freely accessible online via internet immediately upon publication without any costbarrier of subscriptionregistration to the readers universally EditorInChief Prof Dr Syed Umar Farooq syedumarfarooqabasynedupk Journal Info ISSN 1998152X EISSN 22216782 Year Started 2008 Frequency Biannual Language English Publisher Abasyn University | [
"Abasyn Journal of Social Sciences"
] |
http://ak-wx.blogspot.com/2011/04/when-will-snow-melt.html | Deep Cold : Alaska Weather & Climate Monday , April 11 , 2011 When will the snow melt ? As of Monday morning , there was 19 inches of snow on the ground at the Fairbanks Airport . This is somewhat above median for the date , and so how does this bode for melt out ? In the past 30 years , the Airport has had 19 or more inches of snow on the ground on April 11 th seven times . Here are the years and the date of melt out ( first day without measurable snow on the ground ) : 1985 : 31 inches : May 9 th 1989 : 21 inches : April 25 1991 : 46 inches : May 7 1992 : 30 inches : May 7 1993 : 23 inches : Apr 24 2000 : 20 inches : April 27 2009 : 23 inches : April 29 2011 : 19 inches : ? Based on just this small sample , you ' d expect that 1 ) melt out will be later than the long term average of Apr 20 and 2 ) sometime in the last week of the month is the most likely . Posted by Rick at 12 : 12 PM Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels : Spring Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) | [
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http://akbllp.com/protecting-your-musical-copyrights/what-are-music-publishing-rights/ | What Are Music Publishing Rights ? The broad bundle of rights that are associated with a musical copyright are known as โ music publishing rights . โ These rights are not defined by statute but rather are terms recognized in the music industry . Similarly , the concept of the โ writer โ s share โ versus the โ publisher โ s share โ is based in practice , not law . Traditionally , 50 % of the income derived from the exploitation of a composition is deemed to constitute the publisher โ s share and 50 % the writer โ s share . Where the Music publishing rights are generally understood to include the following : Non - dramatic or โ Small โ Performance Rights Non - dramatic or โ small โ performance rights include the rights to authorize non - dramatic performances of compositions over television , radio , and other electronic devices ; online transmissions ; and non - dramatic live performances . Small performance rights are administered by the performing rights societies . In the United States , these societies are ASCAP , BMI , and SESAC . Small performance royalties are divided equally between the writer and publisher . Royalties derived from the exercise of small performance rights are determined by a formula established by the performing rights society . Traditionally , authors were precluded from assigning or selling their writer โ s share of small performance rights . This is no longer the case , and in recent years a number of authors and heirs have included the writer โ s share of income , including public performance income , in the sale of their catalogues . Dramatic or โ Grand โ Rights Dramatic or โ grand โ rights refer to the use of a song in a dramatic context ( whether or not the song is originally written for a dramatic musical production ) . Note that there is no statutory definition of grand rights , and an issue may arise as to whether a particular usage constitutes the exercise of a grand , versus small , right . Grand rights are often withheld from grants of rights to the music publisher and are controlled directly by the author or his / her representatives . The royalties derived from the exploitation of grand rights are typically in the form of a percentage of gross weekly box - office receipts or a flat per performance fee . Synchronization Rights Synchronization ( โ synch โ ) rights are the rights to include the composition in an audio - visual production , such as a motion picture , television program , television commercial , home video , and DVD . Fees are generally in the form of one - time payments , although the arrangement can be a โ stepped โ deal ( e.g. , one fee for motion picture use and an additional payment for video rights ) . In addition , mechanical royalties will be payable if the song is included in a soundtrack album . Mechanical Rights Mechanical rights are the rights to include a composition in a sound recording . Once a song has been published , anyone can record it as long as the statutory mechanical license is obtained and the statutory fee paid . In the United States , many copyright owners authorize the Harry Fox Agency to issue mechanical rights licenses on their behalf . As of January 1 , 2012 , the statutory rate is 9.1 cents per composition or 1.75 cents per minute for songs over 5 minutes . This rate is subject to adjustments by the Copyright Royalty Board . Despite the statutory minimum , record companies will often insist on paying a rate that is less than the full statutory rate . A rate equal to 75 % of the statutory rate is customary . This is true regardless of whether or not the songwriter has written all the songs on the album . Another common practice of the record companies is to limit the number of songs on a particular album for which the author is paid mechanical license fees even if the album contains a greater number of songs . Both the reduction in the mechanical rate Print Rights Print rights are the rights to issue licenses for printed versions of the compositions , including single - song sheet music and folios . Print rights may be included in a general grant of rights to a third - party music publisher or may be licensed separately to a company whose primary business is the printing and sale of music . The fees payable to the songwriters for the exercise of print rights are typically based on a percentage of retail list price ( 12.5 % is customary ) . Concert Rental Rights Concert rental rights are the rights to perform works in public . Concert performance rights are generally covered by licenses issued by the performing rights societies . However , the rental of full orchestral scores and parts are typically handled by a concert rental agent . It is customary for the concert rental agent to retain between 25 % and 50 % of the rental fees and remit the balance to the writer . Concert rental rights may be included in a general grant of rights to a third - party music publisher or may be licensed directly to a concert rental agent . New Media Rights โ New Media โ is an evolving category of exploitation of musical copyrights . New Media rights include all rights not covered by the traditional modes of exploitation . New Media rights include digital performance and digital transmission of musical compositions by a variety of means , including digital downloads , ringtones , and interactive streaming . The use of a composition in a permanent digital download is recognized as a mechanical right . The Copyright Royalty Board has established that the current statutory rate for the mechanical reproduction of a composition in a permanent digital download is 9.1 cents per composition or 1.75 cents per minute for compositions over 5 minutes in length ( the same statutory rate that applies to mechanical reproduction in physical phonorecords ) . The use of a composition in a ringtone is recognized as a mechanical right . The Copyright Royalty Board has established that the current statutory rate for the mechanical reproduction of a composition in a ringtone is 24 cents . Go to Next : Copyright Duration | [
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http://akerwoods.com/KilnorAirDrying.html | Kiln vs . Air Drying ; by Aker Woods For many applications , it ' s important to make sure your wood is dry . Logs and lumber shrink in diameter , height , and width as they dry , but not in length . Kiln drying adds an extra cost , and we want to make sure you only spend what you need to . To help you make a decision , we ' ve listed some of the benefits of each method : Benefits of Kiln Drying : Kiln drying is faster . For large sawmills , this is one of the most important benefits . Moving the lumber quickly reduces inventory costs and saves space in the millyard . Kiln drying kills insects and eggs . For sawmills using salvaged timber and for sawmills in very humid areas , this can be an important consideration . We use only live timber free of insects , so this is n ' t a factor for us . Kilns " set the pitch " . Some species , like Spruce , have pockets of pitch , even when thoroughly dried . When the wood reaches a new high in temperature , the pitch can liquefy enough to drip down the side of a board . Kiln - dried Spruce wo n ' t do this in normal environments because it will never get warmer than it did in the kiln . ( If you notice a bead of pitch creeping down a timber or board , just wait for it to cool and crystallize again . You can Note : even in Spruce , our species most prone to have pitch pockets , external pitch runs occur on less than 1 % of the surface area . Myths About Kiln Drying : Kiln drying produces a lower moisture content . True , but only for a couple of weeks . All woods have an equilibrium moisture content . It varies with the wood species and the relative humidity where the wood is installed or stored . For Ponderosa Pine , equilibrium moisture content is 12 - 19 % . You can kiln dry Ponderosa to 8 % for example , but it would quickly absorb enough moisture to get to equilibrium . For most projects , it ' s unwise to use wood with very low moisture contents . That ' s Kiln drying prevents bows and twists . Have you ever noticed that in a lumberyard , there are more bowed and twisted studs at the bottom of a unit of lumber than on the top of a freshly un - banded unit ? Part of the reason is that customers have sorted through the studs , leaving more bowed and twisted ones behind . But another reason is that the lumber was kiln dried , planed , and banded in quick succession . The bows and twists do n ' t have a chance to develop until the bands are Kiln drying prevents checking ( cracks in the wood ) . Not true . Woods check in relation to their species characteristics , original moisture content ( timber cut in the spring of a period of wet years has a much higher moisture content than wood cut during the winter in a drought period ) , thickness of the lumber or log , and how fast they dry , not the drying method . For this reason , kilns dry woods on schedules of hotter and cooler temperatures and add moisture to the wood during drying to avoid more checking If you ' re still doubtful about whether kiln drying produces better wood , go to an antique dealer . None of the wood there was kiln dried . Items of Interest Aker Woods Company named Manufacturer of the Year What ' s the best way to dry wood ? " Kiln vs . Air Drying " Find out here . . . Wondering How to Preserve Wood ? Find out here . . . Please Recommend Aker Woods Co . to a friend or associate Click here . . . Like Aker Woods Co . on Facebook Click here . . . | [
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"Benefits"
] |
http://akvis.com/en/photoshop-tips/resolution.php | Adobe Photoshop & Photoshop Elements Tips Changing image resolution in Adobe Photoshop You may need high resolution images for printing . To change the image resolution in Adobe Photoshop follow the instructions : Step 1 . Select the command Image - Image Size from the Adobe Photoshop menu . Step 2 . Select the option Resample Image , if you want to keep the image dimensions ( Document Size ) . If you want to keep the total amount of pixels ( Pixel Dimensions ) , you should un - check this option . In this case the width and the height will change in such a way that the total amount of pixels will stay the same Step 3 . Enter a new value for resolution into the field Resolution ( which defines how many pixels per inch your image will have ) . Step 4 . Press the button OK | [
"image resolution",
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http://alabama.hometownlocator.com/al/escambia/pollard.cfm | Pollard , AL Profile : Facts & Data Profile Map Photos Directory Schools Jobs Places JUMP DOWN PAGE TO : Basic Facts | Demographic Data | Peer Comparsions Pollard Local Links & Resources : Hotels Resources ALL Pollard Content Also See : Pollard , AL ZIP Codes & ZIP Code Maps | Local Area Photos Pollard , Alabama - Basic Facts Quick & Easy Tools Recent Data for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes Neighborhood Maps , Data , Home Values Research Public Schools Boundaries Locate Physical & Cultural Features City , Town , and ZIP Code Maps The Town of Pollard had a population of 144 as of July 1 , 2018 . The primary coordinate point for Pollard is located at latitude 31.0239 and longitude - 87.173 in Escambia County . The formal boundaries for the Town of Pollard ( see map below ) encompass a land area of 1.11 sq . miles and a water area of 0 sq . miles . Escambia County is in the Central time zone ( GMT - 6 ) . The elevation is 62 feet . The Town of Pollard ( GNIS ID : 2407141 ) has a C1 Census Class Code which indicates an active incorporated place that does not serve as a county subdivision equivalent . It also has a Functional Status Code of " A " which identifies an active government providing primary general - purpose functions Alabama is one of 20 states where Census County Divisions ( CCDs ) are used for statistical tracking of subdivisions within each county . The Town of Pollard is located within Brewton Division of Escambia County Jump to . . . ( On This Page ! ) Pollard 2018 Demographic Data Growth Rates for Pollard ( Historical & 5 - Year Forecast ) Peer Comparisons ( Rank and Percentile ) Neighborhoods Demographics ( Home Values , Household Income , etc . ) Alabama Research Tools ( Easy Tools & Current Data ) Alabama Data Comparison Tool - 2018 Demographics Research a Alabama Address and get . . . Boundary Maps , Demographic Data , School Zones Review maps and data for the neighborhood , city , county , ZIP Code , and school zone . July 1 , 2018 , data includes home values , household income , percentage of homes owned , rented or vacant , etc . Pollard , AL Data & Demographics ( As of July 1 , 2018 ) POPULATION Total Population 144 Population in Households 144 Population in Familes 124 Population in Group Qrtrs 0 Population Density 2 130 Diversity Index 3 26 INCOME Median Household Income $ 42,431 Average Household Income $ 61,857 Per Capita Income $ 24,143 HOUSING Total Housing Units 67 ( 100 % ) Owner Occupied HU 48 ( 71.6 % ) Renter Occupied HU 8 ( 11.9 % ) Vacant Housing Units 11 ( 16.4 % ) Median Home Value $ 105,000 Average Home Value $ 148,469 HOUSEHOLDS Total Households 56 Average Household Size 2.57 Family Households 42 Average Family Size 3 NOTES Demographics are point estimates for July 1st of the current year and each for the forecast years . See References for more information . Population Density = Total Population per square mile . The Diversity Index is a scale of 0 to 100 that represents the likelihood that two persons , chosen at random from the same area , belong to different race or ethnic groups . If an area ' s entire population belongs to one race AND one ethnic group , then the area has zero diversity . An area ' s diversity index increases to 100 when the population is evenly divided into two or more race / ethnic groups . GROWTH RATE / YEAR 2010 - 2018 2018 - 2023 Population 0.61 % 0.14 % Households 0.67 % 0.0 % Families 1.89 % 0.0 % Median Household Income 2.75 % Per Capita Income 1.72 % Pollard , AL - Peer Comparisons by Rank and Percentile The table below compares Pollard to the other 580 incorporated cities , towns and CDPs in Alabama by rank and percentile using July 1 , 2018 data . The location Ranked # 1 has the highest value . A location that ranks higher than 75 % of its peers would be in the 75th percentile of the peer group . Variable Description Rank Percentile Total Population # 537 7th Population Density # 423 27th Diversity Index # 394 32nd # 234 60th # 177 70th Additional comparisons and rankings can be made with a VERY EASY TO USE Alabama Census Data Comparison Tool Quick & Easy Ways to . . . Get Current Demographic Data for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes View Boundary Maps , for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes Locate Physical , Cultural , and Historical Features Research Public Schools & Attendance Zones Alabama Census Data Comparison Tool Compare Alabama July 1 , 2018 Data Data Population Population Density Diversity Index Average Household Income Per Capita Income Locations Cites & Towns Counties ZIP Codes Highest or Lowest Show Highest Values Show Lowest Values Results Show 20 Results Show 200 Results | [
"Pollard , Alabama",
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http://alabama.hometownlocator.com/al/jefferson/ensley.cfm | Ensley ( in Jefferson County , AL ) Populated Place Profile Profile Maps Photos Places Schools Jobs Birmingham Local Links & Resources : Hotels | Resources | ALL Birmingham Content Ensley : Basic Facts & Information Ensley ( GNIS FID : 118003 ) is a populated place LOCATED WITHIN the City of Birmingham . In turn , the City of Birmingham is located within Jefferson County Ensley is located at latitude 33.51 and longitude - 86.886 . The elevation of Ensley is 528 feet above mean sea level . Since Ensley is located within the City of Birmingham , all of the census and demographic data for residents of Ensley are included as part of the information reported for City of Birmingham in the " Profile " tab above . Jefferson County Cities & Towns ZIP Codes Features airports , churches , hospitals , etc . Also See : Nearby Photos | Nearby Hotels | Driving Directions Research a Alabama Address and get . . . Boundary Maps , Demographic Data , School Zones Review maps and data for the neighborhood , city , county , ZIP Code , and school zone . July 1 , 2018 , data includes home values , household income , percentage of homes owned , rented or vacant , etc . Mapped Location of Ensley Ensley ร + โ Leaflet | Map data ยฉ OpenStreetMap contributors BIG Map Driving Directions | Terrain Map Satellite Map | Data Source - USGS GNIS FID : 118003 BOUNDARY MAPS : City of Birmingham | Birmingham Division Quick & Easy Ways to . . . Get Current Demographic Data for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes View Boundary Maps , for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes Locate Physical , Cultural , and Historical Features Research Public Schools & Attendance Zones Nearby Cities , Towns & Census Designated Places Fairfield , AL ( 2.4 miles SW ) McDonald Chapel , AL ( 2.7 miles WNW ) Midfield , AL ( 3.6 miles SSW ) Minor , AL ( 3.6 miles WNW ) Edgewater , AL ( 4.3 miles WNW ) Forestdale , AL ( 4.3 miles N ) Pleasant Grove , AL ( 4.9 miles WSW ) Birmingham , AL ( 4.9 miles E ) Birmingham , AL ( 4.9 miles E ) Homewood , AL ( 5.6 miles ESE ) Nearby Neighborhoods , Subdivisions & Other Small Populated Places Frenchtown , AL ( < 0.1 mile ) Little Italy , AL ( < 0.1 mile ) Shadyside , AL Ensley Highlands , AL Village Creek Junction , AL ( 1.4 miles NNW ) Tuxedo Heights , AL ( 1.4 miles NNE ) Sherman Heights , AL ( 1.4 miles NW ) Oak Hills , AL ( 1.4 miles SW ) Martins , AL ( 1.4 miles SSW ) Central Park Highlands , AL ( 1.4 miles S ) Alabama Census Data Comparison Tool Compare Alabama July 1 , 2018 Data Data Population Population Density Diversity Index Average Household Income Per Capita Income Locations Cites & Towns Counties ZIP Codes Highest or Lowest Show Highest Values Show Lowest Values Results Show 20 Results Show 200 Results | [
"Ensley",
"Jefferson County"
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http://alabama.hometownlocator.com/al/limestone/elkmont.cfm | Elkmont , AL Profile : Facts & Data Profile Maps Photos Places Schools Jobs JUMP DOWN PAGE TO : Basic Facts | Demographic Data | Peer Comparsions Elkmont Local Links & Resources : Hotels Resources ALL Elkmont Content Also See : Elkmont , AL ZIP Codes & ZIP Code Maps | Local Area Photos Elkmont , Alabama - Basic Facts Quick & Easy Tools Recent Data for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes Neighborhood Maps , Data , Home Values Research Public Schools Boundaries Locate Physical & Cultural Features City , Town , and ZIP Code Maps The Town of Elkmont had a population of 467 as of July 1 , 2018 . Elkmont ranks in the lower quartile for Diversity Index when compared to the other cities , towns and Census Designated Places ( CDPs ) in Alabama . See peer rankings below . The primary coordinate point for Elkmont is located at latitude 34.929 and longitude - 86.9739 in Limestone County . The formal boundaries for the Town of Elkmont encompass a land area of 1.6 sq . miles and a water area of 0.01 sq . miles . Limestone County is in the Central time zone ( GMT - 6 ) . The elevation is 807 feet . The Town of Elkmont ( GNIS ID : 2406437 ) has a C1 Census Class Code which indicates an active incorporated place that does not serve as a county subdivision equivalent . It also has a Functional Status Code of " A " which identifies an active government providing primary general - purpose functions Alabama is one of 20 states where Census County Divisions ( CCDs ) are used for statistical tracking of subdivisions within each county . The Town of Elkmont is located within Athens Division of Limestone County Alternate Unofficial Names for Elkmont : Fort Hampton . Jump to . . . ( On This Page ! ) Elkmont 2018 Demographic Data Growth Rates for Elkmont ( Historical & 5 - Year Forecast ) Peer Comparisons ( Rank and Percentile ) Neighborhoods Demographics ( Home Values , Household Income , etc . ) Alabama Research Tools ( Easy Tools & Current Data ) Alabama Data Comparison Tool - 2018 Demographics Elkmont , AL - Most Popular Things to Do Top 20 Most Popular Places Near Elkmont Popularity rankings are based on positive reviews , search queries , and other user data . Also See : Nearby Photos | Nearby Hotels | Driving Directions Research a Alabama Address and get . . . Boundary Maps , Demographic Data , School Zones Review maps and data for the neighborhood , city , county , ZIP Code , and school zone . July 1 , 2018 , data includes home values , household income , percentage of homes owned , rented or vacant , etc . Elkmont , AL Data & Demographics ( As of July 1 , 2018 ) POPULATION Total Population 467 Population in Households 460 Population in Familes 397 Population in Group Qrtrs 7 Population Density 2 292 Diversity Index 3 20 INCOME Median Household Income $ 52,929 Average Household Income $ 72,970 Per Capita Income $ 28,178 HOUSING Total Housing Units 219 ( 100 % ) Owner Occupied HU 155 ( 70.8 % ) Renter Occupied HU 38 ( 17.4 % ) Vacant Housing Units 26 ( 11.9 % ) Median Home Value $ 132,759 Average Home Value $ 208,442 HOUSEHOLDS Total Households 193 Average Household Size 2.38 Family Households 141 Average Family Size 3 NOTES Demographics are point estimates for July 1st of the current year and each for the forecast years . See References for more information . Population Density = Total Population per square mile . The Diversity Index is a scale of 0 to 100 that represents the likelihood that two persons , chosen at random from the same area , belong to different race or ethnic groups . If an area ' s entire population belongs to one race AND one ethnic group , then the area has zero diversity . An area ' s diversity index increases to 100 when the population is evenly divided into two or more race / ethnic groups . GROWTH RATE / YEAR 2010 - 2018 2018 - 2023 Population 0.89 % 0.97 % Households 1.05 % 1.11 % Families 1.57 % 0.97 % Median Household Income 4.37 % Per Capita Income 3.35 % Elkmont , AL - Peer Comparisons by Rank and Percentile The table below compares Elkmont to the other 580 incorporated cities , towns and CDPs in Alabama by rank and percentile using July 1 , 2018 data . The location Ranked # 1 has the highest value . A location that ranks higher than 75 % of its peers would be in the 75th percentile of the peer group . Variable Description Rank Percentile Total Population # 413 29th Population Density # 241 59th Diversity Index # 440 24th # 101 83rd # 68 88th Additional comparisons and rankings can be made with a VERY EASY TO USE Alabama Census Data Comparison Tool Quick & Easy Ways to . . . Get Current Demographic Data for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes View Boundary Maps , for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes Locate Physical , Cultural , and Historical Features Research Public Schools & Attendance Zones Alabama Census Data Comparison Tool Compare Alabama July 1 , 2018 Data Data Population Population Density Diversity Index Average Household Income Per Capita Income Locations Cites & Towns Counties ZIP Codes Highest or Lowest Show Highest Values Show Lowest Values Results Show 20 Results Show 200 Results | [
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http://alabama.travel/road-trips/irondale-hanceville-cullman-a-pilgrimage-for-the-soul | Alabama Road Trip No . 34 Irondale , Hanceville & Cullman : A Pilgrimage for the Soul by Carolanne Roberts One cloistered nun โ a determined soul who acted on miracles โ paved the way for the spiritual journey you can experience today in Alabama , starting with the Eternal Word Television Network in Irondale and continuing north to The Shrine of the Most Blessed Sacrament in the rolling countryside outside Cullman , near Hanceville . Just 20 minutes farther along in Cullman , a German - born immigrant known as Brother Joseph left a legacy of miniature buildings at Ave Maria Grotto , a walking trail on the grounds of a Benedictine abbey . Pilgrims of all faiths journey from far corners of the globe to nourish spirits and deepen understanding at the three Alabama locations . You can travel with an organized pilgrimage group ( special programs are available for 10 or more visitors ) or merely drop by as an individual . Each stop is an easy drive from See EWTN in Action The first thing you notice are the satellite dishes โ a fenced - in collection of huge white dishes behind the world headquarters of the Eternal Word Television Network . Those big transmitters mean EWTN is broadcasting from this very spot 24 hours a day , in four languages , on 11 channels , and to more than 200 million viewers in more than 140 countries . On the daily tour here , you hear how Mother Angelica , a feisty Franciscan nun , started EWTN with a mere $ 200 in 1981 . It is now one of the biggest religious media network in the world โ programming also beams out on satellite and shortwave radio and EWTN also operates a newspaper and two wire services . After seeing the welcome video , you โ re guided through the studios themselves , peering into production bays and at banks of monitors showing what โ s being seen in the Pacific Rim , Africa , South America , Europe or the U.S. at that exact moment . All visitors are invited to attend a live mass as it is televised in the EWTN Chapel ( also open for personal prayer and contemplation ) . Faithful viewers who visit here will often see โ and can engage with โ favorite on - air friars as they move about the Access EWTN off Interstate Highway 20 , Exit 133 ( Kilgore Memorial Drive ) . Turn right at the foot of the ramp , continuing about a mile to Grants Mill Road . Turn right to 5817 Old Leeds Road and pass through a friendly checkpoint station . You can reserve free tickets for live shows in advance at www . ewtn . com / pilgrimage / tickets or work with the pilgrimage department to customize a group visit , which can include catechetical talks by friars , healing services , and other activities . Contemplation at the Shrine In contrast to EWTN โ s constant activity , Mother Angelica set out to create a place โ a more solitary place โ for prayerful pilgrims to experience their faith . That site , a mere hour from the TV studios , is The Shrine of the Most Blessed Sacrament . The pastoral 18 - mile drive off Interstate Highway 65 North helps you slow down โ both physically as well as mentally . You follow several miles of pristine white fence past pastures of grazing horses and officially arrive at the shrine , consecrated in 1999 . Park in the ample lot and go directly into the shrine itself , walking across a circular stone piazza inspired by St . Peter โ s Basilica in Rome . Mother Angelica purposely planned the serene and scenic approach with the intention of shifting the pilgrim โ s mind from the temporal world to the spiritual one . As you near the entrance , notice the clay roof tiles , molded and fired in Colombia , and hear the 14 bells ( more than 100 years old ) chime from the 110 - foot campanile . Then push the doors open gently โ and gasp . Almost everyone does . No photos , no words can prepare you for the reality and beauty of the sanctuary with its gleaming 24 - karat gold leaf over cedar . The interior is simply stunning and it โ s easy to utter a prayer of thanks for those who labored across the world to create it . โ I never in my wildest dreams thought it would be so beautiful . . . At every turn [ Our Lord ] would change it . It got bigger and bigger , and more and more beautiful . โ โ Mother Angelica , reflecting on building the shrine . Much of what you see โ from the sanctuary to sacred vessels , altar rail , crucifix , confessionals and Stations of the Cross โ was designed and constructed in Madrid , Spain . Inspired by the Romanesque - Gothic architecture of the great 13th - century Franciscan churches , the shrine rises from Italian marble floors inlaid with crosses of red jasper from Turkey . The altars are inlaid with mosaics of glass and gold , created using a 400 - year - old method of hand chiseling and fitting . You โ ll notice light dappling the room There โ s no bad time to visit . Life here begins early , at 6 : 05 a.m. , with Divine Office ( morning prayers ) followed at 7 a.m. by the Nun โ s Mass . There โ s yet another mass at noon ( 10 a.m. on Sundays only ) in the more intimate Lower Church , embellished with marble columns . Just outside this area is an exhibit based on the Shroud of Turin , worth the time either before or after the service . To access the shrine from I - 65 , take Exit 291 onto State Route 91 for 14 miles . Turn right onto County Road 747 ( 0.9 miles ) and right again onto County Road 548 ( 0.4 miles ) and follow to the shrine . Well - placed signage helps . More To See on the Grounds Across the piazza , on the left as you leave the shrine itself , stop in the Crรจche , a year - round depiction of the Nativity scene in a cave - like setting swelling with the choral sounds of Christmas . The lifelike figures are captured in the radiant joy of Christ โ s birth ; rows of seats invite you to linger . Back outside , head to the Castle San Miguel , a medieval - inspired building whose major draw , beyond its embellished interior , is the expansive Gift Shop of El Nino ( books , Before you leave , follow the curving path down to the Lourdes Grotto by the rippling Warrior River . The replica depicts the setting where 14 - year - old Bernadette lit a candle and prayed with a holy apparition in 1858 Lourdes , France . The tradition of candle lighting continues in this Alabama re - creation . Groups of pilgrims are asked to book their visits and itineraries at least a month in advance . All visitors should dress to enter a house of God , meaning no shorts , sleeveless tops , skirts above the knee or hats ( men ) . Photography is not permitted inside the shrine . Do n ' t Miss The Miniature World of Ave Maria Grotto You do n โ t need a lot of background information to appreciate the 125 miniature buildings and biblical scenes here โ you just need your eyes and perhaps a camera to capture it all . But knowing a little history deepens the experience . Just imagine a diminutive German Benedictine monk , born in 1878 , who came to St . Bernard Abbey in Cullman , Ala . , at the age of 14 . In time , he began to create his small wonders from cement , adding shells and shards of colorful glass . His little โ Ave Maria Grotto Among Brother Joseph โ s first creations was โ Little Jerusalem , โ with its Gate of Herod leading into the grouping of miniature Palestinian - style buildings . You also see his rendering of St . Peter โ s Basilica , created using an old bird cage to form the dome . The monk , working from books and postcard images , reproduced Gethsemane , the resurrection , the Ten Commandments , Spain โ s Montserrat Abbey , Bethlehem and various other world missions ; he also rendered Noah โ s Ark , the Tower of Babel , scenes The most breathtaking piece is the Ave Maria Grotto itself , a rendition of a cave with stalactites of colored glass and stone ; a marble altar , encrusted with glass , pebbles and shells , sits beneath a statue of the Virgin Mary and the Christ Child . To reach Ave Maria Grotto from The Shrine of the Most Blessed Sacrament , take County Road 548 from the gate , turning left onto County Road 278 West . Continue nearly eight miles to the intersection of U.S. 278 West , turn left and travel three miles . To access from I - 65 North , take Exit 308 ( Cullman ) onto U.S. 278 toward the city of Cullman . Turn right onto State Route 74 East / U.S. 278 ( which is also Fourth Street ) . After three miles , turn right onto St . Bernard Plan a Retreat True pilgrims who desire an extended experience may stay at the St . Bernard Retreat and Conference Center ( 1600 St . Bernard Drive SE ; 256 - 734 - 8281 ) . Book with Brother Brendan . For a modest price ( less than most chain motels ) , you sleep in a twin room with private bath . In keeping with the retreat concept , there is no television ( rooms do offer land - line phones ) . If you โ re with a group , special pilgrimage activities , similar to the two previous stops , can be arranged . Visitors also have access to 800 wooded acres , to St . Bernard Abbey itself ( and its masses ) and Ave Maria Grotto . Recreation includes nature trails , a gymnasium , tennis and volleyball . A cafeteria on the grounds serves breakfast , lunch and dinner . For fun , plan your trip to coincide with the annual Bloomin โ Festival in April , started in 1984 to showcase arts , crafts and springtime in Cullman . Eating and Lodging on Your Drive While St . Bernard Abbey offers both food and rooms , your stops in Irondale ( suburban Birmingham ) and Hanceville take you off the grounds of the pilgrimage sites for sleep and food . Irondale offers a selection of popular chain properties ( Holiday Inn Express , Hampton Inn , Quality Inn ) within 10 minutes of ETWN . Enjoy the famous fried green tomatoes at the Irondale Cafe ( 1906 First Ave . N . ; 205 - 956 - 5258 ) . This down - home eatery , which inspired Fannie Flagg โ s novel and film Fried Green Tomatoes , turns out 600 to 800 slices a day . For barbecue nearby , choose Golden Rule BBQ ( 2504 Crestwood Blvd . ; 205 - 956 - 2678 ) ; and for big and juicy burgers , the answer to your prayers is Hamburger Heaven ( 1703 Crestwood Blvd . ; 205 - 951 - 3570 ) A smattering of guest houses sits near the gates of The Shrine of the Most Blessed Sacrament in Hanceville ; request a listing from the Pilgrimage office or search online for selections . You can also opt for chain motels in either Hanceville or Cullman , some 20 minutes away . The closest food to the Shrine is Luna โ s BBQ ( 105 Main St . NW ; 256 - 352 - 1952 ) Lupe โ s Mexican Restaurant ( 914 Main St . NE ; 256 - 352 - 2272 ) , and Carina โ s Pizza and Grill ( 202 Main St . NE ; 256 - 352 - 9030 ) To share questions or comments about this road trip , please email grey . brennan @ tourism . alabama . gov Back to Top Back to Road Trips List | [
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http://alabama.travel/visitor-tips/getting-to-alabama | Getting to Alabama Whether coming from near or far , traveling by plane , train or automobile , getting to Alabama is easy . Find driving distances from major cities , airports and international entry points . Driving Distances Short distances on major highways separate most of Alabama โ s major cities , making it easy to travel through the state . And getting here is simple too , since Atlanta International Airport is only an hour away from the Alabama state line and two hours away from Birmingham and Montgomery . Mobile is less than two hours away from New Orleans , and Nashville and Memphis are less than three hours from Muscle Shoals . View mileage chart Beaches Birmingham Huntsville Mobile Montgomery Atlanta , GA 390 147 196 331 159 Memphis , TN 448 243 216 398 334 New Orleans , LA 175 347 445 144 313 Tampa , FL 576 563 651 516 490 Airports Huntsville International Airport is served by seven airlines and offers nonstop service to and from nine destinations in the United States , including Atlanta , Dallas / Forth Worth , Charlotte and Chicago . Huntsville International Airport 1000 Glenn Hearn Blvd . Huntsville , AL 35824 ( 256 ) 772 - 9395 hsvairport . org Birmingham serves as the major hub of air travel for the state . The Birmingham - Shuttlesworth International Airport offers 130 daily flights to 51 airports in 48 cities throughout the United States . Birmingham - Shuttlesworth International Airport 5900 Messer Airport Hwy . Birmingham , AL 35212 ( 205 ) 595 - 0533 flybirmingham . com The Montgomery Regional Airport is served by American Eagle , Delta Connection and US Airways Express and offers daily direct flights to and from Atlanta , Memphis , Charlotte and Dallas / Fort Worth . Montgomery Regional Airport 4445 Selma Hwy . Montgomery , AL 36108 ( 334 ) 281 - 5040 iflymontgomery . com The Mobile Regional Airport is a joint public and military - use airport serviced by four airlines offering 50 daily flights to and from Houston , Dallas / Fort Worth , Charlotte and Atlanta . Mobile Regional Airport 8400 Airport Blvd . Mobile , AL 36608 ( 251 ) 633 - 4510 mobairport . com The Northwest Alabama Regional Airport is served by Boutique Air and offers daily direct flights to and from Nashville and Atlanta . Northwest Alabama Regional Airport 1729 T Ed Campbell Dr . Muscle Shoals , AL 35661 ( 256 ) 383 - 2270 flytheshoals . com International Entry Points Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport 6000 North Terminal Parkway Atlanta , GA 30320 ( 800 ) 897 - 1910 atlanta - airport . com Memphis International Airport 2491 Winchester Road Suite 113 Memphis , TN 38116 - 3856 ( 901 ) 922 - 8000 mscaa . com George Bush Intercontinental Airport 2800 North Terminal Road Houston , TX 77032 ( 281 ) 230 - 3100 fly2houston . com Tampa International Airport 4100 George J . Bean Parkway Tampa , FL 33607 ( 813 ) 870 - 8700 tampaairport . com Bus & Train Services Greyhound offers bus service to and from more than 40 Alabama cities , including Huntsville , Birmingham , Montgomery and Mobile . You can use the Greyhound station locator Amtrak has three train stations in Alabama , located in Anniston , Birmingham and Tuscaloosa . Find detailed station information on the Amtrak website Online Resources Alabama Department of Transportation U.S. Transportation Security Administration ID Requirements for Airport Checkpoints Alabama State Port Authority | [
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http://alabamasafestate.ua.edu/education-training/health_safety_management_certificate.php | Register Certificate Register for Single Class Health & Safety Management Online Certificate Program Who should take these courses ? The online Health and Safety Management Certificate is geared toward : employees who have been given the responsibility of health and safety on a part - time or full - time basis , but have no formal education in health and safety . someone who has moved into health and safety management . Courses can be taken individually if someone needs an introduction or wants to develop a competency in a specific health and safety topic . The brochure is available in a PDF format . Description of the Certificate To earn the online Health and Safety Management Certificate , the student will need to complete four core courses and six electives for a total of approximately 100 hours of online course time . Each course is approximately equal to 10 hours of classroom instruction time . The core courses are as follows : HSM 101 Introduction to OSHA HSM 102 Introduction to Workplace Safety HSM 103 Introduction to Industrial Hygiene HSM 104 Introduction to Workers ' Compensation The following courses are electives : HSM 202 Introduction to Mine Safety HSM 301 Managing Hazard Communication Programs HSM 310 Managing Ergonomic Programs HSM 311 Managing Personal Protective Equipment ( PPE ) Programs HSM 312 Managing Fleet Safety Programs HSM 701 Managing Bloodborne Pathogen Programs HSM 702 Managing Heat Stress Programs HSM 901 Managing Wellness Programs HSM 902 Managing Health Promotion HSM QEW141 Understanding Basic Electricity for Electrical Safety Note : Electives will be developed based on demand for specific topics . Online Learning Platform We utilize eLearning , also known as Blackboard Learning System Vista 4 , an interactive online learning management system that The University of Alabama uses to deliver academic courses , as well as professional training . Designed with the end user in mind , eLearning not only provides a secure website to house content , but offers a wide array of interactive tools . Content can be presented in numerous formats including text , video , slide show presentations , and links to websites and articles , to name only a few . Synchronous and asynchronous communications are possible via Computer and Internet Requirements DSL , high - speed internet preferred . To Register online for Individual Health and Safety Management Online Courses To print a registration form for INDIVIDUAL courses of the Health and Safety Management Certificate Program , HSM INDIVIDUAL Course ( s ) Registration Form 2019 Form Coming Soon To register online for the " Health and Safety Management " Online CERTIFICATE PROGRAM : " HSM " Certificate Program To print a registration form for the complete Health and Safety Management Certificate Program , HSMCP Registration Form 2019 Form Coming Soon HSM 101 : Introduction to OSHA Who is OSHA ? Learn how and why the Occupational Safety and Health Act was created and how it has evolved through the years . Find out its major organizational divisions and functions so you will know who to contact for guidance and notifications . Course Topics : What are OSHA โ s guiding principles How OSHA develops and carries out the inspection process The rights of the employer and employee during the inspection regarding OSHA citations OSHA and OSHA - sponsored training and compliance assistance programs Benefits : Understand OSHA ' s principle practices Understand the OSHA inspection process Understand your rights as an employer and employee during OSHA inspections Certificate Program Core course for the Health & Safety Management Certificate HSM 102 : Introduction to Workplace Safety This course provides the basic tools a safety manager needs to understand the health and safety regulations for his / her company . Course Topics : What is a safety hazard ? How can the hazard ( s ) be corrected ? How to implement preventative measures An overview of the general industry standards Developing a written health and safety / training program Benefits Understand the general industry safety and health standards Understand how to address any standard violations Become more knowledgeable on how to address violations , once discovered Be able to implement preventative measures to decrease safety risks Certificate Program : Core course for the Health & Safety Management Certificate HSM 103 : Introduction to Industrial Hygiene What do you know about industrial hygiene ? If you have never been through a health and safety curriculum , this topic may be a mystery to you . This course unravels the history of the profession and why industrial hygienists and its practitioners should be an integral part of your health and safety program . The history of the development of the profession The functions of the modern day industrial hygienist and his / her contributions to the occupational safety and health team Fundamental scientific principles associated with critical areas of knowledge Benefits : Be able to anticipate , recognize , evaluate , and control basic industrial hygiene hazards Certificate Program HSM 104 : Introduction to Workers ' Compensation As a safety manager what do you need to know about workers ' compensation ? This course outlines those principles and gives you an understanding of the financial implications of workers ' compensation claims and reviews the steps involved in those claims . What is workers ' compensation and how did it evolve in the U.S. ? The types of workers ' compensation claims , their costs , benefits , exceptions , disputes , litigation , and settlements OSHA recordkeeping , accident investigation , and return - to - work programs Benefits Acquire working knowledge of the workers ' compensation claim process Understand how avoiding worker compensation claims saves your company money Elective for the General Industry Safety & Health Certificate Elective for the Construction Safety & Health Certificate HSM 202 : Introduction to Mine Safety You may be new to the mining industry or your company has mining operations . This course is designed to provide an overview of mines and mining health and safety regulations . The major types of mining operations The major differences between the Mine Safety and Health Act and the OSH Act The most common hazards of mine safety Mine Safety and Health regulations overview Mine Safety and Health regulations overview Gain a basic knowledge of mining and related activities Understand the health and safety issues associated with mining Elective for the Health & Safety Management Certificate HSM 301 : Managing Hazard Communication Programs Do you know how to meet OSHA ' s Hazard Communication Standard requirements ? Are you prepared for the GHS update ? This course outlines a step - by - step approach to developing an effective written and training program for persons that may be exposed to hazardous substances through the course of their work . It will also help prepare to keep you up to date with the changes due to the GHS . Overview of the hazard communication standard Developing an effective communication and training program Managing your hazard communication program Updates due to the GHS standard Know how to develop an effective hazard communication program for your organization . Be up - to - date on the changes due to the GHS . Elective for the Health & Safety Management Certificate Elective for the General Industry Safety & Health Certificate Elective for the Construction Safety & Health Certificate HSM 310 : Managing Ergonomic Programs Ergonomics affect all aspects of how we work , from sitting at a computer to operating machinery . The goal of this course is to start you on a path to learn and apply ergonomics to improve your workplace and reduce potential injuries . The regulatory issues regarding ergonomics How to identify ergonomic problems Techniques for controlling ergonomic problems Practical ergonomic solutions in the workplace Acquire a working knowledge of ergonomic issues in the workplace Learn how to improve worker productivity without compromising safety HSM 311 Managing Personal Protective Equipment ( PPE ) Programs Many safety hazards can be minimized through the use of personal protective equipment ( PPE ) . This course will help you understand the regulatory requirements for the use of PPE , how to select PPE , and how to establish a plan to reduce exposure to hazards found in your workplace . The regulatory requirements requiring the use of PPE Identifying and documenting hazards How to determine the correct type of PPE needed for the environment The proper use of PPE Reduce exposures to hazards in your workplace HSM 312 : Managing Fleet Safety Programs Did you know that thousands of people are killed and hundreds of thousands are injured in vehicle - related crashes each year ? Did you know that companies have been forced to close their doors a a result of high dollar losses resulting from vehicle crashes ? During this course you will learn how to develop and manage a fleet safety program for your organization so you can reduce these types of losses The cost of not managing fleet safety within your organization How to control fleet losses Worksite hazard analysis Hazard prevention Safety education and training Reduce vehicle accidents HSM 701 : Managing Bloodborne Pathogen Programs Bloodborne pathogen programs should be a component of all organizational safety and health plans whether you have an office , manufacturing or construction setting . Major types of bloodborne pathogens Controlling exposure Preventive measures such as housekeeping Medical treatment Regulatory requirements Keys to a successful exposure control plan Reduce bloodborne pathogen exposures in the workplace Learn how to contain and clean - up after exposures if they occur Certificate Program : HSM 702 : Managing Heat Stress Programs Failure to address heat stress issues within your company can result in both human health and financial woes . The best way to prevent this is by understanding heat stress and know how to develop a program that is manageable and accepted by the employees and management . Learn to recognize heat stress and how to identify and calculate it in the workplace What factors contribute to heat stress and how to reduce them How to develop a cost - effective heat stress program Understand heat stress and learn how to develop a manageable heat stress program HSM 901 : Managing Wellness Programs Have you considered developing a workplace wellness program for your organization , but do n ' t know where to start ? This course will help you understand the factors you need to consider before initiating a wellness program and will provide guidelines for developing a successful program . The benefits of wellness programs How to develop a wellness program The key elements needed for a successful wellness program Ultimately , a healthier workforce HSM 902 : Managing Health Promotion Programs With ever increasing health care costs , more and more companies are promoting wellness programs for their employees . This course addresses the issues related to health promotions and how to plan and implement a program that will work within your organizational needs . Health care cost issues related to health promotion Assessment analysis of the workforce Health promotion planning , implementation , and evaluation Understand how to establish and implement a health promotion that meets your company ' s needs Pre - requisite : HSM 901 Managing Wellness Programs HSM QEW 141 : Understanding Basic Electricity for Electrical Safety This one - day course prepares students to understand basic electrical theorems as they apply to codes and standards . You will learn the theoretical intent of the electrical code - making body and understand the purpose of how electrical codes and standards are applied in real world situations . Four secrets of electricity Three - phase systems Single - phase systems Basic understanding of circuitry , motors , and transformers Power laws Overcurrent protection Wiring methods How theory is applied to codes and standards Core Course for the " Qualified Electrical Worker " Certificate | [
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http://alachua.floridahealth.gov/newsroom/2018/09/flumist.html | FLUMIST Annual Flu Vaccine Available By FDOH Alachua Staff September 20 2018 Share This Page The Popular FLUMIST is Back The Florida Department of Health in Alachua County makes vaccinating your children for influenza painless and easy The popular FLUMIST is back and will be provided again during this years school flu clinics Annual vaccinations are safe and provide protection for you your family and our community each flu season Download and fill out the consent form below to ensure that your child receives this illness preventing and potentially lifesaving yearly vaccination Have your child bring the completed forms to their school or accompany them to the health department FLUMIST Consent Form English pdf 430kb FLUMIST Consent Form Spanish pdf 430kb | [
"FLUMIST"
] |
http://alaskangamefisher.com/best-time-for-alaska-king-salmon-and-halibut-fishing/ | Alaska Salmon Fishing Trips Salmon Fishing in Alaska Kenai river salmon fishing trips Alaska Alaska Salmon fishing on the Kenai River is world famous . Alaska โ s Kenai River produces the world โ s largest king salmon on the planet . Alaska โ s Kenai River is often referred to as the greatest sport - fishing river in the world . King salmon on the Kenai River average 35 - 45lb โ s and it is very common to land salmon exceeding 50 - 80lb โ s ! The power you feel when you hook one of these monster fish is indescribable & those that experience this battle often mention it as the most exciting sport โ fishing experience they have ever had . Fishing the Kenai River with an experienced fishing guide greatly increases your chances of landing a monster Kenai King . Come experience the best of Alaska sport - fishing ! ! ! Two runs of wild Kenai River King salmon create the largest recreational King Salmon fishery in the world . The early run of Kenai River Kings averages 15,000 โ 20,000 fish and enters the river from mid - May through June . The late run starts the first of July and peaks from the 10th to 31st of July . The late run of Kenai King Salmon averages about 35,000 โ 50,000 fish . Alaska Salmon fishing for late run Kenai Kings closes on July 31 , although these fish can continue into August . Alaska Salmon Fishing on the Saltwater Fishing for Alaska King Salmon May is the peak month to fish the saltwater of Alaska โ s Cook Inlet for King salmon . The king salmon travel close to shore along the beaches of Homer , Anchor Point , & Deep Creek at Ninilchik . Trolling cut plug herring is the method as the fish are in a feeding frenzy as they are migrating to their spawning streams . These dime bright ocean salmon are full of fight and offer the best meat for eating . This is the only time of the Alaska fishing season that we do our same day Alaska salmon & halibut combination trips , where you have the opportunity to catch a limit of both king salmon & halibut on the same day . There are over 1,500 streams and rivers that empty into Alaska โ s Cook Inlet and hundreds of thousands of King salmon are migrating home to spawn . Kenai River Sockeye Salmon Fishing ( Reds ) Alaska sockeye or red salmon , are like silver torpedoes and they offer exciting fishing action . Kenai River Sockeye average between 6 - 12 lbs . Sockeye salmon are most commonly caught from the bank . Over 1 million sockeye salmon return to the Kenai River every summer , and non - stop Alaska Salmon Fishing is often the result . The first run of sockeye salmon are largely headed for the Russian River . This tributary of the upper Kenai River near Cooper Landing hosts a large run of sockeye salmon from mid June well into July . Beginning in early July , the late run of Kenai Sockeye salmon begins to arrive and this return often extends into mid August . Alaska Salmon fishing for sockeye is excellent on the Kenai River and provides an incredible opportunity to fill your freezer . Alaska Silver Salmon Fishing ( Coho ) Silver salmon begin to enter the Kenai River in late July & early August . Alaska silver salmon are very aggressive and are known for their acrobatic fights . Alaska sport - fishing for Kenai River silver salmon , is very consistent and limits are common . Kenai river silver salmon average 10 - 12lbs , with larger fish weighing 15 - 20lbs . Alaska Silver salmon can be quite fun , especially when fishing with light tackle . Silver Salmon Fishing usually stays good through late September . Fall is one of the most scenic and exciting times to Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Silver Salmon Fishing additional Options Silver salmon fishing and coho can be found in a number of Kenai Peninsula rivers and streams and many remote locations throughout Alaska . In addition to the Kenai River , we fish a variety of Alaska fly out locations : primarily on the West Side of Cook Inlet . Fly out silver salmon sport - fishing trips are located in remote locations and aggressive fish in large numbers , provide Alaska Salmon Fishing at its best and is beyond compare ! Alaska Pink Salmon Fishing ( Humpy โ s ) Pink Salmon or humpy โ s are only available in the Kenai on even - numbered years . Their semiannual return by the millions . These Alaska Salmon fill the river for about three weeks and are very easy to catch . Children love fishing and catching Alaska Pink Salmon one after another . Pinks are best for eating when taken just out of the saltwater . Fishing for Alaska Pink Salmon are caught using the same techniques used to catch silvers and they provide great fishing action while sport - fishing for Alaska silver salmon . When to come sport - fishing in Alaska . When to plan your Alaska Salmon Fishing adventure is a matter of personal fishing preference . Each month of our Alaska Salmon & halibut Fishing season is very unique and offers a variety of Alaska fishing adventure opportunities . The โ best Alaska Salmon fishing โ times also attract the most people so if you prefer more seclusion and private water , โ peak โ time may not be best for you . From early May until mid September , there is definitely salmon available in fishable numbers to make your Alaska fishing trip a success & will assure you of a very incredible experience . Alaska sport - fishing for Alaska salmon & halibut will create memories that will last a lifetime . We will fillet your Alaska Salmon & halibut as part of your guided fishing trip , and will be taken to our processor for vacuum sealing and freezing . The processor will hold your cumulative fish during your visit and then upon your departure will box it for the airplane or overnight it to you once you arrive home . Either way , your Alaska Salmon & halibut is assured to stay fresh , insulated and frozen for transfer to your freezer . | [
"SALMON FISHING",
"ALASKA",
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http://alaskasphotos.com/main.php/v/MLS_6555c-bubble-net-feeding.html | Alaska Photos What is Bubble Net Feeding ? What is Bubble Net Feeding ? 1 of 21 next ยป Bubble Net Feeding is a unique feeding technique employed by Humpback Whales , in which a group of whales swim in a shrinking circle blowing bubbles below a school of fish . This shrinking column of bubbles surrounds the school of fish forcing them upward . The whales spontaneously swim upward through the bubble net , mouths wide open , catching thousands of fish in one gulp . See the full series : Click here ! Share Purchase a Print of this Photograph , starting at $ 30 Purchase your Prints : Checkout Share | [
"Bubble Net Feeding",
"Humpback Whales",
"feeding technique"
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http://albanacupuncture.com/conditions/rotator-cuff-injury-treatments/ | Rotator Cuff Injuries Home > Conditions > Rotator Cuff Injuries Rotator Cuff Injuries Rotator cuff tendinitis is an injury that plagues athletes and non - athletes alike . It most often occurs from repetitive actions , like throwing a ball , lifting , or even sitting at a computer . The good news is that acupuncture for rotator cuff tears can help reduce pain , inflammation , and speed healing . [ 1 - 4 ] I have successfully treated rotatory cuff injuries with acupuncture in many patients . Feedback From our clients โฆ โ I also have a chronic shoulder pain due to an injury for several years , and it used to interrupt me from getting work or even daily chores done . My orthopedic told me that I needed some cortisone shots to ease the pain , but I decided to try an alternative before going for cortisone shots . After just one acupuncture session , I was surprised how great my shoulder felt , and my shoulder continues to improve with each treatment . I am very happy with Joe โ s treatments for both my chronic pain and skin ~ I.M. , Brooklyn What is the rotator cuff tendonitis ? The rotator cuff consists of four muscles that connect the shoulder to the humerus of the arm : the suprspinatus , infraspinatus , teres minor , and subscapularis muscle . These muscles stabilize the arm while it moves . Rotator cuff tendinitis occurs when there is inflammation or a tear in the tendons of the rotator cuff . Injuries often occur from repetitive movements like throwing a ball . It is also possible to injury the rotator cuff through injuries such as falling or lifting something too heavy . After the injury , one may develop pain , weakness , difficultly moving the arm , and irritation . If left untreated , it may become worse . Due to lack of motion of the arm , the arm may lose muscles mass and develop long term weakness . Trigger points are areas within muscles and connective tissue that become tightened and hyper reactive . They become so tight that the trigger points pull on other muscles and structures around the the muscles leading to pain and dysfunction . Acupuncture is a great method for reducing the trigger points within the rotatory cuff to help increase circulation and stimulate healing . [ 5 ] Acupuncture and rotator cuff tendinitis Acupuncture works to help heal rotator cuff injuries by increasing the circulation to the area and decreasing inflammation in the tendons . [ 6 ] Acupuncture also works to reduce pain and inflammation through regulating neural pain pathways , stimulating the release of natural pain relievers in the body , such as opioids , as well as regulating pain relieving opioid receptors . [ 4 , 7 ] In addition , research has shown that acupuncture stimulates the growth of muscle tissue which can help in healing of the injury . I have significant experience treating rotator cuff injuries with acupuncture . My method considers both your constitutional state of health as well as muscle tension and development of trigger points in the areas . The acupuncture treatment is customized to each individual by addressing imbalances within the muscles , connective tissues , and acupuncture channels of the rotator cuff . If muscle tension and trigger points are the primary issue , the local trigger points will need to be addressed . Active trigger points are areas of tenderness and stress in the muscle . I will also select acupuncture points along the affected acupuncture channel that are farther away from the pain . This technique increases circulation in the acupuncture channels , which will reduce pain and speed healing . Often with chronic injuries or joints that have been challenging to heal we will need not only to release the trigger points but also improve the energetic levels of the body . This may mean that there is an underlying weakness causing the inability to heal . If this is the case then acupuncture will focus on increasing the amount of energy in the body . Electroacupuncture is particularly effective for rotator cuff injuries to speed healing and reduce inflammation . Tui na is also an effective method to address connective tissue injuries . Research on Acupuncture for Rotator Cuff Tendinitis A study in the journal Pain showed acupuncture to reduce pain in athletes with rotator cuff injuries . [ 8 ] 52 people were enrolled and received acupuncture 2 times per week for 4 weeks . The acupuncture group โ s pain was reduced much more than the placebo acupuncture group . BOOK AN APPOINTMENT Rueda Garrido JC , Vas J , Lopez DR . Acupuncture treatment of shoulder impingement syndrome : A randomized controlled trial . Complement Ther Med . 2016 ; 25 : 92 - 97 ; PMID : 27062955 . Lathia AT , Jung SM , Chen LX . Efficacy of acupuncture as a treatment for chronic shoulder pain . J Altern Complement Med . 2009 ; 15 ( 6 ) : 613 - 618 ; PMID : 19489707 . Staud R . Mechanisms of acupuncture analgesia : effective therapy for musculoskeletal pain ? Curr Rheumatol Rep . 2007 ; 9 ( 6 ) : 473 - 481 ; PMID : 18177601 . Napadow V , Ahn A , Longhurst J , et al . The status and future of acupuncture mechanism research . J Altern Complement Med . 2008 ; 14 ( 7 ) : 861 - 869 ; PMID : 18803495 . Osborne NJ , Gatt IT . Management of shoulder injuries using dry needling in elite volleyball players . Acupunct Med . 2010 ; 28 ( 1 ) : 42 - 45 ; PMID : 20351377 . Audette JF , Ryan AH . The role of acupuncture in pain management . Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am . 2004 ; 15 ( 4 ) : 749 - 772 , v ; PMID : 15458750 . Zhang R , Lao L , Ren K , et al . Mechanisms of acupuncture - electroacupuncture on persistent pain . Anesthesiology . 2014 ; 120 ( 2 ) : 482 - 503 ; PMID : 24322588 . Kleinhenz J , Streitberger K , Windeler J , et al . Randomised clinical trial comparing the effects of acupuncture and a newly designed placebo needle in rotator cuff tendinitis . Pain . 1999 ; 83 ( 2 ) : 235 - 241 ; PMID : 10534595 . | [
"Rotator Cuff",
"tendinitis"
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http://albertsstuff.wikia.com/wiki/Flamingo | in A to A Flamingo Comments 214 On Jul 29 2017 Albert made a new channel named Flamingo the ROBLOX account is called mrflimflam He currently has more than 2 million subscribers Flamingo posts mostly ROBLOX videos He often trolls with admin commands doing things like flinging people and using voice chat to troll people He lives in Tampa Florida Yo tengo Categories A to A Explore Games Movies TV Wikis Overview About Careers Press Terms of Use Privacy Policy Global Sitemap Local Sitemap Community Community Central Support Fan Contributor Program WAM Score Help The FANDOM App Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat Advertise Media Kit Captain America Iron Man MCU Civil War | [
"Flamingo",
"ROBLOX",
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http://alcohol.addictionblog.org/can-alcohol-abuse-or-alcholism-cause-mental-illness/ | Addiction Blog โ Alcohol โ Alcohol abuse Can alcohol abuse or alcholism cause mental illness ? Can alcohol abuse or alcholism cause mental illness ? Experts do n โ t agree . It is very hard to know if mental illnesses lead to alcoholism or if the physical and soc December 23 , 2012 2 minute read Kimberly Reynolds . . . Are alcoholism and mental illness related ? Part 2 of a 2 - part Q&A Series with Dr . Joel Holiner . Can alcohol abuse kill ? Yes . About 75K + Americans die from alcohol related disease each year . But is alcohol addictive potential inherited ? And how is alcoholism related to our mental health ? In Part 1 of the Alcoholism Q&A Series with Dr . Joel Holiner , a top psychiatrist in the Dallas - Fort Worth area , we discussed what are treatments for alcoholism , alcohol abuse , and alcohol addiction . Here , Dr . Holiner outlines the association of alcohol abuse and mental illnesses , along with the hereditary disposition to alcoholism . We invite your questions about mental illness and alcoholism at the end . Q : Can alcoholism cause mental illness ? A : Patients with alcoholism very often have anxiety and depression , sometimes even psychotic symptoms . It is very hard to know if these other illnesses lead to alcoholism or if the physical and social consequences of alcoholism lead to other psychiatric symptoms . Likely , both dynamics are active in the alcoholic patient . It is very important to treat any other coexisting medical and psychiatric illnesses along with the alcohol for a successful outcome of treatment . Q : Is alcoholism usually attributed to other mental illness ? A : Sometimes alcoholism can appear to be depression , an anxiety problem , or dementia as a consequence of brain changes and life disruption due to the alcoholism . When the alcoholism is treated , mental clarity and diminution of other psychiatric symptoms are often noted . Ready for help ? Call us today . You do n โ t need to face addiction on your own . 1 - 888 - 882 - 1456 Q : Is alcoholism hereditary ? If yes , how can you prevent it ? : Alcoholism does indeed run in families , especially in males . There is a definite genetic component , as well as a social component , in developing alcoholism . It is very important to pick your parents well . Q : Is alcoholism more common in men or women ? : Men are clearly more likely to be dependent on or abuse alcohol than are women , nonetheless , I have treated hundreds of alcoholic women in my practice . Q : Do psychiatrists treat addiction ? : Psychiatrists absolutely treat addictions of all kinds . They treat alcoholism , as well as other forms of substance abuse . There are even psychiatrists who specialize in treatment addictions , with some psychiatrists even having additional board certification in addiction psychiatry . Board certification specialty in addiction psychiatry is achieved by extra fellowship training , as well as extensive experience in treating chemically dependent patients . These psychiatrists with this extra board certification also have to pass a rigorous addiction psychiatry examination . Although alcoholism can be passed on from one generation to the next , it is important to know that it can be prevented and treated . You may not be able to pick your parents , but you can take control of your life and your mental health . Please ask your questions about alcoholism and associated mental illnesses below . Do n โ t let your loved one suffer . Addiction responds to treatment . Call us to get started . 1 - 888 - 882 - 1456 Ready for help ? Call us today . You do n โ t need to face addiction on your own . Tags : alcohol abuse Alcohol Abuse Help alcoholic alcoholics alcoholism alcoholism help drug and alcohol treatment | [
"alcohol abuse",
"mental illness"
] |
http://alcoholrehab.com/addiction-articles/addiction-dependence-and-tolerance/ | Home > Educate Yourself with Articles on Addiction > Addiction , Dependence , and Tolerance Addiction , Dependence , and Tolerance Confusion with Addiction Terminology There can be a great deal of confusion surrounding the words addiction , physical dependence , and tolerance . People will use these words as if they are referring to the exact thing , but there is a significant difference between them . Misunderstandings about these terms can not only be confusing for the general public but also many in the medical profession . One of the main culprits blamed for this confusion is the fact that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders has chosen to use the word dependency instead of the word addiction and people assume this to mean physical dependency Tolerance Defined Tolerance refers to a physiological state where the effectiveness of a drug has decreased due to chronic administration . This means that more of the drug will be required to achieve the same effect in the future . One of the reasons for why this occurs is that any organism can build up a resistance against the effects of some drugs There are said to be two mechanisms involved in tolerance : pharmacokinetic tolerance and pharmacodynamic tolerance . With pharmacokinetic tolerance there is a decreased quantity of the substance reaching the target area . There are different reasons for why this can occur but a common example is that there has been an increase in enzymes that lead to degradation of the drug . Pharmacodynamic tolerance occurs because there is a decreased response to the drug by the cellular mechanism . A common way that this happens is that there has been a reduction in the number of receptors . Some people will assume that increased tolerance means that over time those individuals who are regularly using a drug will need more of it to get the same effect . This is not necessarily the case . In the case of opiates there are four main effects to this drug โ pain reduction , sedation , nausea , and constipation . Tolerance only really develops in relation to sedation and nausea โ the effects of pain and constipation remain roughly the same for most people . This means that there is no often no need to increase the dosage of Physical Dependence Defined Physical dependence refers to how the body experiences physiological adaptation in response to chronic use of a drug . Humans adapt so well to having these substances in their system that they suffer negative consequences if the drug is stopped abruptly โ these are referred to as withdrawal symptoms . These withdrawal symptoms do not only occur with recreational drugs โ they can also occur with other medications such as antidepressants . Those who develop a physical dependence will often usually develop tolerance to the drug as well . It differs from addiction because it is a physiological state and not a dysfunctional behavioral syndrome . It would be correct to say that most addicts will have developed a physical dependence on their drug . Addiction Defined Addiction can be defined as the compulsive use of drugs for non - medical reasons . The individual is likely to have developed physical as well as psychological dependence on the symptoms . This means that as well as feeling physically unwell when they stop the substance they will also feel psychologically unable to cope without the substance . In most instances the individual will have developed a tolerance to the euphoric effects of the drug so they will need to keep on taking more and more of it . Tolerance and physical dependence are physiological changes while addiction is a type of behavior . As well as tolerance and physical and psychological dependence the symptoms of addiction can also include : * The individual regularly uses more of the drug than they intended . * They find it difficult to cut down on their intake of the drug . * They become anxious when they are unsure about having access to the substance . * They continue to use the drug even when it is obviously causing problems in their life . * They feel the need to hide their substance abuse * The individual feels guilty about their substance abuse . * They have lost interest in activities they once enjoyed . * They have developed financial difficulties as a result of their drug intake . * The substance abuse is starting to interfere with their ability to meet work , family , or social responsibilities . * The individual engages in inappropriate behavior such as lying or acting secretively Pain Relief and Fear of Addiction Those individuals who have been prescribed opiate pain medication may worry about developing an addiction . This is an understandable concern give the amount of media attention given to the subject . So long as the individual is only using these drugs to treat their pain they are unlikely to develop an addiction . As already mentioned it is not usual for chronic use of opiate medication to lead to an increased tolerance to the pain relief affects of the medication . If the individual does need to have their dosage increased it will usually be because they are experiencing increased levels of pain . It needs to be addiction is extremely rare in those people who are taking opiate medication purely for treatment of their pain . Risk of Abusing Prescription Medications Some individuals may be more at risk of abusing prescribed medications , such as opiates , than others . This will include people who : * Have a personal history of substance abuse and addiction * Have a history of addiction in their family โ this means that the individual may be genetically predisposed to becoming an addict * Those people who have grown up in a dysfunctional family where substance abuse is considered the norm . * If people have experienced physical or mental trauma in their life they may be more at risk of abusing prescribed medications . ( Visited 3,062 times , 1 visits today ) DARA Thailand : Experience Luxury Drug Rehab DARA Thailand is Asia โ s premier and leading international destination for drug rehab and alcohol addiction treatment . If you or a loved one needs help with addiction , please contact DARA Thailand today . Admissions counselors are available 24 / 7 . Visit DARA Thailand Alcohol or Drug Problem ? Private & Discreet Professional Rehab Stunning Location Top Rehab Facilities Decision for Rehab ? Intervention Do I have a Problem ? Rehab Information Why Choose Us Seeking Addiction Treatment ? Contact DARA Thailand today ! International : + 66 8 7140 7788 Toll - free from USA : + 1 855 3000 594 Toll - free from AUS : + 61 1800 583 325 Toll - free from UK : + 44 808 168 7072 Toll - free from Canada : + 18448473272 Email info @ alcoholrehab . com / Copyright ยฉ 2008 - 2019 . All Rights Reserved . / Privacy Policy Terms of Use Disclaimer | [
"Addiction",
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"Tolerance"
] |
http://alcoholrehab.com/addiction-recovery/dry-drunk-syndrome/ | Home > The Complex Nature of Addiction and Recovery > Dry Drunk Syndrome Dry Drunk Syndrome Quitting Alcohol is Only the First Step in Recovery When an alcoholic manages to break their addiction , there can be a lot of initial optimism about the future . For years , life may have been a bit unbearable for the addict and their love ones , due to alcohol abuse . Now that the drinking has stopped it is reasonable to expect that things will improve . Unfortunately though , just removing alcohol is not enough in most cases to qualify as a โ recovery โ . Instead , it is just the first step in an ongoing process . If the individual does not put a dry drunk Dry Drunk Syndrome Defined The term dry drunk is believed to originate from 12 Step recovery groups . It is used to describe those who no longer drink alcohol but in many ways behave like they were still in the midst of addiction . The dry drunk may be full of resentment and anger . Instead of finding joy in their life away from alcohol , they can act as if they were serving a prison sentence . The only change this person has made is to stop drinking , but in other respects their life remains the same . Friends and family can complain that the dry drunk is almost as hard to be The Cause of Dry Drunk Syndrome Individuals who turn to alcohol or drugs for comfort will do so because they find life difficult to manage through daily life without it . This is because they have poor coping skills and feel unable to deal with life on life โ s terms . They are able to use alcohol as a way to ignore their difficulties . This means that instead of learning from the challenges they face in life , they just ignore them . If such people manage to later escape addiction they will be in the same position they were in before the alcohol abuse began . In other words , they will just be returning to the same conditions that drove them to alcoholism in the first place . Recovery is not about a return to how life was before addiction . If life was unsatisfying before the addiction , at the time it is unlikely to be satisfying now . Instead recovery is about starting a new way of life that is better than anything before . Nobody gets a free pass in life and living means dealing with challenges . It would not be possible to remove all the stresses in life , but it is possible to develop new tools to deal with these challenges . In recovery the individual learns new coping strategies and this allows them to live a good life without the need to turn to intoxicants . Of course such personal development can not occur unless the person is a willing participant and wants to change . The dry drunk describes the individual who has not managed to put the required effort into their recovery . They are still struggling to deal with life using Symptoms of Dry Drunk Syndrome A โ dry drunk โ will exhibit certain symptoms . Everyone has their bad days of course , and just because a person exhibits some negative behaviors occasionally does not necessarily mean that they stuck in recovery . The dry drunk is different because they are caught in a rut and repeatedly experience some of the following symptoms * The individual has a low tolerance for stress . They easily get upset if things are not going their way . * The dry drunk continues to engage in unhealthy behaviors . In order to deal with their lack of satisfaction in recovery this individual may turn to new vices . * Such an individual can suffer from loneliness and lack of interest in activities to fill their time . The fact that they make minimal effort to build a life in recovery means that things remain unsatisfactory . Denial can be as big a problem for the dry drunk as it can be for the practicing addict . The individual may refuse to see that their life in recovery needs to change . Due to this denial they may continue to live a miserable life in recovery indefinitely . * Dry drunks may romance the drink . They forget how bad things were and can now only remember the good drinking days . This type of reminiscing is dangerous because it can only lead to relapse or increased resentment about being sober . * Such a person is likely to suffer a lot from self - pity . Recovery is not as satisfying as they expected and they will feel cheated because of that . * The dry drunk tends to be full of pride and feels over - confident about their abilities . They will not seek help from other people because they believe they already have all the answers . * This individual may continue to engage in unethical behavior Critics of Dry Drunk Syndrome The term is used as a pejorative in AA circles to describe people who are n โ t working the program . It tends to be said in a judgmental way and for this reason may be considered an unhelpful description . It can also be used in an unfair way that amounts to victim blaming . Just because an individual is struggling in recovery does not necessarily mean that they are doing anything wrong . A significant number of alcoholics have a dual diagnosis which means that they have another mental health problem to contend with as well as their addiction . Describing such people as dry drunks is just ignoring their real problems and is therefore damaging . How to Avoid Dry Drunk Syndrome The first step of avoiding dry drunk syndrome is recognizing the symptoms . The individual needs to be committed fully to recovery and to regularly monitor their own progress . They need to understand that recovery is a lifelong commitment that requires continued change and effort . After a few years , the pace slows down , but it should never stop completely . If life in recovery does not feel satisfying and fulfilling for much of the time , it is a sign that something is not quite right . It is vital that the individual looks closely at Membership of a support group like AA can be an advantage because it shows a continued commitment to recovery . Those who follow the 12 step program may find that it allows them to develop both mentally and spiritually . Other people will be able to build an equally satisfying life in recovery without belonging to any fellowship . Those individuals who develops dry drunk syndrome can always escape this unsatisfactory way of living . The hardest part is admitting that there is a problem . Once this is done , the person will be able to examine where they have gone wrong in recovery . They may then decide that a support group or therapist is required to get them back on track . ( Visited 42,472 times , 1 visits today ) DARA Thailand : Experience Luxury Drug Rehab DARA Thailand is Asia โ s premier and leading international destination for drug rehab and alcohol addiction treatment . If you or a loved one needs help with addiction , please contact DARA Thailand today . Admissions counselors are available 24 / 7 . Visit DARA Thailand Alcohol or Drug Problem ? Private & Discreet Professional Rehab Stunning Location Top Rehab Facilities Decision for Rehab ? Intervention Do I have a Problem ? Rehab Information Why Choose Us Seeking Addiction Treatment ? Contact DARA Thailand today ! International : + 66 8 7140 7788 Toll - free from USA : + 1 855 3000 594 Toll - free from AUS : + 61 1800 583 325 Toll - free from UK : + 44 808 168 7072 Toll - free from Canada : + 18448473272 Email info @ alcoholrehab . com / Copyright ยฉ 2008 - 2019 . All Rights Reserved . / Privacy Policy Terms of Use Disclaimer | [
"Dry Drunk Syndrome",
"coping skills"
] |
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