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Daniele Montevago (born 18 March 2003) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Serie B club Sampdoria. Club career Born in Palermo, Montevago started playing football at three years old, before joining the local grassroots football school Stella d'Oriente. In 2017, he entered Palermo's youth sector, where he spent two seasons before the club ultimately faced bankruptcy; then, in 2019, he joined Sampdoria.Following his performances for the Blucerchiati's youth teams, Montevago started training with the first team during the second half of the 2021-22 season, under manager Marco Giampaolo, and received his first call-ups to Serie A match-day squads. In the summer of 2022, the forward extended his contract with Sampdoria until 2025.In the following campaign, Montevago kept training with the senior squad, under the new coach Dejan Stanković; he subsequently made his professional debut on 29 October 2022, coming in a substitute for Manolo Gabbiadini at the 78th minute of the 3–0 Serie A loss against Inter Milan. On 12 January 2023, he made his first start in a professional game, together with team-mate Flavio Paoletti, in a 1–0 Coppa Italia loss to Fiorentina. International career Montevago has represented Italy at youth international level. After taking part in training camps with the under-15 and under-16 national teams, he went on to play for the under-20 national team.In May 2023, he was included by head coach Carmine Nunziata in the Italian squad that took part in the FIFA U-20 World Cup in Argentina. Style of play Montevago is a centre forward, who has been regarded for his physical strength and his finishing.Although he has been compared to Christian Vieri, he has actually named Duván Zapata and Fabio Quagliarella as his main sources of inspiration. Career statistics As of match played 12 January 2023 References External links Daniele Montevago at Soccerway Daniele Montevago at WorldFootball.net

position played on team / speciality

Daniele Montevago (born 18 March 2003) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Serie B club Sampdoria. Club career Born in Palermo, Montevago started playing football at three years old, before joining the local grassroots football school Stella d'Oriente. In 2017, he entered Palermo's youth sector, where he spent two seasons before the club ultimately faced bankruptcy; then, in 2019, he joined Sampdoria.Following his performances for the Blucerchiati's youth teams, Montevago started training with the first team during the second half of the 2021-22 season, under manager Marco Giampaolo, and received his first call-ups to Serie A match-day squads. In the summer of 2022, the forward extended his contract with Sampdoria until 2025.In the following campaign, Montevago kept training with the senior squad, under the new coach Dejan Stanković; he subsequently made his professional debut on 29 October 2022, coming in a substitute for Manolo Gabbiadini at the 78th minute of the 3–0 Serie A loss against Inter Milan. On 12 January 2023, he made his first start in a professional game, together with team-mate Flavio Paoletti, in a 1–0 Coppa Italia loss to Fiorentina. International career Montevago has represented Italy at youth international level. After taking part in training camps with the under-15 and under-16 national teams, he went on to play for the under-20 national team.In May 2023, he was included by head coach Carmine Nunziata in the Italian squad that took part in the FIFA U-20 World Cup in Argentina. Style of play Montevago is a centre forward, who has been regarded for his physical strength and his finishing.Although he has been compared to Christian Vieri, he has actually named Duván Zapata and Fabio Quagliarella as his main sources of inspiration. Career statistics As of match played 12 January 2023 References External links Daniele Montevago at Soccerway Daniele Montevago at WorldFootball.net

given name

Corey Alexander Belser (born November 22, 1982) is a former American professional basketball player, who is currently the head coach for the Maldives Senior National Basketball Team. Standing at 6 ft 6.75 in (2.00 m), Belser played at the shooting guard and small forward positions. He played college basketball for the University of San Diego. College career The 2.00 m (6 ft 6 ¾ in) swingman played college basketball with the University of San Diego and in 2006 he was voted as the College Insider NCAA Defensive Player of the Year. He was also voted to the All Mid-Majors First Team in both 2005 and 2006, and to the All West Coast Conference First Team and named the All West Coast Conference Defensive Player of the Year. He was also an NCAA Arthur Ashe Academic All-American, graduating from the University of San Diego with a Masters in the Science of Leadership. Professional career After graduating from college in 2006, Belser went undrafted in the 2006 NBA draft. However, he was invited to try out for the Dallas Mavericks. He played for the Mavericks' summer league roster in both the Las Vegas Summer League and the Rocky Mountain Revue. Despite playing well, Belser was not chosen for the Mavericks' final NBA roster, but he was immediately offered a spot playing for Olympia Larissa in the Greek League. He helped his team reach the Greek League playoffs for their 1st ever appearance in 2007 and 2008, and he earned a league honorable mention in 2007. Summer 2010 Belser shined in the Dolphin Park Classic in Vancouver, B.C. on team "Reign" with good friend and semi-pro player Virgil Matthews. Belser put on a "clinic" as said by many Canadian basketball pundits going on several shooting sprees having multiple defenders thrown at him without any effect. The Reign made a deep playoff run, losing to eventual champs the X-falcons led by Randy Nohr former Team Canada All-Star. In late 2010 he played for Aris in A1 Greek League but finished in his season in Ukraine. Coaching career In 2012, Corey Belser was hired by the NBA’s Cleveland Cavaliers to work on the coaching staff. The following year, he went on to coach for the Miami Heat. In 2014, he served as an assistant coach to the Miami Heat's development team, the Sioux Falls Skyforce. The next season, the Skyforce finished with a D League-best 40–10 record, and went on to win the league championship with a 2–1 Finals series win over the Los Angeles D-Fenders.In September 2017, Belser was named assistant coach for the Sacramento Kings NBA G League team, the Reno Bighorns. The Bighorns finished the season taking first in the Pacific Division. References External links Euroleague.net profile Eurobasket.com profile San Diego Toreros bio Archived 2008-08-21 at the Wayback Machine Belser's 29 points and 9 rebounds give him NM1 Player of the Week award

member of sports team

Corey Alexander Belser (born November 22, 1982) is a former American professional basketball player, who is currently the head coach for the Maldives Senior National Basketball Team. Standing at 6 ft 6.75 in (2.00 m), Belser played at the shooting guard and small forward positions. He played college basketball for the University of San Diego. College career The 2.00 m (6 ft 6 ¾ in) swingman played college basketball with the University of San Diego and in 2006 he was voted as the College Insider NCAA Defensive Player of the Year. He was also voted to the All Mid-Majors First Team in both 2005 and 2006, and to the All West Coast Conference First Team and named the All West Coast Conference Defensive Player of the Year. He was also an NCAA Arthur Ashe Academic All-American, graduating from the University of San Diego with a Masters in the Science of Leadership. Professional career After graduating from college in 2006, Belser went undrafted in the 2006 NBA draft. However, he was invited to try out for the Dallas Mavericks. He played for the Mavericks' summer league roster in both the Las Vegas Summer League and the Rocky Mountain Revue. Despite playing well, Belser was not chosen for the Mavericks' final NBA roster, but he was immediately offered a spot playing for Olympia Larissa in the Greek League. He helped his team reach the Greek League playoffs for their 1st ever appearance in 2007 and 2008, and he earned a league honorable mention in 2007. Summer 2010 Belser shined in the Dolphin Park Classic in Vancouver, B.C. on team "Reign" with good friend and semi-pro player Virgil Matthews. Belser put on a "clinic" as said by many Canadian basketball pundits going on several shooting sprees having multiple defenders thrown at him without any effect. The Reign made a deep playoff run, losing to eventual champs the X-falcons led by Randy Nohr former Team Canada All-Star. In late 2010 he played for Aris in A1 Greek League but finished in his season in Ukraine. Coaching career In 2012, Corey Belser was hired by the NBA’s Cleveland Cavaliers to work on the coaching staff. The following year, he went on to coach for the Miami Heat. In 2014, he served as an assistant coach to the Miami Heat's development team, the Sioux Falls Skyforce. The next season, the Skyforce finished with a D League-best 40–10 record, and went on to win the league championship with a 2–1 Finals series win over the Los Angeles D-Fenders.In September 2017, Belser was named assistant coach for the Sacramento Kings NBA G League team, the Reno Bighorns. The Bighorns finished the season taking first in the Pacific Division. References External links Euroleague.net profile Eurobasket.com profile San Diego Toreros bio Archived 2008-08-21 at the Wayback Machine Belser's 29 points and 9 rebounds give him NM1 Player of the Week award

educated at

Corey Alexander Belser (born November 22, 1982) is a former American professional basketball player, who is currently the head coach for the Maldives Senior National Basketball Team. Standing at 6 ft 6.75 in (2.00 m), Belser played at the shooting guard and small forward positions. He played college basketball for the University of San Diego. College career The 2.00 m (6 ft 6 ¾ in) swingman played college basketball with the University of San Diego and in 2006 he was voted as the College Insider NCAA Defensive Player of the Year. He was also voted to the All Mid-Majors First Team in both 2005 and 2006, and to the All West Coast Conference First Team and named the All West Coast Conference Defensive Player of the Year. He was also an NCAA Arthur Ashe Academic All-American, graduating from the University of San Diego with a Masters in the Science of Leadership. Professional career After graduating from college in 2006, Belser went undrafted in the 2006 NBA draft. However, he was invited to try out for the Dallas Mavericks. He played for the Mavericks' summer league roster in both the Las Vegas Summer League and the Rocky Mountain Revue. Despite playing well, Belser was not chosen for the Mavericks' final NBA roster, but he was immediately offered a spot playing for Olympia Larissa in the Greek League. He helped his team reach the Greek League playoffs for their 1st ever appearance in 2007 and 2008, and he earned a league honorable mention in 2007. Summer 2010 Belser shined in the Dolphin Park Classic in Vancouver, B.C. on team "Reign" with good friend and semi-pro player Virgil Matthews. Belser put on a "clinic" as said by many Canadian basketball pundits going on several shooting sprees having multiple defenders thrown at him without any effect. The Reign made a deep playoff run, losing to eventual champs the X-falcons led by Randy Nohr former Team Canada All-Star. In late 2010 he played for Aris in A1 Greek League but finished in his season in Ukraine. Coaching career In 2012, Corey Belser was hired by the NBA’s Cleveland Cavaliers to work on the coaching staff. The following year, he went on to coach for the Miami Heat. In 2014, he served as an assistant coach to the Miami Heat's development team, the Sioux Falls Skyforce. The next season, the Skyforce finished with a D League-best 40–10 record, and went on to win the league championship with a 2–1 Finals series win over the Los Angeles D-Fenders.In September 2017, Belser was named assistant coach for the Sacramento Kings NBA G League team, the Reno Bighorns. The Bighorns finished the season taking first in the Pacific Division. References External links Euroleague.net profile Eurobasket.com profile San Diego Toreros bio Archived 2008-08-21 at the Wayback Machine Belser's 29 points and 9 rebounds give him NM1 Player of the Week award

occupation

Corey Alexander Belser (born November 22, 1982) is a former American professional basketball player, who is currently the head coach for the Maldives Senior National Basketball Team. Standing at 6 ft 6.75 in (2.00 m), Belser played at the shooting guard and small forward positions. He played college basketball for the University of San Diego. College career The 2.00 m (6 ft 6 ¾ in) swingman played college basketball with the University of San Diego and in 2006 he was voted as the College Insider NCAA Defensive Player of the Year. He was also voted to the All Mid-Majors First Team in both 2005 and 2006, and to the All West Coast Conference First Team and named the All West Coast Conference Defensive Player of the Year. He was also an NCAA Arthur Ashe Academic All-American, graduating from the University of San Diego with a Masters in the Science of Leadership. Professional career After graduating from college in 2006, Belser went undrafted in the 2006 NBA draft. However, he was invited to try out for the Dallas Mavericks. He played for the Mavericks' summer league roster in both the Las Vegas Summer League and the Rocky Mountain Revue. Despite playing well, Belser was not chosen for the Mavericks' final NBA roster, but he was immediately offered a spot playing for Olympia Larissa in the Greek League. He helped his team reach the Greek League playoffs for their 1st ever appearance in 2007 and 2008, and he earned a league honorable mention in 2007. Summer 2010 Belser shined in the Dolphin Park Classic in Vancouver, B.C. on team "Reign" with good friend and semi-pro player Virgil Matthews. Belser put on a "clinic" as said by many Canadian basketball pundits going on several shooting sprees having multiple defenders thrown at him without any effect. The Reign made a deep playoff run, losing to eventual champs the X-falcons led by Randy Nohr former Team Canada All-Star. In late 2010 he played for Aris in A1 Greek League but finished in his season in Ukraine. Coaching career In 2012, Corey Belser was hired by the NBA’s Cleveland Cavaliers to work on the coaching staff. The following year, he went on to coach for the Miami Heat. In 2014, he served as an assistant coach to the Miami Heat's development team, the Sioux Falls Skyforce. The next season, the Skyforce finished with a D League-best 40–10 record, and went on to win the league championship with a 2–1 Finals series win over the Los Angeles D-Fenders.In September 2017, Belser was named assistant coach for the Sacramento Kings NBA G League team, the Reno Bighorns. The Bighorns finished the season taking first in the Pacific Division. References External links Euroleague.net profile Eurobasket.com profile San Diego Toreros bio Archived 2008-08-21 at the Wayback Machine Belser's 29 points and 9 rebounds give him NM1 Player of the Week award

league

Corey Alexander Belser (born November 22, 1982) is a former American professional basketball player, who is currently the head coach for the Maldives Senior National Basketball Team. Standing at 6 ft 6.75 in (2.00 m), Belser played at the shooting guard and small forward positions. He played college basketball for the University of San Diego. College career The 2.00 m (6 ft 6 ¾ in) swingman played college basketball with the University of San Diego and in 2006 he was voted as the College Insider NCAA Defensive Player of the Year. He was also voted to the All Mid-Majors First Team in both 2005 and 2006, and to the All West Coast Conference First Team and named the All West Coast Conference Defensive Player of the Year. He was also an NCAA Arthur Ashe Academic All-American, graduating from the University of San Diego with a Masters in the Science of Leadership. Professional career After graduating from college in 2006, Belser went undrafted in the 2006 NBA draft. However, he was invited to try out for the Dallas Mavericks. He played for the Mavericks' summer league roster in both the Las Vegas Summer League and the Rocky Mountain Revue. Despite playing well, Belser was not chosen for the Mavericks' final NBA roster, but he was immediately offered a spot playing for Olympia Larissa in the Greek League. He helped his team reach the Greek League playoffs for their 1st ever appearance in 2007 and 2008, and he earned a league honorable mention in 2007. Summer 2010 Belser shined in the Dolphin Park Classic in Vancouver, B.C. on team "Reign" with good friend and semi-pro player Virgil Matthews. Belser put on a "clinic" as said by many Canadian basketball pundits going on several shooting sprees having multiple defenders thrown at him without any effect. The Reign made a deep playoff run, losing to eventual champs the X-falcons led by Randy Nohr former Team Canada All-Star. In late 2010 he played for Aris in A1 Greek League but finished in his season in Ukraine. Coaching career In 2012, Corey Belser was hired by the NBA’s Cleveland Cavaliers to work on the coaching staff. The following year, he went on to coach for the Miami Heat. In 2014, he served as an assistant coach to the Miami Heat's development team, the Sioux Falls Skyforce. The next season, the Skyforce finished with a D League-best 40–10 record, and went on to win the league championship with a 2–1 Finals series win over the Los Angeles D-Fenders.In September 2017, Belser was named assistant coach for the Sacramento Kings NBA G League team, the Reno Bighorns. The Bighorns finished the season taking first in the Pacific Division. References External links Euroleague.net profile Eurobasket.com profile San Diego Toreros bio Archived 2008-08-21 at the Wayback Machine Belser's 29 points and 9 rebounds give him NM1 Player of the Week award

position played on team / speciality

Corey Alexander Belser (born November 22, 1982) is a former American professional basketball player, who is currently the head coach for the Maldives Senior National Basketball Team. Standing at 6 ft 6.75 in (2.00 m), Belser played at the shooting guard and small forward positions. He played college basketball for the University of San Diego. College career The 2.00 m (6 ft 6 ¾ in) swingman played college basketball with the University of San Diego and in 2006 he was voted as the College Insider NCAA Defensive Player of the Year. He was also voted to the All Mid-Majors First Team in both 2005 and 2006, and to the All West Coast Conference First Team and named the All West Coast Conference Defensive Player of the Year. He was also an NCAA Arthur Ashe Academic All-American, graduating from the University of San Diego with a Masters in the Science of Leadership. Professional career After graduating from college in 2006, Belser went undrafted in the 2006 NBA draft. However, he was invited to try out for the Dallas Mavericks. He played for the Mavericks' summer league roster in both the Las Vegas Summer League and the Rocky Mountain Revue. Despite playing well, Belser was not chosen for the Mavericks' final NBA roster, but he was immediately offered a spot playing for Olympia Larissa in the Greek League. He helped his team reach the Greek League playoffs for their 1st ever appearance in 2007 and 2008, and he earned a league honorable mention in 2007. Summer 2010 Belser shined in the Dolphin Park Classic in Vancouver, B.C. on team "Reign" with good friend and semi-pro player Virgil Matthews. Belser put on a "clinic" as said by many Canadian basketball pundits going on several shooting sprees having multiple defenders thrown at him without any effect. The Reign made a deep playoff run, losing to eventual champs the X-falcons led by Randy Nohr former Team Canada All-Star. In late 2010 he played for Aris in A1 Greek League but finished in his season in Ukraine. Coaching career In 2012, Corey Belser was hired by the NBA’s Cleveland Cavaliers to work on the coaching staff. The following year, he went on to coach for the Miami Heat. In 2014, he served as an assistant coach to the Miami Heat's development team, the Sioux Falls Skyforce. The next season, the Skyforce finished with a D League-best 40–10 record, and went on to win the league championship with a 2–1 Finals series win over the Los Angeles D-Fenders.In September 2017, Belser was named assistant coach for the Sacramento Kings NBA G League team, the Reno Bighorns. The Bighorns finished the season taking first in the Pacific Division. References External links Euroleague.net profile Eurobasket.com profile San Diego Toreros bio Archived 2008-08-21 at the Wayback Machine Belser's 29 points and 9 rebounds give him NM1 Player of the Week award

sport

Corey Alexander Belser (born November 22, 1982) is a former American professional basketball player, who is currently the head coach for the Maldives Senior National Basketball Team. Standing at 6 ft 6.75 in (2.00 m), Belser played at the shooting guard and small forward positions. He played college basketball for the University of San Diego. College career The 2.00 m (6 ft 6 ¾ in) swingman played college basketball with the University of San Diego and in 2006 he was voted as the College Insider NCAA Defensive Player of the Year. He was also voted to the All Mid-Majors First Team in both 2005 and 2006, and to the All West Coast Conference First Team and named the All West Coast Conference Defensive Player of the Year. He was also an NCAA Arthur Ashe Academic All-American, graduating from the University of San Diego with a Masters in the Science of Leadership. Professional career After graduating from college in 2006, Belser went undrafted in the 2006 NBA draft. However, he was invited to try out for the Dallas Mavericks. He played for the Mavericks' summer league roster in both the Las Vegas Summer League and the Rocky Mountain Revue. Despite playing well, Belser was not chosen for the Mavericks' final NBA roster, but he was immediately offered a spot playing for Olympia Larissa in the Greek League. He helped his team reach the Greek League playoffs for their 1st ever appearance in 2007 and 2008, and he earned a league honorable mention in 2007. Summer 2010 Belser shined in the Dolphin Park Classic in Vancouver, B.C. on team "Reign" with good friend and semi-pro player Virgil Matthews. Belser put on a "clinic" as said by many Canadian basketball pundits going on several shooting sprees having multiple defenders thrown at him without any effect. The Reign made a deep playoff run, losing to eventual champs the X-falcons led by Randy Nohr former Team Canada All-Star. In late 2010 he played for Aris in A1 Greek League but finished in his season in Ukraine. Coaching career In 2012, Corey Belser was hired by the NBA’s Cleveland Cavaliers to work on the coaching staff. The following year, he went on to coach for the Miami Heat. In 2014, he served as an assistant coach to the Miami Heat's development team, the Sioux Falls Skyforce. The next season, the Skyforce finished with a D League-best 40–10 record, and went on to win the league championship with a 2–1 Finals series win over the Los Angeles D-Fenders.In September 2017, Belser was named assistant coach for the Sacramento Kings NBA G League team, the Reno Bighorns. The Bighorns finished the season taking first in the Pacific Division. References External links Euroleague.net profile Eurobasket.com profile San Diego Toreros bio Archived 2008-08-21 at the Wayback Machine Belser's 29 points and 9 rebounds give him NM1 Player of the Week award

family name

Corey Alexander Belser (born November 22, 1982) is a former American professional basketball player, who is currently the head coach for the Maldives Senior National Basketball Team. Standing at 6 ft 6.75 in (2.00 m), Belser played at the shooting guard and small forward positions. He played college basketball for the University of San Diego. College career The 2.00 m (6 ft 6 ¾ in) swingman played college basketball with the University of San Diego and in 2006 he was voted as the College Insider NCAA Defensive Player of the Year. He was also voted to the All Mid-Majors First Team in both 2005 and 2006, and to the All West Coast Conference First Team and named the All West Coast Conference Defensive Player of the Year. He was also an NCAA Arthur Ashe Academic All-American, graduating from the University of San Diego with a Masters in the Science of Leadership. Professional career After graduating from college in 2006, Belser went undrafted in the 2006 NBA draft. However, he was invited to try out for the Dallas Mavericks. He played for the Mavericks' summer league roster in both the Las Vegas Summer League and the Rocky Mountain Revue. Despite playing well, Belser was not chosen for the Mavericks' final NBA roster, but he was immediately offered a spot playing for Olympia Larissa in the Greek League. He helped his team reach the Greek League playoffs for their 1st ever appearance in 2007 and 2008, and he earned a league honorable mention in 2007. Summer 2010 Belser shined in the Dolphin Park Classic in Vancouver, B.C. on team "Reign" with good friend and semi-pro player Virgil Matthews. Belser put on a "clinic" as said by many Canadian basketball pundits going on several shooting sprees having multiple defenders thrown at him without any effect. The Reign made a deep playoff run, losing to eventual champs the X-falcons led by Randy Nohr former Team Canada All-Star. In late 2010 he played for Aris in A1 Greek League but finished in his season in Ukraine. Coaching career In 2012, Corey Belser was hired by the NBA’s Cleveland Cavaliers to work on the coaching staff. The following year, he went on to coach for the Miami Heat. In 2014, he served as an assistant coach to the Miami Heat's development team, the Sioux Falls Skyforce. The next season, the Skyforce finished with a D League-best 40–10 record, and went on to win the league championship with a 2–1 Finals series win over the Los Angeles D-Fenders.In September 2017, Belser was named assistant coach for the Sacramento Kings NBA G League team, the Reno Bighorns. The Bighorns finished the season taking first in the Pacific Division. References External links Euroleague.net profile Eurobasket.com profile San Diego Toreros bio Archived 2008-08-21 at the Wayback Machine Belser's 29 points and 9 rebounds give him NM1 Player of the Week award

given name

The 1936 Pacific Tigers football team represented the College of the Pacific—now known as the University of the Pacific—in Stockton, California as a member of the Far Western Conference (FWC) during the 1936 college football season. Led by fourth-year head coach Amos Alonzo Stagg, Pacific compiled an overall record of 5–4–1 with a mark of 4–0 in conference play, winning the FWC title. The team outscored its opponents 107 to 63 for the season. The Tigers played home games at Baxter Stadium in Stockton. Schedule Notes == References ==

head coach

The 1936 Pacific Tigers football team represented the College of the Pacific—now known as the University of the Pacific—in Stockton, California as a member of the Far Western Conference (FWC) during the 1936 college football season. Led by fourth-year head coach Amos Alonzo Stagg, Pacific compiled an overall record of 5–4–1 with a mark of 4–0 in conference play, winning the FWC title. The team outscored its opponents 107 to 63 for the season. The Tigers played home games at Baxter Stadium in Stockton. Schedule Notes == References ==

season of club or team

Ivar Formo (24 June 1951 – 26 December 2006) was a Norwegian cross-country skier and orienteer who competed during the 1970s. Career He won four medals at the Winter Olympics. Formo also won two bronze medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in the 4 × 10 km relay (1974, 1978). Formo also competed in orienteering, winning a bronze medal in the relay at the 1974 world championships, where he also placed ninth in the individual contest.He represented the club SFK Lyn. He won a number of awards for his accomplishments within sports, notably the Holmenkollen medal in 1975 (shared with Gerhard Grimmer and his good friend and rival Oddvar Brå) and Egebergs Ærespris in 1973. In 1979 he was part of the Lyn Jukola orienteering relay winning team. After retiring as an athlete he had a successful career as a businessman, and served as chairman of the cross-country committee (1983–1988) in the International Ski Federation. Formo earned an engineering degree, and was chairman of the board of Ignis at the time of his death. Formo was found drowned in the lake Store Sandungen in Nordmarka, the forests surrounding Oslo. He had gone jogging and skating through the area and had most likely fallen through the ice. He was survived by his two sons, and his partner during fifteen years, former orienteering competitor Wenche Jacobsen. Cross-country skiing results All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS). Olympic Games 4 medals – (1 gold, 2 silver, 1 bronze) World Championships 2 medals – (2 bronze) References External links databaseOlympics.com profile on Formo – Accessed December 27, 2006. Formo's death announced – Accessed December 27, 2006 (in English). Formo's death announced – Accessed December 27, 2006 (in Norwegian). Formo's training schedule in preparation for the 50 km at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck – Accessed December 27, 2006. Ivar Formo at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation Holmenkollen medalists – click Holmenkollmedaljen for downloadable pdf file (in Norwegian)

place of birth

Ivar Formo (24 June 1951 – 26 December 2006) was a Norwegian cross-country skier and orienteer who competed during the 1970s. Career He won four medals at the Winter Olympics. Formo also won two bronze medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in the 4 × 10 km relay (1974, 1978). Formo also competed in orienteering, winning a bronze medal in the relay at the 1974 world championships, where he also placed ninth in the individual contest.He represented the club SFK Lyn. He won a number of awards for his accomplishments within sports, notably the Holmenkollen medal in 1975 (shared with Gerhard Grimmer and his good friend and rival Oddvar Brå) and Egebergs Ærespris in 1973. In 1979 he was part of the Lyn Jukola orienteering relay winning team. After retiring as an athlete he had a successful career as a businessman, and served as chairman of the cross-country committee (1983–1988) in the International Ski Federation. Formo earned an engineering degree, and was chairman of the board of Ignis at the time of his death. Formo was found drowned in the lake Store Sandungen in Nordmarka, the forests surrounding Oslo. He had gone jogging and skating through the area and had most likely fallen through the ice. He was survived by his two sons, and his partner during fifteen years, former orienteering competitor Wenche Jacobsen. Cross-country skiing results All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS). Olympic Games 4 medals – (1 gold, 2 silver, 1 bronze) World Championships 2 medals – (2 bronze) References External links databaseOlympics.com profile on Formo – Accessed December 27, 2006. Formo's death announced – Accessed December 27, 2006 (in English). Formo's death announced – Accessed December 27, 2006 (in Norwegian). Formo's training schedule in preparation for the 50 km at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck – Accessed December 27, 2006. Ivar Formo at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation Holmenkollen medalists – click Holmenkollmedaljen for downloadable pdf file (in Norwegian)

place of death

Ivar Formo (24 June 1951 – 26 December 2006) was a Norwegian cross-country skier and orienteer who competed during the 1970s. Career He won four medals at the Winter Olympics. Formo also won two bronze medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in the 4 × 10 km relay (1974, 1978). Formo also competed in orienteering, winning a bronze medal in the relay at the 1974 world championships, where he also placed ninth in the individual contest.He represented the club SFK Lyn. He won a number of awards for his accomplishments within sports, notably the Holmenkollen medal in 1975 (shared with Gerhard Grimmer and his good friend and rival Oddvar Brå) and Egebergs Ærespris in 1973. In 1979 he was part of the Lyn Jukola orienteering relay winning team. After retiring as an athlete he had a successful career as a businessman, and served as chairman of the cross-country committee (1983–1988) in the International Ski Federation. Formo earned an engineering degree, and was chairman of the board of Ignis at the time of his death. Formo was found drowned in the lake Store Sandungen in Nordmarka, the forests surrounding Oslo. He had gone jogging and skating through the area and had most likely fallen through the ice. He was survived by his two sons, and his partner during fifteen years, former orienteering competitor Wenche Jacobsen. Cross-country skiing results All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS). Olympic Games 4 medals – (1 gold, 2 silver, 1 bronze) World Championships 2 medals – (2 bronze) References External links databaseOlympics.com profile on Formo – Accessed December 27, 2006. Formo's death announced – Accessed December 27, 2006 (in English). Formo's death announced – Accessed December 27, 2006 (in Norwegian). Formo's training schedule in preparation for the 50 km at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck – Accessed December 27, 2006. Ivar Formo at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation Holmenkollen medalists – click Holmenkollmedaljen for downloadable pdf file (in Norwegian)

occupation

Ivar Formo (24 June 1951 – 26 December 2006) was a Norwegian cross-country skier and orienteer who competed during the 1970s. Career He won four medals at the Winter Olympics. Formo also won two bronze medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in the 4 × 10 km relay (1974, 1978). Formo also competed in orienteering, winning a bronze medal in the relay at the 1974 world championships, where he also placed ninth in the individual contest.He represented the club SFK Lyn. He won a number of awards for his accomplishments within sports, notably the Holmenkollen medal in 1975 (shared with Gerhard Grimmer and his good friend and rival Oddvar Brå) and Egebergs Ærespris in 1973. In 1979 he was part of the Lyn Jukola orienteering relay winning team. After retiring as an athlete he had a successful career as a businessman, and served as chairman of the cross-country committee (1983–1988) in the International Ski Federation. Formo earned an engineering degree, and was chairman of the board of Ignis at the time of his death. Formo was found drowned in the lake Store Sandungen in Nordmarka, the forests surrounding Oslo. He had gone jogging and skating through the area and had most likely fallen through the ice. He was survived by his two sons, and his partner during fifteen years, former orienteering competitor Wenche Jacobsen. Cross-country skiing results All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS). Olympic Games 4 medals – (1 gold, 2 silver, 1 bronze) World Championships 2 medals – (2 bronze) References External links databaseOlympics.com profile on Formo – Accessed December 27, 2006. Formo's death announced – Accessed December 27, 2006 (in English). Formo's death announced – Accessed December 27, 2006 (in Norwegian). Formo's training schedule in preparation for the 50 km at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck – Accessed December 27, 2006. Ivar Formo at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation Holmenkollen medalists – click Holmenkollmedaljen for downloadable pdf file (in Norwegian)

award received

Ivar Formo (24 June 1951 – 26 December 2006) was a Norwegian cross-country skier and orienteer who competed during the 1970s. Career He won four medals at the Winter Olympics. Formo also won two bronze medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in the 4 × 10 km relay (1974, 1978). Formo also competed in orienteering, winning a bronze medal in the relay at the 1974 world championships, where he also placed ninth in the individual contest.He represented the club SFK Lyn. He won a number of awards for his accomplishments within sports, notably the Holmenkollen medal in 1975 (shared with Gerhard Grimmer and his good friend and rival Oddvar Brå) and Egebergs Ærespris in 1973. In 1979 he was part of the Lyn Jukola orienteering relay winning team. After retiring as an athlete he had a successful career as a businessman, and served as chairman of the cross-country committee (1983–1988) in the International Ski Federation. Formo earned an engineering degree, and was chairman of the board of Ignis at the time of his death. Formo was found drowned in the lake Store Sandungen in Nordmarka, the forests surrounding Oslo. He had gone jogging and skating through the area and had most likely fallen through the ice. He was survived by his two sons, and his partner during fifteen years, former orienteering competitor Wenche Jacobsen. Cross-country skiing results All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS). Olympic Games 4 medals – (1 gold, 2 silver, 1 bronze) World Championships 2 medals – (2 bronze) References External links databaseOlympics.com profile on Formo – Accessed December 27, 2006. Formo's death announced – Accessed December 27, 2006 (in English). Formo's death announced – Accessed December 27, 2006 (in Norwegian). Formo's training schedule in preparation for the 50 km at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck – Accessed December 27, 2006. Ivar Formo at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation Holmenkollen medalists – click Holmenkollmedaljen for downloadable pdf file (in Norwegian)

Commons category

Ivar Formo (24 June 1951 – 26 December 2006) was a Norwegian cross-country skier and orienteer who competed during the 1970s. Career He won four medals at the Winter Olympics. Formo also won two bronze medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in the 4 × 10 km relay (1974, 1978). Formo also competed in orienteering, winning a bronze medal in the relay at the 1974 world championships, where he also placed ninth in the individual contest.He represented the club SFK Lyn. He won a number of awards for his accomplishments within sports, notably the Holmenkollen medal in 1975 (shared with Gerhard Grimmer and his good friend and rival Oddvar Brå) and Egebergs Ærespris in 1973. In 1979 he was part of the Lyn Jukola orienteering relay winning team. After retiring as an athlete he had a successful career as a businessman, and served as chairman of the cross-country committee (1983–1988) in the International Ski Federation. Formo earned an engineering degree, and was chairman of the board of Ignis at the time of his death. Formo was found drowned in the lake Store Sandungen in Nordmarka, the forests surrounding Oslo. He had gone jogging and skating through the area and had most likely fallen through the ice. He was survived by his two sons, and his partner during fifteen years, former orienteering competitor Wenche Jacobsen. Cross-country skiing results All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS). Olympic Games 4 medals – (1 gold, 2 silver, 1 bronze) World Championships 2 medals – (2 bronze) References External links databaseOlympics.com profile on Formo – Accessed December 27, 2006. Formo's death announced – Accessed December 27, 2006 (in English). Formo's death announced – Accessed December 27, 2006 (in Norwegian). Formo's training schedule in preparation for the 50 km at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck – Accessed December 27, 2006. Ivar Formo at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation Holmenkollen medalists – click Holmenkollmedaljen for downloadable pdf file (in Norwegian)

sport

Ivar Formo (24 June 1951 – 26 December 2006) was a Norwegian cross-country skier and orienteer who competed during the 1970s. Career He won four medals at the Winter Olympics. Formo also won two bronze medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in the 4 × 10 km relay (1974, 1978). Formo also competed in orienteering, winning a bronze medal in the relay at the 1974 world championships, where he also placed ninth in the individual contest.He represented the club SFK Lyn. He won a number of awards for his accomplishments within sports, notably the Holmenkollen medal in 1975 (shared with Gerhard Grimmer and his good friend and rival Oddvar Brå) and Egebergs Ærespris in 1973. In 1979 he was part of the Lyn Jukola orienteering relay winning team. After retiring as an athlete he had a successful career as a businessman, and served as chairman of the cross-country committee (1983–1988) in the International Ski Federation. Formo earned an engineering degree, and was chairman of the board of Ignis at the time of his death. Formo was found drowned in the lake Store Sandungen in Nordmarka, the forests surrounding Oslo. He had gone jogging and skating through the area and had most likely fallen through the ice. He was survived by his two sons, and his partner during fifteen years, former orienteering competitor Wenche Jacobsen. Cross-country skiing results All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS). Olympic Games 4 medals – (1 gold, 2 silver, 1 bronze) World Championships 2 medals – (2 bronze) References External links databaseOlympics.com profile on Formo – Accessed December 27, 2006. Formo's death announced – Accessed December 27, 2006 (in English). Formo's death announced – Accessed December 27, 2006 (in Norwegian). Formo's training schedule in preparation for the 50 km at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck – Accessed December 27, 2006. Ivar Formo at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation Holmenkollen medalists – click Holmenkollmedaljen for downloadable pdf file (in Norwegian)

family name

Ivar Formo (24 June 1951 – 26 December 2006) was a Norwegian cross-country skier and orienteer who competed during the 1970s. Career He won four medals at the Winter Olympics. Formo also won two bronze medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in the 4 × 10 km relay (1974, 1978). Formo also competed in orienteering, winning a bronze medal in the relay at the 1974 world championships, where he also placed ninth in the individual contest.He represented the club SFK Lyn. He won a number of awards for his accomplishments within sports, notably the Holmenkollen medal in 1975 (shared with Gerhard Grimmer and his good friend and rival Oddvar Brå) and Egebergs Ærespris in 1973. In 1979 he was part of the Lyn Jukola orienteering relay winning team. After retiring as an athlete he had a successful career as a businessman, and served as chairman of the cross-country committee (1983–1988) in the International Ski Federation. Formo earned an engineering degree, and was chairman of the board of Ignis at the time of his death. Formo was found drowned in the lake Store Sandungen in Nordmarka, the forests surrounding Oslo. He had gone jogging and skating through the area and had most likely fallen through the ice. He was survived by his two sons, and his partner during fifteen years, former orienteering competitor Wenche Jacobsen. Cross-country skiing results All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS). Olympic Games 4 medals – (1 gold, 2 silver, 1 bronze) World Championships 2 medals – (2 bronze) References External links databaseOlympics.com profile on Formo – Accessed December 27, 2006. Formo's death announced – Accessed December 27, 2006 (in English). Formo's death announced – Accessed December 27, 2006 (in Norwegian). Formo's training schedule in preparation for the 50 km at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck – Accessed December 27, 2006. Ivar Formo at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation Holmenkollen medalists – click Holmenkollmedaljen for downloadable pdf file (in Norwegian)

given name

Ivar Formo (24 June 1951 – 26 December 2006) was a Norwegian cross-country skier and orienteer who competed during the 1970s. Career He won four medals at the Winter Olympics. Formo also won two bronze medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in the 4 × 10 km relay (1974, 1978). Formo also competed in orienteering, winning a bronze medal in the relay at the 1974 world championships, where he also placed ninth in the individual contest.He represented the club SFK Lyn. He won a number of awards for his accomplishments within sports, notably the Holmenkollen medal in 1975 (shared with Gerhard Grimmer and his good friend and rival Oddvar Brå) and Egebergs Ærespris in 1973. In 1979 he was part of the Lyn Jukola orienteering relay winning team. After retiring as an athlete he had a successful career as a businessman, and served as chairman of the cross-country committee (1983–1988) in the International Ski Federation. Formo earned an engineering degree, and was chairman of the board of Ignis at the time of his death. Formo was found drowned in the lake Store Sandungen in Nordmarka, the forests surrounding Oslo. He had gone jogging and skating through the area and had most likely fallen through the ice. He was survived by his two sons, and his partner during fifteen years, former orienteering competitor Wenche Jacobsen. Cross-country skiing results All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS). Olympic Games 4 medals – (1 gold, 2 silver, 1 bronze) World Championships 2 medals – (2 bronze) References External links databaseOlympics.com profile on Formo – Accessed December 27, 2006. Formo's death announced – Accessed December 27, 2006 (in English). Formo's death announced – Accessed December 27, 2006 (in Norwegian). Formo's training schedule in preparation for the 50 km at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck – Accessed December 27, 2006. Ivar Formo at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation Holmenkollen medalists – click Holmenkollmedaljen for downloadable pdf file (in Norwegian)

participant in

Ivar Formo (24 June 1951 – 26 December 2006) was a Norwegian cross-country skier and orienteer who competed during the 1970s. Career He won four medals at the Winter Olympics. Formo also won two bronze medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in the 4 × 10 km relay (1974, 1978). Formo also competed in orienteering, winning a bronze medal in the relay at the 1974 world championships, where he also placed ninth in the individual contest.He represented the club SFK Lyn. He won a number of awards for his accomplishments within sports, notably the Holmenkollen medal in 1975 (shared with Gerhard Grimmer and his good friend and rival Oddvar Brå) and Egebergs Ærespris in 1973. In 1979 he was part of the Lyn Jukola orienteering relay winning team. After retiring as an athlete he had a successful career as a businessman, and served as chairman of the cross-country committee (1983–1988) in the International Ski Federation. Formo earned an engineering degree, and was chairman of the board of Ignis at the time of his death. Formo was found drowned in the lake Store Sandungen in Nordmarka, the forests surrounding Oslo. He had gone jogging and skating through the area and had most likely fallen through the ice. He was survived by his two sons, and his partner during fifteen years, former orienteering competitor Wenche Jacobsen. Cross-country skiing results All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS). Olympic Games 4 medals – (1 gold, 2 silver, 1 bronze) World Championships 2 medals – (2 bronze) References External links databaseOlympics.com profile on Formo – Accessed December 27, 2006. Formo's death announced – Accessed December 27, 2006 (in English). Formo's death announced – Accessed December 27, 2006 (in Norwegian). Formo's training schedule in preparation for the 50 km at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck – Accessed December 27, 2006. Ivar Formo at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation Holmenkollen medalists – click Holmenkollmedaljen for downloadable pdf file (in Norwegian)

mass

The 2012–13 Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks basketball team represented Stephen F. Austin University during the 2012–13 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Lumberjacks, led by 13th year head coach Danny Kaspar, played their home games at the William R. Johnson Coliseum and were members of the Southland Conference. They finished the season 27–5, 16–2 in Southland play to win the Southland regular season championship. They advanced to the championship game of the Southland tournament where they lost to Northwestern State. As a regular season conference champion who failed to win their conference tournament, they received an automatic bid to the 2013 NIT where they lost in the first round to Stanford. Roster Schedule == References ==

home venue

The 2012–13 Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks basketball team represented Stephen F. Austin University during the 2012–13 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Lumberjacks, led by 13th year head coach Danny Kaspar, played their home games at the William R. Johnson Coliseum and were members of the Southland Conference. They finished the season 27–5, 16–2 in Southland play to win the Southland regular season championship. They advanced to the championship game of the Southland tournament where they lost to Northwestern State. As a regular season conference champion who failed to win their conference tournament, they received an automatic bid to the 2013 NIT where they lost in the first round to Stanford. Roster Schedule == References ==

head coach

The 2012–13 Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks basketball team represented Stephen F. Austin University during the 2012–13 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Lumberjacks, led by 13th year head coach Danny Kaspar, played their home games at the William R. Johnson Coliseum and were members of the Southland Conference. They finished the season 27–5, 16–2 in Southland play to win the Southland regular season championship. They advanced to the championship game of the Southland tournament where they lost to Northwestern State. As a regular season conference champion who failed to win their conference tournament, they received an automatic bid to the 2013 NIT where they lost in the first round to Stanford. Roster Schedule == References ==

sport

Wyoming Highway 259 (WYO 259) is an 18.00-mile-long (28.97 km) north-south state highway located in northeastern Natrona County, north of Casper, in the east-central part of the U.S. state of Wyoming. The highway is the former routing of U.S. Route 87, after that highway was relocated onto Interstate 25. Route description Wyoming Highway 259 begins its southern end at an interchange with I-25/US 87 (Exit 210). Highway 259 heads north 18.00 miles (28.97 km) to the Town of Midwest just east of the Town of Edgerton. Here WYO 259 comes to an end at Wyoming Highway 387 near the Salt Creek Oil Field. Highway 259 is the fastest route for travelers between Casper and Midwest. History Wyoming Highway 259 is the former routing of U.S. Route 87 prior to relocation along Interstate 25. Major intersections The entire route is in Natrona County. References Official 2003 State Highway Map of Wyoming External links Wyoming State Routes 200-299 WYO 259 - I-25/US 87 to WYO 387 Midwest, WY official website

located in the administrative territorial entity

Wyoming Highway 259 (WYO 259) is an 18.00-mile-long (28.97 km) north-south state highway located in northeastern Natrona County, north of Casper, in the east-central part of the U.S. state of Wyoming. The highway is the former routing of U.S. Route 87, after that highway was relocated onto Interstate 25. Route description Wyoming Highway 259 begins its southern end at an interchange with I-25/US 87 (Exit 210). Highway 259 heads north 18.00 miles (28.97 km) to the Town of Midwest just east of the Town of Edgerton. Here WYO 259 comes to an end at Wyoming Highway 387 near the Salt Creek Oil Field. Highway 259 is the fastest route for travelers between Casper and Midwest. History Wyoming Highway 259 is the former routing of U.S. Route 87 prior to relocation along Interstate 25. Major intersections The entire route is in Natrona County. References Official 2003 State Highway Map of Wyoming External links Wyoming State Routes 200-299 WYO 259 - I-25/US 87 to WYO 387 Midwest, WY official website

length

Christopher Trotman "Trot" Nixon (born April 11, 1974) is an American former professional baseball right fielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1996 through 2008, primarily with the Boston Red Sox from 1996 through 2006, with whom he was a fan favorite for his scrappy play and won the 2004 World Series, ending the Curse of the Bambino. His career wound down with limited appearances for the Cleveland Indians in 2007 and the New York Mets in 2008. He currently serves as co-host/analyst for "The 5th Quarter," a high school football highlight show on WWAY-TV in his hometown of Wilmington, North Carolina. Youth and high school career Nixon was born in Durham, North Carolina and attended New Hanover High School in Wilmington, North Carolina. As a senior, he was named the State Player of the Year in both football and baseball. In football, as a senior, he broke school passing records held by former National Football League quarterbacks Sonny Jurgensen and Roman Gabriel. In baseball, as a senior, he was named the Baseball America High School Player of the Year and the State Player of the Year, and helped lead his team to the State 4A title, and finished his senior season with a .512 batting average, 12 home runs and a state-record 56 RBI, and pitched 40 innings with a 12–0 record and a 0.40 ERA. Nixon was slated to play both football and baseball at North Carolina State on a scholarship, and when negotiations with the Boston Red Sox continued to the fall, he participated in fall practice at NC State. He eventually signed with the Boston Red Sox at the signing deadline, the day classes began. Professional career Boston Red Sox Nixon was drafted by the Red Sox in the 1st round of the 1993 Major League Baseball Draft, and was the seventh pick overall. He split the 1994-1998 seasons between several A, AA, and AAA minor league teams, with two brief stints with the Red Sox on the major league level in 1996 and 1998.Nixon's first full season in the majors was in 1999, when he played in 124 games and hit .270 with 15 home runs and 52 RBIs. He came in 9th place in Rookie of the Year voting with just a single vote point (Carlos Beltrán of the Kansas City Royals won the award by a landslide).Nixon quickly became a fan favorite for his scrappy, enthusiastic gameplay. He was considered the inspiration for the expression "Boston Dirt Dogs." The signature is that of a "scrapper," a player who hustles and usually gets his uniform dirty during games. After a decent 2000 season, Nixon produced career highs (at the time) during the 2001 season with a .280 batting average, 27 home runs, and 88 RBIs. The 2002 season was also a good one for Nixon: he posted career bests in doubles (36) and RBIs (94). On May 5, 2002, in response to several hits by pitches, Nixon threw his bat in the direction of Tampa Bay Devil Rays pitcher Ryan Rupe, pretending that the bat slipped out of his hands while swinging. In response, Bob Watson, the Major League Baseball vice president in charge of discipline, fined him $2,000 and suspended him four games.Nixon had the best year of his career in 2003, batting .306 with 28 home runs and 87 RBIs. On October 4, 2003, in Game 3 of the American League Division Series, he had the most prominent moment of his career. Nixon was called from the bench as a pinch hitter in the bottom of the 11th. With the Red Sox facing elimination, Nixon lined a two-run homer over the center field wall for a 3–1 Boston victory. The Red Sox went on to win the next two games, stunning the Oakland Athletics with a 3-2 series win and advancing to the American League Championship Series against the New York Yankees. The Red Sox lost the ALCS in seven games despite Nixon batting .333 (8 for 24) with 3 home runs and 5 RBIs in the series. During the 2004 season, Nixon was unavailable for several months due to a herniated disc and a tight thigh muscle. Upon his return, he generally worked as the starting right fielder during the regular and post-season. In the deciding game of the 2004 World Series, Nixon hit a two-out, two-run double off the right field wall at Busch Stadium in St. Louis in the top of the third inning to give Boston a 3–0 lead. Those were the last runs either team scored in that game as the Red Sox swept the Cardinals for the team's first World Series title in 86 years. For the series, Nixon batted .357 (5 for 14) with 3 doubles and 3 RBIs. Nixon also endeared himself to Sox fans by briefly wearing a mohawk hairstyle, one of many unconventional and bizarre hairstyles the Sox sported over the course of the 2004 season. Loved by Boston's fans, Nixon is known for an extremely volatile temper and steadfast dedication to his teammates. In August 2005, while officially on the disabled list, Nixon remained in uniform and in the dugout with the rest of the team during the game. When teammate Gabe Kapler (who often acted as Nixon's right field replacement) hit a long fly ball off of the Green Monster, the umpires ruled it a double. Nixon leapt off the bench and argued with such passion that Kapler's hit had been a home run (television replays confirmed that the hit had landed above the home run line, and thus should have been ruled a two-run homer) that he was ejected from the game. On October 1, 2006, with two outs in the fifth inning of the final game of the season, manager Terry Francona replaced Nixon in right field with rookie David Murphy. Knowing Nixon might be playing his final game with the Sox, the fans gave him a grateful ovation as he ran off the field. Said Nixon, when asked if it was difficult playing what may have been his last game for the Red Sox: There were a couple of times—my first at-bat and coming out of the game. It really was, because this is the only organization I've ever known. There was [sic] definitely a couple of times out there that I did want to break down. I really did care about this organization. I did care about this town. I think this town has been unbelievable for my family and me. Absolutely unbelievable. I think there's a lot of guys in this organization who feel the same way. After the 2006 season, the Red Sox did not offer Nixon salary arbitration as the team pursued and eventually signed free agent J. D. Drew and had a fourth outfielder, Wily Mo Peña, on the roster.In 2010, Red Sox manager Terry Francona compared rookie Red Sox outfielder Ryan Kalish's intensity and aggressiveness to Nixon's. Cleveland Indians In January 2007, Nixon signed a one-year, $3 million contract with the Cleveland Indians. Instead of wearing number 7 as he had in Boston, Nixon chose number 33. The decision was made in part by his son Chase, based on the fact that Nixon turned 33 years old that April. Arizona Diamondbacks In February 2008, he signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the Arizona Diamondbacks and was subsequently sent to their Triple-A affiliate the Tucson Sidewinders. New York Mets On June 13, 2008, Nixon was acquired by the New York Mets from the Diamondbacks for cash considerations and a player to be named later. The Mets acquired him to replace injured outfielder Moisés Alou. He was added to the Mets roster on June 15, replacing outfielder Chris Aguila who was designated for assignment. The same day he was activated, Nixon started in right field against the Texas Rangers. However, he finished the season on the disabled list. Milwaukee Brewers On December 18, 2008, Nixon signed a minor league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers. He was put onto the inactive roster. After his release from the Brewers in March 2009, Nixon retired from baseball. Career statistics In 1092 games over 12 seasons, Nixon posted a .274 batting average (995-for-3627) with 579 runs, 222 doubles, 28 triples, 137 home runs, 555 RBI, 30 stolen bases, 504 bases on balls, .364 on-base percentage and .464 slugging percentage. Defensively, he recorded a .983 fielding percentage primarily as a right fielder but also has played at center and left field. In 42 postseason games, he was productive, batting .283 (39-for-138) with 18 runs, 11 doubles, 6 home runs, 25 RBI and 14 walks. Personal life Nixon became an evangelical Christian in 1993. Nixon said he relied on his faith as a calming influence on the field.Nixon is married to his wife, Kathryn, with whom he has two sons, Chase (born September 11, 2001) and Luke (born October 1, 2004). He was flying back to Boston to be at Chase's birth when air traffic was halted due to the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City.He and his family reside in Wilmington, North Carolina. He co-hosts "The 5th Quarter", a Friday night high school football highlight show on WWAY-TV. His father also lives in Wilmington, and his grandmother and cousins live in Hertford, North Carolina. In October 2018, Nixon threw out the ceremonial first pitch of the American League Division Series to Dustin Pedroia, and collected donations outside of Fenway Park for Hurricane Florence victims. See also Dirt Dog References External links Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet

place of birth

Christopher Trotman "Trot" Nixon (born April 11, 1974) is an American former professional baseball right fielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1996 through 2008, primarily with the Boston Red Sox from 1996 through 2006, with whom he was a fan favorite for his scrappy play and won the 2004 World Series, ending the Curse of the Bambino. His career wound down with limited appearances for the Cleveland Indians in 2007 and the New York Mets in 2008. He currently serves as co-host/analyst for "The 5th Quarter," a high school football highlight show on WWAY-TV in his hometown of Wilmington, North Carolina. Youth and high school career Nixon was born in Durham, North Carolina and attended New Hanover High School in Wilmington, North Carolina. As a senior, he was named the State Player of the Year in both football and baseball. In football, as a senior, he broke school passing records held by former National Football League quarterbacks Sonny Jurgensen and Roman Gabriel. In baseball, as a senior, he was named the Baseball America High School Player of the Year and the State Player of the Year, and helped lead his team to the State 4A title, and finished his senior season with a .512 batting average, 12 home runs and a state-record 56 RBI, and pitched 40 innings with a 12–0 record and a 0.40 ERA. Nixon was slated to play both football and baseball at North Carolina State on a scholarship, and when negotiations with the Boston Red Sox continued to the fall, he participated in fall practice at NC State. He eventually signed with the Boston Red Sox at the signing deadline, the day classes began. Professional career Boston Red Sox Nixon was drafted by the Red Sox in the 1st round of the 1993 Major League Baseball Draft, and was the seventh pick overall. He split the 1994-1998 seasons between several A, AA, and AAA minor league teams, with two brief stints with the Red Sox on the major league level in 1996 and 1998.Nixon's first full season in the majors was in 1999, when he played in 124 games and hit .270 with 15 home runs and 52 RBIs. He came in 9th place in Rookie of the Year voting with just a single vote point (Carlos Beltrán of the Kansas City Royals won the award by a landslide).Nixon quickly became a fan favorite for his scrappy, enthusiastic gameplay. He was considered the inspiration for the expression "Boston Dirt Dogs." The signature is that of a "scrapper," a player who hustles and usually gets his uniform dirty during games. After a decent 2000 season, Nixon produced career highs (at the time) during the 2001 season with a .280 batting average, 27 home runs, and 88 RBIs. The 2002 season was also a good one for Nixon: he posted career bests in doubles (36) and RBIs (94). On May 5, 2002, in response to several hits by pitches, Nixon threw his bat in the direction of Tampa Bay Devil Rays pitcher Ryan Rupe, pretending that the bat slipped out of his hands while swinging. In response, Bob Watson, the Major League Baseball vice president in charge of discipline, fined him $2,000 and suspended him four games.Nixon had the best year of his career in 2003, batting .306 with 28 home runs and 87 RBIs. On October 4, 2003, in Game 3 of the American League Division Series, he had the most prominent moment of his career. Nixon was called from the bench as a pinch hitter in the bottom of the 11th. With the Red Sox facing elimination, Nixon lined a two-run homer over the center field wall for a 3–1 Boston victory. The Red Sox went on to win the next two games, stunning the Oakland Athletics with a 3-2 series win and advancing to the American League Championship Series against the New York Yankees. The Red Sox lost the ALCS in seven games despite Nixon batting .333 (8 for 24) with 3 home runs and 5 RBIs in the series. During the 2004 season, Nixon was unavailable for several months due to a herniated disc and a tight thigh muscle. Upon his return, he generally worked as the starting right fielder during the regular and post-season. In the deciding game of the 2004 World Series, Nixon hit a two-out, two-run double off the right field wall at Busch Stadium in St. Louis in the top of the third inning to give Boston a 3–0 lead. Those were the last runs either team scored in that game as the Red Sox swept the Cardinals for the team's first World Series title in 86 years. For the series, Nixon batted .357 (5 for 14) with 3 doubles and 3 RBIs. Nixon also endeared himself to Sox fans by briefly wearing a mohawk hairstyle, one of many unconventional and bizarre hairstyles the Sox sported over the course of the 2004 season. Loved by Boston's fans, Nixon is known for an extremely volatile temper and steadfast dedication to his teammates. In August 2005, while officially on the disabled list, Nixon remained in uniform and in the dugout with the rest of the team during the game. When teammate Gabe Kapler (who often acted as Nixon's right field replacement) hit a long fly ball off of the Green Monster, the umpires ruled it a double. Nixon leapt off the bench and argued with such passion that Kapler's hit had been a home run (television replays confirmed that the hit had landed above the home run line, and thus should have been ruled a two-run homer) that he was ejected from the game. On October 1, 2006, with two outs in the fifth inning of the final game of the season, manager Terry Francona replaced Nixon in right field with rookie David Murphy. Knowing Nixon might be playing his final game with the Sox, the fans gave him a grateful ovation as he ran off the field. Said Nixon, when asked if it was difficult playing what may have been his last game for the Red Sox: There were a couple of times—my first at-bat and coming out of the game. It really was, because this is the only organization I've ever known. There was [sic] definitely a couple of times out there that I did want to break down. I really did care about this organization. I did care about this town. I think this town has been unbelievable for my family and me. Absolutely unbelievable. I think there's a lot of guys in this organization who feel the same way. After the 2006 season, the Red Sox did not offer Nixon salary arbitration as the team pursued and eventually signed free agent J. D. Drew and had a fourth outfielder, Wily Mo Peña, on the roster.In 2010, Red Sox manager Terry Francona compared rookie Red Sox outfielder Ryan Kalish's intensity and aggressiveness to Nixon's. Cleveland Indians In January 2007, Nixon signed a one-year, $3 million contract with the Cleveland Indians. Instead of wearing number 7 as he had in Boston, Nixon chose number 33. The decision was made in part by his son Chase, based on the fact that Nixon turned 33 years old that April. Arizona Diamondbacks In February 2008, he signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the Arizona Diamondbacks and was subsequently sent to their Triple-A affiliate the Tucson Sidewinders. New York Mets On June 13, 2008, Nixon was acquired by the New York Mets from the Diamondbacks for cash considerations and a player to be named later. The Mets acquired him to replace injured outfielder Moisés Alou. He was added to the Mets roster on June 15, replacing outfielder Chris Aguila who was designated for assignment. The same day he was activated, Nixon started in right field against the Texas Rangers. However, he finished the season on the disabled list. Milwaukee Brewers On December 18, 2008, Nixon signed a minor league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers. He was put onto the inactive roster. After his release from the Brewers in March 2009, Nixon retired from baseball. Career statistics In 1092 games over 12 seasons, Nixon posted a .274 batting average (995-for-3627) with 579 runs, 222 doubles, 28 triples, 137 home runs, 555 RBI, 30 stolen bases, 504 bases on balls, .364 on-base percentage and .464 slugging percentage. Defensively, he recorded a .983 fielding percentage primarily as a right fielder but also has played at center and left field. In 42 postseason games, he was productive, batting .283 (39-for-138) with 18 runs, 11 doubles, 6 home runs, 25 RBI and 14 walks. Personal life Nixon became an evangelical Christian in 1993. Nixon said he relied on his faith as a calming influence on the field.Nixon is married to his wife, Kathryn, with whom he has two sons, Chase (born September 11, 2001) and Luke (born October 1, 2004). He was flying back to Boston to be at Chase's birth when air traffic was halted due to the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City.He and his family reside in Wilmington, North Carolina. He co-hosts "The 5th Quarter", a Friday night high school football highlight show on WWAY-TV. His father also lives in Wilmington, and his grandmother and cousins live in Hertford, North Carolina. In October 2018, Nixon threw out the ceremonial first pitch of the American League Division Series to Dustin Pedroia, and collected donations outside of Fenway Park for Hurricane Florence victims. See also Dirt Dog References External links Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet

member of sports team

Christopher Trotman "Trot" Nixon (born April 11, 1974) is an American former professional baseball right fielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1996 through 2008, primarily with the Boston Red Sox from 1996 through 2006, with whom he was a fan favorite for his scrappy play and won the 2004 World Series, ending the Curse of the Bambino. His career wound down with limited appearances for the Cleveland Indians in 2007 and the New York Mets in 2008. He currently serves as co-host/analyst for "The 5th Quarter," a high school football highlight show on WWAY-TV in his hometown of Wilmington, North Carolina. Youth and high school career Nixon was born in Durham, North Carolina and attended New Hanover High School in Wilmington, North Carolina. As a senior, he was named the State Player of the Year in both football and baseball. In football, as a senior, he broke school passing records held by former National Football League quarterbacks Sonny Jurgensen and Roman Gabriel. In baseball, as a senior, he was named the Baseball America High School Player of the Year and the State Player of the Year, and helped lead his team to the State 4A title, and finished his senior season with a .512 batting average, 12 home runs and a state-record 56 RBI, and pitched 40 innings with a 12–0 record and a 0.40 ERA. Nixon was slated to play both football and baseball at North Carolina State on a scholarship, and when negotiations with the Boston Red Sox continued to the fall, he participated in fall practice at NC State. He eventually signed with the Boston Red Sox at the signing deadline, the day classes began. Professional career Boston Red Sox Nixon was drafted by the Red Sox in the 1st round of the 1993 Major League Baseball Draft, and was the seventh pick overall. He split the 1994-1998 seasons between several A, AA, and AAA minor league teams, with two brief stints with the Red Sox on the major league level in 1996 and 1998.Nixon's first full season in the majors was in 1999, when he played in 124 games and hit .270 with 15 home runs and 52 RBIs. He came in 9th place in Rookie of the Year voting with just a single vote point (Carlos Beltrán of the Kansas City Royals won the award by a landslide).Nixon quickly became a fan favorite for his scrappy, enthusiastic gameplay. He was considered the inspiration for the expression "Boston Dirt Dogs." The signature is that of a "scrapper," a player who hustles and usually gets his uniform dirty during games. After a decent 2000 season, Nixon produced career highs (at the time) during the 2001 season with a .280 batting average, 27 home runs, and 88 RBIs. The 2002 season was also a good one for Nixon: he posted career bests in doubles (36) and RBIs (94). On May 5, 2002, in response to several hits by pitches, Nixon threw his bat in the direction of Tampa Bay Devil Rays pitcher Ryan Rupe, pretending that the bat slipped out of his hands while swinging. In response, Bob Watson, the Major League Baseball vice president in charge of discipline, fined him $2,000 and suspended him four games.Nixon had the best year of his career in 2003, batting .306 with 28 home runs and 87 RBIs. On October 4, 2003, in Game 3 of the American League Division Series, he had the most prominent moment of his career. Nixon was called from the bench as a pinch hitter in the bottom of the 11th. With the Red Sox facing elimination, Nixon lined a two-run homer over the center field wall for a 3–1 Boston victory. The Red Sox went on to win the next two games, stunning the Oakland Athletics with a 3-2 series win and advancing to the American League Championship Series against the New York Yankees. The Red Sox lost the ALCS in seven games despite Nixon batting .333 (8 for 24) with 3 home runs and 5 RBIs in the series. During the 2004 season, Nixon was unavailable for several months due to a herniated disc and a tight thigh muscle. Upon his return, he generally worked as the starting right fielder during the regular and post-season. In the deciding game of the 2004 World Series, Nixon hit a two-out, two-run double off the right field wall at Busch Stadium in St. Louis in the top of the third inning to give Boston a 3–0 lead. Those were the last runs either team scored in that game as the Red Sox swept the Cardinals for the team's first World Series title in 86 years. For the series, Nixon batted .357 (5 for 14) with 3 doubles and 3 RBIs. Nixon also endeared himself to Sox fans by briefly wearing a mohawk hairstyle, one of many unconventional and bizarre hairstyles the Sox sported over the course of the 2004 season. Loved by Boston's fans, Nixon is known for an extremely volatile temper and steadfast dedication to his teammates. In August 2005, while officially on the disabled list, Nixon remained in uniform and in the dugout with the rest of the team during the game. When teammate Gabe Kapler (who often acted as Nixon's right field replacement) hit a long fly ball off of the Green Monster, the umpires ruled it a double. Nixon leapt off the bench and argued with such passion that Kapler's hit had been a home run (television replays confirmed that the hit had landed above the home run line, and thus should have been ruled a two-run homer) that he was ejected from the game. On October 1, 2006, with two outs in the fifth inning of the final game of the season, manager Terry Francona replaced Nixon in right field with rookie David Murphy. Knowing Nixon might be playing his final game with the Sox, the fans gave him a grateful ovation as he ran off the field. Said Nixon, when asked if it was difficult playing what may have been his last game for the Red Sox: There were a couple of times—my first at-bat and coming out of the game. It really was, because this is the only organization I've ever known. There was [sic] definitely a couple of times out there that I did want to break down. I really did care about this organization. I did care about this town. I think this town has been unbelievable for my family and me. Absolutely unbelievable. I think there's a lot of guys in this organization who feel the same way. After the 2006 season, the Red Sox did not offer Nixon salary arbitration as the team pursued and eventually signed free agent J. D. Drew and had a fourth outfielder, Wily Mo Peña, on the roster.In 2010, Red Sox manager Terry Francona compared rookie Red Sox outfielder Ryan Kalish's intensity and aggressiveness to Nixon's. Cleveland Indians In January 2007, Nixon signed a one-year, $3 million contract with the Cleveland Indians. Instead of wearing number 7 as he had in Boston, Nixon chose number 33. The decision was made in part by his son Chase, based on the fact that Nixon turned 33 years old that April. Arizona Diamondbacks In February 2008, he signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the Arizona Diamondbacks and was subsequently sent to their Triple-A affiliate the Tucson Sidewinders. New York Mets On June 13, 2008, Nixon was acquired by the New York Mets from the Diamondbacks for cash considerations and a player to be named later. The Mets acquired him to replace injured outfielder Moisés Alou. He was added to the Mets roster on June 15, replacing outfielder Chris Aguila who was designated for assignment. The same day he was activated, Nixon started in right field against the Texas Rangers. However, he finished the season on the disabled list. Milwaukee Brewers On December 18, 2008, Nixon signed a minor league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers. He was put onto the inactive roster. After his release from the Brewers in March 2009, Nixon retired from baseball. Career statistics In 1092 games over 12 seasons, Nixon posted a .274 batting average (995-for-3627) with 579 runs, 222 doubles, 28 triples, 137 home runs, 555 RBI, 30 stolen bases, 504 bases on balls, .364 on-base percentage and .464 slugging percentage. Defensively, he recorded a .983 fielding percentage primarily as a right fielder but also has played at center and left field. In 42 postseason games, he was productive, batting .283 (39-for-138) with 18 runs, 11 doubles, 6 home runs, 25 RBI and 14 walks. Personal life Nixon became an evangelical Christian in 1993. Nixon said he relied on his faith as a calming influence on the field.Nixon is married to his wife, Kathryn, with whom he has two sons, Chase (born September 11, 2001) and Luke (born October 1, 2004). He was flying back to Boston to be at Chase's birth when air traffic was halted due to the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City.He and his family reside in Wilmington, North Carolina. He co-hosts "The 5th Quarter", a Friday night high school football highlight show on WWAY-TV. His father also lives in Wilmington, and his grandmother and cousins live in Hertford, North Carolina. In October 2018, Nixon threw out the ceremonial first pitch of the American League Division Series to Dustin Pedroia, and collected donations outside of Fenway Park for Hurricane Florence victims. See also Dirt Dog References External links Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet

educated at

Christopher Trotman "Trot" Nixon (born April 11, 1974) is an American former professional baseball right fielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1996 through 2008, primarily with the Boston Red Sox from 1996 through 2006, with whom he was a fan favorite for his scrappy play and won the 2004 World Series, ending the Curse of the Bambino. His career wound down with limited appearances for the Cleveland Indians in 2007 and the New York Mets in 2008. He currently serves as co-host/analyst for "The 5th Quarter," a high school football highlight show on WWAY-TV in his hometown of Wilmington, North Carolina. Youth and high school career Nixon was born in Durham, North Carolina and attended New Hanover High School in Wilmington, North Carolina. As a senior, he was named the State Player of the Year in both football and baseball. In football, as a senior, he broke school passing records held by former National Football League quarterbacks Sonny Jurgensen and Roman Gabriel. In baseball, as a senior, he was named the Baseball America High School Player of the Year and the State Player of the Year, and helped lead his team to the State 4A title, and finished his senior season with a .512 batting average, 12 home runs and a state-record 56 RBI, and pitched 40 innings with a 12–0 record and a 0.40 ERA. Nixon was slated to play both football and baseball at North Carolina State on a scholarship, and when negotiations with the Boston Red Sox continued to the fall, he participated in fall practice at NC State. He eventually signed with the Boston Red Sox at the signing deadline, the day classes began. Professional career Boston Red Sox Nixon was drafted by the Red Sox in the 1st round of the 1993 Major League Baseball Draft, and was the seventh pick overall. He split the 1994-1998 seasons between several A, AA, and AAA minor league teams, with two brief stints with the Red Sox on the major league level in 1996 and 1998.Nixon's first full season in the majors was in 1999, when he played in 124 games and hit .270 with 15 home runs and 52 RBIs. He came in 9th place in Rookie of the Year voting with just a single vote point (Carlos Beltrán of the Kansas City Royals won the award by a landslide).Nixon quickly became a fan favorite for his scrappy, enthusiastic gameplay. He was considered the inspiration for the expression "Boston Dirt Dogs." The signature is that of a "scrapper," a player who hustles and usually gets his uniform dirty during games. After a decent 2000 season, Nixon produced career highs (at the time) during the 2001 season with a .280 batting average, 27 home runs, and 88 RBIs. The 2002 season was also a good one for Nixon: he posted career bests in doubles (36) and RBIs (94). On May 5, 2002, in response to several hits by pitches, Nixon threw his bat in the direction of Tampa Bay Devil Rays pitcher Ryan Rupe, pretending that the bat slipped out of his hands while swinging. In response, Bob Watson, the Major League Baseball vice president in charge of discipline, fined him $2,000 and suspended him four games.Nixon had the best year of his career in 2003, batting .306 with 28 home runs and 87 RBIs. On October 4, 2003, in Game 3 of the American League Division Series, he had the most prominent moment of his career. Nixon was called from the bench as a pinch hitter in the bottom of the 11th. With the Red Sox facing elimination, Nixon lined a two-run homer over the center field wall for a 3–1 Boston victory. The Red Sox went on to win the next two games, stunning the Oakland Athletics with a 3-2 series win and advancing to the American League Championship Series against the New York Yankees. The Red Sox lost the ALCS in seven games despite Nixon batting .333 (8 for 24) with 3 home runs and 5 RBIs in the series. During the 2004 season, Nixon was unavailable for several months due to a herniated disc and a tight thigh muscle. Upon his return, he generally worked as the starting right fielder during the regular and post-season. In the deciding game of the 2004 World Series, Nixon hit a two-out, two-run double off the right field wall at Busch Stadium in St. Louis in the top of the third inning to give Boston a 3–0 lead. Those were the last runs either team scored in that game as the Red Sox swept the Cardinals for the team's first World Series title in 86 years. For the series, Nixon batted .357 (5 for 14) with 3 doubles and 3 RBIs. Nixon also endeared himself to Sox fans by briefly wearing a mohawk hairstyle, one of many unconventional and bizarre hairstyles the Sox sported over the course of the 2004 season. Loved by Boston's fans, Nixon is known for an extremely volatile temper and steadfast dedication to his teammates. In August 2005, while officially on the disabled list, Nixon remained in uniform and in the dugout with the rest of the team during the game. When teammate Gabe Kapler (who often acted as Nixon's right field replacement) hit a long fly ball off of the Green Monster, the umpires ruled it a double. Nixon leapt off the bench and argued with such passion that Kapler's hit had been a home run (television replays confirmed that the hit had landed above the home run line, and thus should have been ruled a two-run homer) that he was ejected from the game. On October 1, 2006, with two outs in the fifth inning of the final game of the season, manager Terry Francona replaced Nixon in right field with rookie David Murphy. Knowing Nixon might be playing his final game with the Sox, the fans gave him a grateful ovation as he ran off the field. Said Nixon, when asked if it was difficult playing what may have been his last game for the Red Sox: There were a couple of times—my first at-bat and coming out of the game. It really was, because this is the only organization I've ever known. There was [sic] definitely a couple of times out there that I did want to break down. I really did care about this organization. I did care about this town. I think this town has been unbelievable for my family and me. Absolutely unbelievable. I think there's a lot of guys in this organization who feel the same way. After the 2006 season, the Red Sox did not offer Nixon salary arbitration as the team pursued and eventually signed free agent J. D. Drew and had a fourth outfielder, Wily Mo Peña, on the roster.In 2010, Red Sox manager Terry Francona compared rookie Red Sox outfielder Ryan Kalish's intensity and aggressiveness to Nixon's. Cleveland Indians In January 2007, Nixon signed a one-year, $3 million contract with the Cleveland Indians. Instead of wearing number 7 as he had in Boston, Nixon chose number 33. The decision was made in part by his son Chase, based on the fact that Nixon turned 33 years old that April. Arizona Diamondbacks In February 2008, he signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the Arizona Diamondbacks and was subsequently sent to their Triple-A affiliate the Tucson Sidewinders. New York Mets On June 13, 2008, Nixon was acquired by the New York Mets from the Diamondbacks for cash considerations and a player to be named later. The Mets acquired him to replace injured outfielder Moisés Alou. He was added to the Mets roster on June 15, replacing outfielder Chris Aguila who was designated for assignment. The same day he was activated, Nixon started in right field against the Texas Rangers. However, he finished the season on the disabled list. Milwaukee Brewers On December 18, 2008, Nixon signed a minor league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers. He was put onto the inactive roster. After his release from the Brewers in March 2009, Nixon retired from baseball. Career statistics In 1092 games over 12 seasons, Nixon posted a .274 batting average (995-for-3627) with 579 runs, 222 doubles, 28 triples, 137 home runs, 555 RBI, 30 stolen bases, 504 bases on balls, .364 on-base percentage and .464 slugging percentage. Defensively, he recorded a .983 fielding percentage primarily as a right fielder but also has played at center and left field. In 42 postseason games, he was productive, batting .283 (39-for-138) with 18 runs, 11 doubles, 6 home runs, 25 RBI and 14 walks. Personal life Nixon became an evangelical Christian in 1993. Nixon said he relied on his faith as a calming influence on the field.Nixon is married to his wife, Kathryn, with whom he has two sons, Chase (born September 11, 2001) and Luke (born October 1, 2004). He was flying back to Boston to be at Chase's birth when air traffic was halted due to the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City.He and his family reside in Wilmington, North Carolina. He co-hosts "The 5th Quarter", a Friday night high school football highlight show on WWAY-TV. His father also lives in Wilmington, and his grandmother and cousins live in Hertford, North Carolina. In October 2018, Nixon threw out the ceremonial first pitch of the American League Division Series to Dustin Pedroia, and collected donations outside of Fenway Park for Hurricane Florence victims. See also Dirt Dog References External links Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet

league

Christopher Trotman "Trot" Nixon (born April 11, 1974) is an American former professional baseball right fielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1996 through 2008, primarily with the Boston Red Sox from 1996 through 2006, with whom he was a fan favorite for his scrappy play and won the 2004 World Series, ending the Curse of the Bambino. His career wound down with limited appearances for the Cleveland Indians in 2007 and the New York Mets in 2008. He currently serves as co-host/analyst for "The 5th Quarter," a high school football highlight show on WWAY-TV in his hometown of Wilmington, North Carolina. Youth and high school career Nixon was born in Durham, North Carolina and attended New Hanover High School in Wilmington, North Carolina. As a senior, he was named the State Player of the Year in both football and baseball. In football, as a senior, he broke school passing records held by former National Football League quarterbacks Sonny Jurgensen and Roman Gabriel. In baseball, as a senior, he was named the Baseball America High School Player of the Year and the State Player of the Year, and helped lead his team to the State 4A title, and finished his senior season with a .512 batting average, 12 home runs and a state-record 56 RBI, and pitched 40 innings with a 12–0 record and a 0.40 ERA. Nixon was slated to play both football and baseball at North Carolina State on a scholarship, and when negotiations with the Boston Red Sox continued to the fall, he participated in fall practice at NC State. He eventually signed with the Boston Red Sox at the signing deadline, the day classes began. Professional career Boston Red Sox Nixon was drafted by the Red Sox in the 1st round of the 1993 Major League Baseball Draft, and was the seventh pick overall. He split the 1994-1998 seasons between several A, AA, and AAA minor league teams, with two brief stints with the Red Sox on the major league level in 1996 and 1998.Nixon's first full season in the majors was in 1999, when he played in 124 games and hit .270 with 15 home runs and 52 RBIs. He came in 9th place in Rookie of the Year voting with just a single vote point (Carlos Beltrán of the Kansas City Royals won the award by a landslide).Nixon quickly became a fan favorite for his scrappy, enthusiastic gameplay. He was considered the inspiration for the expression "Boston Dirt Dogs." The signature is that of a "scrapper," a player who hustles and usually gets his uniform dirty during games. After a decent 2000 season, Nixon produced career highs (at the time) during the 2001 season with a .280 batting average, 27 home runs, and 88 RBIs. The 2002 season was also a good one for Nixon: he posted career bests in doubles (36) and RBIs (94). On May 5, 2002, in response to several hits by pitches, Nixon threw his bat in the direction of Tampa Bay Devil Rays pitcher Ryan Rupe, pretending that the bat slipped out of his hands while swinging. In response, Bob Watson, the Major League Baseball vice president in charge of discipline, fined him $2,000 and suspended him four games.Nixon had the best year of his career in 2003, batting .306 with 28 home runs and 87 RBIs. On October 4, 2003, in Game 3 of the American League Division Series, he had the most prominent moment of his career. Nixon was called from the bench as a pinch hitter in the bottom of the 11th. With the Red Sox facing elimination, Nixon lined a two-run homer over the center field wall for a 3–1 Boston victory. The Red Sox went on to win the next two games, stunning the Oakland Athletics with a 3-2 series win and advancing to the American League Championship Series against the New York Yankees. The Red Sox lost the ALCS in seven games despite Nixon batting .333 (8 for 24) with 3 home runs and 5 RBIs in the series. During the 2004 season, Nixon was unavailable for several months due to a herniated disc and a tight thigh muscle. Upon his return, he generally worked as the starting right fielder during the regular and post-season. In the deciding game of the 2004 World Series, Nixon hit a two-out, two-run double off the right field wall at Busch Stadium in St. Louis in the top of the third inning to give Boston a 3–0 lead. Those were the last runs either team scored in that game as the Red Sox swept the Cardinals for the team's first World Series title in 86 years. For the series, Nixon batted .357 (5 for 14) with 3 doubles and 3 RBIs. Nixon also endeared himself to Sox fans by briefly wearing a mohawk hairstyle, one of many unconventional and bizarre hairstyles the Sox sported over the course of the 2004 season. Loved by Boston's fans, Nixon is known for an extremely volatile temper and steadfast dedication to his teammates. In August 2005, while officially on the disabled list, Nixon remained in uniform and in the dugout with the rest of the team during the game. When teammate Gabe Kapler (who often acted as Nixon's right field replacement) hit a long fly ball off of the Green Monster, the umpires ruled it a double. Nixon leapt off the bench and argued with such passion that Kapler's hit had been a home run (television replays confirmed that the hit had landed above the home run line, and thus should have been ruled a two-run homer) that he was ejected from the game. On October 1, 2006, with two outs in the fifth inning of the final game of the season, manager Terry Francona replaced Nixon in right field with rookie David Murphy. Knowing Nixon might be playing his final game with the Sox, the fans gave him a grateful ovation as he ran off the field. Said Nixon, when asked if it was difficult playing what may have been his last game for the Red Sox: There were a couple of times—my first at-bat and coming out of the game. It really was, because this is the only organization I've ever known. There was [sic] definitely a couple of times out there that I did want to break down. I really did care about this organization. I did care about this town. I think this town has been unbelievable for my family and me. Absolutely unbelievable. I think there's a lot of guys in this organization who feel the same way. After the 2006 season, the Red Sox did not offer Nixon salary arbitration as the team pursued and eventually signed free agent J. D. Drew and had a fourth outfielder, Wily Mo Peña, on the roster.In 2010, Red Sox manager Terry Francona compared rookie Red Sox outfielder Ryan Kalish's intensity and aggressiveness to Nixon's. Cleveland Indians In January 2007, Nixon signed a one-year, $3 million contract with the Cleveland Indians. Instead of wearing number 7 as he had in Boston, Nixon chose number 33. The decision was made in part by his son Chase, based on the fact that Nixon turned 33 years old that April. Arizona Diamondbacks In February 2008, he signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the Arizona Diamondbacks and was subsequently sent to their Triple-A affiliate the Tucson Sidewinders. New York Mets On June 13, 2008, Nixon was acquired by the New York Mets from the Diamondbacks for cash considerations and a player to be named later. The Mets acquired him to replace injured outfielder Moisés Alou. He was added to the Mets roster on June 15, replacing outfielder Chris Aguila who was designated for assignment. The same day he was activated, Nixon started in right field against the Texas Rangers. However, he finished the season on the disabled list. Milwaukee Brewers On December 18, 2008, Nixon signed a minor league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers. He was put onto the inactive roster. After his release from the Brewers in March 2009, Nixon retired from baseball. Career statistics In 1092 games over 12 seasons, Nixon posted a .274 batting average (995-for-3627) with 579 runs, 222 doubles, 28 triples, 137 home runs, 555 RBI, 30 stolen bases, 504 bases on balls, .364 on-base percentage and .464 slugging percentage. Defensively, he recorded a .983 fielding percentage primarily as a right fielder but also has played at center and left field. In 42 postseason games, he was productive, batting .283 (39-for-138) with 18 runs, 11 doubles, 6 home runs, 25 RBI and 14 walks. Personal life Nixon became an evangelical Christian in 1993. Nixon said he relied on his faith as a calming influence on the field.Nixon is married to his wife, Kathryn, with whom he has two sons, Chase (born September 11, 2001) and Luke (born October 1, 2004). He was flying back to Boston to be at Chase's birth when air traffic was halted due to the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City.He and his family reside in Wilmington, North Carolina. He co-hosts "The 5th Quarter", a Friday night high school football highlight show on WWAY-TV. His father also lives in Wilmington, and his grandmother and cousins live in Hertford, North Carolina. In October 2018, Nixon threw out the ceremonial first pitch of the American League Division Series to Dustin Pedroia, and collected donations outside of Fenway Park for Hurricane Florence victims. See also Dirt Dog References External links Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet

position played on team / speciality

Christopher Trotman "Trot" Nixon (born April 11, 1974) is an American former professional baseball right fielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1996 through 2008, primarily with the Boston Red Sox from 1996 through 2006, with whom he was a fan favorite for his scrappy play and won the 2004 World Series, ending the Curse of the Bambino. His career wound down with limited appearances for the Cleveland Indians in 2007 and the New York Mets in 2008. He currently serves as co-host/analyst for "The 5th Quarter," a high school football highlight show on WWAY-TV in his hometown of Wilmington, North Carolina. Youth and high school career Nixon was born in Durham, North Carolina and attended New Hanover High School in Wilmington, North Carolina. As a senior, he was named the State Player of the Year in both football and baseball. In football, as a senior, he broke school passing records held by former National Football League quarterbacks Sonny Jurgensen and Roman Gabriel. In baseball, as a senior, he was named the Baseball America High School Player of the Year and the State Player of the Year, and helped lead his team to the State 4A title, and finished his senior season with a .512 batting average, 12 home runs and a state-record 56 RBI, and pitched 40 innings with a 12–0 record and a 0.40 ERA. Nixon was slated to play both football and baseball at North Carolina State on a scholarship, and when negotiations with the Boston Red Sox continued to the fall, he participated in fall practice at NC State. He eventually signed with the Boston Red Sox at the signing deadline, the day classes began. Professional career Boston Red Sox Nixon was drafted by the Red Sox in the 1st round of the 1993 Major League Baseball Draft, and was the seventh pick overall. He split the 1994-1998 seasons between several A, AA, and AAA minor league teams, with two brief stints with the Red Sox on the major league level in 1996 and 1998.Nixon's first full season in the majors was in 1999, when he played in 124 games and hit .270 with 15 home runs and 52 RBIs. He came in 9th place in Rookie of the Year voting with just a single vote point (Carlos Beltrán of the Kansas City Royals won the award by a landslide).Nixon quickly became a fan favorite for his scrappy, enthusiastic gameplay. He was considered the inspiration for the expression "Boston Dirt Dogs." The signature is that of a "scrapper," a player who hustles and usually gets his uniform dirty during games. After a decent 2000 season, Nixon produced career highs (at the time) during the 2001 season with a .280 batting average, 27 home runs, and 88 RBIs. The 2002 season was also a good one for Nixon: he posted career bests in doubles (36) and RBIs (94). On May 5, 2002, in response to several hits by pitches, Nixon threw his bat in the direction of Tampa Bay Devil Rays pitcher Ryan Rupe, pretending that the bat slipped out of his hands while swinging. In response, Bob Watson, the Major League Baseball vice president in charge of discipline, fined him $2,000 and suspended him four games.Nixon had the best year of his career in 2003, batting .306 with 28 home runs and 87 RBIs. On October 4, 2003, in Game 3 of the American League Division Series, he had the most prominent moment of his career. Nixon was called from the bench as a pinch hitter in the bottom of the 11th. With the Red Sox facing elimination, Nixon lined a two-run homer over the center field wall for a 3–1 Boston victory. The Red Sox went on to win the next two games, stunning the Oakland Athletics with a 3-2 series win and advancing to the American League Championship Series against the New York Yankees. The Red Sox lost the ALCS in seven games despite Nixon batting .333 (8 for 24) with 3 home runs and 5 RBIs in the series. During the 2004 season, Nixon was unavailable for several months due to a herniated disc and a tight thigh muscle. Upon his return, he generally worked as the starting right fielder during the regular and post-season. In the deciding game of the 2004 World Series, Nixon hit a two-out, two-run double off the right field wall at Busch Stadium in St. Louis in the top of the third inning to give Boston a 3–0 lead. Those were the last runs either team scored in that game as the Red Sox swept the Cardinals for the team's first World Series title in 86 years. For the series, Nixon batted .357 (5 for 14) with 3 doubles and 3 RBIs. Nixon also endeared himself to Sox fans by briefly wearing a mohawk hairstyle, one of many unconventional and bizarre hairstyles the Sox sported over the course of the 2004 season. Loved by Boston's fans, Nixon is known for an extremely volatile temper and steadfast dedication to his teammates. In August 2005, while officially on the disabled list, Nixon remained in uniform and in the dugout with the rest of the team during the game. When teammate Gabe Kapler (who often acted as Nixon's right field replacement) hit a long fly ball off of the Green Monster, the umpires ruled it a double. Nixon leapt off the bench and argued with such passion that Kapler's hit had been a home run (television replays confirmed that the hit had landed above the home run line, and thus should have been ruled a two-run homer) that he was ejected from the game. On October 1, 2006, with two outs in the fifth inning of the final game of the season, manager Terry Francona replaced Nixon in right field with rookie David Murphy. Knowing Nixon might be playing his final game with the Sox, the fans gave him a grateful ovation as he ran off the field. Said Nixon, when asked if it was difficult playing what may have been his last game for the Red Sox: There were a couple of times—my first at-bat and coming out of the game. It really was, because this is the only organization I've ever known. There was [sic] definitely a couple of times out there that I did want to break down. I really did care about this organization. I did care about this town. I think this town has been unbelievable for my family and me. Absolutely unbelievable. I think there's a lot of guys in this organization who feel the same way. After the 2006 season, the Red Sox did not offer Nixon salary arbitration as the team pursued and eventually signed free agent J. D. Drew and had a fourth outfielder, Wily Mo Peña, on the roster.In 2010, Red Sox manager Terry Francona compared rookie Red Sox outfielder Ryan Kalish's intensity and aggressiveness to Nixon's. Cleveland Indians In January 2007, Nixon signed a one-year, $3 million contract with the Cleveland Indians. Instead of wearing number 7 as he had in Boston, Nixon chose number 33. The decision was made in part by his son Chase, based on the fact that Nixon turned 33 years old that April. Arizona Diamondbacks In February 2008, he signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the Arizona Diamondbacks and was subsequently sent to their Triple-A affiliate the Tucson Sidewinders. New York Mets On June 13, 2008, Nixon was acquired by the New York Mets from the Diamondbacks for cash considerations and a player to be named later. The Mets acquired him to replace injured outfielder Moisés Alou. He was added to the Mets roster on June 15, replacing outfielder Chris Aguila who was designated for assignment. The same day he was activated, Nixon started in right field against the Texas Rangers. However, he finished the season on the disabled list. Milwaukee Brewers On December 18, 2008, Nixon signed a minor league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers. He was put onto the inactive roster. After his release from the Brewers in March 2009, Nixon retired from baseball. Career statistics In 1092 games over 12 seasons, Nixon posted a .274 batting average (995-for-3627) with 579 runs, 222 doubles, 28 triples, 137 home runs, 555 RBI, 30 stolen bases, 504 bases on balls, .364 on-base percentage and .464 slugging percentage. Defensively, he recorded a .983 fielding percentage primarily as a right fielder but also has played at center and left field. In 42 postseason games, he was productive, batting .283 (39-for-138) with 18 runs, 11 doubles, 6 home runs, 25 RBI and 14 walks. Personal life Nixon became an evangelical Christian in 1993. Nixon said he relied on his faith as a calming influence on the field.Nixon is married to his wife, Kathryn, with whom he has two sons, Chase (born September 11, 2001) and Luke (born October 1, 2004). He was flying back to Boston to be at Chase's birth when air traffic was halted due to the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City.He and his family reside in Wilmington, North Carolina. He co-hosts "The 5th Quarter", a Friday night high school football highlight show on WWAY-TV. His father also lives in Wilmington, and his grandmother and cousins live in Hertford, North Carolina. In October 2018, Nixon threw out the ceremonial first pitch of the American League Division Series to Dustin Pedroia, and collected donations outside of Fenway Park for Hurricane Florence victims. See also Dirt Dog References External links Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet

sport

Christopher Trotman "Trot" Nixon (born April 11, 1974) is an American former professional baseball right fielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1996 through 2008, primarily with the Boston Red Sox from 1996 through 2006, with whom he was a fan favorite for his scrappy play and won the 2004 World Series, ending the Curse of the Bambino. His career wound down with limited appearances for the Cleveland Indians in 2007 and the New York Mets in 2008. He currently serves as co-host/analyst for "The 5th Quarter," a high school football highlight show on WWAY-TV in his hometown of Wilmington, North Carolina. Youth and high school career Nixon was born in Durham, North Carolina and attended New Hanover High School in Wilmington, North Carolina. As a senior, he was named the State Player of the Year in both football and baseball. In football, as a senior, he broke school passing records held by former National Football League quarterbacks Sonny Jurgensen and Roman Gabriel. In baseball, as a senior, he was named the Baseball America High School Player of the Year and the State Player of the Year, and helped lead his team to the State 4A title, and finished his senior season with a .512 batting average, 12 home runs and a state-record 56 RBI, and pitched 40 innings with a 12–0 record and a 0.40 ERA. Nixon was slated to play both football and baseball at North Carolina State on a scholarship, and when negotiations with the Boston Red Sox continued to the fall, he participated in fall practice at NC State. He eventually signed with the Boston Red Sox at the signing deadline, the day classes began. Professional career Boston Red Sox Nixon was drafted by the Red Sox in the 1st round of the 1993 Major League Baseball Draft, and was the seventh pick overall. He split the 1994-1998 seasons between several A, AA, and AAA minor league teams, with two brief stints with the Red Sox on the major league level in 1996 and 1998.Nixon's first full season in the majors was in 1999, when he played in 124 games and hit .270 with 15 home runs and 52 RBIs. He came in 9th place in Rookie of the Year voting with just a single vote point (Carlos Beltrán of the Kansas City Royals won the award by a landslide).Nixon quickly became a fan favorite for his scrappy, enthusiastic gameplay. He was considered the inspiration for the expression "Boston Dirt Dogs." The signature is that of a "scrapper," a player who hustles and usually gets his uniform dirty during games. After a decent 2000 season, Nixon produced career highs (at the time) during the 2001 season with a .280 batting average, 27 home runs, and 88 RBIs. The 2002 season was also a good one for Nixon: he posted career bests in doubles (36) and RBIs (94). On May 5, 2002, in response to several hits by pitches, Nixon threw his bat in the direction of Tampa Bay Devil Rays pitcher Ryan Rupe, pretending that the bat slipped out of his hands while swinging. In response, Bob Watson, the Major League Baseball vice president in charge of discipline, fined him $2,000 and suspended him four games.Nixon had the best year of his career in 2003, batting .306 with 28 home runs and 87 RBIs. On October 4, 2003, in Game 3 of the American League Division Series, he had the most prominent moment of his career. Nixon was called from the bench as a pinch hitter in the bottom of the 11th. With the Red Sox facing elimination, Nixon lined a two-run homer over the center field wall for a 3–1 Boston victory. The Red Sox went on to win the next two games, stunning the Oakland Athletics with a 3-2 series win and advancing to the American League Championship Series against the New York Yankees. The Red Sox lost the ALCS in seven games despite Nixon batting .333 (8 for 24) with 3 home runs and 5 RBIs in the series. During the 2004 season, Nixon was unavailable for several months due to a herniated disc and a tight thigh muscle. Upon his return, he generally worked as the starting right fielder during the regular and post-season. In the deciding game of the 2004 World Series, Nixon hit a two-out, two-run double off the right field wall at Busch Stadium in St. Louis in the top of the third inning to give Boston a 3–0 lead. Those were the last runs either team scored in that game as the Red Sox swept the Cardinals for the team's first World Series title in 86 years. For the series, Nixon batted .357 (5 for 14) with 3 doubles and 3 RBIs. Nixon also endeared himself to Sox fans by briefly wearing a mohawk hairstyle, one of many unconventional and bizarre hairstyles the Sox sported over the course of the 2004 season. Loved by Boston's fans, Nixon is known for an extremely volatile temper and steadfast dedication to his teammates. In August 2005, while officially on the disabled list, Nixon remained in uniform and in the dugout with the rest of the team during the game. When teammate Gabe Kapler (who often acted as Nixon's right field replacement) hit a long fly ball off of the Green Monster, the umpires ruled it a double. Nixon leapt off the bench and argued with such passion that Kapler's hit had been a home run (television replays confirmed that the hit had landed above the home run line, and thus should have been ruled a two-run homer) that he was ejected from the game. On October 1, 2006, with two outs in the fifth inning of the final game of the season, manager Terry Francona replaced Nixon in right field with rookie David Murphy. Knowing Nixon might be playing his final game with the Sox, the fans gave him a grateful ovation as he ran off the field. Said Nixon, when asked if it was difficult playing what may have been his last game for the Red Sox: There were a couple of times—my first at-bat and coming out of the game. It really was, because this is the only organization I've ever known. There was [sic] definitely a couple of times out there that I did want to break down. I really did care about this organization. I did care about this town. I think this town has been unbelievable for my family and me. Absolutely unbelievable. I think there's a lot of guys in this organization who feel the same way. After the 2006 season, the Red Sox did not offer Nixon salary arbitration as the team pursued and eventually signed free agent J. D. Drew and had a fourth outfielder, Wily Mo Peña, on the roster.In 2010, Red Sox manager Terry Francona compared rookie Red Sox outfielder Ryan Kalish's intensity and aggressiveness to Nixon's. Cleveland Indians In January 2007, Nixon signed a one-year, $3 million contract with the Cleveland Indians. Instead of wearing number 7 as he had in Boston, Nixon chose number 33. The decision was made in part by his son Chase, based on the fact that Nixon turned 33 years old that April. Arizona Diamondbacks In February 2008, he signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the Arizona Diamondbacks and was subsequently sent to their Triple-A affiliate the Tucson Sidewinders. New York Mets On June 13, 2008, Nixon was acquired by the New York Mets from the Diamondbacks for cash considerations and a player to be named later. The Mets acquired him to replace injured outfielder Moisés Alou. He was added to the Mets roster on June 15, replacing outfielder Chris Aguila who was designated for assignment. The same day he was activated, Nixon started in right field against the Texas Rangers. However, he finished the season on the disabled list. Milwaukee Brewers On December 18, 2008, Nixon signed a minor league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers. He was put onto the inactive roster. After his release from the Brewers in March 2009, Nixon retired from baseball. Career statistics In 1092 games over 12 seasons, Nixon posted a .274 batting average (995-for-3627) with 579 runs, 222 doubles, 28 triples, 137 home runs, 555 RBI, 30 stolen bases, 504 bases on balls, .364 on-base percentage and .464 slugging percentage. Defensively, he recorded a .983 fielding percentage primarily as a right fielder but also has played at center and left field. In 42 postseason games, he was productive, batting .283 (39-for-138) with 18 runs, 11 doubles, 6 home runs, 25 RBI and 14 walks. Personal life Nixon became an evangelical Christian in 1993. Nixon said he relied on his faith as a calming influence on the field.Nixon is married to his wife, Kathryn, with whom he has two sons, Chase (born September 11, 2001) and Luke (born October 1, 2004). He was flying back to Boston to be at Chase's birth when air traffic was halted due to the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City.He and his family reside in Wilmington, North Carolina. He co-hosts "The 5th Quarter", a Friday night high school football highlight show on WWAY-TV. His father also lives in Wilmington, and his grandmother and cousins live in Hertford, North Carolina. In October 2018, Nixon threw out the ceremonial first pitch of the American League Division Series to Dustin Pedroia, and collected donations outside of Fenway Park for Hurricane Florence victims. See also Dirt Dog References External links Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet

family name

Varbergs BoIS FC is a Swedish professional football club located in Varberg, the main town of Varberg Municipality in Halland County. Background The club was formed at a meeting in the Varbergs Folkets Hus on 25 March 1925. The backbone of the new club was a group of men from the Haga district of Varberg who had previously started a football club named Haga Bollklubb. Over the years several sports have been covered by the club but activities are now centred on football and wrestling. The new organisations Varbergs BoIS FC (football) and Varbergs BoIS BK (wrestling) work side by side under the "umbrella" of Varbergs BoIS. Since their foundation Varbergs BoIS FC has participated mainly in the middle divisions of the Swedish football league system. The club currently plays in Allsvenskan which is the top tier of Swedish football. They play their home matches at the Påskbergsvallen in Varberg and are well known for their distinctive green and black striped shirts.Varbergs BoIS FC are affiliated to the Hallands Fotbollförbund. The club has an active youth section and girls football was introduced in 2008. The club made their debut at the top level in the 2020 Allsvenskan. Players First-team squad As of 29 March 2023Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Out on loan Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Season to season Footnotes References External links Varbergs BoIS FC – Official website

has part(s)

Rio Grande da Serra (Great River of the Mountain Chain) is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is located approximately 49 kilometres (30 mi) by road southeast of the centre of the city of São Paulo. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. The population is 51,436 (2020 est.) in an area of 36.34 km2. History Early period The earliest date recorded in the history of Rio Grande da Serra is May 26, 1560 when land was allotted in Jeribatiba, the third village developed by the Jesuits. To meet local needs, salt had to be brought from the port of São Vicente up to the Alto da Serra highlands via the village now known as Paranapiacaba. In 1640, the Marquês de Alegretti officially renamed Jeribatiba "Rio Grande". The mode of transport was donkeys during that period and Mogi das Cruzes, founded in 1640, rapidly became the largest settlement. Salt was transported along the so-called Caminho do Mar (sea road) to Alto da Serra, also locally known as Zanzaláh. One of the Jesuits who died on this route was buried with a wooden cross which in 1611 was converted into a chapel, now known as the Capela de São Sebastião. Nineteenth century In 1840, General Antônio Manuel de Melo built a ranch on the road from Mogi das Cruzes to São Paulo. In 1855, a cholera epidemic caused devastation in the region.Until the nineteenth century, the inhabitants had been engaged in pastoral activities. On February 16, 1867, the São Paulo Railway reached Rio Grande, enabling coffee beans and timber to be transported to São Paulo. As a result, the development of Rio Grande boomed, However. it also resulted in the influx of expatriates mostly from England who established a new town at Paranapiacaba, a few miles away. The railroad encouraged the development of coal mining from 1880 and by 1895, that of manganese and graphite extraction and as well as mineral water. Expatriates from Italy, Germany and Switzerland came to work at Rio Grande from 1899 onwards. History Work on the canalization of the Rio Grande river was initiated in 1906. In 1918, graphite industry was established. 1920 marked the first telephone connection. In 1927, São Paulo municipality acquired Pedreira, a suburb of Rio Grande, bringing new factories with opportunities for employment. In 1928, an electric power station was built. Between 1930 and 1954 many small scale industries, extensive housing facilities, marketing centers and factories manufacturing all types of goods were set up. Schools, sports centers, musical events, carnivals and religious festivals emerged. After all these developments the town, Rio Grande da Serra, was given the status of municipality in 1964. Population growth in Rio Grande da Serra was slow until the mid-1970s, when there was an influx of migrants, mostly miners which has lasted until today, although the increase is now falling. Geography Rio Grande da Serra is one of the 39 municipalities (Prefeituras) in the state of São Paulo under the federal government of Brazil. The municipality is located approximately 49 kilometres (30 mi) by road to the southeast of the centre of the city of São Paulo according to Google Maps, 55 kilometres (34 mi) according to the municipal authorities. Under the Greater ABC region, its neighboring municipalities are Santo André, Ribeirão Pires and Suzano. It covers an area of 36.7 square kilometres (14.2 sq mi). With the city of São Paulo and the municipalities of Diadema, Mauá, Ribeirão Pires, Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo and São Caetano do Sul, it forms part of the Microregion of São Paulo. The principal road is SP-122 (Rodovia Deputado Antônio Adib Chammas), which links to Ribeirão Pires and Paranapiacaba. Paranapiacaba is a historical site approached by road (15 minutes drive) from Rio Grande da Serra, which has train link with Luz Station (Estaco da Luz) in São Paulo. The nearest international airport is the Cumbica at Guarulhos which is quite far from the city of São Paulo. The Rio Grande River Basin, with its tributaries, form part of the municipality, with the "Rio Grande arm" of the Billings Reservoir and Dam which is its most significant geographical feature, covering a total of 127 square kilometres (49 sq mi). It is named after Asa White Kenney Billings, the United States hydroelectric engineer who was instrumental in building it. The reservoir supplies about 1.8 million people, and also is used for fishing and swimming. In addition to Rio Grande da Serra and São Paulo, the Billings sub-basin includes Diadema, Ribeirao Pires, Santo Andre, and Sao Bernardo do Campo. Besides the Rio Grande and Billings Reservoir and dam, the municipality has a lot of streams and creeks, such as the streams of Figueira, Cloro, and Piolzinho. Within the city limits, the forests areas and wetlands are stated to be well conserved, including wild animals and birds. Its rainforests are also protected under suitable environmental laws. Climate The climate of the city, and across the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, is subtropical. Summers are hot and rainy, winters are mild, with a constant haze between May and October. The average annual temperature is around 18 °C, with the coldest month being July (average 14 °C) and the hottest in February (average 22 °C). Annual rainfall is around 1,400 mm. Demography The population of the municipal town is 44,000, which over an area of 36.7 square kilometres (14.2 sq mi) gives a population density of 1,198 inhabitants /km2. Its Human Development growth Index (HDI) is reported to be 0.764. The rate of Infant Mortality is 18.38 per thousand inhabitants and life expectancy is 74 years. The urbanization rate is reported to be 10%. Economy The city's economy is dependent on ecotourism, family farming, intensive farming, cooperatives and small non-polluting industries. Fishing is practiced on the Billings Reservoir. However, the issue of disposal of city waste water and sewerage directly into the reservoir from the city is still an issue needing a solution.Economic activities in the form of small-scale craft industries in wood craft, dehydration of leaves, among others, sculptures, fabric dolls, decorated boxes, ornaments, jewelry, paintings, artifacts from recycled material have also provided job opportunities to some artisans. The southeast on the road to Paranapiacaba is a large industrial complex. A quarry began operations in 1927; the railway communications enabled fast shipment of mined material. In 1931, the city of São Paulo signed an agreement with Light & Power to provide energy and extend the operation of the quarry. The quarry operations were terminated in the 1970s but it is still reputed to be the largest quarry in Latin America at more than 640 metres (2,100 ft) long and 70 metres (230 ft) high and it is used as a climbing venue. Notable landmarks Capela de São Sebastião was established in 1611. It is a white-washed structure in the colonial style. In 1906, a sculpture of Saint Sebastian was added to the church. The distinctive light blue and white Our Lady of Grace Chapel (Igreja Nossa Senhora das Graças), accessed via a steep flight of steps, was established in 1949. The church has its feast day on November 27. Estação Ferroviária, the railway station was inaugurated on 18 February 1867. Casa dos Castelucci and Casa família Rago are notable houses in the town. Education The town is served by several schools, including: State School Prof. Francisco Lourenco de Melo - Vila Tsuzuki State School Luiz Edmundo de Nobrega Teixeira - Santa Tereza State School Prof. Sebastião Vayego de Carvalho - Vila Conde Escola Estadual Padre Giuseppe Pisoni - Vila Lopes State School Teacher Alziro Barbosa Nascimento - Vila St John Lucas Antonio State School - New Horizon State School Poet Cora Coralina - America Park Roberto Carlos Guariento State School - Vila Niwa Gallery References External links Official site (in Portuguese)

country

Rio Grande da Serra (Great River of the Mountain Chain) is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is located approximately 49 kilometres (30 mi) by road southeast of the centre of the city of São Paulo. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. The population is 51,436 (2020 est.) in an area of 36.34 km2. History Early period The earliest date recorded in the history of Rio Grande da Serra is May 26, 1560 when land was allotted in Jeribatiba, the third village developed by the Jesuits. To meet local needs, salt had to be brought from the port of São Vicente up to the Alto da Serra highlands via the village now known as Paranapiacaba. In 1640, the Marquês de Alegretti officially renamed Jeribatiba "Rio Grande". The mode of transport was donkeys during that period and Mogi das Cruzes, founded in 1640, rapidly became the largest settlement. Salt was transported along the so-called Caminho do Mar (sea road) to Alto da Serra, also locally known as Zanzaláh. One of the Jesuits who died on this route was buried with a wooden cross which in 1611 was converted into a chapel, now known as the Capela de São Sebastião. Nineteenth century In 1840, General Antônio Manuel de Melo built a ranch on the road from Mogi das Cruzes to São Paulo. In 1855, a cholera epidemic caused devastation in the region.Until the nineteenth century, the inhabitants had been engaged in pastoral activities. On February 16, 1867, the São Paulo Railway reached Rio Grande, enabling coffee beans and timber to be transported to São Paulo. As a result, the development of Rio Grande boomed, However. it also resulted in the influx of expatriates mostly from England who established a new town at Paranapiacaba, a few miles away. The railroad encouraged the development of coal mining from 1880 and by 1895, that of manganese and graphite extraction and as well as mineral water. Expatriates from Italy, Germany and Switzerland came to work at Rio Grande from 1899 onwards. History Work on the canalization of the Rio Grande river was initiated in 1906. In 1918, graphite industry was established. 1920 marked the first telephone connection. In 1927, São Paulo municipality acquired Pedreira, a suburb of Rio Grande, bringing new factories with opportunities for employment. In 1928, an electric power station was built. Between 1930 and 1954 many small scale industries, extensive housing facilities, marketing centers and factories manufacturing all types of goods were set up. Schools, sports centers, musical events, carnivals and religious festivals emerged. After all these developments the town, Rio Grande da Serra, was given the status of municipality in 1964. Population growth in Rio Grande da Serra was slow until the mid-1970s, when there was an influx of migrants, mostly miners which has lasted until today, although the increase is now falling. Geography Rio Grande da Serra is one of the 39 municipalities (Prefeituras) in the state of São Paulo under the federal government of Brazil. The municipality is located approximately 49 kilometres (30 mi) by road to the southeast of the centre of the city of São Paulo according to Google Maps, 55 kilometres (34 mi) according to the municipal authorities. Under the Greater ABC region, its neighboring municipalities are Santo André, Ribeirão Pires and Suzano. It covers an area of 36.7 square kilometres (14.2 sq mi). With the city of São Paulo and the municipalities of Diadema, Mauá, Ribeirão Pires, Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo and São Caetano do Sul, it forms part of the Microregion of São Paulo. The principal road is SP-122 (Rodovia Deputado Antônio Adib Chammas), which links to Ribeirão Pires and Paranapiacaba. Paranapiacaba is a historical site approached by road (15 minutes drive) from Rio Grande da Serra, which has train link with Luz Station (Estaco da Luz) in São Paulo. The nearest international airport is the Cumbica at Guarulhos which is quite far from the city of São Paulo. The Rio Grande River Basin, with its tributaries, form part of the municipality, with the "Rio Grande arm" of the Billings Reservoir and Dam which is its most significant geographical feature, covering a total of 127 square kilometres (49 sq mi). It is named after Asa White Kenney Billings, the United States hydroelectric engineer who was instrumental in building it. The reservoir supplies about 1.8 million people, and also is used for fishing and swimming. In addition to Rio Grande da Serra and São Paulo, the Billings sub-basin includes Diadema, Ribeirao Pires, Santo Andre, and Sao Bernardo do Campo. Besides the Rio Grande and Billings Reservoir and dam, the municipality has a lot of streams and creeks, such as the streams of Figueira, Cloro, and Piolzinho. Within the city limits, the forests areas and wetlands are stated to be well conserved, including wild animals and birds. Its rainforests are also protected under suitable environmental laws. Climate The climate of the city, and across the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, is subtropical. Summers are hot and rainy, winters are mild, with a constant haze between May and October. The average annual temperature is around 18 °C, with the coldest month being July (average 14 °C) and the hottest in February (average 22 °C). Annual rainfall is around 1,400 mm. Demography The population of the municipal town is 44,000, which over an area of 36.7 square kilometres (14.2 sq mi) gives a population density of 1,198 inhabitants /km2. Its Human Development growth Index (HDI) is reported to be 0.764. The rate of Infant Mortality is 18.38 per thousand inhabitants and life expectancy is 74 years. The urbanization rate is reported to be 10%. Economy The city's economy is dependent on ecotourism, family farming, intensive farming, cooperatives and small non-polluting industries. Fishing is practiced on the Billings Reservoir. However, the issue of disposal of city waste water and sewerage directly into the reservoir from the city is still an issue needing a solution.Economic activities in the form of small-scale craft industries in wood craft, dehydration of leaves, among others, sculptures, fabric dolls, decorated boxes, ornaments, jewelry, paintings, artifacts from recycled material have also provided job opportunities to some artisans. The southeast on the road to Paranapiacaba is a large industrial complex. A quarry began operations in 1927; the railway communications enabled fast shipment of mined material. In 1931, the city of São Paulo signed an agreement with Light & Power to provide energy and extend the operation of the quarry. The quarry operations were terminated in the 1970s but it is still reputed to be the largest quarry in Latin America at more than 640 metres (2,100 ft) long and 70 metres (230 ft) high and it is used as a climbing venue. Notable landmarks Capela de São Sebastião was established in 1611. It is a white-washed structure in the colonial style. In 1906, a sculpture of Saint Sebastian was added to the church. The distinctive light blue and white Our Lady of Grace Chapel (Igreja Nossa Senhora das Graças), accessed via a steep flight of steps, was established in 1949. The church has its feast day on November 27. Estação Ferroviária, the railway station was inaugurated on 18 February 1867. Casa dos Castelucci and Casa família Rago are notable houses in the town. Education The town is served by several schools, including: State School Prof. Francisco Lourenco de Melo - Vila Tsuzuki State School Luiz Edmundo de Nobrega Teixeira - Santa Tereza State School Prof. Sebastião Vayego de Carvalho - Vila Conde Escola Estadual Padre Giuseppe Pisoni - Vila Lopes State School Teacher Alziro Barbosa Nascimento - Vila St John Lucas Antonio State School - New Horizon State School Poet Cora Coralina - America Park Roberto Carlos Guariento State School - Vila Niwa Gallery References External links Official site (in Portuguese)

located in the administrative territorial entity

Rio Grande da Serra (Great River of the Mountain Chain) is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is located approximately 49 kilometres (30 mi) by road southeast of the centre of the city of São Paulo. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. The population is 51,436 (2020 est.) in an area of 36.34 km2. History Early period The earliest date recorded in the history of Rio Grande da Serra is May 26, 1560 when land was allotted in Jeribatiba, the third village developed by the Jesuits. To meet local needs, salt had to be brought from the port of São Vicente up to the Alto da Serra highlands via the village now known as Paranapiacaba. In 1640, the Marquês de Alegretti officially renamed Jeribatiba "Rio Grande". The mode of transport was donkeys during that period and Mogi das Cruzes, founded in 1640, rapidly became the largest settlement. Salt was transported along the so-called Caminho do Mar (sea road) to Alto da Serra, also locally known as Zanzaláh. One of the Jesuits who died on this route was buried with a wooden cross which in 1611 was converted into a chapel, now known as the Capela de São Sebastião. Nineteenth century In 1840, General Antônio Manuel de Melo built a ranch on the road from Mogi das Cruzes to São Paulo. In 1855, a cholera epidemic caused devastation in the region.Until the nineteenth century, the inhabitants had been engaged in pastoral activities. On February 16, 1867, the São Paulo Railway reached Rio Grande, enabling coffee beans and timber to be transported to São Paulo. As a result, the development of Rio Grande boomed, However. it also resulted in the influx of expatriates mostly from England who established a new town at Paranapiacaba, a few miles away. The railroad encouraged the development of coal mining from 1880 and by 1895, that of manganese and graphite extraction and as well as mineral water. Expatriates from Italy, Germany and Switzerland came to work at Rio Grande from 1899 onwards. History Work on the canalization of the Rio Grande river was initiated in 1906. In 1918, graphite industry was established. 1920 marked the first telephone connection. In 1927, São Paulo municipality acquired Pedreira, a suburb of Rio Grande, bringing new factories with opportunities for employment. In 1928, an electric power station was built. Between 1930 and 1954 many small scale industries, extensive housing facilities, marketing centers and factories manufacturing all types of goods were set up. Schools, sports centers, musical events, carnivals and religious festivals emerged. After all these developments the town, Rio Grande da Serra, was given the status of municipality in 1964. Population growth in Rio Grande da Serra was slow until the mid-1970s, when there was an influx of migrants, mostly miners which has lasted until today, although the increase is now falling. Geography Rio Grande da Serra is one of the 39 municipalities (Prefeituras) in the state of São Paulo under the federal government of Brazil. The municipality is located approximately 49 kilometres (30 mi) by road to the southeast of the centre of the city of São Paulo according to Google Maps, 55 kilometres (34 mi) according to the municipal authorities. Under the Greater ABC region, its neighboring municipalities are Santo André, Ribeirão Pires and Suzano. It covers an area of 36.7 square kilometres (14.2 sq mi). With the city of São Paulo and the municipalities of Diadema, Mauá, Ribeirão Pires, Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo and São Caetano do Sul, it forms part of the Microregion of São Paulo. The principal road is SP-122 (Rodovia Deputado Antônio Adib Chammas), which links to Ribeirão Pires and Paranapiacaba. Paranapiacaba is a historical site approached by road (15 minutes drive) from Rio Grande da Serra, which has train link with Luz Station (Estaco da Luz) in São Paulo. The nearest international airport is the Cumbica at Guarulhos which is quite far from the city of São Paulo. The Rio Grande River Basin, with its tributaries, form part of the municipality, with the "Rio Grande arm" of the Billings Reservoir and Dam which is its most significant geographical feature, covering a total of 127 square kilometres (49 sq mi). It is named after Asa White Kenney Billings, the United States hydroelectric engineer who was instrumental in building it. The reservoir supplies about 1.8 million people, and also is used for fishing and swimming. In addition to Rio Grande da Serra and São Paulo, the Billings sub-basin includes Diadema, Ribeirao Pires, Santo Andre, and Sao Bernardo do Campo. Besides the Rio Grande and Billings Reservoir and dam, the municipality has a lot of streams and creeks, such as the streams of Figueira, Cloro, and Piolzinho. Within the city limits, the forests areas and wetlands are stated to be well conserved, including wild animals and birds. Its rainforests are also protected under suitable environmental laws. Climate The climate of the city, and across the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, is subtropical. Summers are hot and rainy, winters are mild, with a constant haze between May and October. The average annual temperature is around 18 °C, with the coldest month being July (average 14 °C) and the hottest in February (average 22 °C). Annual rainfall is around 1,400 mm. Demography The population of the municipal town is 44,000, which over an area of 36.7 square kilometres (14.2 sq mi) gives a population density of 1,198 inhabitants /km2. Its Human Development growth Index (HDI) is reported to be 0.764. The rate of Infant Mortality is 18.38 per thousand inhabitants and life expectancy is 74 years. The urbanization rate is reported to be 10%. Economy The city's economy is dependent on ecotourism, family farming, intensive farming, cooperatives and small non-polluting industries. Fishing is practiced on the Billings Reservoir. However, the issue of disposal of city waste water and sewerage directly into the reservoir from the city is still an issue needing a solution.Economic activities in the form of small-scale craft industries in wood craft, dehydration of leaves, among others, sculptures, fabric dolls, decorated boxes, ornaments, jewelry, paintings, artifacts from recycled material have also provided job opportunities to some artisans. The southeast on the road to Paranapiacaba is a large industrial complex. A quarry began operations in 1927; the railway communications enabled fast shipment of mined material. In 1931, the city of São Paulo signed an agreement with Light & Power to provide energy and extend the operation of the quarry. The quarry operations were terminated in the 1970s but it is still reputed to be the largest quarry in Latin America at more than 640 metres (2,100 ft) long and 70 metres (230 ft) high and it is used as a climbing venue. Notable landmarks Capela de São Sebastião was established in 1611. It is a white-washed structure in the colonial style. In 1906, a sculpture of Saint Sebastian was added to the church. The distinctive light blue and white Our Lady of Grace Chapel (Igreja Nossa Senhora das Graças), accessed via a steep flight of steps, was established in 1949. The church has its feast day on November 27. Estação Ferroviária, the railway station was inaugurated on 18 February 1867. Casa dos Castelucci and Casa família Rago are notable houses in the town. Education The town is served by several schools, including: State School Prof. Francisco Lourenco de Melo - Vila Tsuzuki State School Luiz Edmundo de Nobrega Teixeira - Santa Tereza State School Prof. Sebastião Vayego de Carvalho - Vila Conde Escola Estadual Padre Giuseppe Pisoni - Vila Lopes State School Teacher Alziro Barbosa Nascimento - Vila St John Lucas Antonio State School - New Horizon State School Poet Cora Coralina - America Park Roberto Carlos Guariento State School - Vila Niwa Gallery References External links Official site (in Portuguese)

shares border with

Rio Grande da Serra (Great River of the Mountain Chain) is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is located approximately 49 kilometres (30 mi) by road southeast of the centre of the city of São Paulo. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. The population is 51,436 (2020 est.) in an area of 36.34 km2. History Early period The earliest date recorded in the history of Rio Grande da Serra is May 26, 1560 when land was allotted in Jeribatiba, the third village developed by the Jesuits. To meet local needs, salt had to be brought from the port of São Vicente up to the Alto da Serra highlands via the village now known as Paranapiacaba. In 1640, the Marquês de Alegretti officially renamed Jeribatiba "Rio Grande". The mode of transport was donkeys during that period and Mogi das Cruzes, founded in 1640, rapidly became the largest settlement. Salt was transported along the so-called Caminho do Mar (sea road) to Alto da Serra, also locally known as Zanzaláh. One of the Jesuits who died on this route was buried with a wooden cross which in 1611 was converted into a chapel, now known as the Capela de São Sebastião. Nineteenth century In 1840, General Antônio Manuel de Melo built a ranch on the road from Mogi das Cruzes to São Paulo. In 1855, a cholera epidemic caused devastation in the region.Until the nineteenth century, the inhabitants had been engaged in pastoral activities. On February 16, 1867, the São Paulo Railway reached Rio Grande, enabling coffee beans and timber to be transported to São Paulo. As a result, the development of Rio Grande boomed, However. it also resulted in the influx of expatriates mostly from England who established a new town at Paranapiacaba, a few miles away. The railroad encouraged the development of coal mining from 1880 and by 1895, that of manganese and graphite extraction and as well as mineral water. Expatriates from Italy, Germany and Switzerland came to work at Rio Grande from 1899 onwards. History Work on the canalization of the Rio Grande river was initiated in 1906. In 1918, graphite industry was established. 1920 marked the first telephone connection. In 1927, São Paulo municipality acquired Pedreira, a suburb of Rio Grande, bringing new factories with opportunities for employment. In 1928, an electric power station was built. Between 1930 and 1954 many small scale industries, extensive housing facilities, marketing centers and factories manufacturing all types of goods were set up. Schools, sports centers, musical events, carnivals and religious festivals emerged. After all these developments the town, Rio Grande da Serra, was given the status of municipality in 1964. Population growth in Rio Grande da Serra was slow until the mid-1970s, when there was an influx of migrants, mostly miners which has lasted until today, although the increase is now falling. Geography Rio Grande da Serra is one of the 39 municipalities (Prefeituras) in the state of São Paulo under the federal government of Brazil. The municipality is located approximately 49 kilometres (30 mi) by road to the southeast of the centre of the city of São Paulo according to Google Maps, 55 kilometres (34 mi) according to the municipal authorities. Under the Greater ABC region, its neighboring municipalities are Santo André, Ribeirão Pires and Suzano. It covers an area of 36.7 square kilometres (14.2 sq mi). With the city of São Paulo and the municipalities of Diadema, Mauá, Ribeirão Pires, Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo and São Caetano do Sul, it forms part of the Microregion of São Paulo. The principal road is SP-122 (Rodovia Deputado Antônio Adib Chammas), which links to Ribeirão Pires and Paranapiacaba. Paranapiacaba is a historical site approached by road (15 minutes drive) from Rio Grande da Serra, which has train link with Luz Station (Estaco da Luz) in São Paulo. The nearest international airport is the Cumbica at Guarulhos which is quite far from the city of São Paulo. The Rio Grande River Basin, with its tributaries, form part of the municipality, with the "Rio Grande arm" of the Billings Reservoir and Dam which is its most significant geographical feature, covering a total of 127 square kilometres (49 sq mi). It is named after Asa White Kenney Billings, the United States hydroelectric engineer who was instrumental in building it. The reservoir supplies about 1.8 million people, and also is used for fishing and swimming. In addition to Rio Grande da Serra and São Paulo, the Billings sub-basin includes Diadema, Ribeirao Pires, Santo Andre, and Sao Bernardo do Campo. Besides the Rio Grande and Billings Reservoir and dam, the municipality has a lot of streams and creeks, such as the streams of Figueira, Cloro, and Piolzinho. Within the city limits, the forests areas and wetlands are stated to be well conserved, including wild animals and birds. Its rainforests are also protected under suitable environmental laws. Climate The climate of the city, and across the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, is subtropical. Summers are hot and rainy, winters are mild, with a constant haze between May and October. The average annual temperature is around 18 °C, with the coldest month being July (average 14 °C) and the hottest in February (average 22 °C). Annual rainfall is around 1,400 mm. Demography The population of the municipal town is 44,000, which over an area of 36.7 square kilometres (14.2 sq mi) gives a population density of 1,198 inhabitants /km2. Its Human Development growth Index (HDI) is reported to be 0.764. The rate of Infant Mortality is 18.38 per thousand inhabitants and life expectancy is 74 years. The urbanization rate is reported to be 10%. Economy The city's economy is dependent on ecotourism, family farming, intensive farming, cooperatives and small non-polluting industries. Fishing is practiced on the Billings Reservoir. However, the issue of disposal of city waste water and sewerage directly into the reservoir from the city is still an issue needing a solution.Economic activities in the form of small-scale craft industries in wood craft, dehydration of leaves, among others, sculptures, fabric dolls, decorated boxes, ornaments, jewelry, paintings, artifacts from recycled material have also provided job opportunities to some artisans. The southeast on the road to Paranapiacaba is a large industrial complex. A quarry began operations in 1927; the railway communications enabled fast shipment of mined material. In 1931, the city of São Paulo signed an agreement with Light & Power to provide energy and extend the operation of the quarry. The quarry operations were terminated in the 1970s but it is still reputed to be the largest quarry in Latin America at more than 640 metres (2,100 ft) long and 70 metres (230 ft) high and it is used as a climbing venue. Notable landmarks Capela de São Sebastião was established in 1611. It is a white-washed structure in the colonial style. In 1906, a sculpture of Saint Sebastian was added to the church. The distinctive light blue and white Our Lady of Grace Chapel (Igreja Nossa Senhora das Graças), accessed via a steep flight of steps, was established in 1949. The church has its feast day on November 27. Estação Ferroviária, the railway station was inaugurated on 18 February 1867. Casa dos Castelucci and Casa família Rago are notable houses in the town. Education The town is served by several schools, including: State School Prof. Francisco Lourenco de Melo - Vila Tsuzuki State School Luiz Edmundo de Nobrega Teixeira - Santa Tereza State School Prof. Sebastião Vayego de Carvalho - Vila Conde Escola Estadual Padre Giuseppe Pisoni - Vila Lopes State School Teacher Alziro Barbosa Nascimento - Vila St John Lucas Antonio State School - New Horizon State School Poet Cora Coralina - America Park Roberto Carlos Guariento State School - Vila Niwa Gallery References External links Official site (in Portuguese)

Commons category

Rio Grande da Serra (Great River of the Mountain Chain) is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is located approximately 49 kilometres (30 mi) by road southeast of the centre of the city of São Paulo. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. The population is 51,436 (2020 est.) in an area of 36.34 km2. History Early period The earliest date recorded in the history of Rio Grande da Serra is May 26, 1560 when land was allotted in Jeribatiba, the third village developed by the Jesuits. To meet local needs, salt had to be brought from the port of São Vicente up to the Alto da Serra highlands via the village now known as Paranapiacaba. In 1640, the Marquês de Alegretti officially renamed Jeribatiba "Rio Grande". The mode of transport was donkeys during that period and Mogi das Cruzes, founded in 1640, rapidly became the largest settlement. Salt was transported along the so-called Caminho do Mar (sea road) to Alto da Serra, also locally known as Zanzaláh. One of the Jesuits who died on this route was buried with a wooden cross which in 1611 was converted into a chapel, now known as the Capela de São Sebastião. Nineteenth century In 1840, General Antônio Manuel de Melo built a ranch on the road from Mogi das Cruzes to São Paulo. In 1855, a cholera epidemic caused devastation in the region.Until the nineteenth century, the inhabitants had been engaged in pastoral activities. On February 16, 1867, the São Paulo Railway reached Rio Grande, enabling coffee beans and timber to be transported to São Paulo. As a result, the development of Rio Grande boomed, However. it also resulted in the influx of expatriates mostly from England who established a new town at Paranapiacaba, a few miles away. The railroad encouraged the development of coal mining from 1880 and by 1895, that of manganese and graphite extraction and as well as mineral water. Expatriates from Italy, Germany and Switzerland came to work at Rio Grande from 1899 onwards. History Work on the canalization of the Rio Grande river was initiated in 1906. In 1918, graphite industry was established. 1920 marked the first telephone connection. In 1927, São Paulo municipality acquired Pedreira, a suburb of Rio Grande, bringing new factories with opportunities for employment. In 1928, an electric power station was built. Between 1930 and 1954 many small scale industries, extensive housing facilities, marketing centers and factories manufacturing all types of goods were set up. Schools, sports centers, musical events, carnivals and religious festivals emerged. After all these developments the town, Rio Grande da Serra, was given the status of municipality in 1964. Population growth in Rio Grande da Serra was slow until the mid-1970s, when there was an influx of migrants, mostly miners which has lasted until today, although the increase is now falling. Geography Rio Grande da Serra is one of the 39 municipalities (Prefeituras) in the state of São Paulo under the federal government of Brazil. The municipality is located approximately 49 kilometres (30 mi) by road to the southeast of the centre of the city of São Paulo according to Google Maps, 55 kilometres (34 mi) according to the municipal authorities. Under the Greater ABC region, its neighboring municipalities are Santo André, Ribeirão Pires and Suzano. It covers an area of 36.7 square kilometres (14.2 sq mi). With the city of São Paulo and the municipalities of Diadema, Mauá, Ribeirão Pires, Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo and São Caetano do Sul, it forms part of the Microregion of São Paulo. The principal road is SP-122 (Rodovia Deputado Antônio Adib Chammas), which links to Ribeirão Pires and Paranapiacaba. Paranapiacaba is a historical site approached by road (15 minutes drive) from Rio Grande da Serra, which has train link with Luz Station (Estaco da Luz) in São Paulo. The nearest international airport is the Cumbica at Guarulhos which is quite far from the city of São Paulo. The Rio Grande River Basin, with its tributaries, form part of the municipality, with the "Rio Grande arm" of the Billings Reservoir and Dam which is its most significant geographical feature, covering a total of 127 square kilometres (49 sq mi). It is named after Asa White Kenney Billings, the United States hydroelectric engineer who was instrumental in building it. The reservoir supplies about 1.8 million people, and also is used for fishing and swimming. In addition to Rio Grande da Serra and São Paulo, the Billings sub-basin includes Diadema, Ribeirao Pires, Santo Andre, and Sao Bernardo do Campo. Besides the Rio Grande and Billings Reservoir and dam, the municipality has a lot of streams and creeks, such as the streams of Figueira, Cloro, and Piolzinho. Within the city limits, the forests areas and wetlands are stated to be well conserved, including wild animals and birds. Its rainforests are also protected under suitable environmental laws. Climate The climate of the city, and across the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, is subtropical. Summers are hot and rainy, winters are mild, with a constant haze between May and October. The average annual temperature is around 18 °C, with the coldest month being July (average 14 °C) and the hottest in February (average 22 °C). Annual rainfall is around 1,400 mm. Demography The population of the municipal town is 44,000, which over an area of 36.7 square kilometres (14.2 sq mi) gives a population density of 1,198 inhabitants /km2. Its Human Development growth Index (HDI) is reported to be 0.764. The rate of Infant Mortality is 18.38 per thousand inhabitants and life expectancy is 74 years. The urbanization rate is reported to be 10%. Economy The city's economy is dependent on ecotourism, family farming, intensive farming, cooperatives and small non-polluting industries. Fishing is practiced on the Billings Reservoir. However, the issue of disposal of city waste water and sewerage directly into the reservoir from the city is still an issue needing a solution.Economic activities in the form of small-scale craft industries in wood craft, dehydration of leaves, among others, sculptures, fabric dolls, decorated boxes, ornaments, jewelry, paintings, artifacts from recycled material have also provided job opportunities to some artisans. The southeast on the road to Paranapiacaba is a large industrial complex. A quarry began operations in 1927; the railway communications enabled fast shipment of mined material. In 1931, the city of São Paulo signed an agreement with Light & Power to provide energy and extend the operation of the quarry. The quarry operations were terminated in the 1970s but it is still reputed to be the largest quarry in Latin America at more than 640 metres (2,100 ft) long and 70 metres (230 ft) high and it is used as a climbing venue. Notable landmarks Capela de São Sebastião was established in 1611. It is a white-washed structure in the colonial style. In 1906, a sculpture of Saint Sebastian was added to the church. The distinctive light blue and white Our Lady of Grace Chapel (Igreja Nossa Senhora das Graças), accessed via a steep flight of steps, was established in 1949. The church has its feast day on November 27. Estação Ferroviária, the railway station was inaugurated on 18 February 1867. Casa dos Castelucci and Casa família Rago are notable houses in the town. Education The town is served by several schools, including: State School Prof. Francisco Lourenco de Melo - Vila Tsuzuki State School Luiz Edmundo de Nobrega Teixeira - Santa Tereza State School Prof. Sebastião Vayego de Carvalho - Vila Conde Escola Estadual Padre Giuseppe Pisoni - Vila Lopes State School Teacher Alziro Barbosa Nascimento - Vila St John Lucas Antonio State School - New Horizon State School Poet Cora Coralina - America Park Roberto Carlos Guariento State School - Vila Niwa Gallery References External links Official site (in Portuguese)

local dialing code

The 2019 All Japan High School Soccer Tournament (All Japan JFA 98th High School Soccer Tournament (Japanese: 第98回全国高等学校サッカー選手権大会)) marked the 98th edition of the referred annually contested cup for High Schools over Japan. As usual, the tournament was contested by 48 High Schools, with 1 High School per Prefecture being qualified for the tournament, with an exception made for the Tokyo, which had 2 High Schools representing their Prefecture. The final was played at the Saitama Stadium 2002. The Shizuoka Gakuen High School won the tournament over Aomori Yamada by 3–2. Calendar The tournament took place in a 15-day span, with the tournament split in a total of 6 stages. Venues The tournament was played in four prefectures and nine stadiums, with six (two for each prefecture) located in Chiba, Kanagawa, and Tokyo Prefectures, and three located in Saitama. They are: Tokyo – Ajinomoto Field Nishigaoka, and Komazawa Olympic Park Stadium Saitama – Saitama Stadium 2002, Urawa Komaba Stadium and NACK5 Stadium Omiya Kanagawa – NHK Spring Mitsuzawa Football Stadium and Kawasaki Todoroki Stadium Chiba – Fukuda Denshi Arena and ZA Oripri Stadium Participating clubs In parentheses: the amount of times each team qualified for the All Japan High School Tournament (appearance in the 2020 edition included) Schedule The schedule and the match pairings were confirmed on 18 November 2019. First round Second round Round of 16 Quarter-finals Semi-finals Final References External links Official Schedule (JFA) About the Tournament (JFA)

country

The 2019 All Japan High School Soccer Tournament (All Japan JFA 98th High School Soccer Tournament (Japanese: 第98回全国高等学校サッカー選手権大会)) marked the 98th edition of the referred annually contested cup for High Schools over Japan. As usual, the tournament was contested by 48 High Schools, with 1 High School per Prefecture being qualified for the tournament, with an exception made for the Tokyo, which had 2 High Schools representing their Prefecture. The final was played at the Saitama Stadium 2002. The Shizuoka Gakuen High School won the tournament over Aomori Yamada by 3–2. Calendar The tournament took place in a 15-day span, with the tournament split in a total of 6 stages. Venues The tournament was played in four prefectures and nine stadiums, with six (two for each prefecture) located in Chiba, Kanagawa, and Tokyo Prefectures, and three located in Saitama. They are: Tokyo – Ajinomoto Field Nishigaoka, and Komazawa Olympic Park Stadium Saitama – Saitama Stadium 2002, Urawa Komaba Stadium and NACK5 Stadium Omiya Kanagawa – NHK Spring Mitsuzawa Football Stadium and Kawasaki Todoroki Stadium Chiba – Fukuda Denshi Arena and ZA Oripri Stadium Participating clubs In parentheses: the amount of times each team qualified for the All Japan High School Tournament (appearance in the 2020 edition included) Schedule The schedule and the match pairings were confirmed on 18 November 2019. First round Second round Round of 16 Quarter-finals Semi-finals Final References External links Official Schedule (JFA) About the Tournament (JFA)

instance of

The 2019 All Japan High School Soccer Tournament (All Japan JFA 98th High School Soccer Tournament (Japanese: 第98回全国高等学校サッカー選手権大会)) marked the 98th edition of the referred annually contested cup for High Schools over Japan. As usual, the tournament was contested by 48 High Schools, with 1 High School per Prefecture being qualified for the tournament, with an exception made for the Tokyo, which had 2 High Schools representing their Prefecture. The final was played at the Saitama Stadium 2002. The Shizuoka Gakuen High School won the tournament over Aomori Yamada by 3–2. Calendar The tournament took place in a 15-day span, with the tournament split in a total of 6 stages. Venues The tournament was played in four prefectures and nine stadiums, with six (two for each prefecture) located in Chiba, Kanagawa, and Tokyo Prefectures, and three located in Saitama. They are: Tokyo – Ajinomoto Field Nishigaoka, and Komazawa Olympic Park Stadium Saitama – Saitama Stadium 2002, Urawa Komaba Stadium and NACK5 Stadium Omiya Kanagawa – NHK Spring Mitsuzawa Football Stadium and Kawasaki Todoroki Stadium Chiba – Fukuda Denshi Arena and ZA Oripri Stadium Participating clubs In parentheses: the amount of times each team qualified for the All Japan High School Tournament (appearance in the 2020 edition included) Schedule The schedule and the match pairings were confirmed on 18 November 2019. First round Second round Round of 16 Quarter-finals Semi-finals Final References External links Official Schedule (JFA) About the Tournament (JFA)

edition number

Lindsey Gay Carlisle (born 22 April 1969 in Johannesburg, Gauteng) is a field hockey player from South Africa, who twice represented her native country at the Summer Olympics: 2000 and 2004. The defender comes from Johannesburg, and is nicknamed Linds. She plays for a provincial team called Southern Gauteng. International Senior tournaments 1995 – Olympic Qualifier, Cape Town 1998 – World Cup, Utrecht 1998 – Commonwealth Games, Kuala Lumpur 1999 – All Africa Games, Johannesburg 2000 – Champions Trophy, Amstelveen 2000 – Olympic Games, Sydney 2002 – Champions Challenge, Johannesburg 2002 – Commonwealth Games, Manchester 2002 – World Cup, Perth 2003 – All Africa Games, Abuja 2003 – Afro-Asian Games, Hyderabad 2004 – Olympic Games, Athens 2005 – Champions Challenge, Virginia Beach 2006 – Commonwealth Games, Melbourne References Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Lindsey Carlisle". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 20 May 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018. External links Lindsey Carlisle at the International Hockey Federation Lindsey Carlisle at Olympedia Lindsey Carlisle at the Commonwealth Games Federation (archived) Lindsey Carlisle at the Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games (archived)

country of citizenship

Lindsey Gay Carlisle (born 22 April 1969 in Johannesburg, Gauteng) is a field hockey player from South Africa, who twice represented her native country at the Summer Olympics: 2000 and 2004. The defender comes from Johannesburg, and is nicknamed Linds. She plays for a provincial team called Southern Gauteng. International Senior tournaments 1995 – Olympic Qualifier, Cape Town 1998 – World Cup, Utrecht 1998 – Commonwealth Games, Kuala Lumpur 1999 – All Africa Games, Johannesburg 2000 – Champions Trophy, Amstelveen 2000 – Olympic Games, Sydney 2002 – Champions Challenge, Johannesburg 2002 – Commonwealth Games, Manchester 2002 – World Cup, Perth 2003 – All Africa Games, Abuja 2003 – Afro-Asian Games, Hyderabad 2004 – Olympic Games, Athens 2005 – Champions Challenge, Virginia Beach 2006 – Commonwealth Games, Melbourne References Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Lindsey Carlisle". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 20 May 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018. External links Lindsey Carlisle at the International Hockey Federation Lindsey Carlisle at Olympedia Lindsey Carlisle at the Commonwealth Games Federation (archived) Lindsey Carlisle at the Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games (archived)

occupation

Lindsey Gay Carlisle (born 22 April 1969 in Johannesburg, Gauteng) is a field hockey player from South Africa, who twice represented her native country at the Summer Olympics: 2000 and 2004. The defender comes from Johannesburg, and is nicknamed Linds. She plays for a provincial team called Southern Gauteng. International Senior tournaments 1995 – Olympic Qualifier, Cape Town 1998 – World Cup, Utrecht 1998 – Commonwealth Games, Kuala Lumpur 1999 – All Africa Games, Johannesburg 2000 – Champions Trophy, Amstelveen 2000 – Olympic Games, Sydney 2002 – Champions Challenge, Johannesburg 2002 – Commonwealth Games, Manchester 2002 – World Cup, Perth 2003 – All Africa Games, Abuja 2003 – Afro-Asian Games, Hyderabad 2004 – Olympic Games, Athens 2005 – Champions Challenge, Virginia Beach 2006 – Commonwealth Games, Melbourne References Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Lindsey Carlisle". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 20 May 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018. External links Lindsey Carlisle at the International Hockey Federation Lindsey Carlisle at Olympedia Lindsey Carlisle at the Commonwealth Games Federation (archived) Lindsey Carlisle at the Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games (archived)

sport

Lindsey Gay Carlisle (born 22 April 1969 in Johannesburg, Gauteng) is a field hockey player from South Africa, who twice represented her native country at the Summer Olympics: 2000 and 2004. The defender comes from Johannesburg, and is nicknamed Linds. She plays for a provincial team called Southern Gauteng. International Senior tournaments 1995 – Olympic Qualifier, Cape Town 1998 – World Cup, Utrecht 1998 – Commonwealth Games, Kuala Lumpur 1999 – All Africa Games, Johannesburg 2000 – Champions Trophy, Amstelveen 2000 – Olympic Games, Sydney 2002 – Champions Challenge, Johannesburg 2002 – Commonwealth Games, Manchester 2002 – World Cup, Perth 2003 – All Africa Games, Abuja 2003 – Afro-Asian Games, Hyderabad 2004 – Olympic Games, Athens 2005 – Champions Challenge, Virginia Beach 2006 – Commonwealth Games, Melbourne References Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Lindsey Carlisle". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 20 May 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018. External links Lindsey Carlisle at the International Hockey Federation Lindsey Carlisle at Olympedia Lindsey Carlisle at the Commonwealth Games Federation (archived) Lindsey Carlisle at the Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games (archived)

family name

Lindsey Gay Carlisle (born 22 April 1969 in Johannesburg, Gauteng) is a field hockey player from South Africa, who twice represented her native country at the Summer Olympics: 2000 and 2004. The defender comes from Johannesburg, and is nicknamed Linds. She plays for a provincial team called Southern Gauteng. International Senior tournaments 1995 – Olympic Qualifier, Cape Town 1998 – World Cup, Utrecht 1998 – Commonwealth Games, Kuala Lumpur 1999 – All Africa Games, Johannesburg 2000 – Champions Trophy, Amstelveen 2000 – Olympic Games, Sydney 2002 – Champions Challenge, Johannesburg 2002 – Commonwealth Games, Manchester 2002 – World Cup, Perth 2003 – All Africa Games, Abuja 2003 – Afro-Asian Games, Hyderabad 2004 – Olympic Games, Athens 2005 – Champions Challenge, Virginia Beach 2006 – Commonwealth Games, Melbourne References Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Lindsey Carlisle". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 20 May 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018. External links Lindsey Carlisle at the International Hockey Federation Lindsey Carlisle at Olympedia Lindsey Carlisle at the Commonwealth Games Federation (archived) Lindsey Carlisle at the Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games (archived)

given name

Lindsey Gay Carlisle (born 22 April 1969 in Johannesburg, Gauteng) is a field hockey player from South Africa, who twice represented her native country at the Summer Olympics: 2000 and 2004. The defender comes from Johannesburg, and is nicknamed Linds. She plays for a provincial team called Southern Gauteng. International Senior tournaments 1995 – Olympic Qualifier, Cape Town 1998 – World Cup, Utrecht 1998 – Commonwealth Games, Kuala Lumpur 1999 – All Africa Games, Johannesburg 2000 – Champions Trophy, Amstelveen 2000 – Olympic Games, Sydney 2002 – Champions Challenge, Johannesburg 2002 – Commonwealth Games, Manchester 2002 – World Cup, Perth 2003 – All Africa Games, Abuja 2003 – Afro-Asian Games, Hyderabad 2004 – Olympic Games, Athens 2005 – Champions Challenge, Virginia Beach 2006 – Commonwealth Games, Melbourne References Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Lindsey Carlisle". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 20 May 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018. External links Lindsey Carlisle at the International Hockey Federation Lindsey Carlisle at Olympedia Lindsey Carlisle at the Commonwealth Games Federation (archived) Lindsey Carlisle at the Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games (archived)

participant in

Verve Energy was a Western Australian Government owned corporation responsible for operating the state's electricity generators on the state's South West Interconnected System (SWIS). It was split from the then vertically integrated Western Power Corporation, in 2006 during reforms to the state's electricity sector.The company was merged into Synergy in 2014. Generators Verve Energy owned five major power stations, supplying electricity to the South West Interconnected System: Muja Power Station, east of Collie Collie Power Station, in Collie Kwinana Power Station, in Naval Base heavy industrial suburb Cockburn Power Station, in Cockburn Pinjar Power Station, in Pinjar Mungarra Power StationIn addition it owned various other generation plants, including the Albany Wind Farm, wind diesel, and biomass facilities. See also State Energy Commission of Western Australia Western Power Alinta References External links Official website Government of Western Australia - Office of Energy Government of Western Australia - Office of Energy - Electricity Reform Implementation Unit

country

Verve Energy was a Western Australian Government owned corporation responsible for operating the state's electricity generators on the state's South West Interconnected System (SWIS). It was split from the then vertically integrated Western Power Corporation, in 2006 during reforms to the state's electricity sector.The company was merged into Synergy in 2014. Generators Verve Energy owned five major power stations, supplying electricity to the South West Interconnected System: Muja Power Station, east of Collie Collie Power Station, in Collie Kwinana Power Station, in Naval Base heavy industrial suburb Cockburn Power Station, in Cockburn Pinjar Power Station, in Pinjar Mungarra Power StationIn addition it owned various other generation plants, including the Albany Wind Farm, wind diesel, and biomass facilities. See also State Energy Commission of Western Australia Western Power Alinta References External links Official website Government of Western Australia - Office of Energy Government of Western Australia - Office of Energy - Electricity Reform Implementation Unit

owned by

Verve Energy was a Western Australian Government owned corporation responsible for operating the state's electricity generators on the state's South West Interconnected System (SWIS). It was split from the then vertically integrated Western Power Corporation, in 2006 during reforms to the state's electricity sector.The company was merged into Synergy in 2014. Generators Verve Energy owned five major power stations, supplying electricity to the South West Interconnected System: Muja Power Station, east of Collie Collie Power Station, in Collie Kwinana Power Station, in Naval Base heavy industrial suburb Cockburn Power Station, in Cockburn Pinjar Power Station, in Pinjar Mungarra Power StationIn addition it owned various other generation plants, including the Albany Wind Farm, wind diesel, and biomass facilities. See also State Energy Commission of Western Australia Western Power Alinta References External links Official website Government of Western Australia - Office of Energy Government of Western Australia - Office of Energy - Electricity Reform Implementation Unit

follows

Verve Energy was a Western Australian Government owned corporation responsible for operating the state's electricity generators on the state's South West Interconnected System (SWIS). It was split from the then vertically integrated Western Power Corporation, in 2006 during reforms to the state's electricity sector.The company was merged into Synergy in 2014. Generators Verve Energy owned five major power stations, supplying electricity to the South West Interconnected System: Muja Power Station, east of Collie Collie Power Station, in Collie Kwinana Power Station, in Naval Base heavy industrial suburb Cockburn Power Station, in Cockburn Pinjar Power Station, in Pinjar Mungarra Power StationIn addition it owned various other generation plants, including the Albany Wind Farm, wind diesel, and biomass facilities. See also State Energy Commission of Western Australia Western Power Alinta References External links Official website Government of Western Australia - Office of Energy Government of Western Australia - Office of Energy - Electricity Reform Implementation Unit

followed by

Closeness may refer to: closeness (mathematics) closeness (graph theory), the shortest path between one vertex and another vertex the personal distance between two people in proxemics Social connectedness Closeness (album), a 1976 album by Charlie Haden Closeness (film), a 2017 Russian film

instance of

Closeness may refer to: closeness (mathematics) closeness (graph theory), the shortest path between one vertex and another vertex the personal distance between two people in proxemics Social connectedness Closeness (album), a 1976 album by Charlie Haden Closeness (film), a 2017 Russian film

performer

Closeness may refer to: closeness (mathematics) closeness (graph theory), the shortest path between one vertex and another vertex the personal distance between two people in proxemics Social connectedness Closeness (album), a 1976 album by Charlie Haden Closeness (film), a 2017 Russian film

original language of film or TV show

Closeness may refer to: closeness (mathematics) closeness (graph theory), the shortest path between one vertex and another vertex the personal distance between two people in proxemics Social connectedness Closeness (album), a 1976 album by Charlie Haden Closeness (film), a 2017 Russian film

country of origin

Closeness may refer to: closeness (mathematics) closeness (graph theory), the shortest path between one vertex and another vertex the personal distance between two people in proxemics Social connectedness Closeness (album), a 1976 album by Charlie Haden Closeness (film), a 2017 Russian film

Moviepilot.de film ID

Closeness may refer to: closeness (mathematics) closeness (graph theory), the shortest path between one vertex and another vertex the personal distance between two people in proxemics Social connectedness Closeness (album), a 1976 album by Charlie Haden Closeness (film), a 2017 Russian film

Letterboxd film ID

Sauria is the clade containing the most recent common ancestor of archosaurs (such as crocodilians, dinosaurs, etc.) and lepidosaurs (lizards and kin), and all its descendants. Since most molecular phylogenies recover turtles as more closely related to archosaurs than to lepidosaurs as part of Archelosauria, Sauria can be considered the crown group of diapsids, or reptiles in general. Depending on the systematics, Sauria includes all modern reptiles or most of them (including birds, a type of archosaur) as well as various extinct groups.Sauria lies within the larger total group Sauropsida, which also contains various stem-reptiles which are more closely related to reptiles than to mammals. Prior to its modern usage, "Sauria" was used as a name for the suborder occupied by lizards, which before 1800 were considered crocodilians. Systematics Recent genomic studies and comprehensive studies in the fossil record suggest that turtles are closely related to archosaurs, not to the pre-Saurian parareptiles as previously thought. In cladistic analysis of 2018, Pantestudines (turtles and close relatives) were placed within Diapsida but outside of Sauria. Synapomorphies The synapomorphies or characters that unite the clade Sauria also help them be distinguished from stem-saurians in Diapsida or stem-reptiles in clade Sauropsida in the following categories based on the following regions of the body. Cephalad Region Dorsal origin of temporal musculature Loss of caniniform region in maxillary tooth row External nares close to the midline Postparietal absent Squamosal mainly restricted to top of skull The occipital flange of the squamosal is little exposed on the occiput Anterior process of squamosal narrow Quadrate exposed laterally Unossified dorsal process of stapes Stapes slender Trunk Region Sacral ribs oriented laterally Ontogenetic fusion of caudal ribs Trunk ribs mostly single headed Pectoral Region Cleithrum absent Pelvic Region Modified ilium Limb Region Tubular bone lost Entepicondylar foramen absent Radius as long as ulna Small proximal carpals and tarsal Fifth distal tarsal absent Short and stout fifth or hooked metatarsal Perforating foramen of manus lostHowever, some of these characters might be lost or modified in several lineages, particularly among birds and turtles; it is best to see these characters as the ancestral features that were present in the ancestral saurian. Phylogeny The cladogram shown below follows the most likely result found by an analysis of turtle relationships using both fossil and genetic evidence by M.S. Lee, in 2013. This study found Eunotosaurus, usually regarded as a turtle relative, to be only very distantly related to turtles in the clade Parareptilia. The cladogram below follows the most likely result found by another analysis of turtle relationships, this one using only fossil evidence, published by Rainer Schoch and Hans-Dieter Sues in 2015. This study found Eunotosaurus to be an actual early stem-turtle, though other versions of the analysis found weak support for it as a parareptile. The cladogram below follows the analysis of Li et al. (2018). It places turtles within Diapsida but outside of Sauria (the Lepidosauromorpha + Archosauromorpha clade). == References ==

taxon name

Sauria is the clade containing the most recent common ancestor of archosaurs (such as crocodilians, dinosaurs, etc.) and lepidosaurs (lizards and kin), and all its descendants. Since most molecular phylogenies recover turtles as more closely related to archosaurs than to lepidosaurs as part of Archelosauria, Sauria can be considered the crown group of diapsids, or reptiles in general. Depending on the systematics, Sauria includes all modern reptiles or most of them (including birds, a type of archosaur) as well as various extinct groups.Sauria lies within the larger total group Sauropsida, which also contains various stem-reptiles which are more closely related to reptiles than to mammals. Prior to its modern usage, "Sauria" was used as a name for the suborder occupied by lizards, which before 1800 were considered crocodilians. Systematics Recent genomic studies and comprehensive studies in the fossil record suggest that turtles are closely related to archosaurs, not to the pre-Saurian parareptiles as previously thought. In cladistic analysis of 2018, Pantestudines (turtles and close relatives) were placed within Diapsida but outside of Sauria. Synapomorphies The synapomorphies or characters that unite the clade Sauria also help them be distinguished from stem-saurians in Diapsida or stem-reptiles in clade Sauropsida in the following categories based on the following regions of the body. Cephalad Region Dorsal origin of temporal musculature Loss of caniniform region in maxillary tooth row External nares close to the midline Postparietal absent Squamosal mainly restricted to top of skull The occipital flange of the squamosal is little exposed on the occiput Anterior process of squamosal narrow Quadrate exposed laterally Unossified dorsal process of stapes Stapes slender Trunk Region Sacral ribs oriented laterally Ontogenetic fusion of caudal ribs Trunk ribs mostly single headed Pectoral Region Cleithrum absent Pelvic Region Modified ilium Limb Region Tubular bone lost Entepicondylar foramen absent Radius as long as ulna Small proximal carpals and tarsal Fifth distal tarsal absent Short and stout fifth or hooked metatarsal Perforating foramen of manus lostHowever, some of these characters might be lost or modified in several lineages, particularly among birds and turtles; it is best to see these characters as the ancestral features that were present in the ancestral saurian. Phylogeny The cladogram shown below follows the most likely result found by an analysis of turtle relationships using both fossil and genetic evidence by M.S. Lee, in 2013. This study found Eunotosaurus, usually regarded as a turtle relative, to be only very distantly related to turtles in the clade Parareptilia. The cladogram below follows the most likely result found by another analysis of turtle relationships, this one using only fossil evidence, published by Rainer Schoch and Hans-Dieter Sues in 2015. This study found Eunotosaurus to be an actual early stem-turtle, though other versions of the analysis found weak support for it as a parareptile. The cladogram below follows the analysis of Li et al. (2018). It places turtles within Diapsida but outside of Sauria (the Lepidosauromorpha + Archosauromorpha clade). == References ==

occupant

Sauria is the clade containing the most recent common ancestor of archosaurs (such as crocodilians, dinosaurs, etc.) and lepidosaurs (lizards and kin), and all its descendants. Since most molecular phylogenies recover turtles as more closely related to archosaurs than to lepidosaurs as part of Archelosauria, Sauria can be considered the crown group of diapsids, or reptiles in general. Depending on the systematics, Sauria includes all modern reptiles or most of them (including birds, a type of archosaur) as well as various extinct groups.Sauria lies within the larger total group Sauropsida, which also contains various stem-reptiles which are more closely related to reptiles than to mammals. Prior to its modern usage, "Sauria" was used as a name for the suborder occupied by lizards, which before 1800 were considered crocodilians. Systematics Recent genomic studies and comprehensive studies in the fossil record suggest that turtles are closely related to archosaurs, not to the pre-Saurian parareptiles as previously thought. In cladistic analysis of 2018, Pantestudines (turtles and close relatives) were placed within Diapsida but outside of Sauria. Synapomorphies The synapomorphies or characters that unite the clade Sauria also help them be distinguished from stem-saurians in Diapsida or stem-reptiles in clade Sauropsida in the following categories based on the following regions of the body. Cephalad Region Dorsal origin of temporal musculature Loss of caniniform region in maxillary tooth row External nares close to the midline Postparietal absent Squamosal mainly restricted to top of skull The occipital flange of the squamosal is little exposed on the occiput Anterior process of squamosal narrow Quadrate exposed laterally Unossified dorsal process of stapes Stapes slender Trunk Region Sacral ribs oriented laterally Ontogenetic fusion of caudal ribs Trunk ribs mostly single headed Pectoral Region Cleithrum absent Pelvic Region Modified ilium Limb Region Tubular bone lost Entepicondylar foramen absent Radius as long as ulna Small proximal carpals and tarsal Fifth distal tarsal absent Short and stout fifth or hooked metatarsal Perforating foramen of manus lostHowever, some of these characters might be lost or modified in several lineages, particularly among birds and turtles; it is best to see these characters as the ancestral features that were present in the ancestral saurian. Phylogeny The cladogram shown below follows the most likely result found by an analysis of turtle relationships using both fossil and genetic evidence by M.S. Lee, in 2013. This study found Eunotosaurus, usually regarded as a turtle relative, to be only very distantly related to turtles in the clade Parareptilia. The cladogram below follows the most likely result found by another analysis of turtle relationships, this one using only fossil evidence, published by Rainer Schoch and Hans-Dieter Sues in 2015. This study found Eunotosaurus to be an actual early stem-turtle, though other versions of the analysis found weak support for it as a parareptile. The cladogram below follows the analysis of Li et al. (2018). It places turtles within Diapsida but outside of Sauria (the Lepidosauromorpha + Archosauromorpha clade). == References ==

different from

Sauria is the clade containing the most recent common ancestor of archosaurs (such as crocodilians, dinosaurs, etc.) and lepidosaurs (lizards and kin), and all its descendants. Since most molecular phylogenies recover turtles as more closely related to archosaurs than to lepidosaurs as part of Archelosauria, Sauria can be considered the crown group of diapsids, or reptiles in general. Depending on the systematics, Sauria includes all modern reptiles or most of them (including birds, a type of archosaur) as well as various extinct groups.Sauria lies within the larger total group Sauropsida, which also contains various stem-reptiles which are more closely related to reptiles than to mammals. Prior to its modern usage, "Sauria" was used as a name for the suborder occupied by lizards, which before 1800 were considered crocodilians. Systematics Recent genomic studies and comprehensive studies in the fossil record suggest that turtles are closely related to archosaurs, not to the pre-Saurian parareptiles as previously thought. In cladistic analysis of 2018, Pantestudines (turtles and close relatives) were placed within Diapsida but outside of Sauria. Synapomorphies The synapomorphies or characters that unite the clade Sauria also help them be distinguished from stem-saurians in Diapsida or stem-reptiles in clade Sauropsida in the following categories based on the following regions of the body. Cephalad Region Dorsal origin of temporal musculature Loss of caniniform region in maxillary tooth row External nares close to the midline Postparietal absent Squamosal mainly restricted to top of skull The occipital flange of the squamosal is little exposed on the occiput Anterior process of squamosal narrow Quadrate exposed laterally Unossified dorsal process of stapes Stapes slender Trunk Region Sacral ribs oriented laterally Ontogenetic fusion of caudal ribs Trunk ribs mostly single headed Pectoral Region Cleithrum absent Pelvic Region Modified ilium Limb Region Tubular bone lost Entepicondylar foramen absent Radius as long as ulna Small proximal carpals and tarsal Fifth distal tarsal absent Short and stout fifth or hooked metatarsal Perforating foramen of manus lostHowever, some of these characters might be lost or modified in several lineages, particularly among birds and turtles; it is best to see these characters as the ancestral features that were present in the ancestral saurian. Phylogeny The cladogram shown below follows the most likely result found by an analysis of turtle relationships using both fossil and genetic evidence by M.S. Lee, in 2013. This study found Eunotosaurus, usually regarded as a turtle relative, to be only very distantly related to turtles in the clade Parareptilia. The cladogram below follows the most likely result found by another analysis of turtle relationships, this one using only fossil evidence, published by Rainer Schoch and Hans-Dieter Sues in 2015. This study found Eunotosaurus to be an actual early stem-turtle, though other versions of the analysis found weak support for it as a parareptile. The cladogram below follows the analysis of Li et al. (2018). It places turtles within Diapsida but outside of Sauria (the Lepidosauromorpha + Archosauromorpha clade). == References ==

instance of

Sauria is the clade containing the most recent common ancestor of archosaurs (such as crocodilians, dinosaurs, etc.) and lepidosaurs (lizards and kin), and all its descendants. Since most molecular phylogenies recover turtles as more closely related to archosaurs than to lepidosaurs as part of Archelosauria, Sauria can be considered the crown group of diapsids, or reptiles in general. Depending on the systematics, Sauria includes all modern reptiles or most of them (including birds, a type of archosaur) as well as various extinct groups.Sauria lies within the larger total group Sauropsida, which also contains various stem-reptiles which are more closely related to reptiles than to mammals. Prior to its modern usage, "Sauria" was used as a name for the suborder occupied by lizards, which before 1800 were considered crocodilians. Systematics Recent genomic studies and comprehensive studies in the fossil record suggest that turtles are closely related to archosaurs, not to the pre-Saurian parareptiles as previously thought. In cladistic analysis of 2018, Pantestudines (turtles and close relatives) were placed within Diapsida but outside of Sauria. Synapomorphies The synapomorphies or characters that unite the clade Sauria also help them be distinguished from stem-saurians in Diapsida or stem-reptiles in clade Sauropsida in the following categories based on the following regions of the body. Cephalad Region Dorsal origin of temporal musculature Loss of caniniform region in maxillary tooth row External nares close to the midline Postparietal absent Squamosal mainly restricted to top of skull The occipital flange of the squamosal is little exposed on the occiput Anterior process of squamosal narrow Quadrate exposed laterally Unossified dorsal process of stapes Stapes slender Trunk Region Sacral ribs oriented laterally Ontogenetic fusion of caudal ribs Trunk ribs mostly single headed Pectoral Region Cleithrum absent Pelvic Region Modified ilium Limb Region Tubular bone lost Entepicondylar foramen absent Radius as long as ulna Small proximal carpals and tarsal Fifth distal tarsal absent Short and stout fifth or hooked metatarsal Perforating foramen of manus lostHowever, some of these characters might be lost or modified in several lineages, particularly among birds and turtles; it is best to see these characters as the ancestral features that were present in the ancestral saurian. Phylogeny The cladogram shown below follows the most likely result found by an analysis of turtle relationships using both fossil and genetic evidence by M.S. Lee, in 2013. This study found Eunotosaurus, usually regarded as a turtle relative, to be only very distantly related to turtles in the clade Parareptilia. The cladogram below follows the most likely result found by another analysis of turtle relationships, this one using only fossil evidence, published by Rainer Schoch and Hans-Dieter Sues in 2015. This study found Eunotosaurus to be an actual early stem-turtle, though other versions of the analysis found weak support for it as a parareptile. The cladogram below follows the analysis of Li et al. (2018). It places turtles within Diapsida but outside of Sauria (the Lepidosauromorpha + Archosauromorpha clade). == References ==

title

Sauria is the clade containing the most recent common ancestor of archosaurs (such as crocodilians, dinosaurs, etc.) and lepidosaurs (lizards and kin), and all its descendants. Since most molecular phylogenies recover turtles as more closely related to archosaurs than to lepidosaurs as part of Archelosauria, Sauria can be considered the crown group of diapsids, or reptiles in general. Depending on the systematics, Sauria includes all modern reptiles or most of them (including birds, a type of archosaur) as well as various extinct groups.Sauria lies within the larger total group Sauropsida, which also contains various stem-reptiles which are more closely related to reptiles than to mammals. Prior to its modern usage, "Sauria" was used as a name for the suborder occupied by lizards, which before 1800 were considered crocodilians. Systematics Recent genomic studies and comprehensive studies in the fossil record suggest that turtles are closely related to archosaurs, not to the pre-Saurian parareptiles as previously thought. In cladistic analysis of 2018, Pantestudines (turtles and close relatives) were placed within Diapsida but outside of Sauria. Synapomorphies The synapomorphies or characters that unite the clade Sauria also help them be distinguished from stem-saurians in Diapsida or stem-reptiles in clade Sauropsida in the following categories based on the following regions of the body. Cephalad Region Dorsal origin of temporal musculature Loss of caniniform region in maxillary tooth row External nares close to the midline Postparietal absent Squamosal mainly restricted to top of skull The occipital flange of the squamosal is little exposed on the occiput Anterior process of squamosal narrow Quadrate exposed laterally Unossified dorsal process of stapes Stapes slender Trunk Region Sacral ribs oriented laterally Ontogenetic fusion of caudal ribs Trunk ribs mostly single headed Pectoral Region Cleithrum absent Pelvic Region Modified ilium Limb Region Tubular bone lost Entepicondylar foramen absent Radius as long as ulna Small proximal carpals and tarsal Fifth distal tarsal absent Short and stout fifth or hooked metatarsal Perforating foramen of manus lostHowever, some of these characters might be lost or modified in several lineages, particularly among birds and turtles; it is best to see these characters as the ancestral features that were present in the ancestral saurian. Phylogeny The cladogram shown below follows the most likely result found by an analysis of turtle relationships using both fossil and genetic evidence by M.S. Lee, in 2013. This study found Eunotosaurus, usually regarded as a turtle relative, to be only very distantly related to turtles in the clade Parareptilia. The cladogram below follows the most likely result found by another analysis of turtle relationships, this one using only fossil evidence, published by Rainer Schoch and Hans-Dieter Sues in 2015. This study found Eunotosaurus to be an actual early stem-turtle, though other versions of the analysis found weak support for it as a parareptile. The cladogram below follows the analysis of Li et al. (2018). It places turtles within Diapsida but outside of Sauria (the Lepidosauromorpha + Archosauromorpha clade). == References ==

Commons category

Sauria is the clade containing the most recent common ancestor of archosaurs (such as crocodilians, dinosaurs, etc.) and lepidosaurs (lizards and kin), and all its descendants. Since most molecular phylogenies recover turtles as more closely related to archosaurs than to lepidosaurs as part of Archelosauria, Sauria can be considered the crown group of diapsids, or reptiles in general. Depending on the systematics, Sauria includes all modern reptiles or most of them (including birds, a type of archosaur) as well as various extinct groups.Sauria lies within the larger total group Sauropsida, which also contains various stem-reptiles which are more closely related to reptiles than to mammals. Prior to its modern usage, "Sauria" was used as a name for the suborder occupied by lizards, which before 1800 were considered crocodilians. Systematics Recent genomic studies and comprehensive studies in the fossil record suggest that turtles are closely related to archosaurs, not to the pre-Saurian parareptiles as previously thought. In cladistic analysis of 2018, Pantestudines (turtles and close relatives) were placed within Diapsida but outside of Sauria. Synapomorphies The synapomorphies or characters that unite the clade Sauria also help them be distinguished from stem-saurians in Diapsida or stem-reptiles in clade Sauropsida in the following categories based on the following regions of the body. Cephalad Region Dorsal origin of temporal musculature Loss of caniniform region in maxillary tooth row External nares close to the midline Postparietal absent Squamosal mainly restricted to top of skull The occipital flange of the squamosal is little exposed on the occiput Anterior process of squamosal narrow Quadrate exposed laterally Unossified dorsal process of stapes Stapes slender Trunk Region Sacral ribs oriented laterally Ontogenetic fusion of caudal ribs Trunk ribs mostly single headed Pectoral Region Cleithrum absent Pelvic Region Modified ilium Limb Region Tubular bone lost Entepicondylar foramen absent Radius as long as ulna Small proximal carpals and tarsal Fifth distal tarsal absent Short and stout fifth or hooked metatarsal Perforating foramen of manus lostHowever, some of these characters might be lost or modified in several lineages, particularly among birds and turtles; it is best to see these characters as the ancestral features that were present in the ancestral saurian. Phylogeny The cladogram shown below follows the most likely result found by an analysis of turtle relationships using both fossil and genetic evidence by M.S. Lee, in 2013. This study found Eunotosaurus, usually regarded as a turtle relative, to be only very distantly related to turtles in the clade Parareptilia. The cladogram below follows the most likely result found by another analysis of turtle relationships, this one using only fossil evidence, published by Rainer Schoch and Hans-Dieter Sues in 2015. This study found Eunotosaurus to be an actual early stem-turtle, though other versions of the analysis found weak support for it as a parareptile. The cladogram below follows the analysis of Li et al. (2018). It places turtles within Diapsida but outside of Sauria (the Lepidosauromorpha + Archosauromorpha clade). == References ==

name

In algebra, Brahmagupta's identity says that, for given n {\displaystyle n} , the product of two numbers of the form a 2 + n b 2 {\displaystyle a^{2}+nb^{2}} is itself a number of that form. In other words, the set of such numbers is closed under multiplication. Specifically: ( a 2 + n b 2 ) ( c 2 + n d 2 ) = ( a c − n b d ) 2 + n ( a d + b c ) 2 ( 1 ) = ( a c + n b d ) 2 + n ( a d − b c ) 2 , ( 2 ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\left(a^{2}+nb^{2}\right)\left(c^{2}+nd^{2}\right)&{}=\left(ac-nbd\right)^{2}+n\left(ad+bc\right)^{2}&&&(1)\\&{}=\left(ac+nbd\right)^{2}+n\left(ad-bc\right)^{2},&&&(2)\end{aligned}}} Both (1) and (2) can be verified by expanding each side of the equation. Also, (2) can be obtained from (1), or (1) from (2), by changing b to −b. This identity holds in both the ring of integers and the ring of rational numbers, and more generally in any commutative ring. History The identity is a generalization of the so-called Fibonacci identity (where n=1) which is actually found in Diophantus' Arithmetica (III, 19). That identity was rediscovered by Brahmagupta (598–668), an Indian mathematician and astronomer, who generalized it and used it in his study of what is now called Pell's equation. His Brahmasphutasiddhanta was translated from Sanskrit into Arabic by Mohammad al-Fazari, and was subsequently translated into Latin in 1126. The identity later appeared in Fibonacci's Book of Squares in 1225. Application to Pell's equation In its original context, Brahmagupta applied his discovery to the solution of what was later called Pell's equation, namely x2 − Ny2 = 1. Using the identity in the form ( x 1 2 − N y 1 2 ) ( x 2 2 − N y 2 2 ) = ( x 1 x 2 + N y 1 y 2 ) 2 − N ( x 1 y 2 + x 2 y 1 ) 2 , {\displaystyle (x_{1}^{2}-Ny_{1}^{2})(x_{2}^{2}-Ny_{2}^{2})=(x_{1}x_{2}+Ny_{1}y_{2})^{2}-N(x_{1}y_{2}+x_{2}y_{1})^{2},} he was able to "compose" triples (x1, y1, k1) and (x2, y2, k2) that were solutions of x2 − Ny2 = k, to generate the new triple ( x 1 x 2 + N y 1 y 2 , x 1 y 2 + x 2 y 1 , k 1 k 2 ) . {\displaystyle (x_{1}x_{2}+Ny_{1}y_{2}\,,\,x_{1}y_{2}+x_{2}y_{1}\,,\,k_{1}k_{2}).} Not only did this give a way to generate infinitely many solutions to x2 − Ny2 = 1 starting with one solution, but also, by dividing such a composition by k1k2, integer or "nearly integer" solutions could often be obtained. The general method for solving the Pell equation given by Bhaskara II in 1150, namely the chakravala (cyclic) method, was also based on this identity. See also Brahmagupta matrix Brahmagupta–Fibonacci identity Brahmagupta's interpolation formula Gauss composition law Indian mathematics List of Indian mathematicians References External links Brahmagupta's identity at PlanetMath Brahmagupta Identity on MathWorld A Collection of Algebraic Identities

named after

Ada Brumaru (July 5, 1930 – July 7, 2008) was a Romanian musicologist and music critic. Life Brumaru was born in Bucharest on 5 July 1930. She joined and studied music at the Music Conservatory in Bucharest in 1949. Her teachers included Ion Nonna Otescu, Tudor Ciortea (musical forms), Constantin Bugeanu, Adriana Sachelarie, Andrei Tudor (music history) and Nelly Antonescu (piano). She was there until 1955. In 1950 Brumaru joined the Romanian Broadcasting Society becoming editor in chief in 1954 and director in 1972. A post she held until 1986. From 1982 she and Michel Godard made shows about Romanian music at the Radio-France Musique in Paris. Romanians were held in some esteem in Paris, Brumanu recalls that she was once denied access asareporter to a music venue. She was asked to name two leading Romanian conductors - which she did.Brumaru was asked to join national and international juries of musical competitions ("Prix musical de Radio" - Brno-Brno, 1969, the "Italy" Prize - Florence, 1970).Brumanu's interests led to her 1962 book Romanticism in music and to the creation of the Enescu film. Shewasa member of the Union of Composers and Musicologists in Romania and she received three of their awards. She was a strong supporter of Radio România Muzical which is the public funded classical and jazz radio station.Brumaru died in Bucharest in 2008. == References ==

place of birth

Ada Brumaru (July 5, 1930 – July 7, 2008) was a Romanian musicologist and music critic. Life Brumaru was born in Bucharest on 5 July 1930. She joined and studied music at the Music Conservatory in Bucharest in 1949. Her teachers included Ion Nonna Otescu, Tudor Ciortea (musical forms), Constantin Bugeanu, Adriana Sachelarie, Andrei Tudor (music history) and Nelly Antonescu (piano). She was there until 1955. In 1950 Brumaru joined the Romanian Broadcasting Society becoming editor in chief in 1954 and director in 1972. A post she held until 1986. From 1982 she and Michel Godard made shows about Romanian music at the Radio-France Musique in Paris. Romanians were held in some esteem in Paris, Brumanu recalls that she was once denied access asareporter to a music venue. She was asked to name two leading Romanian conductors - which she did.Brumaru was asked to join national and international juries of musical competitions ("Prix musical de Radio" - Brno-Brno, 1969, the "Italy" Prize - Florence, 1970).Brumanu's interests led to her 1962 book Romanticism in music and to the creation of the Enescu film. Shewasa member of the Union of Composers and Musicologists in Romania and she received three of their awards. She was a strong supporter of Radio România Muzical which is the public funded classical and jazz radio station.Brumaru died in Bucharest in 2008. == References ==

place of death

Ada Brumaru (July 5, 1930 – July 7, 2008) was a Romanian musicologist and music critic. Life Brumaru was born in Bucharest on 5 July 1930. She joined and studied music at the Music Conservatory in Bucharest in 1949. Her teachers included Ion Nonna Otescu, Tudor Ciortea (musical forms), Constantin Bugeanu, Adriana Sachelarie, Andrei Tudor (music history) and Nelly Antonescu (piano). She was there until 1955. In 1950 Brumaru joined the Romanian Broadcasting Society becoming editor in chief in 1954 and director in 1972. A post she held until 1986. From 1982 she and Michel Godard made shows about Romanian music at the Radio-France Musique in Paris. Romanians were held in some esteem in Paris, Brumanu recalls that she was once denied access asareporter to a music venue. She was asked to name two leading Romanian conductors - which she did.Brumaru was asked to join national and international juries of musical competitions ("Prix musical de Radio" - Brno-Brno, 1969, the "Italy" Prize - Florence, 1970).Brumanu's interests led to her 1962 book Romanticism in music and to the creation of the Enescu film. Shewasa member of the Union of Composers and Musicologists in Romania and she received three of their awards. She was a strong supporter of Radio România Muzical which is the public funded classical and jazz radio station.Brumaru died in Bucharest in 2008. == References ==

country of citizenship

Ada Brumaru (July 5, 1930 – July 7, 2008) was a Romanian musicologist and music critic. Life Brumaru was born in Bucharest on 5 July 1930. She joined and studied music at the Music Conservatory in Bucharest in 1949. Her teachers included Ion Nonna Otescu, Tudor Ciortea (musical forms), Constantin Bugeanu, Adriana Sachelarie, Andrei Tudor (music history) and Nelly Antonescu (piano). She was there until 1955. In 1950 Brumaru joined the Romanian Broadcasting Society becoming editor in chief in 1954 and director in 1972. A post she held until 1986. From 1982 she and Michel Godard made shows about Romanian music at the Radio-France Musique in Paris. Romanians were held in some esteem in Paris, Brumanu recalls that she was once denied access asareporter to a music venue. She was asked to name two leading Romanian conductors - which she did.Brumaru was asked to join national and international juries of musical competitions ("Prix musical de Radio" - Brno-Brno, 1969, the "Italy" Prize - Florence, 1970).Brumanu's interests led to her 1962 book Romanticism in music and to the creation of the Enescu film. Shewasa member of the Union of Composers and Musicologists in Romania and she received three of their awards. She was a strong supporter of Radio România Muzical which is the public funded classical and jazz radio station.Brumaru died in Bucharest in 2008. == References ==

occupation

Ada Brumaru (July 5, 1930 – July 7, 2008) was a Romanian musicologist and music critic. Life Brumaru was born in Bucharest on 5 July 1930. She joined and studied music at the Music Conservatory in Bucharest in 1949. Her teachers included Ion Nonna Otescu, Tudor Ciortea (musical forms), Constantin Bugeanu, Adriana Sachelarie, Andrei Tudor (music history) and Nelly Antonescu (piano). She was there until 1955. In 1950 Brumaru joined the Romanian Broadcasting Society becoming editor in chief in 1954 and director in 1972. A post she held until 1986. From 1982 she and Michel Godard made shows about Romanian music at the Radio-France Musique in Paris. Romanians were held in some esteem in Paris, Brumanu recalls that she was once denied access asareporter to a music venue. She was asked to name two leading Romanian conductors - which she did.Brumaru was asked to join national and international juries of musical competitions ("Prix musical de Radio" - Brno-Brno, 1969, the "Italy" Prize - Florence, 1970).Brumanu's interests led to her 1962 book Romanticism in music and to the creation of the Enescu film. Shewasa member of the Union of Composers and Musicologists in Romania and she received three of their awards. She was a strong supporter of Radio România Muzical which is the public funded classical and jazz radio station.Brumaru died in Bucharest in 2008. == References ==

family name

Ada Brumaru (July 5, 1930 – July 7, 2008) was a Romanian musicologist and music critic. Life Brumaru was born in Bucharest on 5 July 1930. She joined and studied music at the Music Conservatory in Bucharest in 1949. Her teachers included Ion Nonna Otescu, Tudor Ciortea (musical forms), Constantin Bugeanu, Adriana Sachelarie, Andrei Tudor (music history) and Nelly Antonescu (piano). She was there until 1955. In 1950 Brumaru joined the Romanian Broadcasting Society becoming editor in chief in 1954 and director in 1972. A post she held until 1986. From 1982 she and Michel Godard made shows about Romanian music at the Radio-France Musique in Paris. Romanians were held in some esteem in Paris, Brumanu recalls that she was once denied access asareporter to a music venue. She was asked to name two leading Romanian conductors - which she did.Brumaru was asked to join national and international juries of musical competitions ("Prix musical de Radio" - Brno-Brno, 1969, the "Italy" Prize - Florence, 1970).Brumanu's interests led to her 1962 book Romanticism in music and to the creation of the Enescu film. Shewasa member of the Union of Composers and Musicologists in Romania and she received three of their awards. She was a strong supporter of Radio România Muzical which is the public funded classical and jazz radio station.Brumaru died in Bucharest in 2008. == References ==

given name

Ada Brumaru (July 5, 1930 – July 7, 2008) was a Romanian musicologist and music critic. Life Brumaru was born in Bucharest on 5 July 1930. She joined and studied music at the Music Conservatory in Bucharest in 1949. Her teachers included Ion Nonna Otescu, Tudor Ciortea (musical forms), Constantin Bugeanu, Adriana Sachelarie, Andrei Tudor (music history) and Nelly Antonescu (piano). She was there until 1955. In 1950 Brumaru joined the Romanian Broadcasting Society becoming editor in chief in 1954 and director in 1972. A post she held until 1986. From 1982 she and Michel Godard made shows about Romanian music at the Radio-France Musique in Paris. Romanians were held in some esteem in Paris, Brumanu recalls that she was once denied access asareporter to a music venue. She was asked to name two leading Romanian conductors - which she did.Brumaru was asked to join national and international juries of musical competitions ("Prix musical de Radio" - Brno-Brno, 1969, the "Italy" Prize - Florence, 1970).Brumanu's interests led to her 1962 book Romanticism in music and to the creation of the Enescu film. Shewasa member of the Union of Composers and Musicologists in Romania and she received three of their awards. She was a strong supporter of Radio România Muzical which is the public funded classical and jazz radio station.Brumaru died in Bucharest in 2008. == References ==

student of

Ada Brumaru (July 5, 1930 – July 7, 2008) was a Romanian musicologist and music critic. Life Brumaru was born in Bucharest on 5 July 1930. She joined and studied music at the Music Conservatory in Bucharest in 1949. Her teachers included Ion Nonna Otescu, Tudor Ciortea (musical forms), Constantin Bugeanu, Adriana Sachelarie, Andrei Tudor (music history) and Nelly Antonescu (piano). She was there until 1955. In 1950 Brumaru joined the Romanian Broadcasting Society becoming editor in chief in 1954 and director in 1972. A post she held until 1986. From 1982 she and Michel Godard made shows about Romanian music at the Radio-France Musique in Paris. Romanians were held in some esteem in Paris, Brumanu recalls that she was once denied access asareporter to a music venue. She was asked to name two leading Romanian conductors - which she did.Brumaru was asked to join national and international juries of musical competitions ("Prix musical de Radio" - Brno-Brno, 1969, the "Italy" Prize - Florence, 1970).Brumanu's interests led to her 1962 book Romanticism in music and to the creation of the Enescu film. Shewasa member of the Union of Composers and Musicologists in Romania and she received three of their awards. She was a strong supporter of Radio România Muzical which is the public funded classical and jazz radio station.Brumaru died in Bucharest in 2008. == References ==

languages spoken, written or signed

The Lahaul and Spiti district in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh consists of the two formerly separate districts of Lahaul (Tibetan: གར་ཞ་, Wylie: gar zha) and Spiti (Tibetan: སྤི་ཏི་, Wylie: spi ti; or Tibetan: སྤྱི་ཏི, Wylie: spyi ti). The present administrative center is Kyelang in Lahaul. Before the two districts were merged, Kardang was the capital of Lahaul, and Dhankar the capital of Spiti. The district was formed in 1960 and is the fourth least populous district in India (out of 640). It is the least densely populated district of India, according to the Census of India 2011. Geography Geologically located in the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau, Lahaul and Spiti district is connected to Manali through the Rohtang Pass. Kunzum la or the Kunzum Pass (altitude 4,551 m (14,931 ft)) is the entrance pass to the Spiti Valley from Lahaul. It is 21 km (13 mi) from Chandra Tal. To the south, Spiti ends 24 km (15 mi) from Tabo, at the Sumdo where the road enters Kinnaur and joins National Highway 5.Spiti is barren and difficult to cross, with an average elevation of the valley floor of 4,270 m (14,010 ft). It is surrounded by lofty ranges, with the Spiti River rushing out of a gorge in the southeast to meet the Sutlej River. It is a typical mountain desert area with an average annual rainfall of only 170 mm (6.7 in).The district has close cultural links with Ngari Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region. Flora and fauna The harsh conditions of Lahaul permit only scattered tufts of hardy grasses and shrubs to grow, even below 4 km (13,000 ft). Glacier lines are usually found at 5 km (16,000 ft). Due to changes in climate, people in the Lahaul valley are able to grow some vegetables like cabbages, potatoes, green peas, radishes, tomatoes, carrots and leafy vegetables. The main cash crops are potatoes, cabbages, and green peas. Some of the most common species of flora found in the Valley of Spiti include Cousinia thomsonii, Seseli trilobum, Crepis flexuosa, Caragana brevifolia and Krascheninnikovia ceratoides. There are over 62 species of medicinal plants found there as well. Several species of juniper grow in the valley, noted for their adaptation to the cold desert climate conditions. They are used by local people for religious purposes and for subsistence. The juniper forests are threatened by overuse and habitat degradation.The valley is inhabited by snow leopards, foxes ibex, Himalayan brown bear, musk deer, and Himalayan blue sheep. Snow leopards are protected within the Pin Valley National Park and Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary. The Lingti plains are home to animals such as yaks and dzos. Over-hunting and a decrease in food supplies have led to a large reduction in the population of the Tibetan antelope, argali, kiangs, musk deer, and snow leopards in these regions, reducing them to the status of endangered species. The locals of Spiti do not hunt these wild animals due to their religious beliefs. Demographics According to the 2011 census, the Lahaul and Spiti district has a population of 31,564. This gives it a ranking of 638th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 2 inhabitants per square kilometre (5.2/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was -5%. Lahul and Spiti has a sex ratio of 903 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 76.81%. The entire population is rural. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 7.08% and 81.44% of the population respectively. The district has 41% of its population speaking Kinnauri, 27% Pattani, 3.0% Bhotia, 2.9% Hindi, 2.8% Nepali and 2.6% Tibetan as their first language.The language, culture, and populations of Lahaul and Spiti are closely related. Generally, the Lahaulis are of Tibetan and Indo-Aryan descent, while the Spiti Bhot is closer to the Tibetans, owing to their proximity to Tibet. The district has a Himachal Pradesh state legislative law in place to curb antique looting by travelers given past incidents. In the pre-independence era, the ethnic tribal belt was divided into the British Lahaul and the Chamba Lahaul, which was merged with Punjab post-1947. This is the second-largest district in the Indian union. The language spoken by both the Lahauli and Spiti Bhots is Bhoti, a Tibetic language of the Western Innovative subgroup. They are very similar to the Ladakh I and Tibetans culturally, as they had been placed under the rule of the Guge and Ladakh kingdoms at occasional intervals. Among the Lahaulis, the family acts as the basic unit of kinship. The extended family system is common and evolved from the polyandric system of the past. The family is headed by a senior male member, known as the Yunda, while his wife, known as the Yundamo, attains authority by being the oldest member of the generation. The clan system, also known as Rhus, plays another major role in the Lahauli society. The Spiti Bhot community has an inheritance system that is otherwise unique to the Tibetans. Upon the death of both parents, only the eldest son will inherit the family property, while the eldest daughter inherits the mother's jewelry, and the younger siblings inherit nothing. Men usually fall back on the social security system of the Trans-Himalayan Gompas. Lifestyle The lifestyles of the Lahauli and Spiti Bhot are similar, owing to their proximity. Polyandry was widely practised by the Lahaulis in the past, although this practice has been dying out. The Spiti Bhot does not generally practice polyandry anymore, although it is accepted in a few isolated regions. Divorces are accomplished by a simple ceremony performed in the presence of village elders. Divorce can be sought by either partner. The husband has to pay compensation to his ex-wife if she does not remarry. However, this is uncommon among the Lahaulis. Agriculture is the main source of livelihood. Potato farming is common. Occupations include animal husbandry, working in government programs and services, and other businesses and crafts that include weaving. Houses are constructed in the Tibetan architectural style, as the land in Lahul and Spiti is mountainous and quite prone to earthquakes. Religion Most of the Lahaulis follow a combination of Hinduism and Tibetan Buddhism of the Drukpa Kagyu order, while the Spiti Bhotia follow Tibetan Buddhism of the Gelugpa order. Within Lahaul, the Todh-Gahr (upper region of Lahaul towards Ladakh) region had the strongest Buddhist influence, owing to its close proximity to Spiti. Before the spread of Tibetan Buddhism and Hinduism, the people were adherents of the religion 'Lung Pe Chhoi', an animistic religion that had some affinities with the Bön the religion of Tibet. While the religion flourished, animal and human sacrifices were regularly offered up to the 'Iha', a term that refers to evil spirits residing in the natural world, notably in the old pencil-cedar trees, rocks, and caves. Vestiges of the Lung Pe Chhoi religion can be seen in the behavior of the Lamas, who are believed to possess certain supernatural powers. The Losar festival (also known as Halda in Lahauli) is celebrated between the months of January and February. The date of the celebration is decided by the Lamas. It has the same significance as the Diwali festival of Hinduism, but is celebrated in a Tibetan fashion. At the start of the festival, two or three persons from every household will walk in the procession holding burning incense. The burning sticks are then piled into a bonfire. The people will then pray to Shiskar Apa, the goddess of wealth (another name Vasudhara) in the Buddhist religion. Buddhist monasteries Spiti is one of the important centers of Buddhism in Himachal Pradesh. It is popularly known as the 'land of lamas'. The valley is dotted by numerous Buddhist Monasteries or Gompas. These are some of the important monasteries in the Lahul and Spiti valleys. Kye Monastery: Kye Monastery is one of the main learning centers of Buddhist studies in Spiti. The monastery is home to some 100-odd monks who receive their education here. It is the oldest and biggest monastery in Spiti. It houses rare paintings and scriptures of Buddha and other gods and goddesses. There are also rare 'Thangka' paintings and ancient musical instruments 'like trumpets, cymbals, and drums in the monastery.Tabo Monastery: Perched at an altitude of 3050 meters, Tabo Monastery is often referred to as the 'Ajanta of the Himalayas'. It is located 45 km from Kaza, Himachal Pradesh, the capital of the Spiti region. This monastery garnered interest when it celebrated its thousandth year of existence in 1996. The Tabo Monastery was founded by scholar Richen Zangpo. The monastery houses more than 60 lamas and contains a collection of rare scriptures, pieces of art, and wall paintings - Thankas, and Stucco. There is a modern guest house with a dining hall and amenities. Kardang Monastery: Kardang Monastery, is located at an elevation of 3,500 meters across the river, about 8 km from Keylong. Kardang is well connected by the road via the Tandi bridge which is about 14 km from Keylong. Built-in the 12th century, this monastery houses a large library of Buddhist literature including the main Kangyur and Tangyur scriptures. Tourism The natural scenery and numerous Buddhist monasteries are the main tourist attractions of the region. The dangerous weather in Lahaul and Spiti permits visitors only between the months of June to October when the roads and villages are free of snow and the high passes (Rothang La and Kunzum La) are open. It is possible to access Spiti from Kinnaur (along the Sutlej) all through the year, although the road is sometimes temporarily closed by landslides or avalanches. Adventure tourism To-do-Trails: The Spiti Valley is popular with trekkers due to the challenging nature of its treks. These treks take people to remote areas including rural villages and old Gompas, as well as wildlife trails. High-altitude treks allow travelers to cross passes such as Parangla Pass (connecting Ladakh with Spiti Valley), Pin Parvati Pass, Baba Pass, Hamta Pass trek, and Spiti Left Bank Trek. Popular trekking routes in the area include Kaza-Langza-Hikim-Komic-Kaza, Kaza-Ki-Kibber-Gete-Kaza, Kaza-Losar-Kunzum La, and Kaza-Tabo-Sumdo-Nako. Skiing: Skiing is a popular activity with tourists in Spiti. Yak Safari: Yak rides are used to see the flora and fauna of the trans-Himalayan desert. Politics Gallery Bhaga valley From Baralacha La to the confluence at Tandi, Lahaul. Chandra-Bhaga (Chenab) valley From the confluence of the Chandra and Bhaga rivers at Tandi to Chamba district border downstream of Udaipur, Lahaul Chandra valley From the confluence at Tandi to Kunzum La separating Lahaul and Spiti Spiti valley From Kunzum La to the border with Kinnaur district at Sumdo, Spiti. See also List of highest towns by country Lahuli–Spiti languages Lahuli language (disambiguation) Spiti Bhoti Lahul Lohar language References Bibliography Ciliberto, Jonathan. (2013). "Six Weeks in the Spiti Valley". Circle B Press. 2013. Atlanta. ISBN 978-0-9659336-6-7 Handa, O. C. (1987). Buddhist Monasteries in Himachal Pradesh. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi. ISBN 81-85182-03-5. Hutchinson, J. & J. PH Vogel (1933). History of the Panjab Hill States, Vol. II. (1st ed) Lahore: Govt. Printing, Punjab, 1933. Reprint 2000. Department of Language and Culture, Himachal Pradesh. Chapter X Lahaul, pp. 474–483; Spiti, pp. 484–488. Kapadia, Harish. (1999). Spiti: Adventures in the Trans-Himalaya. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Indus Publishing Company. ISBN 81-7387-093-4. Janet Rizvi. (1996). Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, Delhi. ISBN 0-19-564546-4. Cunningham, Alexander. (1854). LADĀK: Physical, Statistical, and Historical with Notices of the Surrounding Countries. London. Reprint: Sagar Publications (1977). Francke, A. H. (1977). A History of Ladakh. (Originally published as, A History of Western Tibet, (1907). 1977 Edition with critical introduction and annotations by S. S. Gergan & F. M. Hassnain. Sterling Publishers, New Delhi. Francke, A. H. (1914). Antiquities of Indian Tibet. Two Volumes. Calcutta. 1972 reprint: S. Chand, New Delhi. Banach, Benti (2010). 'A Village Called Self-Awareness, life and times in Spiti Valley'. Vajra Publications, Kathmandu ISBN 9937506441. External links Lahaul and Spiti travel guide from Wikivoyage Official Website of the district

country

The Lahaul and Spiti district in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh consists of the two formerly separate districts of Lahaul (Tibetan: གར་ཞ་, Wylie: gar zha) and Spiti (Tibetan: སྤི་ཏི་, Wylie: spi ti; or Tibetan: སྤྱི་ཏི, Wylie: spyi ti). The present administrative center is Kyelang in Lahaul. Before the two districts were merged, Kardang was the capital of Lahaul, and Dhankar the capital of Spiti. The district was formed in 1960 and is the fourth least populous district in India (out of 640). It is the least densely populated district of India, according to the Census of India 2011. Geography Geologically located in the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau, Lahaul and Spiti district is connected to Manali through the Rohtang Pass. Kunzum la or the Kunzum Pass (altitude 4,551 m (14,931 ft)) is the entrance pass to the Spiti Valley from Lahaul. It is 21 km (13 mi) from Chandra Tal. To the south, Spiti ends 24 km (15 mi) from Tabo, at the Sumdo where the road enters Kinnaur and joins National Highway 5.Spiti is barren and difficult to cross, with an average elevation of the valley floor of 4,270 m (14,010 ft). It is surrounded by lofty ranges, with the Spiti River rushing out of a gorge in the southeast to meet the Sutlej River. It is a typical mountain desert area with an average annual rainfall of only 170 mm (6.7 in).The district has close cultural links with Ngari Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region. Flora and fauna The harsh conditions of Lahaul permit only scattered tufts of hardy grasses and shrubs to grow, even below 4 km (13,000 ft). Glacier lines are usually found at 5 km (16,000 ft). Due to changes in climate, people in the Lahaul valley are able to grow some vegetables like cabbages, potatoes, green peas, radishes, tomatoes, carrots and leafy vegetables. The main cash crops are potatoes, cabbages, and green peas. Some of the most common species of flora found in the Valley of Spiti include Cousinia thomsonii, Seseli trilobum, Crepis flexuosa, Caragana brevifolia and Krascheninnikovia ceratoides. There are over 62 species of medicinal plants found there as well. Several species of juniper grow in the valley, noted for their adaptation to the cold desert climate conditions. They are used by local people for religious purposes and for subsistence. The juniper forests are threatened by overuse and habitat degradation.The valley is inhabited by snow leopards, foxes ibex, Himalayan brown bear, musk deer, and Himalayan blue sheep. Snow leopards are protected within the Pin Valley National Park and Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary. The Lingti plains are home to animals such as yaks and dzos. Over-hunting and a decrease in food supplies have led to a large reduction in the population of the Tibetan antelope, argali, kiangs, musk deer, and snow leopards in these regions, reducing them to the status of endangered species. The locals of Spiti do not hunt these wild animals due to their religious beliefs. Demographics According to the 2011 census, the Lahaul and Spiti district has a population of 31,564. This gives it a ranking of 638th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 2 inhabitants per square kilometre (5.2/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was -5%. Lahul and Spiti has a sex ratio of 903 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 76.81%. The entire population is rural. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 7.08% and 81.44% of the population respectively. The district has 41% of its population speaking Kinnauri, 27% Pattani, 3.0% Bhotia, 2.9% Hindi, 2.8% Nepali and 2.6% Tibetan as their first language.The language, culture, and populations of Lahaul and Spiti are closely related. Generally, the Lahaulis are of Tibetan and Indo-Aryan descent, while the Spiti Bhot is closer to the Tibetans, owing to their proximity to Tibet. The district has a Himachal Pradesh state legislative law in place to curb antique looting by travelers given past incidents. In the pre-independence era, the ethnic tribal belt was divided into the British Lahaul and the Chamba Lahaul, which was merged with Punjab post-1947. This is the second-largest district in the Indian union. The language spoken by both the Lahauli and Spiti Bhots is Bhoti, a Tibetic language of the Western Innovative subgroup. They are very similar to the Ladakh I and Tibetans culturally, as they had been placed under the rule of the Guge and Ladakh kingdoms at occasional intervals. Among the Lahaulis, the family acts as the basic unit of kinship. The extended family system is common and evolved from the polyandric system of the past. The family is headed by a senior male member, known as the Yunda, while his wife, known as the Yundamo, attains authority by being the oldest member of the generation. The clan system, also known as Rhus, plays another major role in the Lahauli society. The Spiti Bhot community has an inheritance system that is otherwise unique to the Tibetans. Upon the death of both parents, only the eldest son will inherit the family property, while the eldest daughter inherits the mother's jewelry, and the younger siblings inherit nothing. Men usually fall back on the social security system of the Trans-Himalayan Gompas. Lifestyle The lifestyles of the Lahauli and Spiti Bhot are similar, owing to their proximity. Polyandry was widely practised by the Lahaulis in the past, although this practice has been dying out. The Spiti Bhot does not generally practice polyandry anymore, although it is accepted in a few isolated regions. Divorces are accomplished by a simple ceremony performed in the presence of village elders. Divorce can be sought by either partner. The husband has to pay compensation to his ex-wife if she does not remarry. However, this is uncommon among the Lahaulis. Agriculture is the main source of livelihood. Potato farming is common. Occupations include animal husbandry, working in government programs and services, and other businesses and crafts that include weaving. Houses are constructed in the Tibetan architectural style, as the land in Lahul and Spiti is mountainous and quite prone to earthquakes. Religion Most of the Lahaulis follow a combination of Hinduism and Tibetan Buddhism of the Drukpa Kagyu order, while the Spiti Bhotia follow Tibetan Buddhism of the Gelugpa order. Within Lahaul, the Todh-Gahr (upper region of Lahaul towards Ladakh) region had the strongest Buddhist influence, owing to its close proximity to Spiti. Before the spread of Tibetan Buddhism and Hinduism, the people were adherents of the religion 'Lung Pe Chhoi', an animistic religion that had some affinities with the Bön the religion of Tibet. While the religion flourished, animal and human sacrifices were regularly offered up to the 'Iha', a term that refers to evil spirits residing in the natural world, notably in the old pencil-cedar trees, rocks, and caves. Vestiges of the Lung Pe Chhoi religion can be seen in the behavior of the Lamas, who are believed to possess certain supernatural powers. The Losar festival (also known as Halda in Lahauli) is celebrated between the months of January and February. The date of the celebration is decided by the Lamas. It has the same significance as the Diwali festival of Hinduism, but is celebrated in a Tibetan fashion. At the start of the festival, two or three persons from every household will walk in the procession holding burning incense. The burning sticks are then piled into a bonfire. The people will then pray to Shiskar Apa, the goddess of wealth (another name Vasudhara) in the Buddhist religion. Buddhist monasteries Spiti is one of the important centers of Buddhism in Himachal Pradesh. It is popularly known as the 'land of lamas'. The valley is dotted by numerous Buddhist Monasteries or Gompas. These are some of the important monasteries in the Lahul and Spiti valleys. Kye Monastery: Kye Monastery is one of the main learning centers of Buddhist studies in Spiti. The monastery is home to some 100-odd monks who receive their education here. It is the oldest and biggest monastery in Spiti. It houses rare paintings and scriptures of Buddha and other gods and goddesses. There are also rare 'Thangka' paintings and ancient musical instruments 'like trumpets, cymbals, and drums in the monastery.Tabo Monastery: Perched at an altitude of 3050 meters, Tabo Monastery is often referred to as the 'Ajanta of the Himalayas'. It is located 45 km from Kaza, Himachal Pradesh, the capital of the Spiti region. This monastery garnered interest when it celebrated its thousandth year of existence in 1996. The Tabo Monastery was founded by scholar Richen Zangpo. The monastery houses more than 60 lamas and contains a collection of rare scriptures, pieces of art, and wall paintings - Thankas, and Stucco. There is a modern guest house with a dining hall and amenities. Kardang Monastery: Kardang Monastery, is located at an elevation of 3,500 meters across the river, about 8 km from Keylong. Kardang is well connected by the road via the Tandi bridge which is about 14 km from Keylong. Built-in the 12th century, this monastery houses a large library of Buddhist literature including the main Kangyur and Tangyur scriptures. Tourism The natural scenery and numerous Buddhist monasteries are the main tourist attractions of the region. The dangerous weather in Lahaul and Spiti permits visitors only between the months of June to October when the roads and villages are free of snow and the high passes (Rothang La and Kunzum La) are open. It is possible to access Spiti from Kinnaur (along the Sutlej) all through the year, although the road is sometimes temporarily closed by landslides or avalanches. Adventure tourism To-do-Trails: The Spiti Valley is popular with trekkers due to the challenging nature of its treks. These treks take people to remote areas including rural villages and old Gompas, as well as wildlife trails. High-altitude treks allow travelers to cross passes such as Parangla Pass (connecting Ladakh with Spiti Valley), Pin Parvati Pass, Baba Pass, Hamta Pass trek, and Spiti Left Bank Trek. Popular trekking routes in the area include Kaza-Langza-Hikim-Komic-Kaza, Kaza-Ki-Kibber-Gete-Kaza, Kaza-Losar-Kunzum La, and Kaza-Tabo-Sumdo-Nako. Skiing: Skiing is a popular activity with tourists in Spiti. Yak Safari: Yak rides are used to see the flora and fauna of the trans-Himalayan desert. Politics Gallery Bhaga valley From Baralacha La to the confluence at Tandi, Lahaul. Chandra-Bhaga (Chenab) valley From the confluence of the Chandra and Bhaga rivers at Tandi to Chamba district border downstream of Udaipur, Lahaul Chandra valley From the confluence at Tandi to Kunzum La separating Lahaul and Spiti Spiti valley From Kunzum La to the border with Kinnaur district at Sumdo, Spiti. See also List of highest towns by country Lahuli–Spiti languages Lahuli language (disambiguation) Spiti Bhoti Lahul Lohar language References Bibliography Ciliberto, Jonathan. (2013). "Six Weeks in the Spiti Valley". Circle B Press. 2013. Atlanta. ISBN 978-0-9659336-6-7 Handa, O. C. (1987). Buddhist Monasteries in Himachal Pradesh. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi. ISBN 81-85182-03-5. Hutchinson, J. & J. PH Vogel (1933). History of the Panjab Hill States, Vol. II. (1st ed) Lahore: Govt. Printing, Punjab, 1933. Reprint 2000. Department of Language and Culture, Himachal Pradesh. Chapter X Lahaul, pp. 474–483; Spiti, pp. 484–488. Kapadia, Harish. (1999). Spiti: Adventures in the Trans-Himalaya. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Indus Publishing Company. ISBN 81-7387-093-4. Janet Rizvi. (1996). Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, Delhi. ISBN 0-19-564546-4. Cunningham, Alexander. (1854). LADĀK: Physical, Statistical, and Historical with Notices of the Surrounding Countries. London. Reprint: Sagar Publications (1977). Francke, A. H. (1977). A History of Ladakh. (Originally published as, A History of Western Tibet, (1907). 1977 Edition with critical introduction and annotations by S. S. Gergan & F. M. Hassnain. Sterling Publishers, New Delhi. Francke, A. H. (1914). Antiquities of Indian Tibet. Two Volumes. Calcutta. 1972 reprint: S. Chand, New Delhi. Banach, Benti (2010). 'A Village Called Self-Awareness, life and times in Spiti Valley'. Vajra Publications, Kathmandu ISBN 9937506441. External links Lahaul and Spiti travel guide from Wikivoyage Official Website of the district

instance of

The Lahaul and Spiti district in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh consists of the two formerly separate districts of Lahaul (Tibetan: གར་ཞ་, Wylie: gar zha) and Spiti (Tibetan: སྤི་ཏི་, Wylie: spi ti; or Tibetan: སྤྱི་ཏི, Wylie: spyi ti). The present administrative center is Kyelang in Lahaul. Before the two districts were merged, Kardang was the capital of Lahaul, and Dhankar the capital of Spiti. The district was formed in 1960 and is the fourth least populous district in India (out of 640). It is the least densely populated district of India, according to the Census of India 2011. Geography Geologically located in the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau, Lahaul and Spiti district is connected to Manali through the Rohtang Pass. Kunzum la or the Kunzum Pass (altitude 4,551 m (14,931 ft)) is the entrance pass to the Spiti Valley from Lahaul. It is 21 km (13 mi) from Chandra Tal. To the south, Spiti ends 24 km (15 mi) from Tabo, at the Sumdo where the road enters Kinnaur and joins National Highway 5.Spiti is barren and difficult to cross, with an average elevation of the valley floor of 4,270 m (14,010 ft). It is surrounded by lofty ranges, with the Spiti River rushing out of a gorge in the southeast to meet the Sutlej River. It is a typical mountain desert area with an average annual rainfall of only 170 mm (6.7 in).The district has close cultural links with Ngari Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region. Flora and fauna The harsh conditions of Lahaul permit only scattered tufts of hardy grasses and shrubs to grow, even below 4 km (13,000 ft). Glacier lines are usually found at 5 km (16,000 ft). Due to changes in climate, people in the Lahaul valley are able to grow some vegetables like cabbages, potatoes, green peas, radishes, tomatoes, carrots and leafy vegetables. The main cash crops are potatoes, cabbages, and green peas. Some of the most common species of flora found in the Valley of Spiti include Cousinia thomsonii, Seseli trilobum, Crepis flexuosa, Caragana brevifolia and Krascheninnikovia ceratoides. There are over 62 species of medicinal plants found there as well. Several species of juniper grow in the valley, noted for their adaptation to the cold desert climate conditions. They are used by local people for religious purposes and for subsistence. The juniper forests are threatened by overuse and habitat degradation.The valley is inhabited by snow leopards, foxes ibex, Himalayan brown bear, musk deer, and Himalayan blue sheep. Snow leopards are protected within the Pin Valley National Park and Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary. The Lingti plains are home to animals such as yaks and dzos. Over-hunting and a decrease in food supplies have led to a large reduction in the population of the Tibetan antelope, argali, kiangs, musk deer, and snow leopards in these regions, reducing them to the status of endangered species. The locals of Spiti do not hunt these wild animals due to their religious beliefs. Demographics According to the 2011 census, the Lahaul and Spiti district has a population of 31,564. This gives it a ranking of 638th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 2 inhabitants per square kilometre (5.2/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was -5%. Lahul and Spiti has a sex ratio of 903 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 76.81%. The entire population is rural. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 7.08% and 81.44% of the population respectively. The district has 41% of its population speaking Kinnauri, 27% Pattani, 3.0% Bhotia, 2.9% Hindi, 2.8% Nepali and 2.6% Tibetan as their first language.The language, culture, and populations of Lahaul and Spiti are closely related. Generally, the Lahaulis are of Tibetan and Indo-Aryan descent, while the Spiti Bhot is closer to the Tibetans, owing to their proximity to Tibet. The district has a Himachal Pradesh state legislative law in place to curb antique looting by travelers given past incidents. In the pre-independence era, the ethnic tribal belt was divided into the British Lahaul and the Chamba Lahaul, which was merged with Punjab post-1947. This is the second-largest district in the Indian union. The language spoken by both the Lahauli and Spiti Bhots is Bhoti, a Tibetic language of the Western Innovative subgroup. They are very similar to the Ladakh I and Tibetans culturally, as they had been placed under the rule of the Guge and Ladakh kingdoms at occasional intervals. Among the Lahaulis, the family acts as the basic unit of kinship. The extended family system is common and evolved from the polyandric system of the past. The family is headed by a senior male member, known as the Yunda, while his wife, known as the Yundamo, attains authority by being the oldest member of the generation. The clan system, also known as Rhus, plays another major role in the Lahauli society. The Spiti Bhot community has an inheritance system that is otherwise unique to the Tibetans. Upon the death of both parents, only the eldest son will inherit the family property, while the eldest daughter inherits the mother's jewelry, and the younger siblings inherit nothing. Men usually fall back on the social security system of the Trans-Himalayan Gompas. Lifestyle The lifestyles of the Lahauli and Spiti Bhot are similar, owing to their proximity. Polyandry was widely practised by the Lahaulis in the past, although this practice has been dying out. The Spiti Bhot does not generally practice polyandry anymore, although it is accepted in a few isolated regions. Divorces are accomplished by a simple ceremony performed in the presence of village elders. Divorce can be sought by either partner. The husband has to pay compensation to his ex-wife if she does not remarry. However, this is uncommon among the Lahaulis. Agriculture is the main source of livelihood. Potato farming is common. Occupations include animal husbandry, working in government programs and services, and other businesses and crafts that include weaving. Houses are constructed in the Tibetan architectural style, as the land in Lahul and Spiti is mountainous and quite prone to earthquakes. Religion Most of the Lahaulis follow a combination of Hinduism and Tibetan Buddhism of the Drukpa Kagyu order, while the Spiti Bhotia follow Tibetan Buddhism of the Gelugpa order. Within Lahaul, the Todh-Gahr (upper region of Lahaul towards Ladakh) region had the strongest Buddhist influence, owing to its close proximity to Spiti. Before the spread of Tibetan Buddhism and Hinduism, the people were adherents of the religion 'Lung Pe Chhoi', an animistic religion that had some affinities with the Bön the religion of Tibet. While the religion flourished, animal and human sacrifices were regularly offered up to the 'Iha', a term that refers to evil spirits residing in the natural world, notably in the old pencil-cedar trees, rocks, and caves. Vestiges of the Lung Pe Chhoi religion can be seen in the behavior of the Lamas, who are believed to possess certain supernatural powers. The Losar festival (also known as Halda in Lahauli) is celebrated between the months of January and February. The date of the celebration is decided by the Lamas. It has the same significance as the Diwali festival of Hinduism, but is celebrated in a Tibetan fashion. At the start of the festival, two or three persons from every household will walk in the procession holding burning incense. The burning sticks are then piled into a bonfire. The people will then pray to Shiskar Apa, the goddess of wealth (another name Vasudhara) in the Buddhist religion. Buddhist monasteries Spiti is one of the important centers of Buddhism in Himachal Pradesh. It is popularly known as the 'land of lamas'. The valley is dotted by numerous Buddhist Monasteries or Gompas. These are some of the important monasteries in the Lahul and Spiti valleys. Kye Monastery: Kye Monastery is one of the main learning centers of Buddhist studies in Spiti. The monastery is home to some 100-odd monks who receive their education here. It is the oldest and biggest monastery in Spiti. It houses rare paintings and scriptures of Buddha and other gods and goddesses. There are also rare 'Thangka' paintings and ancient musical instruments 'like trumpets, cymbals, and drums in the monastery.Tabo Monastery: Perched at an altitude of 3050 meters, Tabo Monastery is often referred to as the 'Ajanta of the Himalayas'. It is located 45 km from Kaza, Himachal Pradesh, the capital of the Spiti region. This monastery garnered interest when it celebrated its thousandth year of existence in 1996. The Tabo Monastery was founded by scholar Richen Zangpo. The monastery houses more than 60 lamas and contains a collection of rare scriptures, pieces of art, and wall paintings - Thankas, and Stucco. There is a modern guest house with a dining hall and amenities. Kardang Monastery: Kardang Monastery, is located at an elevation of 3,500 meters across the river, about 8 km from Keylong. Kardang is well connected by the road via the Tandi bridge which is about 14 km from Keylong. Built-in the 12th century, this monastery houses a large library of Buddhist literature including the main Kangyur and Tangyur scriptures. Tourism The natural scenery and numerous Buddhist monasteries are the main tourist attractions of the region. The dangerous weather in Lahaul and Spiti permits visitors only between the months of June to October when the roads and villages are free of snow and the high passes (Rothang La and Kunzum La) are open. It is possible to access Spiti from Kinnaur (along the Sutlej) all through the year, although the road is sometimes temporarily closed by landslides or avalanches. Adventure tourism To-do-Trails: The Spiti Valley is popular with trekkers due to the challenging nature of its treks. These treks take people to remote areas including rural villages and old Gompas, as well as wildlife trails. High-altitude treks allow travelers to cross passes such as Parangla Pass (connecting Ladakh with Spiti Valley), Pin Parvati Pass, Baba Pass, Hamta Pass trek, and Spiti Left Bank Trek. Popular trekking routes in the area include Kaza-Langza-Hikim-Komic-Kaza, Kaza-Ki-Kibber-Gete-Kaza, Kaza-Losar-Kunzum La, and Kaza-Tabo-Sumdo-Nako. Skiing: Skiing is a popular activity with tourists in Spiti. Yak Safari: Yak rides are used to see the flora and fauna of the trans-Himalayan desert. Politics Gallery Bhaga valley From Baralacha La to the confluence at Tandi, Lahaul. Chandra-Bhaga (Chenab) valley From the confluence of the Chandra and Bhaga rivers at Tandi to Chamba district border downstream of Udaipur, Lahaul Chandra valley From the confluence at Tandi to Kunzum La separating Lahaul and Spiti Spiti valley From Kunzum La to the border with Kinnaur district at Sumdo, Spiti. See also List of highest towns by country Lahuli–Spiti languages Lahuli language (disambiguation) Spiti Bhoti Lahul Lohar language References Bibliography Ciliberto, Jonathan. (2013). "Six Weeks in the Spiti Valley". Circle B Press. 2013. Atlanta. ISBN 978-0-9659336-6-7 Handa, O. C. (1987). Buddhist Monasteries in Himachal Pradesh. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi. ISBN 81-85182-03-5. Hutchinson, J. & J. PH Vogel (1933). History of the Panjab Hill States, Vol. II. (1st ed) Lahore: Govt. Printing, Punjab, 1933. Reprint 2000. Department of Language and Culture, Himachal Pradesh. Chapter X Lahaul, pp. 474–483; Spiti, pp. 484–488. Kapadia, Harish. (1999). Spiti: Adventures in the Trans-Himalaya. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Indus Publishing Company. ISBN 81-7387-093-4. Janet Rizvi. (1996). Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, Delhi. ISBN 0-19-564546-4. Cunningham, Alexander. (1854). LADĀK: Physical, Statistical, and Historical with Notices of the Surrounding Countries. London. Reprint: Sagar Publications (1977). Francke, A. H. (1977). A History of Ladakh. (Originally published as, A History of Western Tibet, (1907). 1977 Edition with critical introduction and annotations by S. S. Gergan & F. M. Hassnain. Sterling Publishers, New Delhi. Francke, A. H. (1914). Antiquities of Indian Tibet. Two Volumes. Calcutta. 1972 reprint: S. Chand, New Delhi. Banach, Benti (2010). 'A Village Called Self-Awareness, life and times in Spiti Valley'. Vajra Publications, Kathmandu ISBN 9937506441. External links Lahaul and Spiti travel guide from Wikivoyage Official Website of the district

capital

The Lahaul and Spiti district in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh consists of the two formerly separate districts of Lahaul (Tibetan: གར་ཞ་, Wylie: gar zha) and Spiti (Tibetan: སྤི་ཏི་, Wylie: spi ti; or Tibetan: སྤྱི་ཏི, Wylie: spyi ti). The present administrative center is Kyelang in Lahaul. Before the two districts were merged, Kardang was the capital of Lahaul, and Dhankar the capital of Spiti. The district was formed in 1960 and is the fourth least populous district in India (out of 640). It is the least densely populated district of India, according to the Census of India 2011. Geography Geologically located in the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau, Lahaul and Spiti district is connected to Manali through the Rohtang Pass. Kunzum la or the Kunzum Pass (altitude 4,551 m (14,931 ft)) is the entrance pass to the Spiti Valley from Lahaul. It is 21 km (13 mi) from Chandra Tal. To the south, Spiti ends 24 km (15 mi) from Tabo, at the Sumdo where the road enters Kinnaur and joins National Highway 5.Spiti is barren and difficult to cross, with an average elevation of the valley floor of 4,270 m (14,010 ft). It is surrounded by lofty ranges, with the Spiti River rushing out of a gorge in the southeast to meet the Sutlej River. It is a typical mountain desert area with an average annual rainfall of only 170 mm (6.7 in).The district has close cultural links with Ngari Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region. Flora and fauna The harsh conditions of Lahaul permit only scattered tufts of hardy grasses and shrubs to grow, even below 4 km (13,000 ft). Glacier lines are usually found at 5 km (16,000 ft). Due to changes in climate, people in the Lahaul valley are able to grow some vegetables like cabbages, potatoes, green peas, radishes, tomatoes, carrots and leafy vegetables. The main cash crops are potatoes, cabbages, and green peas. Some of the most common species of flora found in the Valley of Spiti include Cousinia thomsonii, Seseli trilobum, Crepis flexuosa, Caragana brevifolia and Krascheninnikovia ceratoides. There are over 62 species of medicinal plants found there as well. Several species of juniper grow in the valley, noted for their adaptation to the cold desert climate conditions. They are used by local people for religious purposes and for subsistence. The juniper forests are threatened by overuse and habitat degradation.The valley is inhabited by snow leopards, foxes ibex, Himalayan brown bear, musk deer, and Himalayan blue sheep. Snow leopards are protected within the Pin Valley National Park and Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary. The Lingti plains are home to animals such as yaks and dzos. Over-hunting and a decrease in food supplies have led to a large reduction in the population of the Tibetan antelope, argali, kiangs, musk deer, and snow leopards in these regions, reducing them to the status of endangered species. The locals of Spiti do not hunt these wild animals due to their religious beliefs. Demographics According to the 2011 census, the Lahaul and Spiti district has a population of 31,564. This gives it a ranking of 638th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 2 inhabitants per square kilometre (5.2/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was -5%. Lahul and Spiti has a sex ratio of 903 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 76.81%. The entire population is rural. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 7.08% and 81.44% of the population respectively. The district has 41% of its population speaking Kinnauri, 27% Pattani, 3.0% Bhotia, 2.9% Hindi, 2.8% Nepali and 2.6% Tibetan as their first language.The language, culture, and populations of Lahaul and Spiti are closely related. Generally, the Lahaulis are of Tibetan and Indo-Aryan descent, while the Spiti Bhot is closer to the Tibetans, owing to their proximity to Tibet. The district has a Himachal Pradesh state legislative law in place to curb antique looting by travelers given past incidents. In the pre-independence era, the ethnic tribal belt was divided into the British Lahaul and the Chamba Lahaul, which was merged with Punjab post-1947. This is the second-largest district in the Indian union. The language spoken by both the Lahauli and Spiti Bhots is Bhoti, a Tibetic language of the Western Innovative subgroup. They are very similar to the Ladakh I and Tibetans culturally, as they had been placed under the rule of the Guge and Ladakh kingdoms at occasional intervals. Among the Lahaulis, the family acts as the basic unit of kinship. The extended family system is common and evolved from the polyandric system of the past. The family is headed by a senior male member, known as the Yunda, while his wife, known as the Yundamo, attains authority by being the oldest member of the generation. The clan system, also known as Rhus, plays another major role in the Lahauli society. The Spiti Bhot community has an inheritance system that is otherwise unique to the Tibetans. Upon the death of both parents, only the eldest son will inherit the family property, while the eldest daughter inherits the mother's jewelry, and the younger siblings inherit nothing. Men usually fall back on the social security system of the Trans-Himalayan Gompas. Lifestyle The lifestyles of the Lahauli and Spiti Bhot are similar, owing to their proximity. Polyandry was widely practised by the Lahaulis in the past, although this practice has been dying out. The Spiti Bhot does not generally practice polyandry anymore, although it is accepted in a few isolated regions. Divorces are accomplished by a simple ceremony performed in the presence of village elders. Divorce can be sought by either partner. The husband has to pay compensation to his ex-wife if she does not remarry. However, this is uncommon among the Lahaulis. Agriculture is the main source of livelihood. Potato farming is common. Occupations include animal husbandry, working in government programs and services, and other businesses and crafts that include weaving. Houses are constructed in the Tibetan architectural style, as the land in Lahul and Spiti is mountainous and quite prone to earthquakes. Religion Most of the Lahaulis follow a combination of Hinduism and Tibetan Buddhism of the Drukpa Kagyu order, while the Spiti Bhotia follow Tibetan Buddhism of the Gelugpa order. Within Lahaul, the Todh-Gahr (upper region of Lahaul towards Ladakh) region had the strongest Buddhist influence, owing to its close proximity to Spiti. Before the spread of Tibetan Buddhism and Hinduism, the people were adherents of the religion 'Lung Pe Chhoi', an animistic religion that had some affinities with the Bön the religion of Tibet. While the religion flourished, animal and human sacrifices were regularly offered up to the 'Iha', a term that refers to evil spirits residing in the natural world, notably in the old pencil-cedar trees, rocks, and caves. Vestiges of the Lung Pe Chhoi religion can be seen in the behavior of the Lamas, who are believed to possess certain supernatural powers. The Losar festival (also known as Halda in Lahauli) is celebrated between the months of January and February. The date of the celebration is decided by the Lamas. It has the same significance as the Diwali festival of Hinduism, but is celebrated in a Tibetan fashion. At the start of the festival, two or three persons from every household will walk in the procession holding burning incense. The burning sticks are then piled into a bonfire. The people will then pray to Shiskar Apa, the goddess of wealth (another name Vasudhara) in the Buddhist religion. Buddhist monasteries Spiti is one of the important centers of Buddhism in Himachal Pradesh. It is popularly known as the 'land of lamas'. The valley is dotted by numerous Buddhist Monasteries or Gompas. These are some of the important monasteries in the Lahul and Spiti valleys. Kye Monastery: Kye Monastery is one of the main learning centers of Buddhist studies in Spiti. The monastery is home to some 100-odd monks who receive their education here. It is the oldest and biggest monastery in Spiti. It houses rare paintings and scriptures of Buddha and other gods and goddesses. There are also rare 'Thangka' paintings and ancient musical instruments 'like trumpets, cymbals, and drums in the monastery.Tabo Monastery: Perched at an altitude of 3050 meters, Tabo Monastery is often referred to as the 'Ajanta of the Himalayas'. It is located 45 km from Kaza, Himachal Pradesh, the capital of the Spiti region. This monastery garnered interest when it celebrated its thousandth year of existence in 1996. The Tabo Monastery was founded by scholar Richen Zangpo. The monastery houses more than 60 lamas and contains a collection of rare scriptures, pieces of art, and wall paintings - Thankas, and Stucco. There is a modern guest house with a dining hall and amenities. Kardang Monastery: Kardang Monastery, is located at an elevation of 3,500 meters across the river, about 8 km from Keylong. Kardang is well connected by the road via the Tandi bridge which is about 14 km from Keylong. Built-in the 12th century, this monastery houses a large library of Buddhist literature including the main Kangyur and Tangyur scriptures. Tourism The natural scenery and numerous Buddhist monasteries are the main tourist attractions of the region. The dangerous weather in Lahaul and Spiti permits visitors only between the months of June to October when the roads and villages are free of snow and the high passes (Rothang La and Kunzum La) are open. It is possible to access Spiti from Kinnaur (along the Sutlej) all through the year, although the road is sometimes temporarily closed by landslides or avalanches. Adventure tourism To-do-Trails: The Spiti Valley is popular with trekkers due to the challenging nature of its treks. These treks take people to remote areas including rural villages and old Gompas, as well as wildlife trails. High-altitude treks allow travelers to cross passes such as Parangla Pass (connecting Ladakh with Spiti Valley), Pin Parvati Pass, Baba Pass, Hamta Pass trek, and Spiti Left Bank Trek. Popular trekking routes in the area include Kaza-Langza-Hikim-Komic-Kaza, Kaza-Ki-Kibber-Gete-Kaza, Kaza-Losar-Kunzum La, and Kaza-Tabo-Sumdo-Nako. Skiing: Skiing is a popular activity with tourists in Spiti. Yak Safari: Yak rides are used to see the flora and fauna of the trans-Himalayan desert. Politics Gallery Bhaga valley From Baralacha La to the confluence at Tandi, Lahaul. Chandra-Bhaga (Chenab) valley From the confluence of the Chandra and Bhaga rivers at Tandi to Chamba district border downstream of Udaipur, Lahaul Chandra valley From the confluence at Tandi to Kunzum La separating Lahaul and Spiti Spiti valley From Kunzum La to the border with Kinnaur district at Sumdo, Spiti. See also List of highest towns by country Lahuli–Spiti languages Lahuli language (disambiguation) Spiti Bhoti Lahul Lohar language References Bibliography Ciliberto, Jonathan. (2013). "Six Weeks in the Spiti Valley". Circle B Press. 2013. Atlanta. ISBN 978-0-9659336-6-7 Handa, O. C. (1987). Buddhist Monasteries in Himachal Pradesh. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi. ISBN 81-85182-03-5. Hutchinson, J. & J. PH Vogel (1933). History of the Panjab Hill States, Vol. II. (1st ed) Lahore: Govt. Printing, Punjab, 1933. Reprint 2000. Department of Language and Culture, Himachal Pradesh. Chapter X Lahaul, pp. 474–483; Spiti, pp. 484–488. Kapadia, Harish. (1999). Spiti: Adventures in the Trans-Himalaya. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Indus Publishing Company. ISBN 81-7387-093-4. Janet Rizvi. (1996). Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, Delhi. ISBN 0-19-564546-4. Cunningham, Alexander. (1854). LADĀK: Physical, Statistical, and Historical with Notices of the Surrounding Countries. London. Reprint: Sagar Publications (1977). Francke, A. H. (1977). A History of Ladakh. (Originally published as, A History of Western Tibet, (1907). 1977 Edition with critical introduction and annotations by S. S. Gergan & F. M. Hassnain. Sterling Publishers, New Delhi. Francke, A. H. (1914). Antiquities of Indian Tibet. Two Volumes. Calcutta. 1972 reprint: S. Chand, New Delhi. Banach, Benti (2010). 'A Village Called Self-Awareness, life and times in Spiti Valley'. Vajra Publications, Kathmandu ISBN 9937506441. External links Lahaul and Spiti travel guide from Wikivoyage Official Website of the district

located in the administrative territorial entity

The Lahaul and Spiti district in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh consists of the two formerly separate districts of Lahaul (Tibetan: གར་ཞ་, Wylie: gar zha) and Spiti (Tibetan: སྤི་ཏི་, Wylie: spi ti; or Tibetan: སྤྱི་ཏི, Wylie: spyi ti). The present administrative center is Kyelang in Lahaul. Before the two districts were merged, Kardang was the capital of Lahaul, and Dhankar the capital of Spiti. The district was formed in 1960 and is the fourth least populous district in India (out of 640). It is the least densely populated district of India, according to the Census of India 2011. Geography Geologically located in the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau, Lahaul and Spiti district is connected to Manali through the Rohtang Pass. Kunzum la or the Kunzum Pass (altitude 4,551 m (14,931 ft)) is the entrance pass to the Spiti Valley from Lahaul. It is 21 km (13 mi) from Chandra Tal. To the south, Spiti ends 24 km (15 mi) from Tabo, at the Sumdo where the road enters Kinnaur and joins National Highway 5.Spiti is barren and difficult to cross, with an average elevation of the valley floor of 4,270 m (14,010 ft). It is surrounded by lofty ranges, with the Spiti River rushing out of a gorge in the southeast to meet the Sutlej River. It is a typical mountain desert area with an average annual rainfall of only 170 mm (6.7 in).The district has close cultural links with Ngari Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region. Flora and fauna The harsh conditions of Lahaul permit only scattered tufts of hardy grasses and shrubs to grow, even below 4 km (13,000 ft). Glacier lines are usually found at 5 km (16,000 ft). Due to changes in climate, people in the Lahaul valley are able to grow some vegetables like cabbages, potatoes, green peas, radishes, tomatoes, carrots and leafy vegetables. The main cash crops are potatoes, cabbages, and green peas. Some of the most common species of flora found in the Valley of Spiti include Cousinia thomsonii, Seseli trilobum, Crepis flexuosa, Caragana brevifolia and Krascheninnikovia ceratoides. There are over 62 species of medicinal plants found there as well. Several species of juniper grow in the valley, noted for their adaptation to the cold desert climate conditions. They are used by local people for religious purposes and for subsistence. The juniper forests are threatened by overuse and habitat degradation.The valley is inhabited by snow leopards, foxes ibex, Himalayan brown bear, musk deer, and Himalayan blue sheep. Snow leopards are protected within the Pin Valley National Park and Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary. The Lingti plains are home to animals such as yaks and dzos. Over-hunting and a decrease in food supplies have led to a large reduction in the population of the Tibetan antelope, argali, kiangs, musk deer, and snow leopards in these regions, reducing them to the status of endangered species. The locals of Spiti do not hunt these wild animals due to their religious beliefs. Demographics According to the 2011 census, the Lahaul and Spiti district has a population of 31,564. This gives it a ranking of 638th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 2 inhabitants per square kilometre (5.2/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was -5%. Lahul and Spiti has a sex ratio of 903 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 76.81%. The entire population is rural. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 7.08% and 81.44% of the population respectively. The district has 41% of its population speaking Kinnauri, 27% Pattani, 3.0% Bhotia, 2.9% Hindi, 2.8% Nepali and 2.6% Tibetan as their first language.The language, culture, and populations of Lahaul and Spiti are closely related. Generally, the Lahaulis are of Tibetan and Indo-Aryan descent, while the Spiti Bhot is closer to the Tibetans, owing to their proximity to Tibet. The district has a Himachal Pradesh state legislative law in place to curb antique looting by travelers given past incidents. In the pre-independence era, the ethnic tribal belt was divided into the British Lahaul and the Chamba Lahaul, which was merged with Punjab post-1947. This is the second-largest district in the Indian union. The language spoken by both the Lahauli and Spiti Bhots is Bhoti, a Tibetic language of the Western Innovative subgroup. They are very similar to the Ladakh I and Tibetans culturally, as they had been placed under the rule of the Guge and Ladakh kingdoms at occasional intervals. Among the Lahaulis, the family acts as the basic unit of kinship. The extended family system is common and evolved from the polyandric system of the past. The family is headed by a senior male member, known as the Yunda, while his wife, known as the Yundamo, attains authority by being the oldest member of the generation. The clan system, also known as Rhus, plays another major role in the Lahauli society. The Spiti Bhot community has an inheritance system that is otherwise unique to the Tibetans. Upon the death of both parents, only the eldest son will inherit the family property, while the eldest daughter inherits the mother's jewelry, and the younger siblings inherit nothing. Men usually fall back on the social security system of the Trans-Himalayan Gompas. Lifestyle The lifestyles of the Lahauli and Spiti Bhot are similar, owing to their proximity. Polyandry was widely practised by the Lahaulis in the past, although this practice has been dying out. The Spiti Bhot does not generally practice polyandry anymore, although it is accepted in a few isolated regions. Divorces are accomplished by a simple ceremony performed in the presence of village elders. Divorce can be sought by either partner. The husband has to pay compensation to his ex-wife if she does not remarry. However, this is uncommon among the Lahaulis. Agriculture is the main source of livelihood. Potato farming is common. Occupations include animal husbandry, working in government programs and services, and other businesses and crafts that include weaving. Houses are constructed in the Tibetan architectural style, as the land in Lahul and Spiti is mountainous and quite prone to earthquakes. Religion Most of the Lahaulis follow a combination of Hinduism and Tibetan Buddhism of the Drukpa Kagyu order, while the Spiti Bhotia follow Tibetan Buddhism of the Gelugpa order. Within Lahaul, the Todh-Gahr (upper region of Lahaul towards Ladakh) region had the strongest Buddhist influence, owing to its close proximity to Spiti. Before the spread of Tibetan Buddhism and Hinduism, the people were adherents of the religion 'Lung Pe Chhoi', an animistic religion that had some affinities with the Bön the religion of Tibet. While the religion flourished, animal and human sacrifices were regularly offered up to the 'Iha', a term that refers to evil spirits residing in the natural world, notably in the old pencil-cedar trees, rocks, and caves. Vestiges of the Lung Pe Chhoi religion can be seen in the behavior of the Lamas, who are believed to possess certain supernatural powers. The Losar festival (also known as Halda in Lahauli) is celebrated between the months of January and February. The date of the celebration is decided by the Lamas. It has the same significance as the Diwali festival of Hinduism, but is celebrated in a Tibetan fashion. At the start of the festival, two or three persons from every household will walk in the procession holding burning incense. The burning sticks are then piled into a bonfire. The people will then pray to Shiskar Apa, the goddess of wealth (another name Vasudhara) in the Buddhist religion. Buddhist monasteries Spiti is one of the important centers of Buddhism in Himachal Pradesh. It is popularly known as the 'land of lamas'. The valley is dotted by numerous Buddhist Monasteries or Gompas. These are some of the important monasteries in the Lahul and Spiti valleys. Kye Monastery: Kye Monastery is one of the main learning centers of Buddhist studies in Spiti. The monastery is home to some 100-odd monks who receive their education here. It is the oldest and biggest monastery in Spiti. It houses rare paintings and scriptures of Buddha and other gods and goddesses. There are also rare 'Thangka' paintings and ancient musical instruments 'like trumpets, cymbals, and drums in the monastery.Tabo Monastery: Perched at an altitude of 3050 meters, Tabo Monastery is often referred to as the 'Ajanta of the Himalayas'. It is located 45 km from Kaza, Himachal Pradesh, the capital of the Spiti region. This monastery garnered interest when it celebrated its thousandth year of existence in 1996. The Tabo Monastery was founded by scholar Richen Zangpo. The monastery houses more than 60 lamas and contains a collection of rare scriptures, pieces of art, and wall paintings - Thankas, and Stucco. There is a modern guest house with a dining hall and amenities. Kardang Monastery: Kardang Monastery, is located at an elevation of 3,500 meters across the river, about 8 km from Keylong. Kardang is well connected by the road via the Tandi bridge which is about 14 km from Keylong. Built-in the 12th century, this monastery houses a large library of Buddhist literature including the main Kangyur and Tangyur scriptures. Tourism The natural scenery and numerous Buddhist monasteries are the main tourist attractions of the region. The dangerous weather in Lahaul and Spiti permits visitors only between the months of June to October when the roads and villages are free of snow and the high passes (Rothang La and Kunzum La) are open. It is possible to access Spiti from Kinnaur (along the Sutlej) all through the year, although the road is sometimes temporarily closed by landslides or avalanches. Adventure tourism To-do-Trails: The Spiti Valley is popular with trekkers due to the challenging nature of its treks. These treks take people to remote areas including rural villages and old Gompas, as well as wildlife trails. High-altitude treks allow travelers to cross passes such as Parangla Pass (connecting Ladakh with Spiti Valley), Pin Parvati Pass, Baba Pass, Hamta Pass trek, and Spiti Left Bank Trek. Popular trekking routes in the area include Kaza-Langza-Hikim-Komic-Kaza, Kaza-Ki-Kibber-Gete-Kaza, Kaza-Losar-Kunzum La, and Kaza-Tabo-Sumdo-Nako. Skiing: Skiing is a popular activity with tourists in Spiti. Yak Safari: Yak rides are used to see the flora and fauna of the trans-Himalayan desert. Politics Gallery Bhaga valley From Baralacha La to the confluence at Tandi, Lahaul. Chandra-Bhaga (Chenab) valley From the confluence of the Chandra and Bhaga rivers at Tandi to Chamba district border downstream of Udaipur, Lahaul Chandra valley From the confluence at Tandi to Kunzum La separating Lahaul and Spiti Spiti valley From Kunzum La to the border with Kinnaur district at Sumdo, Spiti. See also List of highest towns by country Lahuli–Spiti languages Lahuli language (disambiguation) Spiti Bhoti Lahul Lohar language References Bibliography Ciliberto, Jonathan. (2013). "Six Weeks in the Spiti Valley". Circle B Press. 2013. Atlanta. ISBN 978-0-9659336-6-7 Handa, O. C. (1987). Buddhist Monasteries in Himachal Pradesh. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi. ISBN 81-85182-03-5. Hutchinson, J. & J. PH Vogel (1933). History of the Panjab Hill States, Vol. II. (1st ed) Lahore: Govt. Printing, Punjab, 1933. Reprint 2000. Department of Language and Culture, Himachal Pradesh. Chapter X Lahaul, pp. 474–483; Spiti, pp. 484–488. Kapadia, Harish. (1999). Spiti: Adventures in the Trans-Himalaya. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Indus Publishing Company. ISBN 81-7387-093-4. Janet Rizvi. (1996). Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, Delhi. ISBN 0-19-564546-4. Cunningham, Alexander. (1854). LADĀK: Physical, Statistical, and Historical with Notices of the Surrounding Countries. London. Reprint: Sagar Publications (1977). Francke, A. H. (1977). A History of Ladakh. (Originally published as, A History of Western Tibet, (1907). 1977 Edition with critical introduction and annotations by S. S. Gergan & F. M. Hassnain. Sterling Publishers, New Delhi. Francke, A. H. (1914). Antiquities of Indian Tibet. Two Volumes. Calcutta. 1972 reprint: S. Chand, New Delhi. Banach, Benti (2010). 'A Village Called Self-Awareness, life and times in Spiti Valley'. Vajra Publications, Kathmandu ISBN 9937506441. External links Lahaul and Spiti travel guide from Wikivoyage Official Website of the district

Commons category

The Lahaul and Spiti district in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh consists of the two formerly separate districts of Lahaul (Tibetan: གར་ཞ་, Wylie: gar zha) and Spiti (Tibetan: སྤི་ཏི་, Wylie: spi ti; or Tibetan: སྤྱི་ཏི, Wylie: spyi ti). The present administrative center is Kyelang in Lahaul. Before the two districts were merged, Kardang was the capital of Lahaul, and Dhankar the capital of Spiti. The district was formed in 1960 and is the fourth least populous district in India (out of 640). It is the least densely populated district of India, according to the Census of India 2011. Geography Geologically located in the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau, Lahaul and Spiti district is connected to Manali through the Rohtang Pass. Kunzum la or the Kunzum Pass (altitude 4,551 m (14,931 ft)) is the entrance pass to the Spiti Valley from Lahaul. It is 21 km (13 mi) from Chandra Tal. To the south, Spiti ends 24 km (15 mi) from Tabo, at the Sumdo where the road enters Kinnaur and joins National Highway 5.Spiti is barren and difficult to cross, with an average elevation of the valley floor of 4,270 m (14,010 ft). It is surrounded by lofty ranges, with the Spiti River rushing out of a gorge in the southeast to meet the Sutlej River. It is a typical mountain desert area with an average annual rainfall of only 170 mm (6.7 in).The district has close cultural links with Ngari Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region. Flora and fauna The harsh conditions of Lahaul permit only scattered tufts of hardy grasses and shrubs to grow, even below 4 km (13,000 ft). Glacier lines are usually found at 5 km (16,000 ft). Due to changes in climate, people in the Lahaul valley are able to grow some vegetables like cabbages, potatoes, green peas, radishes, tomatoes, carrots and leafy vegetables. The main cash crops are potatoes, cabbages, and green peas. Some of the most common species of flora found in the Valley of Spiti include Cousinia thomsonii, Seseli trilobum, Crepis flexuosa, Caragana brevifolia and Krascheninnikovia ceratoides. There are over 62 species of medicinal plants found there as well. Several species of juniper grow in the valley, noted for their adaptation to the cold desert climate conditions. They are used by local people for religious purposes and for subsistence. The juniper forests are threatened by overuse and habitat degradation.The valley is inhabited by snow leopards, foxes ibex, Himalayan brown bear, musk deer, and Himalayan blue sheep. Snow leopards are protected within the Pin Valley National Park and Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary. The Lingti plains are home to animals such as yaks and dzos. Over-hunting and a decrease in food supplies have led to a large reduction in the population of the Tibetan antelope, argali, kiangs, musk deer, and snow leopards in these regions, reducing them to the status of endangered species. The locals of Spiti do not hunt these wild animals due to their religious beliefs. Demographics According to the 2011 census, the Lahaul and Spiti district has a population of 31,564. This gives it a ranking of 638th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 2 inhabitants per square kilometre (5.2/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was -5%. Lahul and Spiti has a sex ratio of 903 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 76.81%. The entire population is rural. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 7.08% and 81.44% of the population respectively. The district has 41% of its population speaking Kinnauri, 27% Pattani, 3.0% Bhotia, 2.9% Hindi, 2.8% Nepali and 2.6% Tibetan as their first language.The language, culture, and populations of Lahaul and Spiti are closely related. Generally, the Lahaulis are of Tibetan and Indo-Aryan descent, while the Spiti Bhot is closer to the Tibetans, owing to their proximity to Tibet. The district has a Himachal Pradesh state legislative law in place to curb antique looting by travelers given past incidents. In the pre-independence era, the ethnic tribal belt was divided into the British Lahaul and the Chamba Lahaul, which was merged with Punjab post-1947. This is the second-largest district in the Indian union. The language spoken by both the Lahauli and Spiti Bhots is Bhoti, a Tibetic language of the Western Innovative subgroup. They are very similar to the Ladakh I and Tibetans culturally, as they had been placed under the rule of the Guge and Ladakh kingdoms at occasional intervals. Among the Lahaulis, the family acts as the basic unit of kinship. The extended family system is common and evolved from the polyandric system of the past. The family is headed by a senior male member, known as the Yunda, while his wife, known as the Yundamo, attains authority by being the oldest member of the generation. The clan system, also known as Rhus, plays another major role in the Lahauli society. The Spiti Bhot community has an inheritance system that is otherwise unique to the Tibetans. Upon the death of both parents, only the eldest son will inherit the family property, while the eldest daughter inherits the mother's jewelry, and the younger siblings inherit nothing. Men usually fall back on the social security system of the Trans-Himalayan Gompas. Lifestyle The lifestyles of the Lahauli and Spiti Bhot are similar, owing to their proximity. Polyandry was widely practised by the Lahaulis in the past, although this practice has been dying out. The Spiti Bhot does not generally practice polyandry anymore, although it is accepted in a few isolated regions. Divorces are accomplished by a simple ceremony performed in the presence of village elders. Divorce can be sought by either partner. The husband has to pay compensation to his ex-wife if she does not remarry. However, this is uncommon among the Lahaulis. Agriculture is the main source of livelihood. Potato farming is common. Occupations include animal husbandry, working in government programs and services, and other businesses and crafts that include weaving. Houses are constructed in the Tibetan architectural style, as the land in Lahul and Spiti is mountainous and quite prone to earthquakes. Religion Most of the Lahaulis follow a combination of Hinduism and Tibetan Buddhism of the Drukpa Kagyu order, while the Spiti Bhotia follow Tibetan Buddhism of the Gelugpa order. Within Lahaul, the Todh-Gahr (upper region of Lahaul towards Ladakh) region had the strongest Buddhist influence, owing to its close proximity to Spiti. Before the spread of Tibetan Buddhism and Hinduism, the people were adherents of the religion 'Lung Pe Chhoi', an animistic religion that had some affinities with the Bön the religion of Tibet. While the religion flourished, animal and human sacrifices were regularly offered up to the 'Iha', a term that refers to evil spirits residing in the natural world, notably in the old pencil-cedar trees, rocks, and caves. Vestiges of the Lung Pe Chhoi religion can be seen in the behavior of the Lamas, who are believed to possess certain supernatural powers. The Losar festival (also known as Halda in Lahauli) is celebrated between the months of January and February. The date of the celebration is decided by the Lamas. It has the same significance as the Diwali festival of Hinduism, but is celebrated in a Tibetan fashion. At the start of the festival, two or three persons from every household will walk in the procession holding burning incense. The burning sticks are then piled into a bonfire. The people will then pray to Shiskar Apa, the goddess of wealth (another name Vasudhara) in the Buddhist religion. Buddhist monasteries Spiti is one of the important centers of Buddhism in Himachal Pradesh. It is popularly known as the 'land of lamas'. The valley is dotted by numerous Buddhist Monasteries or Gompas. These are some of the important monasteries in the Lahul and Spiti valleys. Kye Monastery: Kye Monastery is one of the main learning centers of Buddhist studies in Spiti. The monastery is home to some 100-odd monks who receive their education here. It is the oldest and biggest monastery in Spiti. It houses rare paintings and scriptures of Buddha and other gods and goddesses. There are also rare 'Thangka' paintings and ancient musical instruments 'like trumpets, cymbals, and drums in the monastery.Tabo Monastery: Perched at an altitude of 3050 meters, Tabo Monastery is often referred to as the 'Ajanta of the Himalayas'. It is located 45 km from Kaza, Himachal Pradesh, the capital of the Spiti region. This monastery garnered interest when it celebrated its thousandth year of existence in 1996. The Tabo Monastery was founded by scholar Richen Zangpo. The monastery houses more than 60 lamas and contains a collection of rare scriptures, pieces of art, and wall paintings - Thankas, and Stucco. There is a modern guest house with a dining hall and amenities. Kardang Monastery: Kardang Monastery, is located at an elevation of 3,500 meters across the river, about 8 km from Keylong. Kardang is well connected by the road via the Tandi bridge which is about 14 km from Keylong. Built-in the 12th century, this monastery houses a large library of Buddhist literature including the main Kangyur and Tangyur scriptures. Tourism The natural scenery and numerous Buddhist monasteries are the main tourist attractions of the region. The dangerous weather in Lahaul and Spiti permits visitors only between the months of June to October when the roads and villages are free of snow and the high passes (Rothang La and Kunzum La) are open. It is possible to access Spiti from Kinnaur (along the Sutlej) all through the year, although the road is sometimes temporarily closed by landslides or avalanches. Adventure tourism To-do-Trails: The Spiti Valley is popular with trekkers due to the challenging nature of its treks. These treks take people to remote areas including rural villages and old Gompas, as well as wildlife trails. High-altitude treks allow travelers to cross passes such as Parangla Pass (connecting Ladakh with Spiti Valley), Pin Parvati Pass, Baba Pass, Hamta Pass trek, and Spiti Left Bank Trek. Popular trekking routes in the area include Kaza-Langza-Hikim-Komic-Kaza, Kaza-Ki-Kibber-Gete-Kaza, Kaza-Losar-Kunzum La, and Kaza-Tabo-Sumdo-Nako. Skiing: Skiing is a popular activity with tourists in Spiti. Yak Safari: Yak rides are used to see the flora and fauna of the trans-Himalayan desert. Politics Gallery Bhaga valley From Baralacha La to the confluence at Tandi, Lahaul. Chandra-Bhaga (Chenab) valley From the confluence of the Chandra and Bhaga rivers at Tandi to Chamba district border downstream of Udaipur, Lahaul Chandra valley From the confluence at Tandi to Kunzum La separating Lahaul and Spiti Spiti valley From Kunzum La to the border with Kinnaur district at Sumdo, Spiti. See also List of highest towns by country Lahuli–Spiti languages Lahuli language (disambiguation) Spiti Bhoti Lahul Lohar language References Bibliography Ciliberto, Jonathan. (2013). "Six Weeks in the Spiti Valley". Circle B Press. 2013. Atlanta. ISBN 978-0-9659336-6-7 Handa, O. C. (1987). Buddhist Monasteries in Himachal Pradesh. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi. ISBN 81-85182-03-5. Hutchinson, J. & J. PH Vogel (1933). History of the Panjab Hill States, Vol. II. (1st ed) Lahore: Govt. Printing, Punjab, 1933. Reprint 2000. Department of Language and Culture, Himachal Pradesh. Chapter X Lahaul, pp. 474–483; Spiti, pp. 484–488. Kapadia, Harish. (1999). Spiti: Adventures in the Trans-Himalaya. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Indus Publishing Company. ISBN 81-7387-093-4. Janet Rizvi. (1996). Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, Delhi. ISBN 0-19-564546-4. Cunningham, Alexander. (1854). LADĀK: Physical, Statistical, and Historical with Notices of the Surrounding Countries. London. Reprint: Sagar Publications (1977). Francke, A. H. (1977). A History of Ladakh. (Originally published as, A History of Western Tibet, (1907). 1977 Edition with critical introduction and annotations by S. S. Gergan & F. M. Hassnain. Sterling Publishers, New Delhi. Francke, A. H. (1914). Antiquities of Indian Tibet. Two Volumes. Calcutta. 1972 reprint: S. Chand, New Delhi. Banach, Benti (2010). 'A Village Called Self-Awareness, life and times in Spiti Valley'. Vajra Publications, Kathmandu ISBN 9937506441. External links Lahaul and Spiti travel guide from Wikivoyage Official Website of the district

urban population

Joseph Atsumi Misue (24 April 1936 – 28 June 2016) was a Japanese Roman Catholic bishop. Ordained to the priesthood in 1963, Misue served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Hiroshima, Japan, from 1985 to 2011. == Notes ==

place of death

Joseph Atsumi Misue (24 April 1936 – 28 June 2016) was a Japanese Roman Catholic bishop. Ordained to the priesthood in 1963, Misue served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Hiroshima, Japan, from 1985 to 2011. == Notes ==

country of citizenship

Joseph Atsumi Misue (24 April 1936 – 28 June 2016) was a Japanese Roman Catholic bishop. Ordained to the priesthood in 1963, Misue served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Hiroshima, Japan, from 1985 to 2011. == Notes ==

position held

Joseph Atsumi Misue (24 April 1936 – 28 June 2016) was a Japanese Roman Catholic bishop. Ordained to the priesthood in 1963, Misue served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Hiroshima, Japan, from 1985 to 2011. == Notes ==

given name

Quebec – Path of Conquest is an 11-minute 1942 Canadian documentary film, made by the National Film Board of Canada as part of the wartime Canada Carries On series. The film was directed by Radford Crawley and produced by Raymond Spottiswoode. Quebec – Path of Conquest describes the importance of the province of Quebec to Canada and the Allied war effort during the Second World War. The film's French version title is Québec, tremplin stratégique. Synopsis In 1934, Nazi Germany had identified the resources of Eastern Canada, the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway as prime targets in a future global "blueprint for conquest". An Axis attack on North America and Canada would be aimed at this region, and its resources. From rich timberlands in the hinterlands to the mines of the Canadian Shield, the bountiful resources of Quebec have been harnessed for a new purpose. Many of the mineral products of the province, such as chrome, asbestos, mica, gypsum, magnesium and copper are important to the war effort. The population of Quebec, totalling more than three million residents and countless others living abroad, rather than being easily conquered, will become a new front in the war. Farmers, factory workers and the ordinary citizen in Quebec have thrown themselves into the war effort. The workers who have a rich heritage of Québécois crafts and hand-made products have been turned into a modern industrial workforce able to handle the most complex and sophisticated machinery. One of the other significant contributions from Quebec are the weapons of war produced by the province's industry, mainly concentrated in Montreal where munitions factories and aircraft manufacturing plants were built and were running at full capacity. From the airfields along the eastern seaboard come the bombers that are built in North America, as they are ferried across the Atlantic Ocean. The seaports that also are found in this region provide not only the warships but also the merchant shipping from countless nations setting out in convoys to supply Great Britain and other Allies across the Atlantic. The importance of Quebec cannot be underestimated, as is the resolve of its people to fight against Axis aggression. Production Quebec – Path of Conquest was the part of the wartime Canada Carries On propaganda short film series, produced with financial backing from the Wartime Information Board for the Director of Public Information, Herbert Lash. Like Un du 22e, the first NFB film produced by the French-language division about the Royal 22e Régiment, Quebec – Path of Conquest was aimed specifically at encouraging young French-Canadian men to support the war and enlist.The images of a mythic Quebec, complete with homespun community events was used to create the impression of a populace united in facing a common enemy, a complete departure from the actual resistance to the war that was occurring among the Québécois. Typical of the NFB's series of morale-boosting films, Quebec – Path of Conquest used the format of a compilation documentary, relying heavily on newsreel material in order to provide the background to the dialogue. Original footage was shot at Montreal's docks and factories, notably the Montreal factories where munitions and aircraft were manufactured. Ship and rail yards were also prominently featured.The deep baritone voice of stage actor Lorne Greene was featured in the uncredited narration of Quebec – Path of Conquest. Greene's participation as a narrator was particularly useful in a propaganda film, as he was well known for his work on both radio broadcasts as a news announcer at CBC. In narrating many of the Canada Carries On series, his sonorous recitation led to nickname, "The Voice of Canada", and the "Voice-of-God". When reading grim battle statistics or narrating a particularly serious topic such as Quebec's role in the war effort, he was known as "The Voice of Doom". Reception Quebec – Path of Conquest was produced in 35 mm for the theatrical market. Each film in both the NFB The World in Action and Canada Carries On series was shown over a six-month period as part of the shorts or newsreel segments in approximately 800 theatres across Canada.The NFB had an arrangement with Famous Players theatres to ensure that Canadians from coast-to-coast could see them, with further distribution by Columbia Pictures. After the six-month theatrical tour ended, individual films were made available on 16 mm to schools, libraries, churches and factories, extending the life of these films for another year or two. They were also made available to film libraries operated by university and provincial authorities. See also The Front of Steel (1940) The Battle of Brains (1941) References Notes Citations Bibliography External links Quebec – Path of Conquest in the NFB collection catalog Video on YouTube Quebec – Path of Conquest at IMDb

instance of

Quebec – Path of Conquest is an 11-minute 1942 Canadian documentary film, made by the National Film Board of Canada as part of the wartime Canada Carries On series. The film was directed by Radford Crawley and produced by Raymond Spottiswoode. Quebec – Path of Conquest describes the importance of the province of Quebec to Canada and the Allied war effort during the Second World War. The film's French version title is Québec, tremplin stratégique. Synopsis In 1934, Nazi Germany had identified the resources of Eastern Canada, the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway as prime targets in a future global "blueprint for conquest". An Axis attack on North America and Canada would be aimed at this region, and its resources. From rich timberlands in the hinterlands to the mines of the Canadian Shield, the bountiful resources of Quebec have been harnessed for a new purpose. Many of the mineral products of the province, such as chrome, asbestos, mica, gypsum, magnesium and copper are important to the war effort. The population of Quebec, totalling more than three million residents and countless others living abroad, rather than being easily conquered, will become a new front in the war. Farmers, factory workers and the ordinary citizen in Quebec have thrown themselves into the war effort. The workers who have a rich heritage of Québécois crafts and hand-made products have been turned into a modern industrial workforce able to handle the most complex and sophisticated machinery. One of the other significant contributions from Quebec are the weapons of war produced by the province's industry, mainly concentrated in Montreal where munitions factories and aircraft manufacturing plants were built and were running at full capacity. From the airfields along the eastern seaboard come the bombers that are built in North America, as they are ferried across the Atlantic Ocean. The seaports that also are found in this region provide not only the warships but also the merchant shipping from countless nations setting out in convoys to supply Great Britain and other Allies across the Atlantic. The importance of Quebec cannot be underestimated, as is the resolve of its people to fight against Axis aggression. Production Quebec – Path of Conquest was the part of the wartime Canada Carries On propaganda short film series, produced with financial backing from the Wartime Information Board for the Director of Public Information, Herbert Lash. Like Un du 22e, the first NFB film produced by the French-language division about the Royal 22e Régiment, Quebec – Path of Conquest was aimed specifically at encouraging young French-Canadian men to support the war and enlist.The images of a mythic Quebec, complete with homespun community events was used to create the impression of a populace united in facing a common enemy, a complete departure from the actual resistance to the war that was occurring among the Québécois. Typical of the NFB's series of morale-boosting films, Quebec – Path of Conquest used the format of a compilation documentary, relying heavily on newsreel material in order to provide the background to the dialogue. Original footage was shot at Montreal's docks and factories, notably the Montreal factories where munitions and aircraft were manufactured. Ship and rail yards were also prominently featured.The deep baritone voice of stage actor Lorne Greene was featured in the uncredited narration of Quebec – Path of Conquest. Greene's participation as a narrator was particularly useful in a propaganda film, as he was well known for his work on both radio broadcasts as a news announcer at CBC. In narrating many of the Canada Carries On series, his sonorous recitation led to nickname, "The Voice of Canada", and the "Voice-of-God". When reading grim battle statistics or narrating a particularly serious topic such as Quebec's role in the war effort, he was known as "The Voice of Doom". Reception Quebec – Path of Conquest was produced in 35 mm for the theatrical market. Each film in both the NFB The World in Action and Canada Carries On series was shown over a six-month period as part of the shorts or newsreel segments in approximately 800 theatres across Canada.The NFB had an arrangement with Famous Players theatres to ensure that Canadians from coast-to-coast could see them, with further distribution by Columbia Pictures. After the six-month theatrical tour ended, individual films were made available on 16 mm to schools, libraries, churches and factories, extending the life of these films for another year or two. They were also made available to film libraries operated by university and provincial authorities. See also The Front of Steel (1940) The Battle of Brains (1941) References Notes Citations Bibliography External links Quebec – Path of Conquest in the NFB collection catalog Video on YouTube Quebec – Path of Conquest at IMDb

country of origin

Quebec – Path of Conquest is an 11-minute 1942 Canadian documentary film, made by the National Film Board of Canada as part of the wartime Canada Carries On series. The film was directed by Radford Crawley and produced by Raymond Spottiswoode. Quebec – Path of Conquest describes the importance of the province of Quebec to Canada and the Allied war effort during the Second World War. The film's French version title is Québec, tremplin stratégique. Synopsis In 1934, Nazi Germany had identified the resources of Eastern Canada, the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway as prime targets in a future global "blueprint for conquest". An Axis attack on North America and Canada would be aimed at this region, and its resources. From rich timberlands in the hinterlands to the mines of the Canadian Shield, the bountiful resources of Quebec have been harnessed for a new purpose. Many of the mineral products of the province, such as chrome, asbestos, mica, gypsum, magnesium and copper are important to the war effort. The population of Quebec, totalling more than three million residents and countless others living abroad, rather than being easily conquered, will become a new front in the war. Farmers, factory workers and the ordinary citizen in Quebec have thrown themselves into the war effort. The workers who have a rich heritage of Québécois crafts and hand-made products have been turned into a modern industrial workforce able to handle the most complex and sophisticated machinery. One of the other significant contributions from Quebec are the weapons of war produced by the province's industry, mainly concentrated in Montreal where munitions factories and aircraft manufacturing plants were built and were running at full capacity. From the airfields along the eastern seaboard come the bombers that are built in North America, as they are ferried across the Atlantic Ocean. The seaports that also are found in this region provide not only the warships but also the merchant shipping from countless nations setting out in convoys to supply Great Britain and other Allies across the Atlantic. The importance of Quebec cannot be underestimated, as is the resolve of its people to fight against Axis aggression. Production Quebec – Path of Conquest was the part of the wartime Canada Carries On propaganda short film series, produced with financial backing from the Wartime Information Board for the Director of Public Information, Herbert Lash. Like Un du 22e, the first NFB film produced by the French-language division about the Royal 22e Régiment, Quebec – Path of Conquest was aimed specifically at encouraging young French-Canadian men to support the war and enlist.The images of a mythic Quebec, complete with homespun community events was used to create the impression of a populace united in facing a common enemy, a complete departure from the actual resistance to the war that was occurring among the Québécois. Typical of the NFB's series of morale-boosting films, Quebec – Path of Conquest used the format of a compilation documentary, relying heavily on newsreel material in order to provide the background to the dialogue. Original footage was shot at Montreal's docks and factories, notably the Montreal factories where munitions and aircraft were manufactured. Ship and rail yards were also prominently featured.The deep baritone voice of stage actor Lorne Greene was featured in the uncredited narration of Quebec – Path of Conquest. Greene's participation as a narrator was particularly useful in a propaganda film, as he was well known for his work on both radio broadcasts as a news announcer at CBC. In narrating many of the Canada Carries On series, his sonorous recitation led to nickname, "The Voice of Canada", and the "Voice-of-God". When reading grim battle statistics or narrating a particularly serious topic such as Quebec's role in the war effort, he was known as "The Voice of Doom". Reception Quebec – Path of Conquest was produced in 35 mm for the theatrical market. Each film in both the NFB The World in Action and Canada Carries On series was shown over a six-month period as part of the shorts or newsreel segments in approximately 800 theatres across Canada.The NFB had an arrangement with Famous Players theatres to ensure that Canadians from coast-to-coast could see them, with further distribution by Columbia Pictures. After the six-month theatrical tour ended, individual films were made available on 16 mm to schools, libraries, churches and factories, extending the life of these films for another year or two. They were also made available to film libraries operated by university and provincial authorities. See also The Front of Steel (1940) The Battle of Brains (1941) References Notes Citations Bibliography External links Quebec – Path of Conquest in the NFB collection catalog Video on YouTube Quebec – Path of Conquest at IMDb

title

Colesville is the name of some places in the United States of America: Colesville, Maryland Colesville, New York See also Coalville Coalville, Utah

country

Colesville is the name of some places in the United States of America: Colesville, Maryland Colesville, New York See also Coalville Coalville, Utah

Commons category

Higor Matheus Meritão (born 23 June 1994) is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Liga MX club UNAM. He has previously represented a number of São Paulo state clubs in the lower divisions of the Campeonato Paulista, as well as a spell with Botafogo-PB in 2017. He made his debut in the national league in 2018 for Ferroviária in a 2018 Campeonato Brasileiro Série D match against Cianorte on 19 May 2018. Following his loan move to Botafogo-SP, he made his Campeonato Brasileiro Série B debut as a second-half substitute in the first match of the 2019 season, against Vitória. References External links Higor Meritão at Soccerway

country of citizenship

Higor Matheus Meritão (born 23 June 1994) is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Liga MX club UNAM. He has previously represented a number of São Paulo state clubs in the lower divisions of the Campeonato Paulista, as well as a spell with Botafogo-PB in 2017. He made his debut in the national league in 2018 for Ferroviária in a 2018 Campeonato Brasileiro Série D match against Cianorte on 19 May 2018. Following his loan move to Botafogo-SP, he made his Campeonato Brasileiro Série B debut as a second-half substitute in the first match of the 2019 season, against Vitória. References External links Higor Meritão at Soccerway

position played on team / speciality

Higor Matheus Meritão (born 23 June 1994) is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Liga MX club UNAM. He has previously represented a number of São Paulo state clubs in the lower divisions of the Campeonato Paulista, as well as a spell with Botafogo-PB in 2017. He made his debut in the national league in 2018 for Ferroviária in a 2018 Campeonato Brasileiro Série D match against Cianorte on 19 May 2018. Following his loan move to Botafogo-SP, he made his Campeonato Brasileiro Série B debut as a second-half substitute in the first match of the 2019 season, against Vitória. References External links Higor Meritão at Soccerway

given name

Grand-Popo is a town, arrondissement, and commune in the Mono Department of south-western Benin. The commune covers an area of 289 square kilometres and as at the 2013 Census had a population of 57,636 people. The term "Grand-Popo" is a European exonym for the ancient town and kingdom of "Hulagan" (Great Hula). The Hula/Xwla/Phla people that once dominated the Togo-Benin coast traditionally regarded Great Hula as their ancestral town of common origin. It is unclear why Europeans began calling it Popo rather than Hula. It may come from a generic Yoruba term "popo" for peoples to their "west", which was subsequently borrowed by the Portuguese to refer to the Hula/Phla specifically. An alternative theory connects the "Popo" term to an ancient ruler called Kpokpo of Tado (an Aja town in the interior), which the Europeans may have confused with Hulagan.The town grew around the slave trade, but coastal erosion has now destroyed most of the old town. The town is now a centre for voodoo and home to a Finnish-African cultural centre, Villa Karo. The town's main industry is fishing. The town inspired the name of the French electronic music duo Grand Popo Football Club, as well as the name of the iPad application creator Grand Popo LLC. History References External links Grand Popo travel guide from Wikivoyage History of Grand-Popo at Wikibooks

country

Grand-Popo is a town, arrondissement, and commune in the Mono Department of south-western Benin. The commune covers an area of 289 square kilometres and as at the 2013 Census had a population of 57,636 people. The term "Grand-Popo" is a European exonym for the ancient town and kingdom of "Hulagan" (Great Hula). The Hula/Xwla/Phla people that once dominated the Togo-Benin coast traditionally regarded Great Hula as their ancestral town of common origin. It is unclear why Europeans began calling it Popo rather than Hula. It may come from a generic Yoruba term "popo" for peoples to their "west", which was subsequently borrowed by the Portuguese to refer to the Hula/Phla specifically. An alternative theory connects the "Popo" term to an ancient ruler called Kpokpo of Tado (an Aja town in the interior), which the Europeans may have confused with Hulagan.The town grew around the slave trade, but coastal erosion has now destroyed most of the old town. The town is now a centre for voodoo and home to a Finnish-African cultural centre, Villa Karo. The town's main industry is fishing. The town inspired the name of the French electronic music duo Grand Popo Football Club, as well as the name of the iPad application creator Grand Popo LLC. History References External links Grand Popo travel guide from Wikivoyage History of Grand-Popo at Wikibooks

located in the administrative territorial entity

Grand-Popo is a town, arrondissement, and commune in the Mono Department of south-western Benin. The commune covers an area of 289 square kilometres and as at the 2013 Census had a population of 57,636 people. The term "Grand-Popo" is a European exonym for the ancient town and kingdom of "Hulagan" (Great Hula). The Hula/Xwla/Phla people that once dominated the Togo-Benin coast traditionally regarded Great Hula as their ancestral town of common origin. It is unclear why Europeans began calling it Popo rather than Hula. It may come from a generic Yoruba term "popo" for peoples to their "west", which was subsequently borrowed by the Portuguese to refer to the Hula/Phla specifically. An alternative theory connects the "Popo" term to an ancient ruler called Kpokpo of Tado (an Aja town in the interior), which the Europeans may have confused with Hulagan.The town grew around the slave trade, but coastal erosion has now destroyed most of the old town. The town is now a centre for voodoo and home to a Finnish-African cultural centre, Villa Karo. The town's main industry is fishing. The town inspired the name of the French electronic music duo Grand Popo Football Club, as well as the name of the iPad application creator Grand Popo LLC. History References External links Grand Popo travel guide from Wikivoyage History of Grand-Popo at Wikibooks

Commons category

Grand-Popo is a town, arrondissement, and commune in the Mono Department of south-western Benin. The commune covers an area of 289 square kilometres and as at the 2013 Census had a population of 57,636 people. The term "Grand-Popo" is a European exonym for the ancient town and kingdom of "Hulagan" (Great Hula). The Hula/Xwla/Phla people that once dominated the Togo-Benin coast traditionally regarded Great Hula as their ancestral town of common origin. It is unclear why Europeans began calling it Popo rather than Hula. It may come from a generic Yoruba term "popo" for peoples to their "west", which was subsequently borrowed by the Portuguese to refer to the Hula/Phla specifically. An alternative theory connects the "Popo" term to an ancient ruler called Kpokpo of Tado (an Aja town in the interior), which the Europeans may have confused with Hulagan.The town grew around the slave trade, but coastal erosion has now destroyed most of the old town. The town is now a centre for voodoo and home to a Finnish-African cultural centre, Villa Karo. The town's main industry is fishing. The town inspired the name of the French electronic music duo Grand Popo Football Club, as well as the name of the iPad application creator Grand Popo LLC. History References External links Grand Popo travel guide from Wikivoyage History of Grand-Popo at Wikibooks

elevation above sea level

Grand-Popo is a town, arrondissement, and commune in the Mono Department of south-western Benin. The commune covers an area of 289 square kilometres and as at the 2013 Census had a population of 57,636 people. The term "Grand-Popo" is a European exonym for the ancient town and kingdom of "Hulagan" (Great Hula). The Hula/Xwla/Phla people that once dominated the Togo-Benin coast traditionally regarded Great Hula as their ancestral town of common origin. It is unclear why Europeans began calling it Popo rather than Hula. It may come from a generic Yoruba term "popo" for peoples to their "west", which was subsequently borrowed by the Portuguese to refer to the Hula/Phla specifically. An alternative theory connects the "Popo" term to an ancient ruler called Kpokpo of Tado (an Aja town in the interior), which the Europeans may have confused with Hulagan.The town grew around the slave trade, but coastal erosion has now destroyed most of the old town. The town is now a centre for voodoo and home to a Finnish-African cultural centre, Villa Karo. The town's main industry is fishing. The town inspired the name of the French electronic music duo Grand Popo Football Club, as well as the name of the iPad application creator Grand Popo LLC. History References External links Grand Popo travel guide from Wikivoyage History of Grand-Popo at Wikibooks

area

Anthony John (Tony) Culyer CBE (born 1 July 1942) is a British economist, and emeritus professor of economics at the University of York, visiting professor at Imperial College London and adjunct professor in health policy, evaluation and management at the University of Toronto, known for his work in the field of health economics. Biography Culyer was educated at Sir William Borlase's Grammar School in Marlow, Buckinghamshire, and at King's School Worcester. He obtained his B.A. in economics at the University of Exeter in 1964. Sequentially he studied and worked another year at the University of California, Los Angeles, on a Fulbright Travel scholarship. Culyer started his academic career at the University of Exeter in 1965 and subsequently moved to York in 1969, where he became professor at the Department of Economics & Related Studies. From 1986 to 2001 he was also department head, and from 1991 to 1997 pro-chancellor and then deputy vice-chancellor. At the University of Toronto he was appointed Ontario Chair of Health Policy & System Design. In Toronto from 2003 to 2006, on leave from York, he was also chief scientist at the Institute for Work and Health, of which he is still an adjunct professor, and chaired the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board's Research Council. In 2016, he was a distinguished visiting scholar, Witwatersrand University, South Africa and, since 2016, he has been a visiting professor at Imperial College London. He currently chairs the International Decision Support Initiative. Culyer is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, and Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences. In 1999 Culyer was awarded Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE). In the same year, in 1999, he was awarded an honorary doctorate in economics by the Stockholm School of Economics. In 2015 he received the William B. Graham Prize for Health Services Research, along with Alan Maynard. In 2015 he also received the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) Avedis Donabedian Outcomes Research Lifetime Achievement Award and was appointed Hall Laureate in Canada by the Justice Emmett Hall Memorial Foundation. For many years he was organist and choir director at St Catherine's church, Barmby Moor, and until 2016 was a trustee and council member of the Royal School of Church Music. Work Health economics Culyer was the founding organizer of the Health Economists' Study Group in the UK in 1972, the first such professional organisation for health economists and since much copied around the world. In 1982 he founded, together with Joe Newhouse at Harvard, the Journal of Health Economics, which quickly established itself as the principal international journal for health economics. He continued to edit it until 2013.In 1994 Culyer chaired a task-force into Research and Development in the National Health Service of England and Wales which resulted in major changes in its organisation and funding. For many years Culyer was the chairman of the Office of Health Economics in London England. In 1999 Culyer was appointed as the vice chair of the National Institute for Health Excellence (NICE) based in London, England, and led the economics side of its work until his move to Toronto in 2003. He later chaired NICE International's Advisory Group and its successor the International Decision Support Initiative based at Imperial College London, where he is a visiting professor.. Publications He has written over 300 articles and short pieces and edited or authored 36 books, of which the most recent are The Encyclopedia of Health Economics (2014, Elsevier), The Dictionary of Health Economics (3rd edition, 2014, Edward Elgar) and (with colleagues) Portrait of a Health Economist: Festschrift in Honour of Bengt Jönsson, Lund: Institute of Health Economics, and (in 2016) A Star in the East: A Short History of HITAP, Bangkok: Amarin. A collection of his essays was published in 2012 called The Humble Economist: Tony Culyer on Health, Health Care and Social Decision Making, (Eds. R A Cookson and K Claxton), London and York: Office of Health Economics and University of York. Selected publications Culyer, Anthony J. The Economics of Social Policy. Dunellen: New York, 1973. Culyer, Anthony J. The political economy of social policy. Oxford: Martin Robertson, 1980. ISBN 0855203706 Culyer, Anthony J., and Joseph P. Newhouse, eds. Handbook of health economics. Elsevier, 2000. ISBN 0444822909 Culyer, Anthony J. The Humble Economist: Tony Culyer on Health, Health Care and Social Decision Making, (Eds. R Cookson and K Claxton), London and York: Office of Health Economics and University of York, 2012. ISBN 0952560151 Culyer, Anthony J. The Dictionary of Health Economics, 3rd edition, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2014. ISBN 1781001995 Culyer, Anthony J. (editor-in-chief), The Encyclopedia of Health Economics, Elsevier, 2014 (3 Vols) (online) ISBN 0123756790Articles, a selection: Culyer, Anthony J. "The normative economics of health care finance and provision." Oxford review of economic policy (1989): 34–58. Culyer, Anthony J., and Adam Wagstaff. "Equity and equality in health and health care." Journal of health economics 12.4 (1993): 431–457. Rawlins, Michael D., and Anthony J. Culyer. "National Institute for Clinical Excellence and its value judgments." BMJ: British Medical Journal 329.7459 (2004): 224. McCabe, Christopher, Karl Claxton, and Anthony J. Culyer. "The NICE cost-effectiveness threshold." Pharmacoeconomics 26.9 (2008): 733–744. Culyer, Anthony J. "Cost-effectiveness thresholds in health care: a bookshelf guide to their meaning and use", Health Economics, Policy and Law, 11: (2016): 415–432. References External links Professor Anthony Culyer at york.ac.uk

educated at

Anthony John (Tony) Culyer CBE (born 1 July 1942) is a British economist, and emeritus professor of economics at the University of York, visiting professor at Imperial College London and adjunct professor in health policy, evaluation and management at the University of Toronto, known for his work in the field of health economics. Biography Culyer was educated at Sir William Borlase's Grammar School in Marlow, Buckinghamshire, and at King's School Worcester. He obtained his B.A. in economics at the University of Exeter in 1964. Sequentially he studied and worked another year at the University of California, Los Angeles, on a Fulbright Travel scholarship. Culyer started his academic career at the University of Exeter in 1965 and subsequently moved to York in 1969, where he became professor at the Department of Economics & Related Studies. From 1986 to 2001 he was also department head, and from 1991 to 1997 pro-chancellor and then deputy vice-chancellor. At the University of Toronto he was appointed Ontario Chair of Health Policy & System Design. In Toronto from 2003 to 2006, on leave from York, he was also chief scientist at the Institute for Work and Health, of which he is still an adjunct professor, and chaired the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board's Research Council. In 2016, he was a distinguished visiting scholar, Witwatersrand University, South Africa and, since 2016, he has been a visiting professor at Imperial College London. He currently chairs the International Decision Support Initiative. Culyer is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, and Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences. In 1999 Culyer was awarded Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE). In the same year, in 1999, he was awarded an honorary doctorate in economics by the Stockholm School of Economics. In 2015 he received the William B. Graham Prize for Health Services Research, along with Alan Maynard. In 2015 he also received the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) Avedis Donabedian Outcomes Research Lifetime Achievement Award and was appointed Hall Laureate in Canada by the Justice Emmett Hall Memorial Foundation. For many years he was organist and choir director at St Catherine's church, Barmby Moor, and until 2016 was a trustee and council member of the Royal School of Church Music. Work Health economics Culyer was the founding organizer of the Health Economists' Study Group in the UK in 1972, the first such professional organisation for health economists and since much copied around the world. In 1982 he founded, together with Joe Newhouse at Harvard, the Journal of Health Economics, which quickly established itself as the principal international journal for health economics. He continued to edit it until 2013.In 1994 Culyer chaired a task-force into Research and Development in the National Health Service of England and Wales which resulted in major changes in its organisation and funding. For many years Culyer was the chairman of the Office of Health Economics in London England. In 1999 Culyer was appointed as the vice chair of the National Institute for Health Excellence (NICE) based in London, England, and led the economics side of its work until his move to Toronto in 2003. He later chaired NICE International's Advisory Group and its successor the International Decision Support Initiative based at Imperial College London, where he is a visiting professor.. Publications He has written over 300 articles and short pieces and edited or authored 36 books, of which the most recent are The Encyclopedia of Health Economics (2014, Elsevier), The Dictionary of Health Economics (3rd edition, 2014, Edward Elgar) and (with colleagues) Portrait of a Health Economist: Festschrift in Honour of Bengt Jönsson, Lund: Institute of Health Economics, and (in 2016) A Star in the East: A Short History of HITAP, Bangkok: Amarin. A collection of his essays was published in 2012 called The Humble Economist: Tony Culyer on Health, Health Care and Social Decision Making, (Eds. R A Cookson and K Claxton), London and York: Office of Health Economics and University of York. Selected publications Culyer, Anthony J. The Economics of Social Policy. Dunellen: New York, 1973. Culyer, Anthony J. The political economy of social policy. Oxford: Martin Robertson, 1980. ISBN 0855203706 Culyer, Anthony J., and Joseph P. Newhouse, eds. Handbook of health economics. Elsevier, 2000. ISBN 0444822909 Culyer, Anthony J. The Humble Economist: Tony Culyer on Health, Health Care and Social Decision Making, (Eds. R Cookson and K Claxton), London and York: Office of Health Economics and University of York, 2012. ISBN 0952560151 Culyer, Anthony J. The Dictionary of Health Economics, 3rd edition, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2014. ISBN 1781001995 Culyer, Anthony J. (editor-in-chief), The Encyclopedia of Health Economics, Elsevier, 2014 (3 Vols) (online) ISBN 0123756790Articles, a selection: Culyer, Anthony J. "The normative economics of health care finance and provision." Oxford review of economic policy (1989): 34–58. Culyer, Anthony J., and Adam Wagstaff. "Equity and equality in health and health care." Journal of health economics 12.4 (1993): 431–457. Rawlins, Michael D., and Anthony J. Culyer. "National Institute for Clinical Excellence and its value judgments." BMJ: British Medical Journal 329.7459 (2004): 224. McCabe, Christopher, Karl Claxton, and Anthony J. Culyer. "The NICE cost-effectiveness threshold." Pharmacoeconomics 26.9 (2008): 733–744. Culyer, Anthony J. "Cost-effectiveness thresholds in health care: a bookshelf guide to their meaning and use", Health Economics, Policy and Law, 11: (2016): 415–432. References External links Professor Anthony Culyer at york.ac.uk

occupation