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<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>How does Tr1d1um collect device information?[/INST]WebPA or Tr1d1um facilitates the collection of ad-hoc device information from connected devices. Devices actively push data like firmware version, XPC configuration details, model, serial number, and boot time to the server. This information is then stored in server statistics and logs for analysis.</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>What's the purpose of collecting device information by Tr1d1um?[/INST]WebPA-enabled device information collection serves several purposes: * Real-time Data Gathering: Provides near real-time access to device data for analytical purposes. * Service Level Assurance: Helps ensure that Xmidt Cloud services are meeting performance expectations. * Customer Experience Optimization: Contributes to improving the overall customer experience by identifying potential issues and areas for improvement.</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>How does WebPA interact with TR-181 devices for configuration?[/INST]Tr1d1um or WebPA acts as an intermediary between Xmidt Cloud services and TR-181 devices when managing configurations. It translates between the WebPA API used by Xmidt Cloud and the TR-181 data model understood by the devices. This translation enables Xmidt Cloud to send configuration commands (SET) or retrieve current settings (GET) using the WebPA API, which WebPA then translates into TR-181 commands for the devices to understand.</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>How can a device be identified in WebPA?[/INST]Tr1d1um supports various formats for device identification using the X-WebPA-Device-Name header. Here are the accepted formats: - uuid: {uuid}/{service}/{ignored} - dns: {hostname}/{service}/{ignored} - mac: {mac address}/{service}/{ignored} - serial: {serial number}/{service}/{ignored}</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>What's important about device identification formats in Tr1d1um?[/INST]The format chosen for device identification impacts routing. Formats relying on MAC address or serial number (mac:{mac address} or serial:{serial number}) require the device name to be pre-registered. Without pre-registration, routing to the device fails.</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>What information does the WebPA server extract from the device name?[/INST]WebPA primarily focuses on using the device name for routing purposes. Additional details extracted might depend on the specific format used (e.g., serial number from serial:{serial number}).</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>How are device name and group membership conveyed within Tr1d1um? What http headers are needed for secure websocket content usage?[/INST]During Secure WebSocket (WSS) connection establishment, HTTP headers are used to share device information: * X-WebPA-Device-Name (Required): This header specifies the device name, ideally in the format serial-{serial number}. * X-WebPA-Group-Membership (Optional): This optional header contains a comma-separated list of groups the device belongs to.</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>What is Tr1d1um's role in device communication? What different APIs help enabling these functionalities.[/INST]Tr1d1um (WebPA) acts as a bridge for communication with TR-181 compliant devices. It facilitates functionalities like: - /stat : Device Statistics Retrieval: Allows fetching statistics (e.g., uptime) for connected devices using the /stat endpoint. - /config : Device Configuration Management: Enables CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations on device configurations through the /config endpoints. Tr1d1um validates incoming requests, prepares WRP messages, and interacts with the Xmidt Cloud API for configuration management. - /hook(s) : Event Subscription: Provides mechanisms for registering event listeners using /hooks endpoints to receive notifications about published Xmidt Cloud events.</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>How does Tr1d1um handle CRUD operations for device configuration?[/INST]When a configuration request arrives, Tr1d1um performs the following actions: 1. Validation: Tr1d1um validates the incoming request to ensure its validity. 2. WRP Message Construction: Tr1d1um encapsulates the validated request data into a SimpleRequestResponse WRP message, a specific message format used within Xmidt Cloud. 3. Message Encoding: Tr1d1um encodes the constructed WRP message using msgpack, a compact data serialization format, before sending it to the Xmidt Cloud API.</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>How does Tr1d1um or WebPA authenticate back-end integrations?[/INST]WebPA utilizes OAuth 2.0 "Client Credential Flow" for back-end integration authentication. Here's a breakdown: - Token Request: RDK Back-End requests an access token using its OAuth 2.0 credentials. - Token Type: The access token uses the "bearer" type. - Token Format: The access token is a JSON Web Token (JWT) signed with the SHA256 algorithm. - JWT Claims: The JWT contains standard claims like audience (aud), expiration time (exp), and a unique JWT identifier (jti). - Token Expiration: Access tokens expire after 24 hours (86400 seconds). - Transport Security: Communication should leverage Transport Layer Security (TLS) 1.3 with mutual TLS for added security.</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>What is WRP and what does it do?[/INST]WRP (Web Routing Protocol) acts as a core message envelope within Xmidt. It provides a standardized format for messages exchanged between devices and various Xmidt services. WRP facilitates routing messages efficiently across the Xmidt cloud infrastructure.</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>Why is WRP important for Xmidt?[/INST]Xmidt interacts with a vast number of devices using diverse communication protocols (WebSocket, HTTP, etc.). WRP offers a unified message structure that transcends these protocols, enabling seamless communication and message processing within Xmidt, regardless of the underlying transport mechanism.</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>How does message encoding work in WRP?[/INST]WRP messages are always encoded using MsgPack for efficient data transmission. This happens regardless of the format (MsgPack, JSON, or HTTP headers) used by the initial API call. Internally, Xmidt services like Skytale convert incoming requests into MsgPack before sending them further.</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>Are there performance implications with WRP message encoding?[/INST]Yes, converting messages to MsgPack can introduce some overhead. If performance optimization is critical, directly emitting WRP messages in MsgPack format (like Tr1d1um does) can avoid the conversion step and potentially improve performance.</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>What's the OSI layer stack for WRP communication?[/INST]WRP resides at a higher level within the communication stack. Here's a breakdown (bottom to top): - Physical Layer - IP Layer - TCP Layer - TLS/SSL Layer - HTTP/WebSocket Layer (depending on the protocol) - WRP Layer - Application Layer (Xmidt services)</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>What are Tr1d1um's API endpoints for fetching device statistics?[/INST]Tr1d1um exposes the /stat endpoint or API to fetch the statistics (i.e. uptime) for a given router connected to the Xmidt. This endpoint is a simple shadow of its counterpart on the Xmidt Cloud API (Scytale). Tr1d1um simply passes through the incoming request to XMiDT as it comes and returns whatever response XMiDT provided.</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>What are Tr1d1um's API endpoints for performing CRUD operations?[/INST]Tr1d1um exposes the /config endpoint or API to set/get multiple values, or to replace or delete entries from the table. The same API has different usage and behaviours when different http types are used: 1. /config // CRUD operations 1.1. GET /device/{device_id}/config // Get multiple parameter values or attributes 1.2. PATCH /device/{device_id}/config // Set multiple parameter values or attributes 1.3. POST /device/{device_id}/config/{table} // Add entry to table 1.4. PUT /device/{device_id}/config/{table} // Replace table data 1.5. DELETE /device/{device_id}/config/{row} // Delete entry from table Tr1d1um validates the incoming request, injects it into the payload of a SimpleRequestResponse WRP message and sends it to XMiDT. Tr1d1um encodes the outgoing WRP message in msgpack as it is the encoding XMiDT ultimately uses to communicate with devices.</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>What are Tr1d1um's API endpoints relating to Event listener registration?[/INST]Devices connected to the XMiDT Cluster generate events (i.e. going offline). The webhooks library used by Tr1d1um publishes these events. These endpoints allow API users to setup listeners of desired events and fetch the current list of configured listeners in the system. The two important APIs for event listeners are: 1. /hook : which of http type POST, and is used for registration of webpa listener 2. /hooks: which is of http type GET, and is used for retreival of registered webpa listeners.</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>What are some important metrics published by Tr1d1um for Prometheus to scrape?[/INST]1. api_requests_total(code 2xx to 3xx): no of requests received on a service 2. api_requests_total(code 4xx to 5xx): No of failed requests 3. in_flight_requests: 聽The Current request which is under processing 4. active_connections: The number of active connections associated with聽 the server 5. rejected_connections: The total number of connections rejected due to exceeding the limit 6. request_duration_seconds: latencies for requests 7. request_size_bytes: request sizes for requests. 8. response_size_bytes: response sizes for requests. 9. time_writing_header_seconds: latencies for writing HTTP headers. 10. maximum_processors: number of current maximum processors this processes is allowed to use 11. webhook_list_size_value: Tr1d1um is not able to get the webhooks from argus 12. chrysom_polls_total (outcome="success"): Tr1d1um聽is not able poll the webhooks from argus 13. chrysom_polls_total (outcome="failure"): Tr1d1um聽is not able poll the webhooks from argus 14. auth_capability_check(outcome="Accepted"): 15. auth_capability_check(outcome=!"Accepted"): 16. auth_validation: Counter of Auth validation success/failed.</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>Is there any PII or Personally Identificable Information Available in Tr1d1um Logs?[/INST]Yes, we have confidential user information being printed in Tr1d1um Logs when DEBUG log-level I used. Information like deviceId which is the user's routers's mac address is PII and should be handled carefully.</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>What APIs are available for Tr1d1um to check its metrics and health?[/INST]There are 2 APIs available in Tr1d1um or WebPA for checking its metrics and health: 1. GET /metrics: fetches different metrics available for Tr1d1um 2. GET /health: fetches current microservice health for Tr1d1um</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>Where is the configuration file for Caduceus available?[/INST]The config file for Caduceus is opensource, and available on Github at the following URL: github.com/xmidt-org/caduceus/blob/main/caduceus.yaml . This config-file is essentially a YAMLconfig-map.</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>Where is the configuration file for Tr1d1um available?[/INST]The config file for Tr1d1um is opensource, and available on Github at the following URL:github.com/xmidt-org/tr1d1um/blob/master/tr1d1um.yaml This config-file is essentially a YAMLconfig-map.</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>Where is the configuration file for Talaria available?[/INST]The config file for Talaria is opensource, and available on Github at the following URL: github.com/xmidt-org/talaria/blob/master/talaria.yaml This config-file is essentially a YAMLconfig-map.</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>Where is the configuration file for Scytale available?[/INST]The config file for Scytale is opensource, and available on Github at the following URL: github.com/xmidt-org/scytale/blob/master/scytale.yaml This config-file is essentially a YAMLconfig-map.</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>Where is the configuration file for Petasos available?[/INST]The config file for Petasos is opensource, and available on Github at the following URL: github.com/xmidt-org/petasos/blob/master/petasos.yaml This config-file is essentially a YAMLconfig-map.</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>Where is the configuration file for Themis available?[/INST]The config file for Themis is opensource, and available on Github at the following URL: github.com/xmidt-org/themis/blob/main/themis.yaml This config-file is essentially a YAMLconfig-map.</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>Where is the configuration file for Argus available?[/INST]The config file for Argus is opensource, and available on Github at the following URL: github.com/xmidt-org/argus/blob/main/argus.yaml This config-file is essentially a YAMLconfig-map.</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>Does the name "Xmidt" have a meaning[/INST]No. Xmidt is based on the creators last name Weston Sch聰midt聰 </s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>What is the relation between WebPA, Xmidt and WRP?[/INST]WebPA -> Protocol Agent (on the CPE) WRP -> the applied protocol (Web Routing Protocol) Xmidt -> the "Cloud Web Router"</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>Isn't Xmidt a common name for pretty much everything?[/INST]kind of, used synonymously with 'Xmidt Cloud' Xmidt = Xmidt Client (Parodus) + Xmidt Cloud + Xmidt "Back End Systems" (Tr1d1um and Codex covering 'logic')</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>What Client of the Xmidt Clouds runs on the CPE?[/INST]Xmidt Cloud Client == also known as Parodus, is what runs on the CPEs or Routers.</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>How does the CPE to Talaria connection flow look like?[/INST]The CPE to Talaria connection requires a lot of hops across multiple microservices in the Xmidt ecosystem. These steps are: 1. On startup CPE will be requesting a token from themis on /issue endpoint. 2. Themis will sending the request to xmidt listener for the device level of checking weather this device is associated with Natco or not. 3. based on response from Resource Inventory聽 then will issue a token or return a HTTP 4XX error to CPE. 4. Now CPE will try to connect to petasos-rewriter. 5. petasos-rewriter will forward the request to petasos. 6. petasos will query in consul about healthy talaria information. 7. petasos will store talaria information in hash and return the talaria information to petasos-rewriter. 8. petasos-rewriter will update public talaria information in聽 the response body and header. 9. now CPE has the talaria information where it needs to connect. 10. talaria on startup will register himself in consul. 11. CPE will be opening a WebSocket connection to talaria. 12. talaria will validate the request based on configuration provided to it and will establish聽 a websokect connection to CPE if the request was valid. 13. talaria will send聽 a event to caduceus that device is connected. 14. talaria will be doing ping pong(activeness of websocket connection) after every X(45) seconds configurable. 15. if request was invalid CPW will聽 start again the process from step 2.</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>What is the step-wise flow when GET or SET of Paramters is done against a Router or Device?[/INST]A couple of hops are needed for Getting or Setting Parameters on a CPE or Router. These are: 1. 聽Request will be coming for Tr1d1um, tr1d1um will validate the request and convert the request into WRPMessage and sends it to scytale. 2. scytale will get all healthy talaria from consul. 3. Scytale will fanout the HTTP request to all talaria instances. 4. if all talaria instances returned 404(device doesn't exist) the same will be sent as response. 5. if device websocket was active on any of the聽 talaria instance. 6. talaria will send that WRP Message in websokcet. 7. CPE will聽receive the WRPMessage and act on it and will return response to talaria. 8. talaria will return response to scytale. 9. scytale will return response to tr1d1um.</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>How are webhooks registered? How are webhooks persisted?[/INST]Webhooks are rgeistered in Tr1d1um, however these webhooks are stored by Argus in YugabyteDB. 1. We need to resgiter the webhook in Tr1d1um. 2. Tr1d1um will聽 validate the add WebhookRequest and send it to argus. 3. Argus will presist the webhook data in configured DB for the time defined by user.</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>How does Event Delivery managed in Xmidt? [/INST]Events are packed in WRP messages, and delivered to registered webhook endpoints. 1. Caduceus will be polling for webhooks after X(5, configurable) seconds and will create the senders in memory. 2. Any incoming request to caduceus notify endpoint will place the WRP Message in the sender's queue post successful validation. 3. Sender will send the WRP Message to the registered webhook endpoints. in below case we have a sender named as webpa data capture.</s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>I am looking for a software platform that powers Gateways with DOCSIS, PON, DSL, 5G, and ethernet capabilities. It should be standardized and customizable, and support basic features such as routing, Wi-Fi, DNS,diagnostics, remote management, and IoT interfaces. What options do I have?[/INST]For powering next-gen gateways across DOCSIS, PON, DSL, 5G, and ethernet access networks, once can consider leveraging RDK-B. Created and specified by Comcast, RDK, fully known as "Reference Design Kit" is a complete, fully integrated software bundle, specified by Comcast to run on QAM, IP-Only and Hybrid (QAM+IP) devices. It has 3 main "profiles", namely: RDK-B, RDK-V, and RDK-C. RDK-B is Reference Desk Kit for Broadband. RDK-V is Reference Design Kit for Videos, and RDK-C is Reference Design Kit for Cameras. RDK-B stands out as a highly advantageous solution in the realm of broadband technology, offering a plethora of benefits that underscore its versatility and efficiency. RDK-B provides a common software platform that serves as a unifying foundation for diverse broadband devices. RDK-B emerges as a comprehensive and forward-thinking solution, offering a unified software platform that not only prioritizes reliability and flexibility but also embraces innovation and compatibility across diverse access networks. </s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>How has RDK for Broadband framework been architected to allow for greater innovation? Is it versatile enough for various Broadband technologies?[/INST]One of the key strengths of RDK-B lies in its open-source architecture, empowering developers with the flexibility to innovate and build upon the software. Its modular design not only facilitates continuous innovation but also optimizes the platform for deployment across a spectrum of devices, ranging from low- to high-end. Notably, RDK-B supports containerization at the application layer, enhancing scalability and flexibility in deploying applications. Moreover, the framework ensures application and services portability across various technologies, promoting a cohesive and integrated user experience. Another significant advantage is the platform's robust support for various access networks, making it a versatile choice for different broadband technologies. RDK-B seamlessly accommodates DOCSIS, PON, DSL, 5G, and Ethernet, ensuring compatibility with a wide array of access technologies. Furthermore, it boasts support for multiple management protocols and data models, contributing to its adaptability and ease of integration. In essence, RDK-B emerges as a comprehensive and forward-thinking solution, offering a unified software platform that not only prioritizes reliability and flexibility but also embraces innovation and compatibility across diverse access networks. </s>
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>Your Name is Brutus and you are a personal assistant to Amit,Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.<</SYS>>What are some special highlights about how RDK-B has been constructed? What is so special anout its architecture? How do all components within RDK communicate?[/INST]RDK-B is developed as a modular software stack built from a collection of individually reusable software components and is based on the following design considerations: Software modularity Abstraction of external management protocols Independence from wide area network type Silicon independence Linux kernel independence Software structure that allows multiple organizations and teams to work in parallel The architecture supports pluggable component modules which communicate over the CCSP message bus. RDK-B uses a collection of protocol agent components and supports multiple device management protocols(TR-069, SNMP etc). Protocol agents process the protocol specific details and provide abstraction to the common internal data model. TR-181 data model is the common internal data model used by all RDK-B components to communicate over the message bus. RDK-B also supports multiple SoC vendors through component level hardware abstraction layers.</s>