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Native Tongue (stylized in all uppercase) is the eleventh studio album by American alternative rock band Switchfoot. It was released on January 18, 2019, through Fantasy Records. Native Tongue peaked at No. 41 in its opening week on the Billboard 200 chart and No. 2 on the Billboard Christian albums chart. At the 50th Dove Awards, Native Tongue won Rock/Contemporary Album of the Year. Promotion Singles "Native Tongue" was released on October 19, 2018, as the album's first single, and was written by Jon Foreman, Tim Foreman, and Brent Kutzle of OneRepublic. The video for the track premiered on Paste magazine's website the same day."Voices" was released on November 16, 2018, as the second single and the music video was released on the same day. Switchfoot promoted the album with a North American Native Tongue Tour, with supporting acts Colony House and Tyson Motsenbocker."All I Need" was released on December 14, 2018, across all streaming platforms, followed by "Let it Happen" on January 4, 2019. Accolades Track listing History Native Tongue is Switchfoot's first studio album since Learning to Breathe (in 2000) not to crack the top 20 on the Billboard 200. It is also Switchfoot's first studio album since Hello Hurricane, in 2009, not to peak at No. 1 on the Billboard Top Christian Albums chart. It is Switchfoot's longest studio album by track listing, and the second-longest by duration, beaten only by Vice Verses. Personnel Charts == References ==

genre

Native Tongue (stylized in all uppercase) is the eleventh studio album by American alternative rock band Switchfoot. It was released on January 18, 2019, through Fantasy Records. Native Tongue peaked at No. 41 in its opening week on the Billboard 200 chart and No. 2 on the Billboard Christian albums chart. At the 50th Dove Awards, Native Tongue won Rock/Contemporary Album of the Year. Promotion Singles "Native Tongue" was released on October 19, 2018, as the album's first single, and was written by Jon Foreman, Tim Foreman, and Brent Kutzle of OneRepublic. The video for the track premiered on Paste magazine's website the same day."Voices" was released on November 16, 2018, as the second single and the music video was released on the same day. Switchfoot promoted the album with a North American Native Tongue Tour, with supporting acts Colony House and Tyson Motsenbocker."All I Need" was released on December 14, 2018, across all streaming platforms, followed by "Let it Happen" on January 4, 2019. Accolades Track listing History Native Tongue is Switchfoot's first studio album since Learning to Breathe (in 2000) not to crack the top 20 on the Billboard 200. It is also Switchfoot's first studio album since Hello Hurricane, in 2009, not to peak at No. 1 on the Billboard Top Christian Albums chart. It is Switchfoot's longest studio album by track listing, and the second-longest by duration, beaten only by Vice Verses. Personnel Charts == References ==

performer

Native Tongue (stylized in all uppercase) is the eleventh studio album by American alternative rock band Switchfoot. It was released on January 18, 2019, through Fantasy Records. Native Tongue peaked at No. 41 in its opening week on the Billboard 200 chart and No. 2 on the Billboard Christian albums chart. At the 50th Dove Awards, Native Tongue won Rock/Contemporary Album of the Year. Promotion Singles "Native Tongue" was released on October 19, 2018, as the album's first single, and was written by Jon Foreman, Tim Foreman, and Brent Kutzle of OneRepublic. The video for the track premiered on Paste magazine's website the same day."Voices" was released on November 16, 2018, as the second single and the music video was released on the same day. Switchfoot promoted the album with a North American Native Tongue Tour, with supporting acts Colony House and Tyson Motsenbocker."All I Need" was released on December 14, 2018, across all streaming platforms, followed by "Let it Happen" on January 4, 2019. Accolades Track listing History Native Tongue is Switchfoot's first studio album since Learning to Breathe (in 2000) not to crack the top 20 on the Billboard 200. It is also Switchfoot's first studio album since Hello Hurricane, in 2009, not to peak at No. 1 on the Billboard Top Christian Albums chart. It is Switchfoot's longest studio album by track listing, and the second-longest by duration, beaten only by Vice Verses. Personnel Charts == References ==

record label

Rhythmeen is the twelfth studio album by the American rock band ZZ Top, released in 1996. It is their last album with longtime producer Bill Ham. Production and recording Billy recalls "Rick Rubin has turned me on to one of his acts called Barkmarket and that the guitar player uses C# and B tunings so we began experimenting with really low tunings." Around the Rhythmeen era Billy's collection of African artifacts began and several tracks include African tribal percussion. This is when Billy began to sport the Nudu Hat, woven by the Bamileke tribe in Cameroon, Africa. Gibbons uses an early 1950s Les Paul Goldtop guitar and is featured prominently throughout the album.“We originally had a working title of ‘Nearing The Completion Stage'. But, it was the backbeat, that mean groove, which hit us as a strong recurring element of the album. So, we did our customary play on words, shuffling words about until we came up with our own invention – a feel-good elixir named Rhythmeen.” Reception Allmusic gave it a mixed review, stating: "ZZ Top's long-awaited return to blues finally arrived in 1996, well over a decade after they abandoned their simple three-chord boogie for a synth and drum machine-driven three-chord boogie."The album peaked at number 29 on the Billboard 200 and at number 32 on the UK Albums Chart. Track listing Bonus track [Japan] Personnel Billy Gibbons – guitar, vocals Dusty Hill – bass, keyboards, vocals Frank Beard – drums, percussion James Harman - harmonica on "What's Up With That" Greg Morrow - percussion, drums (credited as 'Gangzz Clangzz & Percussion Thangzz') on "She's Just Killing Me" and other tracks Production Producers – Billy Gibbons, Bill Ham Engineer – Joe Hardy Assistant engineers – Lizzie Harrah, Gary Moon Mixing – Joe Hardy Mastering – Bob Ludwig Director – Douglas Biro Art direction – Sean Mosher-Smith Design – Billy Gibbons, Sean Mosher-Smith Photography – James Bland Studio - John Moran's House of Funk aka Digital Services Recording Charts Album – Billboard (United States) Singles – Billboard (United States) == References ==

instance of

Rhythmeen is the twelfth studio album by the American rock band ZZ Top, released in 1996. It is their last album with longtime producer Bill Ham. Production and recording Billy recalls "Rick Rubin has turned me on to one of his acts called Barkmarket and that the guitar player uses C# and B tunings so we began experimenting with really low tunings." Around the Rhythmeen era Billy's collection of African artifacts began and several tracks include African tribal percussion. This is when Billy began to sport the Nudu Hat, woven by the Bamileke tribe in Cameroon, Africa. Gibbons uses an early 1950s Les Paul Goldtop guitar and is featured prominently throughout the album.“We originally had a working title of ‘Nearing The Completion Stage'. But, it was the backbeat, that mean groove, which hit us as a strong recurring element of the album. So, we did our customary play on words, shuffling words about until we came up with our own invention – a feel-good elixir named Rhythmeen.” Reception Allmusic gave it a mixed review, stating: "ZZ Top's long-awaited return to blues finally arrived in 1996, well over a decade after they abandoned their simple three-chord boogie for a synth and drum machine-driven three-chord boogie."The album peaked at number 29 on the Billboard 200 and at number 32 on the UK Albums Chart. Track listing Bonus track [Japan] Personnel Billy Gibbons – guitar, vocals Dusty Hill – bass, keyboards, vocals Frank Beard – drums, percussion James Harman - harmonica on "What's Up With That" Greg Morrow - percussion, drums (credited as 'Gangzz Clangzz & Percussion Thangzz') on "She's Just Killing Me" and other tracks Production Producers – Billy Gibbons, Bill Ham Engineer – Joe Hardy Assistant engineers – Lizzie Harrah, Gary Moon Mixing – Joe Hardy Mastering – Bob Ludwig Director – Douglas Biro Art direction – Sean Mosher-Smith Design – Billy Gibbons, Sean Mosher-Smith Photography – James Bland Studio - John Moran's House of Funk aka Digital Services Recording Charts Album – Billboard (United States) Singles – Billboard (United States) == References ==

producer

Rhythmeen is the twelfth studio album by the American rock band ZZ Top, released in 1996. It is their last album with longtime producer Bill Ham. Production and recording Billy recalls "Rick Rubin has turned me on to one of his acts called Barkmarket and that the guitar player uses C# and B tunings so we began experimenting with really low tunings." Around the Rhythmeen era Billy's collection of African artifacts began and several tracks include African tribal percussion. This is when Billy began to sport the Nudu Hat, woven by the Bamileke tribe in Cameroon, Africa. Gibbons uses an early 1950s Les Paul Goldtop guitar and is featured prominently throughout the album.“We originally had a working title of ‘Nearing The Completion Stage'. But, it was the backbeat, that mean groove, which hit us as a strong recurring element of the album. So, we did our customary play on words, shuffling words about until we came up with our own invention – a feel-good elixir named Rhythmeen.” Reception Allmusic gave it a mixed review, stating: "ZZ Top's long-awaited return to blues finally arrived in 1996, well over a decade after they abandoned their simple three-chord boogie for a synth and drum machine-driven three-chord boogie."The album peaked at number 29 on the Billboard 200 and at number 32 on the UK Albums Chart. Track listing Bonus track [Japan] Personnel Billy Gibbons – guitar, vocals Dusty Hill – bass, keyboards, vocals Frank Beard – drums, percussion James Harman - harmonica on "What's Up With That" Greg Morrow - percussion, drums (credited as 'Gangzz Clangzz & Percussion Thangzz') on "She's Just Killing Me" and other tracks Production Producers – Billy Gibbons, Bill Ham Engineer – Joe Hardy Assistant engineers – Lizzie Harrah, Gary Moon Mixing – Joe Hardy Mastering – Bob Ludwig Director – Douglas Biro Art direction – Sean Mosher-Smith Design – Billy Gibbons, Sean Mosher-Smith Photography – James Bland Studio - John Moran's House of Funk aka Digital Services Recording Charts Album – Billboard (United States) Singles – Billboard (United States) == References ==

performer

Rhythmeen is the twelfth studio album by the American rock band ZZ Top, released in 1996. It is their last album with longtime producer Bill Ham. Production and recording Billy recalls "Rick Rubin has turned me on to one of his acts called Barkmarket and that the guitar player uses C# and B tunings so we began experimenting with really low tunings." Around the Rhythmeen era Billy's collection of African artifacts began and several tracks include African tribal percussion. This is when Billy began to sport the Nudu Hat, woven by the Bamileke tribe in Cameroon, Africa. Gibbons uses an early 1950s Les Paul Goldtop guitar and is featured prominently throughout the album.“We originally had a working title of ‘Nearing The Completion Stage'. But, it was the backbeat, that mean groove, which hit us as a strong recurring element of the album. So, we did our customary play on words, shuffling words about until we came up with our own invention – a feel-good elixir named Rhythmeen.” Reception Allmusic gave it a mixed review, stating: "ZZ Top's long-awaited return to blues finally arrived in 1996, well over a decade after they abandoned their simple three-chord boogie for a synth and drum machine-driven three-chord boogie."The album peaked at number 29 on the Billboard 200 and at number 32 on the UK Albums Chart. Track listing Bonus track [Japan] Personnel Billy Gibbons – guitar, vocals Dusty Hill – bass, keyboards, vocals Frank Beard – drums, percussion James Harman - harmonica on "What's Up With That" Greg Morrow - percussion, drums (credited as 'Gangzz Clangzz & Percussion Thangzz') on "She's Just Killing Me" and other tracks Production Producers – Billy Gibbons, Bill Ham Engineer – Joe Hardy Assistant engineers – Lizzie Harrah, Gary Moon Mixing – Joe Hardy Mastering – Bob Ludwig Director – Douglas Biro Art direction – Sean Mosher-Smith Design – Billy Gibbons, Sean Mosher-Smith Photography – James Bland Studio - John Moran's House of Funk aka Digital Services Recording Charts Album – Billboard (United States) Singles – Billboard (United States) == References ==

form of creative work

Mohamed Amine Zidane (born 5 October 1983 in Relizane) is an Algerian footballer. He currently plays for RC Relizane in the Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 2. == References ==

place of birth

Mohamed Amine Zidane (born 5 October 1983 in Relizane) is an Algerian footballer. He currently plays for RC Relizane in the Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 2. == References ==

country of citizenship

Mohamed Amine Zidane (born 5 October 1983 in Relizane) is an Algerian footballer. He currently plays for RC Relizane in the Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 2. == References ==

member of sports team

Mohamed Amine Zidane (born 5 October 1983 in Relizane) is an Algerian footballer. He currently plays for RC Relizane in the Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 2. == References ==

given name

Lanemeyer was a pop punk band from northern New Jersey, United States. Lanemeyer was formed in 1997. Taking their name from John Cusack's character (Lane Meyer) in the film Better Off Dead..., Lanemeyer were known for their humor and love of comedy. They broke up in 2001 after touring with bands such as The Lawrence Arms, Bigwig, River City High, Whippersnapper, and many more. After the breakup, several members continued to perform with other bands, such as The Forever Endeavor, The Gaslight Anthem, and Day at the Fair (Rushmore Records). Lanemeyer has reunited several times to play single shows, with varying member lineups. In 2018 they re-released Stories for the Big Screen on limited Green Vinyl I Surrender Records. This is Rob Hitt from Midtown's record label. Members Chris Barker (vocals/guitar) Mike Doyle (vocals/bass) - Check out his podcast about the late 90s punk scene Sean Smith (drums) Rob Heiner (guitar) Alan Rappaport (vocals/guitar) David Patino (drums) Andrew Bowman Spratt (guitar) Casey Lee Morgan (guitar) Brian Fallon (vocals/guitar) Discography Stories for the Big Screen EP (1999, Red Leader Records) Lanemeyer/Emanuel Nice split (2000) If There's a Will, There's Still Nothing (2000, Too Hep Records) Songs We Hated The Least (free retrospective compilation CD handed out at their first reunion show) Whispering Every Word into a Smile (2006, Top 5/All About Records)Compilation appearances Punk Uprisings: Incompatible, Vol. 1 - song "Me and You on the Big Screen" (Victory Records, 1998) Punked Up Love - song "Fuck You And Your Boyfriend" (VMS Records, 2000) Punk Rock Strike: Punk Rock Strikes Back, Vol. 2 - song "Alarm" (Springman Records, 2001) Related bands Arcade Academy - Mike Doyle the Look Away - Sean Smith The Gaslight Anthem - Brian Fallon This Charming Man - Brian Fallon Cincinnati Rail Tie - Brian Fallon, Casey Lee Morgan Revolution Summer - Casey Lee Morgan The Forever Endeavor - Casey Lee Morgan We're All Broken - Casey Lee Morgan External links Lanemeyer on ARTISTdirect.com

genre

Lanemeyer was a pop punk band from northern New Jersey, United States. Lanemeyer was formed in 1997. Taking their name from John Cusack's character (Lane Meyer) in the film Better Off Dead..., Lanemeyer were known for their humor and love of comedy. They broke up in 2001 after touring with bands such as The Lawrence Arms, Bigwig, River City High, Whippersnapper, and many more. After the breakup, several members continued to perform with other bands, such as The Forever Endeavor, The Gaslight Anthem, and Day at the Fair (Rushmore Records). Lanemeyer has reunited several times to play single shows, with varying member lineups. In 2018 they re-released Stories for the Big Screen on limited Green Vinyl I Surrender Records. This is Rob Hitt from Midtown's record label. Members Chris Barker (vocals/guitar) Mike Doyle (vocals/bass) - Check out his podcast about the late 90s punk scene Sean Smith (drums) Rob Heiner (guitar) Alan Rappaport (vocals/guitar) David Patino (drums) Andrew Bowman Spratt (guitar) Casey Lee Morgan (guitar) Brian Fallon (vocals/guitar) Discography Stories for the Big Screen EP (1999, Red Leader Records) Lanemeyer/Emanuel Nice split (2000) If There's a Will, There's Still Nothing (2000, Too Hep Records) Songs We Hated The Least (free retrospective compilation CD handed out at their first reunion show) Whispering Every Word into a Smile (2006, Top 5/All About Records)Compilation appearances Punk Uprisings: Incompatible, Vol. 1 - song "Me and You on the Big Screen" (Victory Records, 1998) Punked Up Love - song "Fuck You And Your Boyfriend" (VMS Records, 2000) Punk Rock Strike: Punk Rock Strikes Back, Vol. 2 - song "Alarm" (Springman Records, 2001) Related bands Arcade Academy - Mike Doyle the Look Away - Sean Smith The Gaslight Anthem - Brian Fallon This Charming Man - Brian Fallon Cincinnati Rail Tie - Brian Fallon, Casey Lee Morgan Revolution Summer - Casey Lee Morgan The Forever Endeavor - Casey Lee Morgan We're All Broken - Casey Lee Morgan External links Lanemeyer on ARTISTdirect.com

location of formation

Lanemeyer was a pop punk band from northern New Jersey, United States. Lanemeyer was formed in 1997. Taking their name from John Cusack's character (Lane Meyer) in the film Better Off Dead..., Lanemeyer were known for their humor and love of comedy. They broke up in 2001 after touring with bands such as The Lawrence Arms, Bigwig, River City High, Whippersnapper, and many more. After the breakup, several members continued to perform with other bands, such as The Forever Endeavor, The Gaslight Anthem, and Day at the Fair (Rushmore Records). Lanemeyer has reunited several times to play single shows, with varying member lineups. In 2018 they re-released Stories for the Big Screen on limited Green Vinyl I Surrender Records. This is Rob Hitt from Midtown's record label. Members Chris Barker (vocals/guitar) Mike Doyle (vocals/bass) - Check out his podcast about the late 90s punk scene Sean Smith (drums) Rob Heiner (guitar) Alan Rappaport (vocals/guitar) David Patino (drums) Andrew Bowman Spratt (guitar) Casey Lee Morgan (guitar) Brian Fallon (vocals/guitar) Discography Stories for the Big Screen EP (1999, Red Leader Records) Lanemeyer/Emanuel Nice split (2000) If There's a Will, There's Still Nothing (2000, Too Hep Records) Songs We Hated The Least (free retrospective compilation CD handed out at their first reunion show) Whispering Every Word into a Smile (2006, Top 5/All About Records)Compilation appearances Punk Uprisings: Incompatible, Vol. 1 - song "Me and You on the Big Screen" (Victory Records, 1998) Punked Up Love - song "Fuck You And Your Boyfriend" (VMS Records, 2000) Punk Rock Strike: Punk Rock Strikes Back, Vol. 2 - song "Alarm" (Springman Records, 2001) Related bands Arcade Academy - Mike Doyle the Look Away - Sean Smith The Gaslight Anthem - Brian Fallon This Charming Man - Brian Fallon Cincinnati Rail Tie - Brian Fallon, Casey Lee Morgan Revolution Summer - Casey Lee Morgan The Forever Endeavor - Casey Lee Morgan We're All Broken - Casey Lee Morgan External links Lanemeyer on ARTISTdirect.com

Last.fm ID

Rainbow FC is the name of several football clubs: Rainbow FC (Cameroon) Rainbow FC (South Sudan) Rainbow FC (Bihar)

country

Arizona Rush was an American women's soccer team, founded in 2007. The team was a member of the Women's Premier Soccer League, the third tier of women's soccer in the United States and Canada, until 2010. The team played in the North Division of the Big Sky Conference. The team played its home games at Murphey Field on the campus of the University of Arizona in Tucson, Arizona. The club's colors were royal blue and white. Year-by-year Notable former players The following former players have played at the senior international and/or professional level: Sylvia Gee Honors WPSL Big Sky Conference Champions 2008 Coaches Chris Fernandez 2008–present Stadia Murphey Field, Tucson, Arizona 2008–present External links Official website WPSL Arizona Rush page

league

Arizona Rush was an American women's soccer team, founded in 2007. The team was a member of the Women's Premier Soccer League, the third tier of women's soccer in the United States and Canada, until 2010. The team played in the North Division of the Big Sky Conference. The team played its home games at Murphey Field on the campus of the University of Arizona in Tucson, Arizona. The club's colors were royal blue and white. Year-by-year Notable former players The following former players have played at the senior international and/or professional level: Sylvia Gee Honors WPSL Big Sky Conference Champions 2008 Coaches Chris Fernandez 2008–present Stadia Murphey Field, Tucson, Arizona 2008–present External links Official website WPSL Arizona Rush page

located in the administrative territorial entity

Arizona Rush was an American women's soccer team, founded in 2007. The team was a member of the Women's Premier Soccer League, the third tier of women's soccer in the United States and Canada, until 2010. The team played in the North Division of the Big Sky Conference. The team played its home games at Murphey Field on the campus of the University of Arizona in Tucson, Arizona. The club's colors were royal blue and white. Year-by-year Notable former players The following former players have played at the senior international and/or professional level: Sylvia Gee Honors WPSL Big Sky Conference Champions 2008 Coaches Chris Fernandez 2008–present Stadia Murphey Field, Tucson, Arizona 2008–present External links Official website WPSL Arizona Rush page

headquarters location

Arizona Rush was an American women's soccer team, founded in 2007. The team was a member of the Women's Premier Soccer League, the third tier of women's soccer in the United States and Canada, until 2010. The team played in the North Division of the Big Sky Conference. The team played its home games at Murphey Field on the campus of the University of Arizona in Tucson, Arizona. The club's colors were royal blue and white. Year-by-year Notable former players The following former players have played at the senior international and/or professional level: Sylvia Gee Honors WPSL Big Sky Conference Champions 2008 Coaches Chris Fernandez 2008–present Stadia Murphey Field, Tucson, Arizona 2008–present External links Official website WPSL Arizona Rush page

location

John Riley Kane (January 5, 1907 – May 29, 1996) was a colonel in the United States Army Air Forces and later the United States Air Force who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, in World War II. A native of Texas, Kane joined the Army Air Forces after graduating from Baylor University. During World War II, he commanded the 98th Bombardment Group, a B-24 Liberator unit, and conducted bombing missions in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for leading the 98th in Operation Tidal Wave, a low-altitude attack on oil refineries in Ploieşti, Romania. After the war, he commanded a series of airfields in the U.S. and served a year and a half in North Africa before his retirement. Early life and family Born in January 1907 in McGregor, Texas, Kane grew up in Wichita Falls. His father, John Franklin Kane, was a Baptist minister. He then moved to Munich, Germany. Kane attended Baylor University in Waco, Texas, where he played basketball and football. On January 22, 1927, he was traveling with the basketball team to a game when their bus was struck by a train in Round Rock, Texas, killing 10 of the 22 people aboard; Kane escaped with minor injuries. Those killed became known as the "Immortal Ten", and a homecoming ceremony in their memory has become a Baylor tradition. Kane graduated in 1928 with a Bachelor of Arts degree.Kane married Pansy Inabnett of Shreveport; the couple had one child, John Franklin Kane II. The marriage ended in divorce. Kane met his second wife, a British nurse, in Morocco after the Ploesti raid, named Phyllis. Phyllis Kane died in 1987. Military service Kane moved to Shreveport, Louisiana, and joined the United States Army Air Corps (later the United States Army Air Forces) as an aviation cadet in June 1931. After training in Brooks, Randolph, and Kelly Fields in Texas, he received his commission in 1932. He was stationed at Rockwell and March Fields in southern California before transferring to the reserves in 1934. Re-entering active duty in late 1935, he returned to the Shreveport, Louisiana, area to serve at Barksdale Field, eventually becoming the base commander. By April 1940, he was assigned to MacDill Field in Florida as an operations officer and then commanded a squadron at Lackland Air Force Base in Texas. World War II In July 1942, he was sent to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, where he flew 43 combat missions for a total of 250 combat hours in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. Kane commanded the 98th Bombardment Group, a B-24 Liberator unit nicknamed the "Pyramiders", and his daring operations caused German intelligence reports to dub him "Killer Kane."In December 1942, for leading a raid on Naples, Italy that sank an enemy cruiser and a battleship, he received the Distinguished Flying Cross. Kane earned the Silver Star during a mission in the Middle East when his plane became separated from the formation and was attacked from the rear by an enemy fighter. Although the tail and top turrets of his bomber became inoperative, he successfully outmaneuvered the pursuing Bf 110 through eight different attacks. The fighter eventually exhausted its ammunition and was forced to break off the attack without causing any appreciable damage to Kane's aircraft.On August 1, 1943, Kane, by then a colonel, led the 98th in Operation Tidal Wave, a low-altitude bombing mission against oil refineries in Ploieşti, Romania. The 98th was one of five bomb groups taking part in the attack. En route to the target, which called for a round-trip flight of over 2,400 miles, his element became separated from the leading portion of the massed formation while avoiding dense cloud conditions over mountainous terrain. Rather than turn back from such a vital mission, he elected to proceed to the target. Upon arrival it was discovered that another group had missed its target and then bombed the area assigned to the 98th. Despite the fully warned defenses, intensive anti-aircraft fire, enemy fighter planes, and hazards from delayed-action bombs dropped by the earlier element, oil fires, and dense smoke over the target area, he elected to lead his formation against the oil refineries.By the time Kane's bomber, "Hail Columbia", left the target, it had lost an engine and been struck more than 20 times by anti-aircraft fire. His decision to circle as the command aircraft used up the plane's reserve fuel; the aircraft crash landed in Cyprus before reaching its base in North Africa.For his part in the mission, Kane was awarded the Medal of Honor eight days later, on August 9, 1943. He is one of two Baylor alumni to receive the medal, the other being Jack Lummus. Post-war career Returning to the United States in February 1944, Kane commanded Gowen Field in Idaho followed by McCook and Grand Island Army Air Fields in Nebraska. He graduated from the National War College in June 1947 and became the executive officer at Chanute Field in Illinois. In April 1948, he was made director of technical schools at Lowry Air Force Base, Colorado, and also served there as inspector general and commander of the 3415th Maintenance and Supply Group. He went to Ladd Air Force Base, Alaska, in 1949, being successively chief of staff and base commander.In July 1951, Kane was commander of the Military Air Transport Service's Air Resupply And Communications Service, forming its 580th Wing at Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho, in November 1951, which he commanded. He took it to Libya in August 1952, and moved to Morocco the following May as commander of the 316th Air Division's 549th Air Control and Warning Group. He returned to the United States in December 1953, as commander of Smoky Hill Air Force Base, Kansas, where he served until he resigned and was honorably discharged on May 10, 1954. Later years and legacy Kane retired to a farm in Logan County, Arkansas, but moved to Pennsylvania in 1987 to be near his son. He died at age 89 on May 29, 1996, while living at a Veterans Administration nursing home in Pennsylvania. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia weeks later, on June 18.On February 2, 1998, Barksdale Air Force Base named its B-52 combat crew training school after him. Kane was inducted into the Louisiana Military Hall of Fame in Abbeville, Louisiana, on November 13, 2010. On November 28, 2020, statues honoring Kane and Jack Lummus were unveiled near McLane Stadium on the campus of Baylor University. Awards and decorations Kane's decorations include the following: Medal of Honor citation Kane's official Medal of Honor citation reads: For conspicuous gallantry in action and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty on 1 August 1943. On this date he led the third element of heavy bombardment aircraft in a mass low-level bombing attack against the vitally important enemy target of the Ploesti oil refineries. En route to the target, which necessitated a round-trip flight of over 2,400 miles, Col. Kane's element became separated from the leading portion of the massed formation in avoiding dense and dangerous cumulous cloud conditions over mountainous terrain. Rather than turn back from such a vital mission he elected to proceed to his target. Upon arrival at the target area it was discovered that another group had apparently missed its target and had previously attacked and damaged the target assigned to Col. Kane's element. Despite the thoroughly warned defenses, the intensive antiaircraft fire, enemy fighter airplanes, extreme hazards on a low-level attack of exploding delayed action bombs from the previous element, of oil fires and explosions and dense smoke over the target area, Col. Kane elected to lead his formation into the attack. By his gallant courage, brilliant leadership, and superior flying skill, he and the formation under his command successfully attacked this vast refinery so essential to our enemies' war effort. Through his conspicuous gallantry in this most hazardous action against the enemy, and by his intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty, Col. Kane personally contributed vitally to the success of this daring mission and thereby rendered most distinguished service in the furtherance of the defeat of our enemies. See also List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II References External links "Arlington Cemetery biography". Retrieved September 29, 2010.

place of birth

John Riley Kane (January 5, 1907 – May 29, 1996) was a colonel in the United States Army Air Forces and later the United States Air Force who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, in World War II. A native of Texas, Kane joined the Army Air Forces after graduating from Baylor University. During World War II, he commanded the 98th Bombardment Group, a B-24 Liberator unit, and conducted bombing missions in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for leading the 98th in Operation Tidal Wave, a low-altitude attack on oil refineries in Ploieşti, Romania. After the war, he commanded a series of airfields in the U.S. and served a year and a half in North Africa before his retirement. Early life and family Born in January 1907 in McGregor, Texas, Kane grew up in Wichita Falls. His father, John Franklin Kane, was a Baptist minister. He then moved to Munich, Germany. Kane attended Baylor University in Waco, Texas, where he played basketball and football. On January 22, 1927, he was traveling with the basketball team to a game when their bus was struck by a train in Round Rock, Texas, killing 10 of the 22 people aboard; Kane escaped with minor injuries. Those killed became known as the "Immortal Ten", and a homecoming ceremony in their memory has become a Baylor tradition. Kane graduated in 1928 with a Bachelor of Arts degree.Kane married Pansy Inabnett of Shreveport; the couple had one child, John Franklin Kane II. The marriage ended in divorce. Kane met his second wife, a British nurse, in Morocco after the Ploesti raid, named Phyllis. Phyllis Kane died in 1987. Military service Kane moved to Shreveport, Louisiana, and joined the United States Army Air Corps (later the United States Army Air Forces) as an aviation cadet in June 1931. After training in Brooks, Randolph, and Kelly Fields in Texas, he received his commission in 1932. He was stationed at Rockwell and March Fields in southern California before transferring to the reserves in 1934. Re-entering active duty in late 1935, he returned to the Shreveport, Louisiana, area to serve at Barksdale Field, eventually becoming the base commander. By April 1940, he was assigned to MacDill Field in Florida as an operations officer and then commanded a squadron at Lackland Air Force Base in Texas. World War II In July 1942, he was sent to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, where he flew 43 combat missions for a total of 250 combat hours in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. Kane commanded the 98th Bombardment Group, a B-24 Liberator unit nicknamed the "Pyramiders", and his daring operations caused German intelligence reports to dub him "Killer Kane."In December 1942, for leading a raid on Naples, Italy that sank an enemy cruiser and a battleship, he received the Distinguished Flying Cross. Kane earned the Silver Star during a mission in the Middle East when his plane became separated from the formation and was attacked from the rear by an enemy fighter. Although the tail and top turrets of his bomber became inoperative, he successfully outmaneuvered the pursuing Bf 110 through eight different attacks. The fighter eventually exhausted its ammunition and was forced to break off the attack without causing any appreciable damage to Kane's aircraft.On August 1, 1943, Kane, by then a colonel, led the 98th in Operation Tidal Wave, a low-altitude bombing mission against oil refineries in Ploieşti, Romania. The 98th was one of five bomb groups taking part in the attack. En route to the target, which called for a round-trip flight of over 2,400 miles, his element became separated from the leading portion of the massed formation while avoiding dense cloud conditions over mountainous terrain. Rather than turn back from such a vital mission, he elected to proceed to the target. Upon arrival it was discovered that another group had missed its target and then bombed the area assigned to the 98th. Despite the fully warned defenses, intensive anti-aircraft fire, enemy fighter planes, and hazards from delayed-action bombs dropped by the earlier element, oil fires, and dense smoke over the target area, he elected to lead his formation against the oil refineries.By the time Kane's bomber, "Hail Columbia", left the target, it had lost an engine and been struck more than 20 times by anti-aircraft fire. His decision to circle as the command aircraft used up the plane's reserve fuel; the aircraft crash landed in Cyprus before reaching its base in North Africa.For his part in the mission, Kane was awarded the Medal of Honor eight days later, on August 9, 1943. He is one of two Baylor alumni to receive the medal, the other being Jack Lummus. Post-war career Returning to the United States in February 1944, Kane commanded Gowen Field in Idaho followed by McCook and Grand Island Army Air Fields in Nebraska. He graduated from the National War College in June 1947 and became the executive officer at Chanute Field in Illinois. In April 1948, he was made director of technical schools at Lowry Air Force Base, Colorado, and also served there as inspector general and commander of the 3415th Maintenance and Supply Group. He went to Ladd Air Force Base, Alaska, in 1949, being successively chief of staff and base commander.In July 1951, Kane was commander of the Military Air Transport Service's Air Resupply And Communications Service, forming its 580th Wing at Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho, in November 1951, which he commanded. He took it to Libya in August 1952, and moved to Morocco the following May as commander of the 316th Air Division's 549th Air Control and Warning Group. He returned to the United States in December 1953, as commander of Smoky Hill Air Force Base, Kansas, where he served until he resigned and was honorably discharged on May 10, 1954. Later years and legacy Kane retired to a farm in Logan County, Arkansas, but moved to Pennsylvania in 1987 to be near his son. He died at age 89 on May 29, 1996, while living at a Veterans Administration nursing home in Pennsylvania. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia weeks later, on June 18.On February 2, 1998, Barksdale Air Force Base named its B-52 combat crew training school after him. Kane was inducted into the Louisiana Military Hall of Fame in Abbeville, Louisiana, on November 13, 2010. On November 28, 2020, statues honoring Kane and Jack Lummus were unveiled near McLane Stadium on the campus of Baylor University. Awards and decorations Kane's decorations include the following: Medal of Honor citation Kane's official Medal of Honor citation reads: For conspicuous gallantry in action and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty on 1 August 1943. On this date he led the third element of heavy bombardment aircraft in a mass low-level bombing attack against the vitally important enemy target of the Ploesti oil refineries. En route to the target, which necessitated a round-trip flight of over 2,400 miles, Col. Kane's element became separated from the leading portion of the massed formation in avoiding dense and dangerous cumulous cloud conditions over mountainous terrain. Rather than turn back from such a vital mission he elected to proceed to his target. Upon arrival at the target area it was discovered that another group had apparently missed its target and had previously attacked and damaged the target assigned to Col. Kane's element. Despite the thoroughly warned defenses, the intensive antiaircraft fire, enemy fighter airplanes, extreme hazards on a low-level attack of exploding delayed action bombs from the previous element, of oil fires and explosions and dense smoke over the target area, Col. Kane elected to lead his formation into the attack. By his gallant courage, brilliant leadership, and superior flying skill, he and the formation under his command successfully attacked this vast refinery so essential to our enemies' war effort. Through his conspicuous gallantry in this most hazardous action against the enemy, and by his intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty, Col. Kane personally contributed vitally to the success of this daring mission and thereby rendered most distinguished service in the furtherance of the defeat of our enemies. See also List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II References External links "Arlington Cemetery biography". Retrieved September 29, 2010.

place of burial

John Riley Kane (January 5, 1907 – May 29, 1996) was a colonel in the United States Army Air Forces and later the United States Air Force who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, in World War II. A native of Texas, Kane joined the Army Air Forces after graduating from Baylor University. During World War II, he commanded the 98th Bombardment Group, a B-24 Liberator unit, and conducted bombing missions in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for leading the 98th in Operation Tidal Wave, a low-altitude attack on oil refineries in Ploieşti, Romania. After the war, he commanded a series of airfields in the U.S. and served a year and a half in North Africa before his retirement. Early life and family Born in January 1907 in McGregor, Texas, Kane grew up in Wichita Falls. His father, John Franklin Kane, was a Baptist minister. He then moved to Munich, Germany. Kane attended Baylor University in Waco, Texas, where he played basketball and football. On January 22, 1927, he was traveling with the basketball team to a game when their bus was struck by a train in Round Rock, Texas, killing 10 of the 22 people aboard; Kane escaped with minor injuries. Those killed became known as the "Immortal Ten", and a homecoming ceremony in their memory has become a Baylor tradition. Kane graduated in 1928 with a Bachelor of Arts degree.Kane married Pansy Inabnett of Shreveport; the couple had one child, John Franklin Kane II. The marriage ended in divorce. Kane met his second wife, a British nurse, in Morocco after the Ploesti raid, named Phyllis. Phyllis Kane died in 1987. Military service Kane moved to Shreveport, Louisiana, and joined the United States Army Air Corps (later the United States Army Air Forces) as an aviation cadet in June 1931. After training in Brooks, Randolph, and Kelly Fields in Texas, he received his commission in 1932. He was stationed at Rockwell and March Fields in southern California before transferring to the reserves in 1934. Re-entering active duty in late 1935, he returned to the Shreveport, Louisiana, area to serve at Barksdale Field, eventually becoming the base commander. By April 1940, he was assigned to MacDill Field in Florida as an operations officer and then commanded a squadron at Lackland Air Force Base in Texas. World War II In July 1942, he was sent to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, where he flew 43 combat missions for a total of 250 combat hours in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. Kane commanded the 98th Bombardment Group, a B-24 Liberator unit nicknamed the "Pyramiders", and his daring operations caused German intelligence reports to dub him "Killer Kane."In December 1942, for leading a raid on Naples, Italy that sank an enemy cruiser and a battleship, he received the Distinguished Flying Cross. Kane earned the Silver Star during a mission in the Middle East when his plane became separated from the formation and was attacked from the rear by an enemy fighter. Although the tail and top turrets of his bomber became inoperative, he successfully outmaneuvered the pursuing Bf 110 through eight different attacks. The fighter eventually exhausted its ammunition and was forced to break off the attack without causing any appreciable damage to Kane's aircraft.On August 1, 1943, Kane, by then a colonel, led the 98th in Operation Tidal Wave, a low-altitude bombing mission against oil refineries in Ploieşti, Romania. The 98th was one of five bomb groups taking part in the attack. En route to the target, which called for a round-trip flight of over 2,400 miles, his element became separated from the leading portion of the massed formation while avoiding dense cloud conditions over mountainous terrain. Rather than turn back from such a vital mission, he elected to proceed to the target. Upon arrival it was discovered that another group had missed its target and then bombed the area assigned to the 98th. Despite the fully warned defenses, intensive anti-aircraft fire, enemy fighter planes, and hazards from delayed-action bombs dropped by the earlier element, oil fires, and dense smoke over the target area, he elected to lead his formation against the oil refineries.By the time Kane's bomber, "Hail Columbia", left the target, it had lost an engine and been struck more than 20 times by anti-aircraft fire. His decision to circle as the command aircraft used up the plane's reserve fuel; the aircraft crash landed in Cyprus before reaching its base in North Africa.For his part in the mission, Kane was awarded the Medal of Honor eight days later, on August 9, 1943. He is one of two Baylor alumni to receive the medal, the other being Jack Lummus. Post-war career Returning to the United States in February 1944, Kane commanded Gowen Field in Idaho followed by McCook and Grand Island Army Air Fields in Nebraska. He graduated from the National War College in June 1947 and became the executive officer at Chanute Field in Illinois. In April 1948, he was made director of technical schools at Lowry Air Force Base, Colorado, and also served there as inspector general and commander of the 3415th Maintenance and Supply Group. He went to Ladd Air Force Base, Alaska, in 1949, being successively chief of staff and base commander.In July 1951, Kane was commander of the Military Air Transport Service's Air Resupply And Communications Service, forming its 580th Wing at Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho, in November 1951, which he commanded. He took it to Libya in August 1952, and moved to Morocco the following May as commander of the 316th Air Division's 549th Air Control and Warning Group. He returned to the United States in December 1953, as commander of Smoky Hill Air Force Base, Kansas, where he served until he resigned and was honorably discharged on May 10, 1954. Later years and legacy Kane retired to a farm in Logan County, Arkansas, but moved to Pennsylvania in 1987 to be near his son. He died at age 89 on May 29, 1996, while living at a Veterans Administration nursing home in Pennsylvania. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia weeks later, on June 18.On February 2, 1998, Barksdale Air Force Base named its B-52 combat crew training school after him. Kane was inducted into the Louisiana Military Hall of Fame in Abbeville, Louisiana, on November 13, 2010. On November 28, 2020, statues honoring Kane and Jack Lummus were unveiled near McLane Stadium on the campus of Baylor University. Awards and decorations Kane's decorations include the following: Medal of Honor citation Kane's official Medal of Honor citation reads: For conspicuous gallantry in action and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty on 1 August 1943. On this date he led the third element of heavy bombardment aircraft in a mass low-level bombing attack against the vitally important enemy target of the Ploesti oil refineries. En route to the target, which necessitated a round-trip flight of over 2,400 miles, Col. Kane's element became separated from the leading portion of the massed formation in avoiding dense and dangerous cumulous cloud conditions over mountainous terrain. Rather than turn back from such a vital mission he elected to proceed to his target. Upon arrival at the target area it was discovered that another group had apparently missed its target and had previously attacked and damaged the target assigned to Col. Kane's element. Despite the thoroughly warned defenses, the intensive antiaircraft fire, enemy fighter airplanes, extreme hazards on a low-level attack of exploding delayed action bombs from the previous element, of oil fires and explosions and dense smoke over the target area, Col. Kane elected to lead his formation into the attack. By his gallant courage, brilliant leadership, and superior flying skill, he and the formation under his command successfully attacked this vast refinery so essential to our enemies' war effort. Through his conspicuous gallantry in this most hazardous action against the enemy, and by his intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty, Col. Kane personally contributed vitally to the success of this daring mission and thereby rendered most distinguished service in the furtherance of the defeat of our enemies. See also List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II References External links "Arlington Cemetery biography". Retrieved September 29, 2010.

award received

John Riley Kane (January 5, 1907 – May 29, 1996) was a colonel in the United States Army Air Forces and later the United States Air Force who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, in World War II. A native of Texas, Kane joined the Army Air Forces after graduating from Baylor University. During World War II, he commanded the 98th Bombardment Group, a B-24 Liberator unit, and conducted bombing missions in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for leading the 98th in Operation Tidal Wave, a low-altitude attack on oil refineries in Ploieşti, Romania. After the war, he commanded a series of airfields in the U.S. and served a year and a half in North Africa before his retirement. Early life and family Born in January 1907 in McGregor, Texas, Kane grew up in Wichita Falls. His father, John Franklin Kane, was a Baptist minister. He then moved to Munich, Germany. Kane attended Baylor University in Waco, Texas, where he played basketball and football. On January 22, 1927, he was traveling with the basketball team to a game when their bus was struck by a train in Round Rock, Texas, killing 10 of the 22 people aboard; Kane escaped with minor injuries. Those killed became known as the "Immortal Ten", and a homecoming ceremony in their memory has become a Baylor tradition. Kane graduated in 1928 with a Bachelor of Arts degree.Kane married Pansy Inabnett of Shreveport; the couple had one child, John Franklin Kane II. The marriage ended in divorce. Kane met his second wife, a British nurse, in Morocco after the Ploesti raid, named Phyllis. Phyllis Kane died in 1987. Military service Kane moved to Shreveport, Louisiana, and joined the United States Army Air Corps (later the United States Army Air Forces) as an aviation cadet in June 1931. After training in Brooks, Randolph, and Kelly Fields in Texas, he received his commission in 1932. He was stationed at Rockwell and March Fields in southern California before transferring to the reserves in 1934. Re-entering active duty in late 1935, he returned to the Shreveport, Louisiana, area to serve at Barksdale Field, eventually becoming the base commander. By April 1940, he was assigned to MacDill Field in Florida as an operations officer and then commanded a squadron at Lackland Air Force Base in Texas. World War II In July 1942, he was sent to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, where he flew 43 combat missions for a total of 250 combat hours in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. Kane commanded the 98th Bombardment Group, a B-24 Liberator unit nicknamed the "Pyramiders", and his daring operations caused German intelligence reports to dub him "Killer Kane."In December 1942, for leading a raid on Naples, Italy that sank an enemy cruiser and a battleship, he received the Distinguished Flying Cross. Kane earned the Silver Star during a mission in the Middle East when his plane became separated from the formation and was attacked from the rear by an enemy fighter. Although the tail and top turrets of his bomber became inoperative, he successfully outmaneuvered the pursuing Bf 110 through eight different attacks. The fighter eventually exhausted its ammunition and was forced to break off the attack without causing any appreciable damage to Kane's aircraft.On August 1, 1943, Kane, by then a colonel, led the 98th in Operation Tidal Wave, a low-altitude bombing mission against oil refineries in Ploieşti, Romania. The 98th was one of five bomb groups taking part in the attack. En route to the target, which called for a round-trip flight of over 2,400 miles, his element became separated from the leading portion of the massed formation while avoiding dense cloud conditions over mountainous terrain. Rather than turn back from such a vital mission, he elected to proceed to the target. Upon arrival it was discovered that another group had missed its target and then bombed the area assigned to the 98th. Despite the fully warned defenses, intensive anti-aircraft fire, enemy fighter planes, and hazards from delayed-action bombs dropped by the earlier element, oil fires, and dense smoke over the target area, he elected to lead his formation against the oil refineries.By the time Kane's bomber, "Hail Columbia", left the target, it had lost an engine and been struck more than 20 times by anti-aircraft fire. His decision to circle as the command aircraft used up the plane's reserve fuel; the aircraft crash landed in Cyprus before reaching its base in North Africa.For his part in the mission, Kane was awarded the Medal of Honor eight days later, on August 9, 1943. He is one of two Baylor alumni to receive the medal, the other being Jack Lummus. Post-war career Returning to the United States in February 1944, Kane commanded Gowen Field in Idaho followed by McCook and Grand Island Army Air Fields in Nebraska. He graduated from the National War College in June 1947 and became the executive officer at Chanute Field in Illinois. In April 1948, he was made director of technical schools at Lowry Air Force Base, Colorado, and also served there as inspector general and commander of the 3415th Maintenance and Supply Group. He went to Ladd Air Force Base, Alaska, in 1949, being successively chief of staff and base commander.In July 1951, Kane was commander of the Military Air Transport Service's Air Resupply And Communications Service, forming its 580th Wing at Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho, in November 1951, which he commanded. He took it to Libya in August 1952, and moved to Morocco the following May as commander of the 316th Air Division's 549th Air Control and Warning Group. He returned to the United States in December 1953, as commander of Smoky Hill Air Force Base, Kansas, where he served until he resigned and was honorably discharged on May 10, 1954. Later years and legacy Kane retired to a farm in Logan County, Arkansas, but moved to Pennsylvania in 1987 to be near his son. He died at age 89 on May 29, 1996, while living at a Veterans Administration nursing home in Pennsylvania. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia weeks later, on June 18.On February 2, 1998, Barksdale Air Force Base named its B-52 combat crew training school after him. Kane was inducted into the Louisiana Military Hall of Fame in Abbeville, Louisiana, on November 13, 2010. On November 28, 2020, statues honoring Kane and Jack Lummus were unveiled near McLane Stadium on the campus of Baylor University. Awards and decorations Kane's decorations include the following: Medal of Honor citation Kane's official Medal of Honor citation reads: For conspicuous gallantry in action and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty on 1 August 1943. On this date he led the third element of heavy bombardment aircraft in a mass low-level bombing attack against the vitally important enemy target of the Ploesti oil refineries. En route to the target, which necessitated a round-trip flight of over 2,400 miles, Col. Kane's element became separated from the leading portion of the massed formation in avoiding dense and dangerous cumulous cloud conditions over mountainous terrain. Rather than turn back from such a vital mission he elected to proceed to his target. Upon arrival at the target area it was discovered that another group had apparently missed its target and had previously attacked and damaged the target assigned to Col. Kane's element. Despite the thoroughly warned defenses, the intensive antiaircraft fire, enemy fighter airplanes, extreme hazards on a low-level attack of exploding delayed action bombs from the previous element, of oil fires and explosions and dense smoke over the target area, Col. Kane elected to lead his formation into the attack. By his gallant courage, brilliant leadership, and superior flying skill, he and the formation under his command successfully attacked this vast refinery so essential to our enemies' war effort. Through his conspicuous gallantry in this most hazardous action against the enemy, and by his intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty, Col. Kane personally contributed vitally to the success of this daring mission and thereby rendered most distinguished service in the furtherance of the defeat of our enemies. See also List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II References External links "Arlington Cemetery biography". Retrieved September 29, 2010.

military branch

John Riley Kane (January 5, 1907 – May 29, 1996) was a colonel in the United States Army Air Forces and later the United States Air Force who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, in World War II. A native of Texas, Kane joined the Army Air Forces after graduating from Baylor University. During World War II, he commanded the 98th Bombardment Group, a B-24 Liberator unit, and conducted bombing missions in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for leading the 98th in Operation Tidal Wave, a low-altitude attack on oil refineries in Ploieşti, Romania. After the war, he commanded a series of airfields in the U.S. and served a year and a half in North Africa before his retirement. Early life and family Born in January 1907 in McGregor, Texas, Kane grew up in Wichita Falls. His father, John Franklin Kane, was a Baptist minister. He then moved to Munich, Germany. Kane attended Baylor University in Waco, Texas, where he played basketball and football. On January 22, 1927, he was traveling with the basketball team to a game when their bus was struck by a train in Round Rock, Texas, killing 10 of the 22 people aboard; Kane escaped with minor injuries. Those killed became known as the "Immortal Ten", and a homecoming ceremony in their memory has become a Baylor tradition. Kane graduated in 1928 with a Bachelor of Arts degree.Kane married Pansy Inabnett of Shreveport; the couple had one child, John Franklin Kane II. The marriage ended in divorce. Kane met his second wife, a British nurse, in Morocco after the Ploesti raid, named Phyllis. Phyllis Kane died in 1987. Military service Kane moved to Shreveport, Louisiana, and joined the United States Army Air Corps (later the United States Army Air Forces) as an aviation cadet in June 1931. After training in Brooks, Randolph, and Kelly Fields in Texas, he received his commission in 1932. He was stationed at Rockwell and March Fields in southern California before transferring to the reserves in 1934. Re-entering active duty in late 1935, he returned to the Shreveport, Louisiana, area to serve at Barksdale Field, eventually becoming the base commander. By April 1940, he was assigned to MacDill Field in Florida as an operations officer and then commanded a squadron at Lackland Air Force Base in Texas. World War II In July 1942, he was sent to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, where he flew 43 combat missions for a total of 250 combat hours in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. Kane commanded the 98th Bombardment Group, a B-24 Liberator unit nicknamed the "Pyramiders", and his daring operations caused German intelligence reports to dub him "Killer Kane."In December 1942, for leading a raid on Naples, Italy that sank an enemy cruiser and a battleship, he received the Distinguished Flying Cross. Kane earned the Silver Star during a mission in the Middle East when his plane became separated from the formation and was attacked from the rear by an enemy fighter. Although the tail and top turrets of his bomber became inoperative, he successfully outmaneuvered the pursuing Bf 110 through eight different attacks. The fighter eventually exhausted its ammunition and was forced to break off the attack without causing any appreciable damage to Kane's aircraft.On August 1, 1943, Kane, by then a colonel, led the 98th in Operation Tidal Wave, a low-altitude bombing mission against oil refineries in Ploieşti, Romania. The 98th was one of five bomb groups taking part in the attack. En route to the target, which called for a round-trip flight of over 2,400 miles, his element became separated from the leading portion of the massed formation while avoiding dense cloud conditions over mountainous terrain. Rather than turn back from such a vital mission, he elected to proceed to the target. Upon arrival it was discovered that another group had missed its target and then bombed the area assigned to the 98th. Despite the fully warned defenses, intensive anti-aircraft fire, enemy fighter planes, and hazards from delayed-action bombs dropped by the earlier element, oil fires, and dense smoke over the target area, he elected to lead his formation against the oil refineries.By the time Kane's bomber, "Hail Columbia", left the target, it had lost an engine and been struck more than 20 times by anti-aircraft fire. His decision to circle as the command aircraft used up the plane's reserve fuel; the aircraft crash landed in Cyprus before reaching its base in North Africa.For his part in the mission, Kane was awarded the Medal of Honor eight days later, on August 9, 1943. He is one of two Baylor alumni to receive the medal, the other being Jack Lummus. Post-war career Returning to the United States in February 1944, Kane commanded Gowen Field in Idaho followed by McCook and Grand Island Army Air Fields in Nebraska. He graduated from the National War College in June 1947 and became the executive officer at Chanute Field in Illinois. In April 1948, he was made director of technical schools at Lowry Air Force Base, Colorado, and also served there as inspector general and commander of the 3415th Maintenance and Supply Group. He went to Ladd Air Force Base, Alaska, in 1949, being successively chief of staff and base commander.In July 1951, Kane was commander of the Military Air Transport Service's Air Resupply And Communications Service, forming its 580th Wing at Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho, in November 1951, which he commanded. He took it to Libya in August 1952, and moved to Morocco the following May as commander of the 316th Air Division's 549th Air Control and Warning Group. He returned to the United States in December 1953, as commander of Smoky Hill Air Force Base, Kansas, where he served until he resigned and was honorably discharged on May 10, 1954. Later years and legacy Kane retired to a farm in Logan County, Arkansas, but moved to Pennsylvania in 1987 to be near his son. He died at age 89 on May 29, 1996, while living at a Veterans Administration nursing home in Pennsylvania. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia weeks later, on June 18.On February 2, 1998, Barksdale Air Force Base named its B-52 combat crew training school after him. Kane was inducted into the Louisiana Military Hall of Fame in Abbeville, Louisiana, on November 13, 2010. On November 28, 2020, statues honoring Kane and Jack Lummus were unveiled near McLane Stadium on the campus of Baylor University. Awards and decorations Kane's decorations include the following: Medal of Honor citation Kane's official Medal of Honor citation reads: For conspicuous gallantry in action and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty on 1 August 1943. On this date he led the third element of heavy bombardment aircraft in a mass low-level bombing attack against the vitally important enemy target of the Ploesti oil refineries. En route to the target, which necessitated a round-trip flight of over 2,400 miles, Col. Kane's element became separated from the leading portion of the massed formation in avoiding dense and dangerous cumulous cloud conditions over mountainous terrain. Rather than turn back from such a vital mission he elected to proceed to his target. Upon arrival at the target area it was discovered that another group had apparently missed its target and had previously attacked and damaged the target assigned to Col. Kane's element. Despite the thoroughly warned defenses, the intensive antiaircraft fire, enemy fighter airplanes, extreme hazards on a low-level attack of exploding delayed action bombs from the previous element, of oil fires and explosions and dense smoke over the target area, Col. Kane elected to lead his formation into the attack. By his gallant courage, brilliant leadership, and superior flying skill, he and the formation under his command successfully attacked this vast refinery so essential to our enemies' war effort. Through his conspicuous gallantry in this most hazardous action against the enemy, and by his intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty, Col. Kane personally contributed vitally to the success of this daring mission and thereby rendered most distinguished service in the furtherance of the defeat of our enemies. See also List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II References External links "Arlington Cemetery biography". Retrieved September 29, 2010.

military rank

John Riley Kane (January 5, 1907 – May 29, 1996) was a colonel in the United States Army Air Forces and later the United States Air Force who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, in World War II. A native of Texas, Kane joined the Army Air Forces after graduating from Baylor University. During World War II, he commanded the 98th Bombardment Group, a B-24 Liberator unit, and conducted bombing missions in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for leading the 98th in Operation Tidal Wave, a low-altitude attack on oil refineries in Ploieşti, Romania. After the war, he commanded a series of airfields in the U.S. and served a year and a half in North Africa before his retirement. Early life and family Born in January 1907 in McGregor, Texas, Kane grew up in Wichita Falls. His father, John Franklin Kane, was a Baptist minister. He then moved to Munich, Germany. Kane attended Baylor University in Waco, Texas, where he played basketball and football. On January 22, 1927, he was traveling with the basketball team to a game when their bus was struck by a train in Round Rock, Texas, killing 10 of the 22 people aboard; Kane escaped with minor injuries. Those killed became known as the "Immortal Ten", and a homecoming ceremony in their memory has become a Baylor tradition. Kane graduated in 1928 with a Bachelor of Arts degree.Kane married Pansy Inabnett of Shreveport; the couple had one child, John Franklin Kane II. The marriage ended in divorce. Kane met his second wife, a British nurse, in Morocco after the Ploesti raid, named Phyllis. Phyllis Kane died in 1987. Military service Kane moved to Shreveport, Louisiana, and joined the United States Army Air Corps (later the United States Army Air Forces) as an aviation cadet in June 1931. After training in Brooks, Randolph, and Kelly Fields in Texas, he received his commission in 1932. He was stationed at Rockwell and March Fields in southern California before transferring to the reserves in 1934. Re-entering active duty in late 1935, he returned to the Shreveport, Louisiana, area to serve at Barksdale Field, eventually becoming the base commander. By April 1940, he was assigned to MacDill Field in Florida as an operations officer and then commanded a squadron at Lackland Air Force Base in Texas. World War II In July 1942, he was sent to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, where he flew 43 combat missions for a total of 250 combat hours in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. Kane commanded the 98th Bombardment Group, a B-24 Liberator unit nicknamed the "Pyramiders", and his daring operations caused German intelligence reports to dub him "Killer Kane."In December 1942, for leading a raid on Naples, Italy that sank an enemy cruiser and a battleship, he received the Distinguished Flying Cross. Kane earned the Silver Star during a mission in the Middle East when his plane became separated from the formation and was attacked from the rear by an enemy fighter. Although the tail and top turrets of his bomber became inoperative, he successfully outmaneuvered the pursuing Bf 110 through eight different attacks. The fighter eventually exhausted its ammunition and was forced to break off the attack without causing any appreciable damage to Kane's aircraft.On August 1, 1943, Kane, by then a colonel, led the 98th in Operation Tidal Wave, a low-altitude bombing mission against oil refineries in Ploieşti, Romania. The 98th was one of five bomb groups taking part in the attack. En route to the target, which called for a round-trip flight of over 2,400 miles, his element became separated from the leading portion of the massed formation while avoiding dense cloud conditions over mountainous terrain. Rather than turn back from such a vital mission, he elected to proceed to the target. Upon arrival it was discovered that another group had missed its target and then bombed the area assigned to the 98th. Despite the fully warned defenses, intensive anti-aircraft fire, enemy fighter planes, and hazards from delayed-action bombs dropped by the earlier element, oil fires, and dense smoke over the target area, he elected to lead his formation against the oil refineries.By the time Kane's bomber, "Hail Columbia", left the target, it had lost an engine and been struck more than 20 times by anti-aircraft fire. His decision to circle as the command aircraft used up the plane's reserve fuel; the aircraft crash landed in Cyprus before reaching its base in North Africa.For his part in the mission, Kane was awarded the Medal of Honor eight days later, on August 9, 1943. He is one of two Baylor alumni to receive the medal, the other being Jack Lummus. Post-war career Returning to the United States in February 1944, Kane commanded Gowen Field in Idaho followed by McCook and Grand Island Army Air Fields in Nebraska. He graduated from the National War College in June 1947 and became the executive officer at Chanute Field in Illinois. In April 1948, he was made director of technical schools at Lowry Air Force Base, Colorado, and also served there as inspector general and commander of the 3415th Maintenance and Supply Group. He went to Ladd Air Force Base, Alaska, in 1949, being successively chief of staff and base commander.In July 1951, Kane was commander of the Military Air Transport Service's Air Resupply And Communications Service, forming its 580th Wing at Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho, in November 1951, which he commanded. He took it to Libya in August 1952, and moved to Morocco the following May as commander of the 316th Air Division's 549th Air Control and Warning Group. He returned to the United States in December 1953, as commander of Smoky Hill Air Force Base, Kansas, where he served until he resigned and was honorably discharged on May 10, 1954. Later years and legacy Kane retired to a farm in Logan County, Arkansas, but moved to Pennsylvania in 1987 to be near his son. He died at age 89 on May 29, 1996, while living at a Veterans Administration nursing home in Pennsylvania. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia weeks later, on June 18.On February 2, 1998, Barksdale Air Force Base named its B-52 combat crew training school after him. Kane was inducted into the Louisiana Military Hall of Fame in Abbeville, Louisiana, on November 13, 2010. On November 28, 2020, statues honoring Kane and Jack Lummus were unveiled near McLane Stadium on the campus of Baylor University. Awards and decorations Kane's decorations include the following: Medal of Honor citation Kane's official Medal of Honor citation reads: For conspicuous gallantry in action and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty on 1 August 1943. On this date he led the third element of heavy bombardment aircraft in a mass low-level bombing attack against the vitally important enemy target of the Ploesti oil refineries. En route to the target, which necessitated a round-trip flight of over 2,400 miles, Col. Kane's element became separated from the leading portion of the massed formation in avoiding dense and dangerous cumulous cloud conditions over mountainous terrain. Rather than turn back from such a vital mission he elected to proceed to his target. Upon arrival at the target area it was discovered that another group had apparently missed its target and had previously attacked and damaged the target assigned to Col. Kane's element. Despite the thoroughly warned defenses, the intensive antiaircraft fire, enemy fighter airplanes, extreme hazards on a low-level attack of exploding delayed action bombs from the previous element, of oil fires and explosions and dense smoke over the target area, Col. Kane elected to lead his formation into the attack. By his gallant courage, brilliant leadership, and superior flying skill, he and the formation under his command successfully attacked this vast refinery so essential to our enemies' war effort. Through his conspicuous gallantry in this most hazardous action against the enemy, and by his intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty, Col. Kane personally contributed vitally to the success of this daring mission and thereby rendered most distinguished service in the furtherance of the defeat of our enemies. See also List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II References External links "Arlington Cemetery biography". Retrieved September 29, 2010.

conflict

John Riley Kane (January 5, 1907 – May 29, 1996) was a colonel in the United States Army Air Forces and later the United States Air Force who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, in World War II. A native of Texas, Kane joined the Army Air Forces after graduating from Baylor University. During World War II, he commanded the 98th Bombardment Group, a B-24 Liberator unit, and conducted bombing missions in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for leading the 98th in Operation Tidal Wave, a low-altitude attack on oil refineries in Ploieşti, Romania. After the war, he commanded a series of airfields in the U.S. and served a year and a half in North Africa before his retirement. Early life and family Born in January 1907 in McGregor, Texas, Kane grew up in Wichita Falls. His father, John Franklin Kane, was a Baptist minister. He then moved to Munich, Germany. Kane attended Baylor University in Waco, Texas, where he played basketball and football. On January 22, 1927, he was traveling with the basketball team to a game when their bus was struck by a train in Round Rock, Texas, killing 10 of the 22 people aboard; Kane escaped with minor injuries. Those killed became known as the "Immortal Ten", and a homecoming ceremony in their memory has become a Baylor tradition. Kane graduated in 1928 with a Bachelor of Arts degree.Kane married Pansy Inabnett of Shreveport; the couple had one child, John Franklin Kane II. The marriage ended in divorce. Kane met his second wife, a British nurse, in Morocco after the Ploesti raid, named Phyllis. Phyllis Kane died in 1987. Military service Kane moved to Shreveport, Louisiana, and joined the United States Army Air Corps (later the United States Army Air Forces) as an aviation cadet in June 1931. After training in Brooks, Randolph, and Kelly Fields in Texas, he received his commission in 1932. He was stationed at Rockwell and March Fields in southern California before transferring to the reserves in 1934. Re-entering active duty in late 1935, he returned to the Shreveport, Louisiana, area to serve at Barksdale Field, eventually becoming the base commander. By April 1940, he was assigned to MacDill Field in Florida as an operations officer and then commanded a squadron at Lackland Air Force Base in Texas. World War II In July 1942, he was sent to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, where he flew 43 combat missions for a total of 250 combat hours in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. Kane commanded the 98th Bombardment Group, a B-24 Liberator unit nicknamed the "Pyramiders", and his daring operations caused German intelligence reports to dub him "Killer Kane."In December 1942, for leading a raid on Naples, Italy that sank an enemy cruiser and a battleship, he received the Distinguished Flying Cross. Kane earned the Silver Star during a mission in the Middle East when his plane became separated from the formation and was attacked from the rear by an enemy fighter. Although the tail and top turrets of his bomber became inoperative, he successfully outmaneuvered the pursuing Bf 110 through eight different attacks. The fighter eventually exhausted its ammunition and was forced to break off the attack without causing any appreciable damage to Kane's aircraft.On August 1, 1943, Kane, by then a colonel, led the 98th in Operation Tidal Wave, a low-altitude bombing mission against oil refineries in Ploieşti, Romania. The 98th was one of five bomb groups taking part in the attack. En route to the target, which called for a round-trip flight of over 2,400 miles, his element became separated from the leading portion of the massed formation while avoiding dense cloud conditions over mountainous terrain. Rather than turn back from such a vital mission, he elected to proceed to the target. Upon arrival it was discovered that another group had missed its target and then bombed the area assigned to the 98th. Despite the fully warned defenses, intensive anti-aircraft fire, enemy fighter planes, and hazards from delayed-action bombs dropped by the earlier element, oil fires, and dense smoke over the target area, he elected to lead his formation against the oil refineries.By the time Kane's bomber, "Hail Columbia", left the target, it had lost an engine and been struck more than 20 times by anti-aircraft fire. His decision to circle as the command aircraft used up the plane's reserve fuel; the aircraft crash landed in Cyprus before reaching its base in North Africa.For his part in the mission, Kane was awarded the Medal of Honor eight days later, on August 9, 1943. He is one of two Baylor alumni to receive the medal, the other being Jack Lummus. Post-war career Returning to the United States in February 1944, Kane commanded Gowen Field in Idaho followed by McCook and Grand Island Army Air Fields in Nebraska. He graduated from the National War College in June 1947 and became the executive officer at Chanute Field in Illinois. In April 1948, he was made director of technical schools at Lowry Air Force Base, Colorado, and also served there as inspector general and commander of the 3415th Maintenance and Supply Group. He went to Ladd Air Force Base, Alaska, in 1949, being successively chief of staff and base commander.In July 1951, Kane was commander of the Military Air Transport Service's Air Resupply And Communications Service, forming its 580th Wing at Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho, in November 1951, which he commanded. He took it to Libya in August 1952, and moved to Morocco the following May as commander of the 316th Air Division's 549th Air Control and Warning Group. He returned to the United States in December 1953, as commander of Smoky Hill Air Force Base, Kansas, where he served until he resigned and was honorably discharged on May 10, 1954. Later years and legacy Kane retired to a farm in Logan County, Arkansas, but moved to Pennsylvania in 1987 to be near his son. He died at age 89 on May 29, 1996, while living at a Veterans Administration nursing home in Pennsylvania. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia weeks later, on June 18.On February 2, 1998, Barksdale Air Force Base named its B-52 combat crew training school after him. Kane was inducted into the Louisiana Military Hall of Fame in Abbeville, Louisiana, on November 13, 2010. On November 28, 2020, statues honoring Kane and Jack Lummus were unveiled near McLane Stadium on the campus of Baylor University. Awards and decorations Kane's decorations include the following: Medal of Honor citation Kane's official Medal of Honor citation reads: For conspicuous gallantry in action and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty on 1 August 1943. On this date he led the third element of heavy bombardment aircraft in a mass low-level bombing attack against the vitally important enemy target of the Ploesti oil refineries. En route to the target, which necessitated a round-trip flight of over 2,400 miles, Col. Kane's element became separated from the leading portion of the massed formation in avoiding dense and dangerous cumulous cloud conditions over mountainous terrain. Rather than turn back from such a vital mission he elected to proceed to his target. Upon arrival at the target area it was discovered that another group had apparently missed its target and had previously attacked and damaged the target assigned to Col. Kane's element. Despite the thoroughly warned defenses, the intensive antiaircraft fire, enemy fighter airplanes, extreme hazards on a low-level attack of exploding delayed action bombs from the previous element, of oil fires and explosions and dense smoke over the target area, Col. Kane elected to lead his formation into the attack. By his gallant courage, brilliant leadership, and superior flying skill, he and the formation under his command successfully attacked this vast refinery so essential to our enemies' war effort. Through his conspicuous gallantry in this most hazardous action against the enemy, and by his intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty, Col. Kane personally contributed vitally to the success of this daring mission and thereby rendered most distinguished service in the furtherance of the defeat of our enemies. See also List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II References External links "Arlington Cemetery biography". Retrieved September 29, 2010.

family name

John Riley Kane (January 5, 1907 – May 29, 1996) was a colonel in the United States Army Air Forces and later the United States Air Force who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, in World War II. A native of Texas, Kane joined the Army Air Forces after graduating from Baylor University. During World War II, he commanded the 98th Bombardment Group, a B-24 Liberator unit, and conducted bombing missions in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for leading the 98th in Operation Tidal Wave, a low-altitude attack on oil refineries in Ploieşti, Romania. After the war, he commanded a series of airfields in the U.S. and served a year and a half in North Africa before his retirement. Early life and family Born in January 1907 in McGregor, Texas, Kane grew up in Wichita Falls. His father, John Franklin Kane, was a Baptist minister. He then moved to Munich, Germany. Kane attended Baylor University in Waco, Texas, where he played basketball and football. On January 22, 1927, he was traveling with the basketball team to a game when their bus was struck by a train in Round Rock, Texas, killing 10 of the 22 people aboard; Kane escaped with minor injuries. Those killed became known as the "Immortal Ten", and a homecoming ceremony in their memory has become a Baylor tradition. Kane graduated in 1928 with a Bachelor of Arts degree.Kane married Pansy Inabnett of Shreveport; the couple had one child, John Franklin Kane II. The marriage ended in divorce. Kane met his second wife, a British nurse, in Morocco after the Ploesti raid, named Phyllis. Phyllis Kane died in 1987. Military service Kane moved to Shreveport, Louisiana, and joined the United States Army Air Corps (later the United States Army Air Forces) as an aviation cadet in June 1931. After training in Brooks, Randolph, and Kelly Fields in Texas, he received his commission in 1932. He was stationed at Rockwell and March Fields in southern California before transferring to the reserves in 1934. Re-entering active duty in late 1935, he returned to the Shreveport, Louisiana, area to serve at Barksdale Field, eventually becoming the base commander. By April 1940, he was assigned to MacDill Field in Florida as an operations officer and then commanded a squadron at Lackland Air Force Base in Texas. World War II In July 1942, he was sent to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, where he flew 43 combat missions for a total of 250 combat hours in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. Kane commanded the 98th Bombardment Group, a B-24 Liberator unit nicknamed the "Pyramiders", and his daring operations caused German intelligence reports to dub him "Killer Kane."In December 1942, for leading a raid on Naples, Italy that sank an enemy cruiser and a battleship, he received the Distinguished Flying Cross. Kane earned the Silver Star during a mission in the Middle East when his plane became separated from the formation and was attacked from the rear by an enemy fighter. Although the tail and top turrets of his bomber became inoperative, he successfully outmaneuvered the pursuing Bf 110 through eight different attacks. The fighter eventually exhausted its ammunition and was forced to break off the attack without causing any appreciable damage to Kane's aircraft.On August 1, 1943, Kane, by then a colonel, led the 98th in Operation Tidal Wave, a low-altitude bombing mission against oil refineries in Ploieşti, Romania. The 98th was one of five bomb groups taking part in the attack. En route to the target, which called for a round-trip flight of over 2,400 miles, his element became separated from the leading portion of the massed formation while avoiding dense cloud conditions over mountainous terrain. Rather than turn back from such a vital mission, he elected to proceed to the target. Upon arrival it was discovered that another group had missed its target and then bombed the area assigned to the 98th. Despite the fully warned defenses, intensive anti-aircraft fire, enemy fighter planes, and hazards from delayed-action bombs dropped by the earlier element, oil fires, and dense smoke over the target area, he elected to lead his formation against the oil refineries.By the time Kane's bomber, "Hail Columbia", left the target, it had lost an engine and been struck more than 20 times by anti-aircraft fire. His decision to circle as the command aircraft used up the plane's reserve fuel; the aircraft crash landed in Cyprus before reaching its base in North Africa.For his part in the mission, Kane was awarded the Medal of Honor eight days later, on August 9, 1943. He is one of two Baylor alumni to receive the medal, the other being Jack Lummus. Post-war career Returning to the United States in February 1944, Kane commanded Gowen Field in Idaho followed by McCook and Grand Island Army Air Fields in Nebraska. He graduated from the National War College in June 1947 and became the executive officer at Chanute Field in Illinois. In April 1948, he was made director of technical schools at Lowry Air Force Base, Colorado, and also served there as inspector general and commander of the 3415th Maintenance and Supply Group. He went to Ladd Air Force Base, Alaska, in 1949, being successively chief of staff and base commander.In July 1951, Kane was commander of the Military Air Transport Service's Air Resupply And Communications Service, forming its 580th Wing at Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho, in November 1951, which he commanded. He took it to Libya in August 1952, and moved to Morocco the following May as commander of the 316th Air Division's 549th Air Control and Warning Group. He returned to the United States in December 1953, as commander of Smoky Hill Air Force Base, Kansas, where he served until he resigned and was honorably discharged on May 10, 1954. Later years and legacy Kane retired to a farm in Logan County, Arkansas, but moved to Pennsylvania in 1987 to be near his son. He died at age 89 on May 29, 1996, while living at a Veterans Administration nursing home in Pennsylvania. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia weeks later, on June 18.On February 2, 1998, Barksdale Air Force Base named its B-52 combat crew training school after him. Kane was inducted into the Louisiana Military Hall of Fame in Abbeville, Louisiana, on November 13, 2010. On November 28, 2020, statues honoring Kane and Jack Lummus were unveiled near McLane Stadium on the campus of Baylor University. Awards and decorations Kane's decorations include the following: Medal of Honor citation Kane's official Medal of Honor citation reads: For conspicuous gallantry in action and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty on 1 August 1943. On this date he led the third element of heavy bombardment aircraft in a mass low-level bombing attack against the vitally important enemy target of the Ploesti oil refineries. En route to the target, which necessitated a round-trip flight of over 2,400 miles, Col. Kane's element became separated from the leading portion of the massed formation in avoiding dense and dangerous cumulous cloud conditions over mountainous terrain. Rather than turn back from such a vital mission he elected to proceed to his target. Upon arrival at the target area it was discovered that another group had apparently missed its target and had previously attacked and damaged the target assigned to Col. Kane's element. Despite the thoroughly warned defenses, the intensive antiaircraft fire, enemy fighter airplanes, extreme hazards on a low-level attack of exploding delayed action bombs from the previous element, of oil fires and explosions and dense smoke over the target area, Col. Kane elected to lead his formation into the attack. By his gallant courage, brilliant leadership, and superior flying skill, he and the formation under his command successfully attacked this vast refinery so essential to our enemies' war effort. Through his conspicuous gallantry in this most hazardous action against the enemy, and by his intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty, Col. Kane personally contributed vitally to the success of this daring mission and thereby rendered most distinguished service in the furtherance of the defeat of our enemies. See also List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II References External links "Arlington Cemetery biography". Retrieved September 29, 2010.

given name

Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act is a bipartisan bill that was introduced by the United States Congress on 10 May 2016. The bill was initially called the Countering Information Warfare Act. The bipartisan legislation was written in March 2016 by U.S. Senators Rob Portman (R, OH) and Chris Murphy (D, CT). It was additionally introduced in the United States House of Representatives in a bipartisan fashion; co-sponsors included Congressmen Adam Kinzinger (R, IL) and Ted Lieu (D, CA). In both the House and Senate the bill was included in the National Defense Authorization Act for fiscal year 2017. It passed the House in this fashion in a conference report vote on 2 December 2016. The Senate then passed the measure in a conference report on December 8 by a tally of 92–7. On 23 December 2016, President Obama signed the 2017 National Defense Authorization Act into law. History The bipartisan bill was written in March 2016 by U.S. Senators Republican Rob Portman and Democrat Chris Murphy. It was introduced by Senator Portman under its initial name Countering Information Warfare Act, on 16 March 2016 as S.2692. It was introduced as the Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act in the United States House of Representatives on 10 May 2016 as H.R.5181, co-sponsored by Republican Congressman Adam Kinzinger along with Democratic Congressman Ted Lieu. The bill was introduced as the Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act in the United States Senate on 14 July 2016 sponsored by Senator Rob Portman as S.3274.The Washington Post and the International Business Times reported that after the 2016 United States presidential election, worries grew that propaganda spread and organized by the Russian government swayed the outcome of the election, and representatives in the United States Congress took action to safeguard the National security of the United States by advancing legislation to monitor incoming propaganda from external threats. On November 30, 2016, legislators approved a measure within the National Defense Authorization Act to ask the U.S. State Department to take action against foreign propaganda through an interagency panel. The legislation authorized funding of $160 million over a two-year-period. Portman urged more U.S. government action to counter disinformation and propaganda. Murphy said that after the election it was apparent the U.S. needed additional tactics to fight Russian disinformation. Senator Ron Wyden, a member of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, told The Washington Post: "There is definitely bipartisan concern about the Russian government engaging in covert influence activities of this nature."The bill advanced in the U.S. House of Representatives on 2 December 2016, when the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 conference report to S. 2943 passed in that chamber, including the Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act.In a speech to lawmakers on 8 December 2016, Hillary Clinton called attention to the issue, saying pending legislation before the U.S. Congress would "boost the government's response to foreign propaganda." She called on trendsetters in society to work together on the problem: "It's imperative that leaders in both the private sector and the public sector step up to protect our democracy, and innocent lives."On 8 December 2016, the Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act passed a vote in the U.S. Senate by a wide margin. It was included together with the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) Conference Report for fiscal year 2017, which passed in the U.S. Senate with a final tally of 92 to 7.In the version of the bill incorporated into the 2017 National Defense Authorization Act, the U.S. Congress would ask the United States Secretary of State to collaborate with the United States Secretary of Defense and other relevant Federal agencies to create a "Global Engagement Center" (GEC) to fight against propaganda from foreign governments, and publicize the nature of ongoing foreign propaganda and disinformation operations against the United States and other countries. The bill said this inter-agency effort should: "counter foreign propaganda and disinformation directed against United States national security interests and proactively advance fact-based narratives that support United States allies and interests."Supporters of the resolution inside the Defense Department have publicly expressed their desire to weaken the interpretation of domestic propaganda protections, laws which prevent the United States Department of State from gathering information necessary to develop targeted propaganda messaging and prevent them from explicitly attempting to influence opinions.According to reporting by The New York Times in March 2018, the State Department had not yet begun to spend the $120 million allocated to it, and not one of the 23 analysts working in the GEC could speak Russian. In 2020, the GEC issued its first report, describing what it called "Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem." The GEC published another report on Kremlin-funded disinformation in January 2022. See also References Further reading Portman, Rob (16 March 2016), "Portman, Murphy Introduce Bill to Counter Foreign Government Propaganda", Portman.senate.gov, retrieved 9 December 2016 Portman, Rob (16 March 2016), "Portman Delivers Speech on Bipartisan Bill to Counter Foreign Government Propaganda", Portman.senate.gov, retrieved 9 December 2016 External links S.3274 at Congress.gov S.3274 at Govtrack.us H.R. 5181 at Congress.gov H.R. 5181 at Govtrack.us Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act incorporated into text, for the National Defense Authorization Act 2017

Commons category

Gert Claessens (born 21 February 1972 in Tongeren) is a Belgian retired professional footballer who played as a midfielder. References External links Gert Claessens at the Royal Belgian Football Association

place of birth

Gert Claessens (born 21 February 1972 in Tongeren) is a Belgian retired professional footballer who played as a midfielder. References External links Gert Claessens at the Royal Belgian Football Association

given name

Grand Manan Community School is a K-12 school located on Grand Manan Island in Charlotte County, New Brunswick. Grand Manan Community School is in the Anglophone South School District. See also List of schools in New Brunswick Anglophone South School District == References ==

instance of

The Soong Ching Ling Memorial Residence (Chinese: 宋庆龄故居), located at 1843 Middle Huaihai Road, Xuhui District, is the former residence of Soong Ching-ling (wife of Sun Yat-sen and later Vice-President and Honorary President of the People's Republic of China) in Shanghai, China, from 1948 to 1963. It is in the west part of the former Shanghai French Concession area and was built in the 1920s by an American shipping captain, Leo R. Ball.It covers a land area of 4,333 square metres (46,640 sq ft), and comprises a white three-story building with front and back yards. History After the end of the Sino-Japanese War in 1945, Soong Ching-ling donated her residence, located at 29 rue Molière (present-day Xiangshan Road), to the government of the Republic of China as a memorial to her deceased husband, President Sun Yat-sen. In return, the government conferred this house on her. In spring 1949, Soong moved from 45 Jingjiang Road to this residence, where she soon witnessed the capture of Shanghai by the Chinese Communist Party. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Soong served in several prominent positions in the central government, including Vice-President of China, that her residence in Shanghai became an important working space. In the house, Song met not only senior CPC leaders, including Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Liu Shaoqi, Chen Yi and Deng Yingchao, but also foreign statesmen, such as Sukarno, Kim Il Sung, Kliment Voroshilov, U Nu, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Sirimavo Bandaranaike. From April 1963, due to her work, Soong spent most of her time in Beijing, and only returned to Shanghai for occasional stays and holidays. On December 31 1978, Song returned to Shanghai for the Spring Festival and stayed there until the end of February 1979. This was her last stay in Shanghai. Soong died in Beijing on May 29, 1981. Her house in Shanghai was refurbished and opened to a limited circle in October. On October 22 of that year, the memorial residence was accredited with being a Shanghai Municipal Preserved Cultural Relic by the city government. It was opened to the public in May 1988, and became one of patriotic education sites in Shanghai. On June 25, 2001, Song's memorial residence became a National Key Preserved Cultural Relic honored by the State Council. Collection The residence hosts a collection of over 15,000 of Song' items. Among them, there are pictures, letters, Song's college diploma, collected books, daily utensils, presents from state activities, and also some articles belonging to her relatives. In addition, there are the seals of Sun Yat-sen, preserved by Song after many troubles. See also Former Residence of Soong Ching-ling (Beijing) Former Residence of Sun Yat-sen, Shanghai List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Shanghai References External links Soong Ching Ling Memorial Residence in Shanghai website Archived 2019-07-15 at the Wayback Machine (in Chinese) Song Ching Ling Memorial Residence in Shanghai, YouTube

country

The Soong Ching Ling Memorial Residence (Chinese: 宋庆龄故居), located at 1843 Middle Huaihai Road, Xuhui District, is the former residence of Soong Ching-ling (wife of Sun Yat-sen and later Vice-President and Honorary President of the People's Republic of China) in Shanghai, China, from 1948 to 1963. It is in the west part of the former Shanghai French Concession area and was built in the 1920s by an American shipping captain, Leo R. Ball.It covers a land area of 4,333 square metres (46,640 sq ft), and comprises a white three-story building with front and back yards. History After the end of the Sino-Japanese War in 1945, Soong Ching-ling donated her residence, located at 29 rue Molière (present-day Xiangshan Road), to the government of the Republic of China as a memorial to her deceased husband, President Sun Yat-sen. In return, the government conferred this house on her. In spring 1949, Soong moved from 45 Jingjiang Road to this residence, where she soon witnessed the capture of Shanghai by the Chinese Communist Party. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Soong served in several prominent positions in the central government, including Vice-President of China, that her residence in Shanghai became an important working space. In the house, Song met not only senior CPC leaders, including Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Liu Shaoqi, Chen Yi and Deng Yingchao, but also foreign statesmen, such as Sukarno, Kim Il Sung, Kliment Voroshilov, U Nu, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Sirimavo Bandaranaike. From April 1963, due to her work, Soong spent most of her time in Beijing, and only returned to Shanghai for occasional stays and holidays. On December 31 1978, Song returned to Shanghai for the Spring Festival and stayed there until the end of February 1979. This was her last stay in Shanghai. Soong died in Beijing on May 29, 1981. Her house in Shanghai was refurbished and opened to a limited circle in October. On October 22 of that year, the memorial residence was accredited with being a Shanghai Municipal Preserved Cultural Relic by the city government. It was opened to the public in May 1988, and became one of patriotic education sites in Shanghai. On June 25, 2001, Song's memorial residence became a National Key Preserved Cultural Relic honored by the State Council. Collection The residence hosts a collection of over 15,000 of Song' items. Among them, there are pictures, letters, Song's college diploma, collected books, daily utensils, presents from state activities, and also some articles belonging to her relatives. In addition, there are the seals of Sun Yat-sen, preserved by Song after many troubles. See also Former Residence of Soong Ching-ling (Beijing) Former Residence of Sun Yat-sen, Shanghai List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Shanghai References External links Soong Ching Ling Memorial Residence in Shanghai website Archived 2019-07-15 at the Wayback Machine (in Chinese) Song Ching Ling Memorial Residence in Shanghai, YouTube

instance of

The Soong Ching Ling Memorial Residence (Chinese: 宋庆龄故居), located at 1843 Middle Huaihai Road, Xuhui District, is the former residence of Soong Ching-ling (wife of Sun Yat-sen and later Vice-President and Honorary President of the People's Republic of China) in Shanghai, China, from 1948 to 1963. It is in the west part of the former Shanghai French Concession area and was built in the 1920s by an American shipping captain, Leo R. Ball.It covers a land area of 4,333 square metres (46,640 sq ft), and comprises a white three-story building with front and back yards. History After the end of the Sino-Japanese War in 1945, Soong Ching-ling donated her residence, located at 29 rue Molière (present-day Xiangshan Road), to the government of the Republic of China as a memorial to her deceased husband, President Sun Yat-sen. In return, the government conferred this house on her. In spring 1949, Soong moved from 45 Jingjiang Road to this residence, where she soon witnessed the capture of Shanghai by the Chinese Communist Party. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Soong served in several prominent positions in the central government, including Vice-President of China, that her residence in Shanghai became an important working space. In the house, Song met not only senior CPC leaders, including Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Liu Shaoqi, Chen Yi and Deng Yingchao, but also foreign statesmen, such as Sukarno, Kim Il Sung, Kliment Voroshilov, U Nu, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Sirimavo Bandaranaike. From April 1963, due to her work, Soong spent most of her time in Beijing, and only returned to Shanghai for occasional stays and holidays. On December 31 1978, Song returned to Shanghai for the Spring Festival and stayed there until the end of February 1979. This was her last stay in Shanghai. Soong died in Beijing on May 29, 1981. Her house in Shanghai was refurbished and opened to a limited circle in October. On October 22 of that year, the memorial residence was accredited with being a Shanghai Municipal Preserved Cultural Relic by the city government. It was opened to the public in May 1988, and became one of patriotic education sites in Shanghai. On June 25, 2001, Song's memorial residence became a National Key Preserved Cultural Relic honored by the State Council. Collection The residence hosts a collection of over 15,000 of Song' items. Among them, there are pictures, letters, Song's college diploma, collected books, daily utensils, presents from state activities, and also some articles belonging to her relatives. In addition, there are the seals of Sun Yat-sen, preserved by Song after many troubles. See also Former Residence of Soong Ching-ling (Beijing) Former Residence of Sun Yat-sen, Shanghai List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Shanghai References External links Soong Ching Ling Memorial Residence in Shanghai website Archived 2019-07-15 at the Wayback Machine (in Chinese) Song Ching Ling Memorial Residence in Shanghai, YouTube

located in the administrative territorial entity

Neurocossus khmer is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in Cambodia. References Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

parent taxon

Neurocossus khmer is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in Cambodia. References Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

taxon name

The Takanawa Embankment is a former railway embankment, built when Japan's first railway opened in 1872. A 770m section of the former 2.7 km long embankment was unearthed in 2019 during construction work on the JR Takanawa Gateway Station in Tokyo's Minato Ward. As of late 2021, there was debate among the railway and local government over the need to preserve the structure as an historical relic related to the construction of the railway. Description The embankment was part of Japan's first railway, which ran for 29 kilometers between Shimbashi and Yokohama. It was built circa 1872 and ran over shallow water. The trains appear to float over the water and the embankment was a frequent subject in local woodblock prints.The structure was filled with soil and solidified with stone walls, with trains running on top. Construction began in 1870 between the location of the present Tamachi and Shinagawa stations. “Met with objections from the then Ministry of War to have the route run near land, the maritime route was approved.” It was believed to have been lost when the area was reclaimed during the late Meiji Era. The area is now surrounded by dry land due to past land reclamation and it has significantly changed since the embankment was built.A letter urging preservation of the embankment by ICOMOS notes that the embankment marks an important milestone in Japanese railway history and represents the start of the country's modernization. They note it is "a hybrid structure, integrating foreign construction techniques from the UK with native Japanese construction techniques." Preservation efforts Prime Minister Suga Yoshihide visited the site on May 29, 2021, and expressed his wishes that the structure could be preserved. The Japanese Archaeological Association has requested that JR East and the Agency for Cultural Affairs fully preserve the Takanawa embankment, but the railway has said it only intends to preserve the most significant elements of the embankment, notably an 80-meter bridge and a section containing what is believed to be the base for Japan's first railway signal. This signal base was to be moved to another location nearby. Preservation would cost around 40 billion yen, with the railway asking government and other agencies to contribute funds towards preservation.The Archeological Association has stated that the embankment is " "exceptional in the world" and argues that the railway operator "has the responsibility to preserve all the remaining sections as a relic of East Asia’s first railway" ". The unearthed section run through an area intended to have a skyscraper to accommodate offices and other facilities; maintaining the embankment would significantly raise development costs of the area. The government has asked JR East to find a way to preserve the structure where it is located.Reporters were given a tour of the mostly unearthed structure on August 23, 2021, and preservation efforts were well underway. It was noted that the embankment was important for the understanding of transportation and civil engineering of the era.In October 2021, it was announced that Saga Governor Yoshinori Yamaguchi planned to have parts of the embankment relocated and rebuilt to commemorate the efforts of Shigenobu Okuma, a local politician who lobbied to have the embankment built. Per the Saga Prefectural Government: "There were various difficulties before the railway opened, such as financial problems, opposition from local residents and the military, but Okuma overcame [them] with dynamic creativity and determination." Designation The Japanese central government named about 120 m of the embankment as national historic site in September 2021.ICOMOS issued a heritage alert in February 2022, expressing serious concern over "imminent and irreversible threats to the Takanawa Chikutei maritime railway track embankment (Japan)". A letter has been sent to JR East and local and national authorities reiterating their concern over the threat of the loss of the embankment. == References ==

country

The Takanawa Embankment is a former railway embankment, built when Japan's first railway opened in 1872. A 770m section of the former 2.7 km long embankment was unearthed in 2019 during construction work on the JR Takanawa Gateway Station in Tokyo's Minato Ward. As of late 2021, there was debate among the railway and local government over the need to preserve the structure as an historical relic related to the construction of the railway. Description The embankment was part of Japan's first railway, which ran for 29 kilometers between Shimbashi and Yokohama. It was built circa 1872 and ran over shallow water. The trains appear to float over the water and the embankment was a frequent subject in local woodblock prints.The structure was filled with soil and solidified with stone walls, with trains running on top. Construction began in 1870 between the location of the present Tamachi and Shinagawa stations. “Met with objections from the then Ministry of War to have the route run near land, the maritime route was approved.” It was believed to have been lost when the area was reclaimed during the late Meiji Era. The area is now surrounded by dry land due to past land reclamation and it has significantly changed since the embankment was built.A letter urging preservation of the embankment by ICOMOS notes that the embankment marks an important milestone in Japanese railway history and represents the start of the country's modernization. They note it is "a hybrid structure, integrating foreign construction techniques from the UK with native Japanese construction techniques." Preservation efforts Prime Minister Suga Yoshihide visited the site on May 29, 2021, and expressed his wishes that the structure could be preserved. The Japanese Archaeological Association has requested that JR East and the Agency for Cultural Affairs fully preserve the Takanawa embankment, but the railway has said it only intends to preserve the most significant elements of the embankment, notably an 80-meter bridge and a section containing what is believed to be the base for Japan's first railway signal. This signal base was to be moved to another location nearby. Preservation would cost around 40 billion yen, with the railway asking government and other agencies to contribute funds towards preservation.The Archeological Association has stated that the embankment is " "exceptional in the world" and argues that the railway operator "has the responsibility to preserve all the remaining sections as a relic of East Asia’s first railway" ". The unearthed section run through an area intended to have a skyscraper to accommodate offices and other facilities; maintaining the embankment would significantly raise development costs of the area. The government has asked JR East to find a way to preserve the structure where it is located.Reporters were given a tour of the mostly unearthed structure on August 23, 2021, and preservation efforts were well underway. It was noted that the embankment was important for the understanding of transportation and civil engineering of the era.In October 2021, it was announced that Saga Governor Yoshinori Yamaguchi planned to have parts of the embankment relocated and rebuilt to commemorate the efforts of Shigenobu Okuma, a local politician who lobbied to have the embankment built. Per the Saga Prefectural Government: "There were various difficulties before the railway opened, such as financial problems, opposition from local residents and the military, but Okuma overcame [them] with dynamic creativity and determination." Designation The Japanese central government named about 120 m of the embankment as national historic site in September 2021.ICOMOS issued a heritage alert in February 2022, expressing serious concern over "imminent and irreversible threats to the Takanawa Chikutei maritime railway track embankment (Japan)". A letter has been sent to JR East and local and national authorities reiterating their concern over the threat of the loss of the embankment. == References ==

instance of

The Takanawa Embankment is a former railway embankment, built when Japan's first railway opened in 1872. A 770m section of the former 2.7 km long embankment was unearthed in 2019 during construction work on the JR Takanawa Gateway Station in Tokyo's Minato Ward. As of late 2021, there was debate among the railway and local government over the need to preserve the structure as an historical relic related to the construction of the railway. Description The embankment was part of Japan's first railway, which ran for 29 kilometers between Shimbashi and Yokohama. It was built circa 1872 and ran over shallow water. The trains appear to float over the water and the embankment was a frequent subject in local woodblock prints.The structure was filled with soil and solidified with stone walls, with trains running on top. Construction began in 1870 between the location of the present Tamachi and Shinagawa stations. “Met with objections from the then Ministry of War to have the route run near land, the maritime route was approved.” It was believed to have been lost when the area was reclaimed during the late Meiji Era. The area is now surrounded by dry land due to past land reclamation and it has significantly changed since the embankment was built.A letter urging preservation of the embankment by ICOMOS notes that the embankment marks an important milestone in Japanese railway history and represents the start of the country's modernization. They note it is "a hybrid structure, integrating foreign construction techniques from the UK with native Japanese construction techniques." Preservation efforts Prime Minister Suga Yoshihide visited the site on May 29, 2021, and expressed his wishes that the structure could be preserved. The Japanese Archaeological Association has requested that JR East and the Agency for Cultural Affairs fully preserve the Takanawa embankment, but the railway has said it only intends to preserve the most significant elements of the embankment, notably an 80-meter bridge and a section containing what is believed to be the base for Japan's first railway signal. This signal base was to be moved to another location nearby. Preservation would cost around 40 billion yen, with the railway asking government and other agencies to contribute funds towards preservation.The Archeological Association has stated that the embankment is " "exceptional in the world" and argues that the railway operator "has the responsibility to preserve all the remaining sections as a relic of East Asia’s first railway" ". The unearthed section run through an area intended to have a skyscraper to accommodate offices and other facilities; maintaining the embankment would significantly raise development costs of the area. The government has asked JR East to find a way to preserve the structure where it is located.Reporters were given a tour of the mostly unearthed structure on August 23, 2021, and preservation efforts were well underway. It was noted that the embankment was important for the understanding of transportation and civil engineering of the era.In October 2021, it was announced that Saga Governor Yoshinori Yamaguchi planned to have parts of the embankment relocated and rebuilt to commemorate the efforts of Shigenobu Okuma, a local politician who lobbied to have the embankment built. Per the Saga Prefectural Government: "There were various difficulties before the railway opened, such as financial problems, opposition from local residents and the military, but Okuma overcame [them] with dynamic creativity and determination." Designation The Japanese central government named about 120 m of the embankment as national historic site in September 2021.ICOMOS issued a heritage alert in February 2022, expressing serious concern over "imminent and irreversible threats to the Takanawa Chikutei maritime railway track embankment (Japan)". A letter has been sent to JR East and local and national authorities reiterating their concern over the threat of the loss of the embankment. == References ==

Commons category

The Takanawa Embankment is a former railway embankment, built when Japan's first railway opened in 1872. A 770m section of the former 2.7 km long embankment was unearthed in 2019 during construction work on the JR Takanawa Gateway Station in Tokyo's Minato Ward. As of late 2021, there was debate among the railway and local government over the need to preserve the structure as an historical relic related to the construction of the railway. Description The embankment was part of Japan's first railway, which ran for 29 kilometers between Shimbashi and Yokohama. It was built circa 1872 and ran over shallow water. The trains appear to float over the water and the embankment was a frequent subject in local woodblock prints.The structure was filled with soil and solidified with stone walls, with trains running on top. Construction began in 1870 between the location of the present Tamachi and Shinagawa stations. “Met with objections from the then Ministry of War to have the route run near land, the maritime route was approved.” It was believed to have been lost when the area was reclaimed during the late Meiji Era. The area is now surrounded by dry land due to past land reclamation and it has significantly changed since the embankment was built.A letter urging preservation of the embankment by ICOMOS notes that the embankment marks an important milestone in Japanese railway history and represents the start of the country's modernization. They note it is "a hybrid structure, integrating foreign construction techniques from the UK with native Japanese construction techniques." Preservation efforts Prime Minister Suga Yoshihide visited the site on May 29, 2021, and expressed his wishes that the structure could be preserved. The Japanese Archaeological Association has requested that JR East and the Agency for Cultural Affairs fully preserve the Takanawa embankment, but the railway has said it only intends to preserve the most significant elements of the embankment, notably an 80-meter bridge and a section containing what is believed to be the base for Japan's first railway signal. This signal base was to be moved to another location nearby. Preservation would cost around 40 billion yen, with the railway asking government and other agencies to contribute funds towards preservation.The Archeological Association has stated that the embankment is " "exceptional in the world" and argues that the railway operator "has the responsibility to preserve all the remaining sections as a relic of East Asia’s first railway" ". The unearthed section run through an area intended to have a skyscraper to accommodate offices and other facilities; maintaining the embankment would significantly raise development costs of the area. The government has asked JR East to find a way to preserve the structure where it is located.Reporters were given a tour of the mostly unearthed structure on August 23, 2021, and preservation efforts were well underway. It was noted that the embankment was important for the understanding of transportation and civil engineering of the era.In October 2021, it was announced that Saga Governor Yoshinori Yamaguchi planned to have parts of the embankment relocated and rebuilt to commemorate the efforts of Shigenobu Okuma, a local politician who lobbied to have the embankment built. Per the Saga Prefectural Government: "There were various difficulties before the railway opened, such as financial problems, opposition from local residents and the military, but Okuma overcame [them] with dynamic creativity and determination." Designation The Japanese central government named about 120 m of the embankment as national historic site in September 2021.ICOMOS issued a heritage alert in February 2022, expressing serious concern over "imminent and irreversible threats to the Takanawa Chikutei maritime railway track embankment (Japan)". A letter has been sent to JR East and local and national authorities reiterating their concern over the threat of the loss of the embankment. == References ==

length

Government Medical College, Rajouri (GMC-R) is a full-fledged tertiary referral Government Medical College in the Rajouri district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It was established in the year 2016. The college and Hospital are approved and recognized by the National Medical Commission erstwhile Medical Council of India since the year of inception of the college. About college The college imparts the degree Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS). Nursing and para-medical courses are also offered. The college is affiliated with the University of Jammu and is recognised by the National Medical Commission erstwhile Medical Council of India. Selection to the college is done on the basis of merit through the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test. Yearly undergraduate student intake is 100 from the year 2019. The intake has been increased to 115 from the year 2020 Batch. 17 seats from the total intake have been pooled into the All India Quota, leaving behind 98 seats for the State Quota in the course of MBBS. Courses Government Medical College Rajouri is currently offering postgraduate and undergraduate medical programs like: Diplomate of National Board Bachelor of Medicine Bachelor of Surgery Bachelor of Science in Nursing Allied Sciences Paramedical List of principals Prof. (Dr) Zahid Hussain Gillani (04-07-2018 to 25-04-2019) Prof. (Dr) Kuldeep Singh (26-04-2019 to 30-04-2021) Prof. (Dr) Brij Mohan Gupta (01-05-2021 to 31-12-2021) Prof. (Dr) Ghulam Ali Shah (01-01-2022 to 30-04-2022) Prof. (Dr) Shashi Sudhan Sharma (01-05-2022 to 22-10-2022) Prof. (Dr) Amarjeet Singh Bhatia (23-10-2022 to Present) References External links Official website Dr. Brij Mohan Gupta appointed as new Principal GMC-R. [1] GMC Rajouri's one of the associated hospitals located at Kheora area of Rajouri city gets vital medical equipment under WB-funded project.[2] Dr Ghulam Ali Shah appointed as Principal GMC Rajouri. [3] Dr Shashi Sudhan Sharma appointed as the Principal of GMC Rajouri. [4] Dr Amarjeet Singh Bhatia, HoD Biochemistry GMC Jammu, appointed as Principal GMC Rajouri. [5]

country

The Iceland men's national under-21 football team is a national under-21 football team of Iceland and is controlled by the Football Association of Iceland. The team is considered to be the feeder team for the senior Icelandic men's national football team. Since the establishment of the UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship in 1978, the team has reached the Euro Championship finals on two occasions, most recently in 2021. In the 2011 and 2021 tournaments they were knocked out in the group stages.The team is for Icelandic players aged under 21 at the start of the calendar year in which a two-year European Under-21 Football Championship campaign begins, so some players can remain with the squad until the age of 23. Players can represent Iceland at any level as long as they are eligible, giving them the option to compete for the U21s, senior team, and then U21s once more. This has been the case for several senior team players like Eiður Guðjohnsen, Heiðar Helguson, Jón Daði Böðvarsson and Jóhann Berg Guðmundsson. History From 1978 to 2009 the team never qualified for the UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship tournament finals. In late 2010, the team sealed qualification to the championships for the very first team in their history. During the qualification stage they finished second in their group behind the Czech Republic and qualified for the playoffs as a result of being one of the best runners-up in the whole qualification process. Their most notable win came in a 4–1 home victory over Germany. In the next stage they played against Scotland in a two-legged affair in which they won 4–2 on aggregate over the two games.Their remarkable qualification campaign saw them qualify for the finals where they were drawn against Belarus, Denmark and Switzerland in Group A. In their first two group games they were comfortably beaten by Belarus and Switzerland. In their final group game they defeated Denmark who were the hosts of the tournament 3–1. Iceland would finish third in the group, level on points with the second placed and fourth placed teams. Following the end of the tournament, UEFA announced its Team of the Tournament with striker Kolbeinn Sigþórsson named on the list.Iceland qualified to the tournament for the second time in 2021. Competition records UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship UEFA European Under-21 Championship 2023 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification 2023 UEFA European Under-21 Championship play-offs The four play-off winners qualify for the final tournament. All times are CEST (UTC+2), as listed by UEFA (local times, if different, are in parentheses). Recent results and forthcoming fixtures Current squad The following players were called up for the friendly match against Scotland. Match date: 17 November 2022 Opposition: Scotland Caps and goals correct as of: 17 November, after the match against Scotland Recent call-ups The following players are still eligible for and have previously been called up to the under-21 squad. Previous squads 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship squad 2021 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship squad Records Most caps As of 17 November 2022, the 10 players with the most U-21 caps for Iceland are: In bold players still playing or available for selection. Top goalscorers As of 17 November 2022, the 10 players with the most U-21 goals for Iceland are: In bold players still playing or available for selection. See also Iceland national football team Iceland national under-19 football team Iceland national under-17 football team References External links Official Site Archived 2012-09-14 at the Wayback Machine (in Icelandic) Official Site under-21 results (in Icelandic) Profile & squad at UEFA.com

country

The Iceland men's national under-21 football team is a national under-21 football team of Iceland and is controlled by the Football Association of Iceland. The team is considered to be the feeder team for the senior Icelandic men's national football team. Since the establishment of the UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship in 1978, the team has reached the Euro Championship finals on two occasions, most recently in 2021. In the 2011 and 2021 tournaments they were knocked out in the group stages.The team is for Icelandic players aged under 21 at the start of the calendar year in which a two-year European Under-21 Football Championship campaign begins, so some players can remain with the squad until the age of 23. Players can represent Iceland at any level as long as they are eligible, giving them the option to compete for the U21s, senior team, and then U21s once more. This has been the case for several senior team players like Eiður Guðjohnsen, Heiðar Helguson, Jón Daði Böðvarsson and Jóhann Berg Guðmundsson. History From 1978 to 2009 the team never qualified for the UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship tournament finals. In late 2010, the team sealed qualification to the championships for the very first team in their history. During the qualification stage they finished second in their group behind the Czech Republic and qualified for the playoffs as a result of being one of the best runners-up in the whole qualification process. Their most notable win came in a 4–1 home victory over Germany. In the next stage they played against Scotland in a two-legged affair in which they won 4–2 on aggregate over the two games.Their remarkable qualification campaign saw them qualify for the finals where they were drawn against Belarus, Denmark and Switzerland in Group A. In their first two group games they were comfortably beaten by Belarus and Switzerland. In their final group game they defeated Denmark who were the hosts of the tournament 3–1. Iceland would finish third in the group, level on points with the second placed and fourth placed teams. Following the end of the tournament, UEFA announced its Team of the Tournament with striker Kolbeinn Sigþórsson named on the list.Iceland qualified to the tournament for the second time in 2021. Competition records UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship UEFA European Under-21 Championship 2023 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification 2023 UEFA European Under-21 Championship play-offs The four play-off winners qualify for the final tournament. All times are CEST (UTC+2), as listed by UEFA (local times, if different, are in parentheses). Recent results and forthcoming fixtures Current squad The following players were called up for the friendly match against Scotland. Match date: 17 November 2022 Opposition: Scotland Caps and goals correct as of: 17 November, after the match against Scotland Recent call-ups The following players are still eligible for and have previously been called up to the under-21 squad. Previous squads 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship squad 2021 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship squad Records Most caps As of 17 November 2022, the 10 players with the most U-21 caps for Iceland are: In bold players still playing or available for selection. Top goalscorers As of 17 November 2022, the 10 players with the most U-21 goals for Iceland are: In bold players still playing or available for selection. See also Iceland national football team Iceland national under-19 football team Iceland national under-17 football team References External links Official Site Archived 2012-09-14 at the Wayback Machine (in Icelandic) Official Site under-21 results (in Icelandic) Profile & squad at UEFA.com

owned by

The Iceland men's national under-21 football team is a national under-21 football team of Iceland and is controlled by the Football Association of Iceland. The team is considered to be the feeder team for the senior Icelandic men's national football team. Since the establishment of the UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship in 1978, the team has reached the Euro Championship finals on two occasions, most recently in 2021. In the 2011 and 2021 tournaments they were knocked out in the group stages.The team is for Icelandic players aged under 21 at the start of the calendar year in which a two-year European Under-21 Football Championship campaign begins, so some players can remain with the squad until the age of 23. Players can represent Iceland at any level as long as they are eligible, giving them the option to compete for the U21s, senior team, and then U21s once more. This has been the case for several senior team players like Eiður Guðjohnsen, Heiðar Helguson, Jón Daði Böðvarsson and Jóhann Berg Guðmundsson. History From 1978 to 2009 the team never qualified for the UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship tournament finals. In late 2010, the team sealed qualification to the championships for the very first team in their history. During the qualification stage they finished second in their group behind the Czech Republic and qualified for the playoffs as a result of being one of the best runners-up in the whole qualification process. Their most notable win came in a 4–1 home victory over Germany. In the next stage they played against Scotland in a two-legged affair in which they won 4–2 on aggregate over the two games.Their remarkable qualification campaign saw them qualify for the finals where they were drawn against Belarus, Denmark and Switzerland in Group A. In their first two group games they were comfortably beaten by Belarus and Switzerland. In their final group game they defeated Denmark who were the hosts of the tournament 3–1. Iceland would finish third in the group, level on points with the second placed and fourth placed teams. Following the end of the tournament, UEFA announced its Team of the Tournament with striker Kolbeinn Sigþórsson named on the list.Iceland qualified to the tournament for the second time in 2021. Competition records UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship UEFA European Under-21 Championship 2023 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification 2023 UEFA European Under-21 Championship play-offs The four play-off winners qualify for the final tournament. All times are CEST (UTC+2), as listed by UEFA (local times, if different, are in parentheses). Recent results and forthcoming fixtures Current squad The following players were called up for the friendly match against Scotland. Match date: 17 November 2022 Opposition: Scotland Caps and goals correct as of: 17 November, after the match against Scotland Recent call-ups The following players are still eligible for and have previously been called up to the under-21 squad. Previous squads 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship squad 2021 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship squad Records Most caps As of 17 November 2022, the 10 players with the most U-21 caps for Iceland are: In bold players still playing or available for selection. Top goalscorers As of 17 November 2022, the 10 players with the most U-21 goals for Iceland are: In bold players still playing or available for selection. See also Iceland national football team Iceland national under-19 football team Iceland national under-17 football team References External links Official Site Archived 2012-09-14 at the Wayback Machine (in Icelandic) Official Site under-21 results (in Icelandic) Profile & squad at UEFA.com

country for sport

Manley Hall (also known as Thickbroom Hall) was an English Tudor-style country house in Weeford, near Lichfield in Staffordshire. The house was built in 1833 in a 1200-acre estate for John Shawe Manley, who in 1843 was High Sheriff of Staffordshire. It was designed by architect Thomas Trubshaw (1801–1842) of Little Haywood. The building included a watch tower and elaborate finials and chimneys. However, due to severe wood rot, Manley Hall, apart from the south-west end, was demolished in 1905. On the estate today there is an open lawn where the house used to stand and Manley Wood. Plans are in hand to convert the service wing and the stable block to dwelling houses. References "Weeford". Genuki. Retrieved 30 August 2012.

instance of

Manley Hall (also known as Thickbroom Hall) was an English Tudor-style country house in Weeford, near Lichfield in Staffordshire. The house was built in 1833 in a 1200-acre estate for John Shawe Manley, who in 1843 was High Sheriff of Staffordshire. It was designed by architect Thomas Trubshaw (1801–1842) of Little Haywood. The building included a watch tower and elaborate finials and chimneys. However, due to severe wood rot, Manley Hall, apart from the south-west end, was demolished in 1905. On the estate today there is an open lawn where the house used to stand and Manley Wood. Plans are in hand to convert the service wing and the stable block to dwelling houses. References "Weeford". Genuki. Retrieved 30 August 2012.

historic county

The 1932 Iowa Hawkeyes football team was an American football team that represented the University of Iowa in the 1932 Big Ten Conference football season. In its first season under head coach Ossie Solem, the team compiled a 1–7 record (0–5 against conference opponents), finished in last place in the Big Ten Conference, and was outscored by a total of 171 to 62. The team played its home games at Iowa Stadium in Iowa City, Iowa. Schedule == References ==

head coach

The 1932 Iowa Hawkeyes football team was an American football team that represented the University of Iowa in the 1932 Big Ten Conference football season. In its first season under head coach Ossie Solem, the team compiled a 1–7 record (0–5 against conference opponents), finished in last place in the Big Ten Conference, and was outscored by a total of 171 to 62. The team played its home games at Iowa Stadium in Iowa City, Iowa. Schedule == References ==

sport

The 1932 Iowa Hawkeyes football team was an American football team that represented the University of Iowa in the 1932 Big Ten Conference football season. In its first season under head coach Ossie Solem, the team compiled a 1–7 record (0–5 against conference opponents), finished in last place in the Big Ten Conference, and was outscored by a total of 171 to 62. The team played its home games at Iowa Stadium in Iowa City, Iowa. Schedule == References ==

season of club or team

Hugh Pochin Dinwiddy, (16 October 1912 – 31 October 2009) was an English cricketer, who played first-class cricket for Kent County Cricket Club and Cambridge University Cricket Club between 1933 and 1935. He was the last man alive to play first-class cricket against both Jack Hobbs (whilst playing for Kent) and Donald Bradman (representing Cambridge University). He made his first-class cricket debut for Kent in 1933 against Worcestershire. Life Dinwiddy was the son of Major C. H. Dinwiddy. He captained both the Cricket XI and the First XV at Radley College in 1931, and went up to Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1932. At Cambridge Dinwiddy also won a Blue for rugby and played for Harlequins, being trialed for England in 1936.After graduation Dinwiddy taught English and rugby at Ampleforth College until the outbreak of the Second World War, when he enlisted in the Royal Navy.In 1947 he married Yvonne Marie Catterall.In 1956, at the instigation of Paul Foster, Dinwiddy moved to Uganda to teach literature and creative writing at Makerere College in Kampala, a constituent part of the University College of East Africa, soon to become the University of East Africa (and later Makerere University). He went on to serve as the Dean of the college. He returned to England in 1970, and was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1971 New Year Honours for his work in Uganda. He lived at Bognor Regis and worked as an adult education teacher and an occasional lecturer on African affairs for Southampton University, Sussex University and the School of Oriental and African Studies. Works Uganda's Relations with Britain from 1971-1976 (1987). References External links Hugh Dinwiddy at ESPNcricinfo

place of death

Hugh Pochin Dinwiddy, (16 October 1912 – 31 October 2009) was an English cricketer, who played first-class cricket for Kent County Cricket Club and Cambridge University Cricket Club between 1933 and 1935. He was the last man alive to play first-class cricket against both Jack Hobbs (whilst playing for Kent) and Donald Bradman (representing Cambridge University). He made his first-class cricket debut for Kent in 1933 against Worcestershire. Life Dinwiddy was the son of Major C. H. Dinwiddy. He captained both the Cricket XI and the First XV at Radley College in 1931, and went up to Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1932. At Cambridge Dinwiddy also won a Blue for rugby and played for Harlequins, being trialed for England in 1936.After graduation Dinwiddy taught English and rugby at Ampleforth College until the outbreak of the Second World War, when he enlisted in the Royal Navy.In 1947 he married Yvonne Marie Catterall.In 1956, at the instigation of Paul Foster, Dinwiddy moved to Uganda to teach literature and creative writing at Makerere College in Kampala, a constituent part of the University College of East Africa, soon to become the University of East Africa (and later Makerere University). He went on to serve as the Dean of the college. He returned to England in 1970, and was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1971 New Year Honours for his work in Uganda. He lived at Bognor Regis and worked as an adult education teacher and an occasional lecturer on African affairs for Southampton University, Sussex University and the School of Oriental and African Studies. Works Uganda's Relations with Britain from 1971-1976 (1987). References External links Hugh Dinwiddy at ESPNcricinfo

member of sports team

Hugh Pochin Dinwiddy, (16 October 1912 – 31 October 2009) was an English cricketer, who played first-class cricket for Kent County Cricket Club and Cambridge University Cricket Club between 1933 and 1935. He was the last man alive to play first-class cricket against both Jack Hobbs (whilst playing for Kent) and Donald Bradman (representing Cambridge University). He made his first-class cricket debut for Kent in 1933 against Worcestershire. Life Dinwiddy was the son of Major C. H. Dinwiddy. He captained both the Cricket XI and the First XV at Radley College in 1931, and went up to Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1932. At Cambridge Dinwiddy also won a Blue for rugby and played for Harlequins, being trialed for England in 1936.After graduation Dinwiddy taught English and rugby at Ampleforth College until the outbreak of the Second World War, when he enlisted in the Royal Navy.In 1947 he married Yvonne Marie Catterall.In 1956, at the instigation of Paul Foster, Dinwiddy moved to Uganda to teach literature and creative writing at Makerere College in Kampala, a constituent part of the University College of East Africa, soon to become the University of East Africa (and later Makerere University). He went on to serve as the Dean of the college. He returned to England in 1970, and was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1971 New Year Honours for his work in Uganda. He lived at Bognor Regis and worked as an adult education teacher and an occasional lecturer on African affairs for Southampton University, Sussex University and the School of Oriental and African Studies. Works Uganda's Relations with Britain from 1971-1976 (1987). References External links Hugh Dinwiddy at ESPNcricinfo

educated at

Hugh Pochin Dinwiddy, (16 October 1912 – 31 October 2009) was an English cricketer, who played first-class cricket for Kent County Cricket Club and Cambridge University Cricket Club between 1933 and 1935. He was the last man alive to play first-class cricket against both Jack Hobbs (whilst playing for Kent) and Donald Bradman (representing Cambridge University). He made his first-class cricket debut for Kent in 1933 against Worcestershire. Life Dinwiddy was the son of Major C. H. Dinwiddy. He captained both the Cricket XI and the First XV at Radley College in 1931, and went up to Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1932. At Cambridge Dinwiddy also won a Blue for rugby and played for Harlequins, being trialed for England in 1936.After graduation Dinwiddy taught English and rugby at Ampleforth College until the outbreak of the Second World War, when he enlisted in the Royal Navy.In 1947 he married Yvonne Marie Catterall.In 1956, at the instigation of Paul Foster, Dinwiddy moved to Uganda to teach literature and creative writing at Makerere College in Kampala, a constituent part of the University College of East Africa, soon to become the University of East Africa (and later Makerere University). He went on to serve as the Dean of the college. He returned to England in 1970, and was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1971 New Year Honours for his work in Uganda. He lived at Bognor Regis and worked as an adult education teacher and an occasional lecturer on African affairs for Southampton University, Sussex University and the School of Oriental and African Studies. Works Uganda's Relations with Britain from 1971-1976 (1987). References External links Hugh Dinwiddy at ESPNcricinfo

occupation

Hugh Pochin Dinwiddy, (16 October 1912 – 31 October 2009) was an English cricketer, who played first-class cricket for Kent County Cricket Club and Cambridge University Cricket Club between 1933 and 1935. He was the last man alive to play first-class cricket against both Jack Hobbs (whilst playing for Kent) and Donald Bradman (representing Cambridge University). He made his first-class cricket debut for Kent in 1933 against Worcestershire. Life Dinwiddy was the son of Major C. H. Dinwiddy. He captained both the Cricket XI and the First XV at Radley College in 1931, and went up to Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1932. At Cambridge Dinwiddy also won a Blue for rugby and played for Harlequins, being trialed for England in 1936.After graduation Dinwiddy taught English and rugby at Ampleforth College until the outbreak of the Second World War, when he enlisted in the Royal Navy.In 1947 he married Yvonne Marie Catterall.In 1956, at the instigation of Paul Foster, Dinwiddy moved to Uganda to teach literature and creative writing at Makerere College in Kampala, a constituent part of the University College of East Africa, soon to become the University of East Africa (and later Makerere University). He went on to serve as the Dean of the college. He returned to England in 1970, and was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1971 New Year Honours for his work in Uganda. He lived at Bognor Regis and worked as an adult education teacher and an occasional lecturer on African affairs for Southampton University, Sussex University and the School of Oriental and African Studies. Works Uganda's Relations with Britain from 1971-1976 (1987). References External links Hugh Dinwiddy at ESPNcricinfo

award received

Hugh Pochin Dinwiddy, (16 October 1912 – 31 October 2009) was an English cricketer, who played first-class cricket for Kent County Cricket Club and Cambridge University Cricket Club between 1933 and 1935. He was the last man alive to play first-class cricket against both Jack Hobbs (whilst playing for Kent) and Donald Bradman (representing Cambridge University). He made his first-class cricket debut for Kent in 1933 against Worcestershire. Life Dinwiddy was the son of Major C. H. Dinwiddy. He captained both the Cricket XI and the First XV at Radley College in 1931, and went up to Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1932. At Cambridge Dinwiddy also won a Blue for rugby and played for Harlequins, being trialed for England in 1936.After graduation Dinwiddy taught English and rugby at Ampleforth College until the outbreak of the Second World War, when he enlisted in the Royal Navy.In 1947 he married Yvonne Marie Catterall.In 1956, at the instigation of Paul Foster, Dinwiddy moved to Uganda to teach literature and creative writing at Makerere College in Kampala, a constituent part of the University College of East Africa, soon to become the University of East Africa (and later Makerere University). He went on to serve as the Dean of the college. He returned to England in 1970, and was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1971 New Year Honours for his work in Uganda. He lived at Bognor Regis and worked as an adult education teacher and an occasional lecturer on African affairs for Southampton University, Sussex University and the School of Oriental and African Studies. Works Uganda's Relations with Britain from 1971-1976 (1987). References External links Hugh Dinwiddy at ESPNcricinfo

sport

Hugh Pochin Dinwiddy, (16 October 1912 – 31 October 2009) was an English cricketer, who played first-class cricket for Kent County Cricket Club and Cambridge University Cricket Club between 1933 and 1935. He was the last man alive to play first-class cricket against both Jack Hobbs (whilst playing for Kent) and Donald Bradman (representing Cambridge University). He made his first-class cricket debut for Kent in 1933 against Worcestershire. Life Dinwiddy was the son of Major C. H. Dinwiddy. He captained both the Cricket XI and the First XV at Radley College in 1931, and went up to Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1932. At Cambridge Dinwiddy also won a Blue for rugby and played for Harlequins, being trialed for England in 1936.After graduation Dinwiddy taught English and rugby at Ampleforth College until the outbreak of the Second World War, when he enlisted in the Royal Navy.In 1947 he married Yvonne Marie Catterall.In 1956, at the instigation of Paul Foster, Dinwiddy moved to Uganda to teach literature and creative writing at Makerere College in Kampala, a constituent part of the University College of East Africa, soon to become the University of East Africa (and later Makerere University). He went on to serve as the Dean of the college. He returned to England in 1970, and was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1971 New Year Honours for his work in Uganda. He lived at Bognor Regis and worked as an adult education teacher and an occasional lecturer on African affairs for Southampton University, Sussex University and the School of Oriental and African Studies. Works Uganda's Relations with Britain from 1971-1976 (1987). References External links Hugh Dinwiddy at ESPNcricinfo

family name

Hugh Pochin Dinwiddy, (16 October 1912 – 31 October 2009) was an English cricketer, who played first-class cricket for Kent County Cricket Club and Cambridge University Cricket Club between 1933 and 1935. He was the last man alive to play first-class cricket against both Jack Hobbs (whilst playing for Kent) and Donald Bradman (representing Cambridge University). He made his first-class cricket debut for Kent in 1933 against Worcestershire. Life Dinwiddy was the son of Major C. H. Dinwiddy. He captained both the Cricket XI and the First XV at Radley College in 1931, and went up to Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1932. At Cambridge Dinwiddy also won a Blue for rugby and played for Harlequins, being trialed for England in 1936.After graduation Dinwiddy taught English and rugby at Ampleforth College until the outbreak of the Second World War, when he enlisted in the Royal Navy.In 1947 he married Yvonne Marie Catterall.In 1956, at the instigation of Paul Foster, Dinwiddy moved to Uganda to teach literature and creative writing at Makerere College in Kampala, a constituent part of the University College of East Africa, soon to become the University of East Africa (and later Makerere University). He went on to serve as the Dean of the college. He returned to England in 1970, and was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1971 New Year Honours for his work in Uganda. He lived at Bognor Regis and worked as an adult education teacher and an occasional lecturer on African affairs for Southampton University, Sussex University and the School of Oriental and African Studies. Works Uganda's Relations with Britain from 1971-1976 (1987). References External links Hugh Dinwiddy at ESPNcricinfo

given name

Hugh Pochin Dinwiddy, (16 October 1912 – 31 October 2009) was an English cricketer, who played first-class cricket for Kent County Cricket Club and Cambridge University Cricket Club between 1933 and 1935. He was the last man alive to play first-class cricket against both Jack Hobbs (whilst playing for Kent) and Donald Bradman (representing Cambridge University). He made his first-class cricket debut for Kent in 1933 against Worcestershire. Life Dinwiddy was the son of Major C. H. Dinwiddy. He captained both the Cricket XI and the First XV at Radley College in 1931, and went up to Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1932. At Cambridge Dinwiddy also won a Blue for rugby and played for Harlequins, being trialed for England in 1936.After graduation Dinwiddy taught English and rugby at Ampleforth College until the outbreak of the Second World War, when he enlisted in the Royal Navy.In 1947 he married Yvonne Marie Catterall.In 1956, at the instigation of Paul Foster, Dinwiddy moved to Uganda to teach literature and creative writing at Makerere College in Kampala, a constituent part of the University College of East Africa, soon to become the University of East Africa (and later Makerere University). He went on to serve as the Dean of the college. He returned to England in 1970, and was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1971 New Year Honours for his work in Uganda. He lived at Bognor Regis and worked as an adult education teacher and an occasional lecturer on African affairs for Southampton University, Sussex University and the School of Oriental and African Studies. Works Uganda's Relations with Britain from 1971-1976 (1987). References External links Hugh Dinwiddy at ESPNcricinfo

languages spoken, written or signed

Sericanthe toupetou is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is found in Ivory Coast and Ghana. It is threatened by habitat loss. == References ==

taxon rank

Sericanthe toupetou is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is found in Ivory Coast and Ghana. It is threatened by habitat loss. == References ==

parent taxon

Sericanthe toupetou is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is found in Ivory Coast and Ghana. It is threatened by habitat loss. == References ==

taxon name

Fahmaan Khan (born 4 September 1990) is an Indian actor and model who predominantly works in Hindi television. He is best known for playing Dr. Veerpratap Singh Rajawat in Zee TV's drama Apna Time Bhi Aayega (2020-21) and Aryan Singh Rathore in StarPlus's drama romance Imlie (2021-22). Career He started his career first as a model and worked with various brands. For more than nine years, he acted in theatre plays before landing in a short film titled Ver Joints in 2014. His small screen career started with a cameo role in Yeh Vaada Raha in 2015 and then a cameo role in the TV Serial Kundali Bhagya in 2017. From 2017 to 2020, Khan was seen in recurring roles in Kya Qusoor Hai Amala Ka, Ishq Mein Marjawan and Mere Dad Ki Dulhan. Since 2020, he is seen playing lead roles in Apna Time Bhi Aayega, Imlie and Pyar Ke Saat Vachan Dharampatnii. In 2022, he made his directorial debut with music video Ishq Ho Gaya sung by Tabish Pasha starring himself alongside Sumbul Touqeer Khan. Filmography Television Special appearances Web series Music videos Awards and nominations See also List of Indian television actors References External links Fahmaan Khan at IMDb

occupation

Simon Toulson-Clarke is the English lead singer and a founder member of the 1980s/1990s pop group Red Box. He was educated at Harrow School and in the late 1970s, he studied in London at the Polytechnic of Central London where he formed the band along with Julian Close, Paddy Talbot, Rob Legge and Martin Nickson.He released an album in 1997 with Alastair Gavin and Phill Brown titled SPA, which was a tribute to American comic Bill Hicks. In 2010, a third Red Box album was released, titled Plenty. Toulson-Clarke and fellow band members Derek Adams, Paul Bond, Dave Jenkins, Sally Jo-Seery and Karin Tenggren are currently in the studio recording a new album. References External links Simon Toulson-Clarke at IMDb

educated at

Simon Toulson-Clarke is the English lead singer and a founder member of the 1980s/1990s pop group Red Box. He was educated at Harrow School and in the late 1970s, he studied in London at the Polytechnic of Central London where he formed the band along with Julian Close, Paddy Talbot, Rob Legge and Martin Nickson.He released an album in 1997 with Alastair Gavin and Phill Brown titled SPA, which was a tribute to American comic Bill Hicks. In 2010, a third Red Box album was released, titled Plenty. Toulson-Clarke and fellow band members Derek Adams, Paul Bond, Dave Jenkins, Sally Jo-Seery and Karin Tenggren are currently in the studio recording a new album. References External links Simon Toulson-Clarke at IMDb

occupation

Simon Toulson-Clarke is the English lead singer and a founder member of the 1980s/1990s pop group Red Box. He was educated at Harrow School and in the late 1970s, he studied in London at the Polytechnic of Central London where he formed the band along with Julian Close, Paddy Talbot, Rob Legge and Martin Nickson.He released an album in 1997 with Alastair Gavin and Phill Brown titled SPA, which was a tribute to American comic Bill Hicks. In 2010, a third Red Box album was released, titled Plenty. Toulson-Clarke and fellow band members Derek Adams, Paul Bond, Dave Jenkins, Sally Jo-Seery and Karin Tenggren are currently in the studio recording a new album. References External links Simon Toulson-Clarke at IMDb

part of

Simon Toulson-Clarke is the English lead singer and a founder member of the 1980s/1990s pop group Red Box. He was educated at Harrow School and in the late 1970s, he studied in London at the Polytechnic of Central London where he formed the band along with Julian Close, Paddy Talbot, Rob Legge and Martin Nickson.He released an album in 1997 with Alastair Gavin and Phill Brown titled SPA, which was a tribute to American comic Bill Hicks. In 2010, a third Red Box album was released, titled Plenty. Toulson-Clarke and fellow band members Derek Adams, Paul Bond, Dave Jenkins, Sally Jo-Seery and Karin Tenggren are currently in the studio recording a new album. References External links Simon Toulson-Clarke at IMDb

Commons category

Simon Toulson-Clarke is the English lead singer and a founder member of the 1980s/1990s pop group Red Box. He was educated at Harrow School and in the late 1970s, he studied in London at the Polytechnic of Central London where he formed the band along with Julian Close, Paddy Talbot, Rob Legge and Martin Nickson.He released an album in 1997 with Alastair Gavin and Phill Brown titled SPA, which was a tribute to American comic Bill Hicks. In 2010, a third Red Box album was released, titled Plenty. Toulson-Clarke and fellow band members Derek Adams, Paul Bond, Dave Jenkins, Sally Jo-Seery and Karin Tenggren are currently in the studio recording a new album. References External links Simon Toulson-Clarke at IMDb

family name

Simon Toulson-Clarke is the English lead singer and a founder member of the 1980s/1990s pop group Red Box. He was educated at Harrow School and in the late 1970s, he studied in London at the Polytechnic of Central London where he formed the band along with Julian Close, Paddy Talbot, Rob Legge and Martin Nickson.He released an album in 1997 with Alastair Gavin and Phill Brown titled SPA, which was a tribute to American comic Bill Hicks. In 2010, a third Red Box album was released, titled Plenty. Toulson-Clarke and fellow band members Derek Adams, Paul Bond, Dave Jenkins, Sally Jo-Seery and Karin Tenggren are currently in the studio recording a new album. References External links Simon Toulson-Clarke at IMDb

given name

Simon Toulson-Clarke is the English lead singer and a founder member of the 1980s/1990s pop group Red Box. He was educated at Harrow School and in the late 1970s, he studied in London at the Polytechnic of Central London where he formed the band along with Julian Close, Paddy Talbot, Rob Legge and Martin Nickson.He released an album in 1997 with Alastair Gavin and Phill Brown titled SPA, which was a tribute to American comic Bill Hicks. In 2010, a third Red Box album was released, titled Plenty. Toulson-Clarke and fellow band members Derek Adams, Paul Bond, Dave Jenkins, Sally Jo-Seery and Karin Tenggren are currently in the studio recording a new album. References External links Simon Toulson-Clarke at IMDb

languages spoken, written or signed

Nawa Janabadi Morcha (New Democratic Front) is a political party in Nepal. The party is registered with the Election Commission of Nepal ahead of the 2008 Constituent Assembly election.Nawa Janabadi Morcha demands autonomy for Madhes and a federal set-up. == References ==

country

Nawa Janabadi Morcha (New Democratic Front) is a political party in Nepal. The party is registered with the Election Commission of Nepal ahead of the 2008 Constituent Assembly election.Nawa Janabadi Morcha demands autonomy for Madhes and a federal set-up. == References ==

instance of

Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Mountaineering and Allied Sports (abbreviated to ABVIMAS) is an Indian institute, which provides specialized training in skiing, mountain rescue and mountaineering, founded in 1961. The institute is located in Manali, Himachal Pradesh. History In 1961, it was set up as the Western Himalayan Mountaineering Institute, but later it was renamed in 2008 after former PM of India, Atal Bihari Vajpayee. In 2017, the institute formed an MOU with Swarnim Gujarat Sports University for collaborative training. Courses ABVIMAS offers mountaineering, skiing and water sports courses. Advance Mountaineering Course Advance Skiing Course Method of Instruction (Skiing) Course Intermediate Water Sports Course (White Water Kayaking) & Advance Water Sports Course (Sailing) Intermediate water Sports Course Advance Water Sports Course (White Water Kayaking) Advance Water Sports Method of Instruction (Water Sports Course) Trained Trainers of Advance Mountaineering Course See also Mountaineering in India References External links Official website

country

Pallene can refer to: Pallene (mythology), one of the seven Alkyonides, daughters of the giant Alkyoneus in Greek mythology Pallene (moon), a small moon of Saturn, discovered in 2004 Pallene (Attica), a deme of ancient Attica, Greece Pallini, a town east of Athens, Greece Pallene, Chalcidice, the westernmost headland of the Chalcidice, Greece, also called Kassandra Pallini, Chalcidice, a municipality in the above See also Pellene, a city and polis of ancient Achaea

instance of

Pallene can refer to: Pallene (mythology), one of the seven Alkyonides, daughters of the giant Alkyoneus in Greek mythology Pallene (moon), a small moon of Saturn, discovered in 2004 Pallene (Attica), a deme of ancient Attica, Greece Pallini, a town east of Athens, Greece Pallene, Chalcidice, the westernmost headland of the Chalcidice, Greece, also called Kassandra Pallini, Chalcidice, a municipality in the above See also Pellene, a city and polis of ancient Achaea

named after

Pallene can refer to: Pallene (mythology), one of the seven Alkyonides, daughters of the giant Alkyoneus in Greek mythology Pallene (moon), a small moon of Saturn, discovered in 2004 Pallene (Attica), a deme of ancient Attica, Greece Pallini, a town east of Athens, Greece Pallene, Chalcidice, the westernmost headland of the Chalcidice, Greece, also called Kassandra Pallini, Chalcidice, a municipality in the above See also Pellene, a city and polis of ancient Achaea

part of

Pallene can refer to: Pallene (mythology), one of the seven Alkyonides, daughters of the giant Alkyoneus in Greek mythology Pallene (moon), a small moon of Saturn, discovered in 2004 Pallene (Attica), a deme of ancient Attica, Greece Pallini, a town east of Athens, Greece Pallene, Chalcidice, the westernmost headland of the Chalcidice, Greece, also called Kassandra Pallini, Chalcidice, a municipality in the above See also Pellene, a city and polis of ancient Achaea

Commons category

Pallene can refer to: Pallene (mythology), one of the seven Alkyonides, daughters of the giant Alkyoneus in Greek mythology Pallene (moon), a small moon of Saturn, discovered in 2004 Pallene (Attica), a deme of ancient Attica, Greece Pallini, a town east of Athens, Greece Pallene, Chalcidice, the westernmost headland of the Chalcidice, Greece, also called Kassandra Pallini, Chalcidice, a municipality in the above See also Pellene, a city and polis of ancient Achaea

parent astronomical body

Pallene can refer to: Pallene (mythology), one of the seven Alkyonides, daughters of the giant Alkyoneus in Greek mythology Pallene (moon), a small moon of Saturn, discovered in 2004 Pallene (Attica), a deme of ancient Attica, Greece Pallini, a town east of Athens, Greece Pallene, Chalcidice, the westernmost headland of the Chalcidice, Greece, also called Kassandra Pallini, Chalcidice, a municipality in the above See also Pellene, a city and polis of ancient Achaea

country

Pallene can refer to: Pallene (mythology), one of the seven Alkyonides, daughters of the giant Alkyoneus in Greek mythology Pallene (moon), a small moon of Saturn, discovered in 2004 Pallene (Attica), a deme of ancient Attica, Greece Pallini, a town east of Athens, Greece Pallene, Chalcidice, the westernmost headland of the Chalcidice, Greece, also called Kassandra Pallini, Chalcidice, a municipality in the above See also Pellene, a city and polis of ancient Achaea

has part(s)

Pallene can refer to: Pallene (mythology), one of the seven Alkyonides, daughters of the giant Alkyoneus in Greek mythology Pallene (moon), a small moon of Saturn, discovered in 2004 Pallene (Attica), a deme of ancient Attica, Greece Pallini, a town east of Athens, Greece Pallene, Chalcidice, the westernmost headland of the Chalcidice, Greece, also called Kassandra Pallini, Chalcidice, a municipality in the above See also Pellene, a city and polis of ancient Achaea

taxon name

Mike Hale (born December 14, 1972 in Dallas, Texas, United States) is an American motorcycle racer. Career statistics Grand Prix motorcycle racing By season Races by year (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap) Superbike World Championship References External links Profile on MotoGP.com Profile on WSB-Archives.co.uk

place of birth

Mike Hale (born December 14, 1972 in Dallas, Texas, United States) is an American motorcycle racer. Career statistics Grand Prix motorcycle racing By season Races by year (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap) Superbike World Championship References External links Profile on MotoGP.com Profile on WSB-Archives.co.uk

occupation

Mike Hale (born December 14, 1972 in Dallas, Texas, United States) is an American motorcycle racer. Career statistics Grand Prix motorcycle racing By season Races by year (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap) Superbike World Championship References External links Profile on MotoGP.com Profile on WSB-Archives.co.uk

family name

Mike Hale (born December 14, 1972 in Dallas, Texas, United States) is an American motorcycle racer. Career statistics Grand Prix motorcycle racing By season Races by year (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap) Superbike World Championship References External links Profile on MotoGP.com Profile on WSB-Archives.co.uk

given name

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) is an agency of the United States government responsible for consumer protection in the financial sector. CFPB's jurisdiction includes banks, credit unions, securities firms, payday lenders, mortgage-servicing operations, foreclosure relief services, debt collectors, and other financial companies operating in the United States. Since its founding, the CFPB has used technology tools to monitor how financial entities used social media and algorithms to target consumers.: 531–532, 537  The CFPB's creation was authorized by the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, whose passage in 2010 was a legislative response to the financial crisis of 2007–08 and the subsequent Great Recession and is an independent bureau within the Federal Reserve. The CFPB's status as an independent agency has been subject to many challenges in court. In June 2020, the United States Supreme Court found the single-director structure removable only with-cause unconstitutional but allowed the agency to remain in operation. Role According to former Director Richard Cordray, the Bureau's priorities are mortgages, credit cards and student loans. The CFPB qualifies as a large independent agency that was designed to consolidate its employees and responsibilities from a number of other federal regulatory bodies, including the Federal Reserve, the Federal Trade Commission, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the National Credit Union Administration and even the Department of Housing and Urban Development.: 12, 22  The bureau is an independent unit located inside and funded by the United States Federal Reserve, with interim affiliation with the U.S. Treasury Department.The CFPB writes and enforces rules for financial institutions, examines both bank and non-bank financial institutions, monitors and reports on markets, as well as collects and tracks consumer complaints.The CFPB opened its website in early February 2011 to accept suggestions from consumers via YouTube, Twitter, and its own website interface. According to the United States Treasury Department, the bureau is tasked with the responsibility to "promote fairness and transparency for mortgages, credit cards, and other consumer financial products and services". According to its web site, the CFPB's "central mission...is to make markets for consumer financial products and services work for Americans—whether they are applying for a mortgage, choosing among credit cards, or using any number of other consumer financial products". In 2016 alone most of the hundreds and thousands of consumer complaints about their financial services—including banks and credit card issuers—were received and compiled by CFPB and are publicly available on a federal government database.Once a financial institution acquires $10 billion in assets, it falls under the guidance, rules, and regulations under the CFPB. The bank will then be known as a CFPB regulated bank. The CFPB will examine the institution for compliance with bank regulatory laws. History In July 2010, Congress passed the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, during the 111th United States Congress in response to the late-2000s recession and financial crisis. The agency was originally proposed in 2007 by then Harvard Law School professor Elizabeth Warren, who later became a US senator. The proposed CFPB was actively supported by Americans for Financial Reform, a newly created umbrella organization of some 250 consumer, labor, civil rights and other activist organizations.On September 17, 2010, President Obama announced the appointment of Warren as Assistant to the President and Special Advisor to the Secretary of the Treasury on the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau to set up the new agency. Due to the way the legislation creating the bureau was written, until the first Director was in place, the agency was not able to write new rules or supervise financial institutions other than banks.On July 21, 2011, Senator Richard Shelby wrote an op‑ed for The Wall Street Journal affirming his continued opposition to a centralized structure, noting that both the Securities Exchange Commission and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation had executive boards and that the CFPB should be no different. He noted lessons learned from experiences with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac as support for his argument.Politico interpreted Shelby's statements as saying that Cordray's nomination was "dead on arrival". Republican threats of a filibuster to block the nomination in December 2011 led to Senate inaction. Elizabeth Warren, who proposed and established the CFPB, was removed from consideration as the bureau's first formal director after Obama administration officials became convinced Warren could not overcome strong Republican opposition. On July 17, President Obama nominated former Ohio Attorney General and Ohio State Treasurer Richard Cordray to be the first formal director of the CFPB. Prior to his nomination, Cordray had been hired as chief of enforcement for the agency.However, Cordray's nomination was immediately in jeopardy due to 44 Senate Republicans vowing to derail any nominee in order to encourage a decentralized structure of the organization. Senate Republicans had also shown a pattern of refusing to consider regulatory agency nominees. The CFPB formally began operation on July 21, 2011.Since the CFPB database was established in 2011, more than 730,000 complaints have been published. CFPB supporters include the Consumers Union claim that it is a "vital tool that can help consumers make informed decisions". CFPB detractors argue that the CFPB database is a "gotcha game" and that there is already a database maintained by the Federal Trade Commission although that information is not available to the public.On January 4, 2012, Barack Obama issued a recess appointment to install Cordray as director through the end of 2013. This was a highly controversial move as the Senate was still holding pro forma sessions, and the possibility existed that the appointment could be challenged in court. This type of recess appointment was unanimously ruled unconstitutional in NLRB v. Noel Canning.On July 16, 2013, the Senate confirmed Cordray as director in a 66–34 vote. Cordray resigned in late 2017 to run for governor of Ohio. The Financial CHOICE Act, proposed by the House Financial Services Committee's Jeb Hensarling, to repeal the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, passed the House on June 8, 2017. Also in June 2017, the Senate was crafting its own reform bill.Testimony in US Congressional hearings of 2017 have elicited concerns that the wholesale publication of consumer complaints is both misleading and injurious to the consumer market. Rep. Barry Loudermilk (R-GA) said at one such congressional hearing, "Is the purpose of the database just to name and shame companies? Or should they have a disclaimer on there that says it's a fact-free zone, or this is fake news? That's really what I see happening here." Bill Himpler, executive vice president of the American Financial Services Association, a trade group representing banks and other lenders responded "Something needs to be done." "Once the damage is done to a company, it's hard to get your reputation back.Mick Mulvaney, as acting director of the CFPB, removed all 25 members of the agency's Consumer Advisory Board on June 5, 2018, after eleven of them held a press conference on June 3 in which they criticized him.On February 13, 2021, President Joe Biden formally submitted to the Senate the nomination of Rohit Chopra to serve as director of the CFPB. His nomination was approved on September 30, 2021, by a 50-48 vote.On October 20th, 2022 The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals struck down the CFPB’s payday lending rule on the grounds that the funds used to draft the bill were unconstitutionally obtained. This court ruling only impacts the 5th circuit. Regulatory activities From its creation until 2017, the CFPB "has curtailed abusive debt collection practices, reformed mortgage lending, publicized and investigated hundreds of thousands of complaints from aggrieved customers of financial institutions, and extracted nearly $12 billion for 29 million consumers in refunds and canceled debts." Mortgages Regulatory implementation regarding mortgages is covered on the bureau website. Topics provided for consumers include, 2013 mortgage rule implementation, resources to help people comply, quick reference charts, supervision and examination materials, and a link for feedback. It also provides additional information that covers rural or under-served counties, HUD-approved housing counselors, and Appendix Q.Appendix Q relates to the debt-to-income ratio that must be possessed for "qualified mortgages" and provides details about how to determine the factors for that calculation. The standard is set at no more than 43 percent. Retirement and insurance investments The CFPB is weighing whether it should take on a role in helping Americans manage retirement savings and regulate savings plans, particularly focusing on investment scams that target the retired and elderly. "That's one of the things we've been exploring and are interested in terms of whether and what authority we have", bureau director Richard Cordray said in a January 2013 interview. Some conservatives have been critical of this potential role, with William Tucker of the American Media Institute asserting that the agency intends to "control" retirement savings and force people to buy federal debt. The AARP has encouraged the agency to take an active role, arguing that the bureau will help protect elderly Americans from affinity fraud that often targets senior citizens, ensuring that their investments are less likely to be stolen through securities fraud or malpractice.The main regulator of retirement and benefit plans established by employers and private industry is the U.S. Department of Labor, which enforces the main laws (ERISA, COBRA, and HIPAA), retirement plans (including 401(k), SIMPLE, 403(b), and traditional defined-benefit pensions) as well as many aspects of employer group-health plans. The Affordable Care Act, establishing marketplaces selling health plans directly to consumers, adopted the ERISA-style regulatory model, requiring all plans to have standardized documents such as a "summary plan document" (SPD), but the marketplace was regulated by the individual insurance commissioners of every state, with some states having multiple regulators (California maintains both a Department of Insurance and a Department of Managed Care). IRAs, also directed to consumers, are regulated by type of custodian (the FDIC regulates bank custodians, the IRS regulates non-bank custodians). Annuities, life insurance, and disability insurance purchased directly by consumers, are regulated by individual state insurance commissioners. Marketing to consumers is generally regulated by the FCC and various state laws. Because state commissioners are the main regulators, the CFPB is unlikely to assume a leadership role in retirement investment regulation without further legislation and possibly a US constitutional amendment transferring insurance lawmaking power to the federal government. In 2011, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners identified "the single most significant challenge for state insurance regulators is to be vigilant in the protection of consumers, especially in light of the changes taking place in the financial services marketplace", and the CFPB may help fill this void. Many have argued the state-based system of insurance regulation (including insurance-like products such as annuities) is highly economically inefficient, results in uneven and non-portable insurance plans, artificially shrinks risk pools (especially in smaller states) resulting in higher premiums, limits mobility of brokers who have to re-certify in new states, complicates the needs of multi-state business, and should be replaced with a national insurance regulator or national insurance charter option as has taken place with the regulation of securities and banking. Public outreach The CFPB has created a number of personal finance tools for consumers, including Ask CFPB, which compiles plain-language answers to personal finance questions, and Paying for College, which estimates the cost of attending specific universities based on the financial aid offers a student has received.The CFPB has also attempted to help consumers understand virtual currencies such as Bitcoin. Consumer data protection In 2016, the CFPB took its first enforcement action against a company that the CFPB alleged had failed to properly protect the privacy and security of consumers data. Controversies A 2013 press release from the United States House Financial Services Committee criticized the CFPB for what was described as a "radical structure" that "is controlled by a single individual who cannot be fired for poor performance and who exercises sole control over the agency, its hiring and its budget." Moreover, the committee alleged a lack of financial transparency and a lack of accountability to Congress or the President. Committee Vice Chairman Patrick McHenry, expressed particular concern about travel costs and a $55 million renovation of CFPB headquarters, stating "$55 million is more than the entire annual construction and acquisition budget for GSA for the totality of federal buildings." In 2012, the majority of GSA's Federal Buildings Fund went to rental costs, totaling $5.2 billion. $50 million was budgeted for construction and acquisition of facilities.In 2014, some employees and former employees of the CFPB testified before Congress about an alleged culture of racism and sexism at the agency. Former employees testified they were retaliated against for bringing problems to the attention of superiors.As described in articles in Motor Finance and The Wall Street Journal, the CFPB has been criticized for the methodology it uses to identify instances of racial discrimination among auto lenders. Because of legal constraints, the agency used a system to "guess" the race of auto loan applicants based on their last name and listed address. Based on that information, the agency charged several lenders were discriminating against minority applicants and levied large fines and settlements against those companies. Ally Financial paid $98 million in fines and settlement fees in 2013. As the agency's methodology means it can only guess who may be victims of discrimination entitled to settlement funds, as of late 2015, the CFPB had yet to compensate any individuals who were victims of Ally's allegedly discriminatory practices.Cordray was accused of multiple violations of the Hatch Act as Director of the CFPB and investigated by the Office of Special Counsel (OSC), who found no violations. Amendments On May 21, 2018, US President Donald Trump signed into law Congressional legislation repealing the enforcement of automobiles lending rules. On May 24, 2018, Trump signed into law the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act, exempting dozens of banks from the CFPB's regulations. Proposed amendments On July 11, 2013, the CFPB Rural Designation Petition and Correction Act (H.R. 2672; 113th Congress) was introduced into the House of Representatives. The bill would amend the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act to direct the CFPB to establish an application process that would allow a person to have their county designated as "rural" for purposes of federal consumer financial law. One practical effect of having a county designated rural is that people can qualify for some types of mortgages by getting them exempted from the CFPB's qualified mortgage rule.On September 26, 2013, the Consumer Financial Protection Safety and Soundness Improvement Act of 2013 (H.R. 3193; 113th Congress) was introduced into the United States House of Representatives. If adopted, the bill would have modified the CFPB by transforming it into a five-person commission and removing it from the Federal Reserve System. The CFPB would have been renamed the "Financial Product Safety Commission". The bill was also intended to make it easier to override the CFPB decisions. It passed in the House of Representatives on February 27, 2014 and was received by the Senate on March 4. It was never considered in the Democratic controlled Senate. Legal challenges Two lawsuits were filed in the early years of the CFPB; they were both dismissed by federal courts, but one was appealed and is still ongoing. The first one, filed on June 21, 2012, by a Texas bank along with the Competitive Enterprise Institute, challenged the constitutionality of provisions of the CFPB. One year later, in August 2013, a federal judge dismissed the lawsuit because the plaintiffs had failed to show that they had suffered harm. In July 2015, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit affirmed in part and reversed in part, holding that the bank, but not the states that later joined the lawsuit, had standing to challenge the law, and returned the case for further proceedings.A lawsuit filed July 22, 2013, by Morgan Drexen Integrated Systems, a provider of outsourced administrative support services to attorneys, and Connecticut attorney Kimberly A. Pisinski, challenged the constitutionality of the CFPB. The complaint, filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, alleged that the "CFPB's structure insulates it from political accountability and internal checks and balances in violation of the United States Constitution. Unbridled from constitutionally-required accountability, CFPB has engaged in ultra vires and abusive practices, including attempts to regulate the practice of law (a function reserved for state bars), attempts to collect attorney-client protected material, and overreaching demands for, and mining of, personal financial information of American citizens, which has prompted a Government Accountability Office ("GAO") investigation, commenced on July 12, 2013." That October, this case was dismissed by a D.C. Federal Court. On August 22, 2013, one month after Morgan Drexen's lawsuit, the CFPB filed its own lawsuit against Morgan Drexen in the United States District Court for the Central District of California alleging that Morgan Drexen charged advance fees for debt relief services in violation of the Telemarketing Sales Rule and engaged in deceptive acts and practices in violation of the Consumer Financial Protection Act (CFPA). The CFPB won this lawsuit and Morgan Drexen was ordered to pay $132,882,488 in restitution and a $40 million civil penalty.In October 2016, the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled that it was unconstitutional for the CFPB Director to be removable by the President of the United States only for cause, such as "inefficiency, neglect of duty or malfeasance." Circuit Judge Brett Kavanaugh, joined by Senior Circuit Judge A. Raymond Randolph, wrote that the law was "a threat to individual liberty" and instead found that the President could remove the CFPB Director at will. Circuit Judge Karen L. Henderson agreed that the CFPB Director had been wrong in adopting a new interpretation of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, finding the statute of limitations did not apply to the CFPB, and fining the petitioning mortgage company PHH Corporation $109 million, but she dissented from giving the President a new power to remove the Director, citing constitutional avoidance. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated the decision and ordered en banc review. On January 31, 2018, the en banc D.C. Circuit found that the CFPB's structure was constitutional by a vote of 7–3. Judge Cornelia Pillard, writing for the majority, found that the Take Care Clause does not forbid independent agencies, while each of the circuit judges from the earlier panel wrote separate dissents.In June 2018, New York Federal District Court judge Loretta Preska ruled against its structure. In January 2019, the Supreme Court denied review of the DC Circuit Court decision.In October 2019, the Supreme Court announced it would review the constitutionality of the Bureau's structure in the case Seila Law v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau considering the split decision of the lower courts. Oral arguments began on March 3, 2020.On June 29, 2020, the Supreme Court ruled in a 5–4 decision that the firing protections are an unconstitutional restraint on the president's ability to oversee executive branch agencies. "Such an agency lacks a foundation in historical practice and clashes with constitutional structure by concentrating power in a unilateral actor insulated from Presidential control," Chief Justice John Roberts wrote in the majority opinion, which was joined by his conservative colleagues. The statutes around the Director's position on the CFPB were considered severable from the remaining structure of the CFPB, and the Court ordered that "The agency may therefore continue to operate, but its Director, in light of our decision, must be removable by the President at will." The dissenting opinion, written by Justice Elena Kagan, stated that the majority's decision has the court "second-guessing" the two political branches of government (Congress and the president) on how to structure the executive branch and "wipes out a feature of [the CFPB] its creators thought fundamental to its mission—a measure of independence from political pressure." 2017 dispute over acting director On November 24, 2017, Director Cordray appointed Leandra English to the position of deputy director, and announced that he would leave office at the close of business that day. Cordray indicated that would make English the acting director after his resignation, citing provisions of the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act providing that the deputy director of the CFPB becomes acting director in the "absence or unavailability" of the director. Later the same day, however, President Donald Trump appointed the incumbent director of the Office of Management and Budget, Mick Mulvaney, as acting director, citing the authority of the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998.On November 25, the Office of Legal Counsel released an opinion, written by Assistant Attorney General Steven Engel, asserting that the President has the authority under the FVRA to designate an acting CFPB Director. The OLC memo maintained that "both the Vacancies Reform Act and [§1011(b)(5) of Dodd-Frank] are available for filling on an acting basis a vacancy that results from the resignation of the CFPB's Director" but that "when the President designates an individual...outside the ordinary order of succession, the President's designation necessarily controls." This position was also supported by the General Counsel of the CFPB, Mary E. McLeod.On November 26, English (represented by former CFPB Senior Counsel Deepak Gupta) filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia seeking a temporary restraining order and declaratory judgment to prevent Mulvaney from becoming acting director, Mulvaney was given access by unnamed individuals with the keys to the director's office on November 27 and ordered all CFPB employees to disregard any claims from English that she is the acting director. Both English and Mulvaney sent emails to the entire 1,600-person staff of the CFPB, each signing as "Acting Director" of the agency. On November 28, 2017, U.S. District Judge Timothy J. Kelly, who had been appointed by President Trump just a few months earlier, denied English's motion for a preliminary injunction and allowed Mulvaney to begin serving as CFPB Acting Director. 2019 dispute over CFPB leadership Seila Law LLC (Seila Law), a law firm that provided debt relief services, was under investigation by the CFPB. As part of its investigation, the CFPB issued a civil investigative demand (CID) to Seila Law, which required Seila Law to produce certain documents. Seila Law declined to comply with the CID and challenged the constitutionality of the CFPB. The CFPB brought a motion to enforce the CID to the United States District Court for the Central District of California, where District Judge Josephine Staton granted the motion after finding the CFPB was constitutionally structured.Seila Law's appeal to the Ninth Circuit was dismissed. The 9th Circuit panel affirmed the District Court's ruling, and agreed that the Supreme Court's prior decisions upholding for-cause removal in Humphrey's Executor and Morrison were "controlling". It also referred approvingly to the en banc decision of the DC Circuit in PHH Corp. v. CFPB (2018), in which the Circuit found that the structure of the CFPB was constitutional.There was arguably a circuit split on the question presented in Seila Law. While the Ninth Circuit and DC Circuit had held that the CFPB's structure is constitutional, the Fifth Circuit in Collins v. Mnuchin (2018) held that the structure of the Federal Housing Finance Agency—another agency whose director can be removed only for cause—violated the separation of powers.The Supreme Court granted certiorari in Seila Law on October 18, 2019, and heard oral argument on March 3, 2020.The Court issued its decision on June 29, 2020. The 5–4 decision ruled that the CFPB structure, with a sole director that could only be terminated for cause, was unconstitutional as it violated the separation of powers, vacating the lower court judgement and remanding the case for review. The Court recognized that the statutes around the director of the CFPB was severable from the rest of the statute establishing the agency, and thus "The agency may therefore continue to operate, but its Director, in light of our decision, must be removable by the President at will."Chief Justice John Roberts wrote the majority opinion joined by Justices Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, Neil Gorsuch, and Brett Kavanaugh. Roberts wrote that the CFPB structure with a single point of leadership that could only be removed for cause "has no foothold in history or tradition", and has only been used in four other instances: three current uses for the United States Office of Special Counsel, the Social Security Administration, and the Federal Housing Finance Agency, and temporarily for one year during the American Civil War for the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. Roberts wrote that the three current uses "are modern and contested. And they do not involve regulatory or enforcement authority comparable to that exercised by the CFPB." Roberts also wrote that the CFPB structure "is also incompatible with the structure of the Constitution, which—with the sole exception of the Presidency—scrupulously avoids concentrating power in the hands of any single individual." Roberts referred back to the precedent established by Humphrey's Executor and Morrison as a basis for the majority's decision.Justice Elena Kagan wrote the dissent joined by Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, and Sonia Sotomayor. Kagan wrote that "Today's decision wipes out a feature of that agency its creators thought fundamental to its mission—a measure of independence from political pressure." Kagan challenged the separation of powers argument presented by the majority: "Nowhere does the text [of the Constitution] say anything about the President's power to remove subordinate officials at will." The dissenting Justices did concur on the matter of severability of the remaining structure of the CFPB outside of the director. 2022 dispute over funding structure In 2018, the Community Financial Services Association of America sued the CFPB over its 2017 rule that blocked lenders to attempt to collect funds from borrowers' accounts after two consecutive failed attempts, unless the borrower had consented. Part of its argument in the case was that the CFPB's budgetary structure was unconstitutional, as it did not receive funding through Congressional appropriations but requested its funding through the Federal Reserve. While the district court ruled against the association, the Fifth Circuit ruled in favor of the association in October 2022, deeming that its funding structure was unconstitutional. The CFPB subsequently argued in other simultaneous legal disputes that the Fifth Circuit's decision was "neither controlling nor correct". List of directors Status See also List of financial regulatory authorities by country Regulatory responses to the subprime crisis Subprime mortgage crisis solutions debate Title 12 of the Code of Federal Regulations Volcker Rule Wall Street reform References Further reading Holding the CFPB Accountable: Review Of The First Semi-Annual Report: Hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, January 31, 2012 The Semi-Annual Report of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau: Hearing before the Committee on Financial Services, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, September 20, 2012 The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau's Semi-annual Report to Congress: Hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, April 23, 2013 Sorelle, Mallory. 2020. Democracy Declined: The Failed Politics of Consumer Financial Protection. University of Chicago Press. External links Official website Consumer Financial Protection Bureau in the Federal Register

director / manager

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) is an agency of the United States government responsible for consumer protection in the financial sector. CFPB's jurisdiction includes banks, credit unions, securities firms, payday lenders, mortgage-servicing operations, foreclosure relief services, debt collectors, and other financial companies operating in the United States. Since its founding, the CFPB has used technology tools to monitor how financial entities used social media and algorithms to target consumers.: 531–532, 537  The CFPB's creation was authorized by the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, whose passage in 2010 was a legislative response to the financial crisis of 2007–08 and the subsequent Great Recession and is an independent bureau within the Federal Reserve. The CFPB's status as an independent agency has been subject to many challenges in court. In June 2020, the United States Supreme Court found the single-director structure removable only with-cause unconstitutional but allowed the agency to remain in operation. Role According to former Director Richard Cordray, the Bureau's priorities are mortgages, credit cards and student loans. The CFPB qualifies as a large independent agency that was designed to consolidate its employees and responsibilities from a number of other federal regulatory bodies, including the Federal Reserve, the Federal Trade Commission, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the National Credit Union Administration and even the Department of Housing and Urban Development.: 12, 22  The bureau is an independent unit located inside and funded by the United States Federal Reserve, with interim affiliation with the U.S. Treasury Department.The CFPB writes and enforces rules for financial institutions, examines both bank and non-bank financial institutions, monitors and reports on markets, as well as collects and tracks consumer complaints.The CFPB opened its website in early February 2011 to accept suggestions from consumers via YouTube, Twitter, and its own website interface. According to the United States Treasury Department, the bureau is tasked with the responsibility to "promote fairness and transparency for mortgages, credit cards, and other consumer financial products and services". According to its web site, the CFPB's "central mission...is to make markets for consumer financial products and services work for Americans—whether they are applying for a mortgage, choosing among credit cards, or using any number of other consumer financial products". In 2016 alone most of the hundreds and thousands of consumer complaints about their financial services—including banks and credit card issuers—were received and compiled by CFPB and are publicly available on a federal government database.Once a financial institution acquires $10 billion in assets, it falls under the guidance, rules, and regulations under the CFPB. The bank will then be known as a CFPB regulated bank. The CFPB will examine the institution for compliance with bank regulatory laws. History In July 2010, Congress passed the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, during the 111th United States Congress in response to the late-2000s recession and financial crisis. The agency was originally proposed in 2007 by then Harvard Law School professor Elizabeth Warren, who later became a US senator. The proposed CFPB was actively supported by Americans for Financial Reform, a newly created umbrella organization of some 250 consumer, labor, civil rights and other activist organizations.On September 17, 2010, President Obama announced the appointment of Warren as Assistant to the President and Special Advisor to the Secretary of the Treasury on the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau to set up the new agency. Due to the way the legislation creating the bureau was written, until the first Director was in place, the agency was not able to write new rules or supervise financial institutions other than banks.On July 21, 2011, Senator Richard Shelby wrote an op‑ed for The Wall Street Journal affirming his continued opposition to a centralized structure, noting that both the Securities Exchange Commission and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation had executive boards and that the CFPB should be no different. He noted lessons learned from experiences with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac as support for his argument.Politico interpreted Shelby's statements as saying that Cordray's nomination was "dead on arrival". Republican threats of a filibuster to block the nomination in December 2011 led to Senate inaction. Elizabeth Warren, who proposed and established the CFPB, was removed from consideration as the bureau's first formal director after Obama administration officials became convinced Warren could not overcome strong Republican opposition. On July 17, President Obama nominated former Ohio Attorney General and Ohio State Treasurer Richard Cordray to be the first formal director of the CFPB. Prior to his nomination, Cordray had been hired as chief of enforcement for the agency.However, Cordray's nomination was immediately in jeopardy due to 44 Senate Republicans vowing to derail any nominee in order to encourage a decentralized structure of the organization. Senate Republicans had also shown a pattern of refusing to consider regulatory agency nominees. The CFPB formally began operation on July 21, 2011.Since the CFPB database was established in 2011, more than 730,000 complaints have been published. CFPB supporters include the Consumers Union claim that it is a "vital tool that can help consumers make informed decisions". CFPB detractors argue that the CFPB database is a "gotcha game" and that there is already a database maintained by the Federal Trade Commission although that information is not available to the public.On January 4, 2012, Barack Obama issued a recess appointment to install Cordray as director through the end of 2013. This was a highly controversial move as the Senate was still holding pro forma sessions, and the possibility existed that the appointment could be challenged in court. This type of recess appointment was unanimously ruled unconstitutional in NLRB v. Noel Canning.On July 16, 2013, the Senate confirmed Cordray as director in a 66–34 vote. Cordray resigned in late 2017 to run for governor of Ohio. The Financial CHOICE Act, proposed by the House Financial Services Committee's Jeb Hensarling, to repeal the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, passed the House on June 8, 2017. Also in June 2017, the Senate was crafting its own reform bill.Testimony in US Congressional hearings of 2017 have elicited concerns that the wholesale publication of consumer complaints is both misleading and injurious to the consumer market. Rep. Barry Loudermilk (R-GA) said at one such congressional hearing, "Is the purpose of the database just to name and shame companies? Or should they have a disclaimer on there that says it's a fact-free zone, or this is fake news? That's really what I see happening here." Bill Himpler, executive vice president of the American Financial Services Association, a trade group representing banks and other lenders responded "Something needs to be done." "Once the damage is done to a company, it's hard to get your reputation back.Mick Mulvaney, as acting director of the CFPB, removed all 25 members of the agency's Consumer Advisory Board on June 5, 2018, after eleven of them held a press conference on June 3 in which they criticized him.On February 13, 2021, President Joe Biden formally submitted to the Senate the nomination of Rohit Chopra to serve as director of the CFPB. His nomination was approved on September 30, 2021, by a 50-48 vote.On October 20th, 2022 The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals struck down the CFPB’s payday lending rule on the grounds that the funds used to draft the bill were unconstitutionally obtained. This court ruling only impacts the 5th circuit. Regulatory activities From its creation until 2017, the CFPB "has curtailed abusive debt collection practices, reformed mortgage lending, publicized and investigated hundreds of thousands of complaints from aggrieved customers of financial institutions, and extracted nearly $12 billion for 29 million consumers in refunds and canceled debts." Mortgages Regulatory implementation regarding mortgages is covered on the bureau website. Topics provided for consumers include, 2013 mortgage rule implementation, resources to help people comply, quick reference charts, supervision and examination materials, and a link for feedback. It also provides additional information that covers rural or under-served counties, HUD-approved housing counselors, and Appendix Q.Appendix Q relates to the debt-to-income ratio that must be possessed for "qualified mortgages" and provides details about how to determine the factors for that calculation. The standard is set at no more than 43 percent. Retirement and insurance investments The CFPB is weighing whether it should take on a role in helping Americans manage retirement savings and regulate savings plans, particularly focusing on investment scams that target the retired and elderly. "That's one of the things we've been exploring and are interested in terms of whether and what authority we have", bureau director Richard Cordray said in a January 2013 interview. Some conservatives have been critical of this potential role, with William Tucker of the American Media Institute asserting that the agency intends to "control" retirement savings and force people to buy federal debt. The AARP has encouraged the agency to take an active role, arguing that the bureau will help protect elderly Americans from affinity fraud that often targets senior citizens, ensuring that their investments are less likely to be stolen through securities fraud or malpractice.The main regulator of retirement and benefit plans established by employers and private industry is the U.S. Department of Labor, which enforces the main laws (ERISA, COBRA, and HIPAA), retirement plans (including 401(k), SIMPLE, 403(b), and traditional defined-benefit pensions) as well as many aspects of employer group-health plans. The Affordable Care Act, establishing marketplaces selling health plans directly to consumers, adopted the ERISA-style regulatory model, requiring all plans to have standardized documents such as a "summary plan document" (SPD), but the marketplace was regulated by the individual insurance commissioners of every state, with some states having multiple regulators (California maintains both a Department of Insurance and a Department of Managed Care). IRAs, also directed to consumers, are regulated by type of custodian (the FDIC regulates bank custodians, the IRS regulates non-bank custodians). Annuities, life insurance, and disability insurance purchased directly by consumers, are regulated by individual state insurance commissioners. Marketing to consumers is generally regulated by the FCC and various state laws. Because state commissioners are the main regulators, the CFPB is unlikely to assume a leadership role in retirement investment regulation without further legislation and possibly a US constitutional amendment transferring insurance lawmaking power to the federal government. In 2011, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners identified "the single most significant challenge for state insurance regulators is to be vigilant in the protection of consumers, especially in light of the changes taking place in the financial services marketplace", and the CFPB may help fill this void. Many have argued the state-based system of insurance regulation (including insurance-like products such as annuities) is highly economically inefficient, results in uneven and non-portable insurance plans, artificially shrinks risk pools (especially in smaller states) resulting in higher premiums, limits mobility of brokers who have to re-certify in new states, complicates the needs of multi-state business, and should be replaced with a national insurance regulator or national insurance charter option as has taken place with the regulation of securities and banking. Public outreach The CFPB has created a number of personal finance tools for consumers, including Ask CFPB, which compiles plain-language answers to personal finance questions, and Paying for College, which estimates the cost of attending specific universities based on the financial aid offers a student has received.The CFPB has also attempted to help consumers understand virtual currencies such as Bitcoin. Consumer data protection In 2016, the CFPB took its first enforcement action against a company that the CFPB alleged had failed to properly protect the privacy and security of consumers data. Controversies A 2013 press release from the United States House Financial Services Committee criticized the CFPB for what was described as a "radical structure" that "is controlled by a single individual who cannot be fired for poor performance and who exercises sole control over the agency, its hiring and its budget." Moreover, the committee alleged a lack of financial transparency and a lack of accountability to Congress or the President. Committee Vice Chairman Patrick McHenry, expressed particular concern about travel costs and a $55 million renovation of CFPB headquarters, stating "$55 million is more than the entire annual construction and acquisition budget for GSA for the totality of federal buildings." In 2012, the majority of GSA's Federal Buildings Fund went to rental costs, totaling $5.2 billion. $50 million was budgeted for construction and acquisition of facilities.In 2014, some employees and former employees of the CFPB testified before Congress about an alleged culture of racism and sexism at the agency. Former employees testified they were retaliated against for bringing problems to the attention of superiors.As described in articles in Motor Finance and The Wall Street Journal, the CFPB has been criticized for the methodology it uses to identify instances of racial discrimination among auto lenders. Because of legal constraints, the agency used a system to "guess" the race of auto loan applicants based on their last name and listed address. Based on that information, the agency charged several lenders were discriminating against minority applicants and levied large fines and settlements against those companies. Ally Financial paid $98 million in fines and settlement fees in 2013. As the agency's methodology means it can only guess who may be victims of discrimination entitled to settlement funds, as of late 2015, the CFPB had yet to compensate any individuals who were victims of Ally's allegedly discriminatory practices.Cordray was accused of multiple violations of the Hatch Act as Director of the CFPB and investigated by the Office of Special Counsel (OSC), who found no violations. Amendments On May 21, 2018, US President Donald Trump signed into law Congressional legislation repealing the enforcement of automobiles lending rules. On May 24, 2018, Trump signed into law the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act, exempting dozens of banks from the CFPB's regulations. Proposed amendments On July 11, 2013, the CFPB Rural Designation Petition and Correction Act (H.R. 2672; 113th Congress) was introduced into the House of Representatives. The bill would amend the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act to direct the CFPB to establish an application process that would allow a person to have their county designated as "rural" for purposes of federal consumer financial law. One practical effect of having a county designated rural is that people can qualify for some types of mortgages by getting them exempted from the CFPB's qualified mortgage rule.On September 26, 2013, the Consumer Financial Protection Safety and Soundness Improvement Act of 2013 (H.R. 3193; 113th Congress) was introduced into the United States House of Representatives. If adopted, the bill would have modified the CFPB by transforming it into a five-person commission and removing it from the Federal Reserve System. The CFPB would have been renamed the "Financial Product Safety Commission". The bill was also intended to make it easier to override the CFPB decisions. It passed in the House of Representatives on February 27, 2014 and was received by the Senate on March 4. It was never considered in the Democratic controlled Senate. Legal challenges Two lawsuits were filed in the early years of the CFPB; they were both dismissed by federal courts, but one was appealed and is still ongoing. The first one, filed on June 21, 2012, by a Texas bank along with the Competitive Enterprise Institute, challenged the constitutionality of provisions of the CFPB. One year later, in August 2013, a federal judge dismissed the lawsuit because the plaintiffs had failed to show that they had suffered harm. In July 2015, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit affirmed in part and reversed in part, holding that the bank, but not the states that later joined the lawsuit, had standing to challenge the law, and returned the case for further proceedings.A lawsuit filed July 22, 2013, by Morgan Drexen Integrated Systems, a provider of outsourced administrative support services to attorneys, and Connecticut attorney Kimberly A. Pisinski, challenged the constitutionality of the CFPB. The complaint, filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, alleged that the "CFPB's structure insulates it from political accountability and internal checks and balances in violation of the United States Constitution. Unbridled from constitutionally-required accountability, CFPB has engaged in ultra vires and abusive practices, including attempts to regulate the practice of law (a function reserved for state bars), attempts to collect attorney-client protected material, and overreaching demands for, and mining of, personal financial information of American citizens, which has prompted a Government Accountability Office ("GAO") investigation, commenced on July 12, 2013." That October, this case was dismissed by a D.C. Federal Court. On August 22, 2013, one month after Morgan Drexen's lawsuit, the CFPB filed its own lawsuit against Morgan Drexen in the United States District Court for the Central District of California alleging that Morgan Drexen charged advance fees for debt relief services in violation of the Telemarketing Sales Rule and engaged in deceptive acts and practices in violation of the Consumer Financial Protection Act (CFPA). The CFPB won this lawsuit and Morgan Drexen was ordered to pay $132,882,488 in restitution and a $40 million civil penalty.In October 2016, the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled that it was unconstitutional for the CFPB Director to be removable by the President of the United States only for cause, such as "inefficiency, neglect of duty or malfeasance." Circuit Judge Brett Kavanaugh, joined by Senior Circuit Judge A. Raymond Randolph, wrote that the law was "a threat to individual liberty" and instead found that the President could remove the CFPB Director at will. Circuit Judge Karen L. Henderson agreed that the CFPB Director had been wrong in adopting a new interpretation of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, finding the statute of limitations did not apply to the CFPB, and fining the petitioning mortgage company PHH Corporation $109 million, but she dissented from giving the President a new power to remove the Director, citing constitutional avoidance. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated the decision and ordered en banc review. On January 31, 2018, the en banc D.C. Circuit found that the CFPB's structure was constitutional by a vote of 7–3. Judge Cornelia Pillard, writing for the majority, found that the Take Care Clause does not forbid independent agencies, while each of the circuit judges from the earlier panel wrote separate dissents.In June 2018, New York Federal District Court judge Loretta Preska ruled against its structure. In January 2019, the Supreme Court denied review of the DC Circuit Court decision.In October 2019, the Supreme Court announced it would review the constitutionality of the Bureau's structure in the case Seila Law v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau considering the split decision of the lower courts. Oral arguments began on March 3, 2020.On June 29, 2020, the Supreme Court ruled in a 5–4 decision that the firing protections are an unconstitutional restraint on the president's ability to oversee executive branch agencies. "Such an agency lacks a foundation in historical practice and clashes with constitutional structure by concentrating power in a unilateral actor insulated from Presidential control," Chief Justice John Roberts wrote in the majority opinion, which was joined by his conservative colleagues. The statutes around the Director's position on the CFPB were considered severable from the remaining structure of the CFPB, and the Court ordered that "The agency may therefore continue to operate, but its Director, in light of our decision, must be removable by the President at will." The dissenting opinion, written by Justice Elena Kagan, stated that the majority's decision has the court "second-guessing" the two political branches of government (Congress and the president) on how to structure the executive branch and "wipes out a feature of [the CFPB] its creators thought fundamental to its mission—a measure of independence from political pressure." 2017 dispute over acting director On November 24, 2017, Director Cordray appointed Leandra English to the position of deputy director, and announced that he would leave office at the close of business that day. Cordray indicated that would make English the acting director after his resignation, citing provisions of the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act providing that the deputy director of the CFPB becomes acting director in the "absence or unavailability" of the director. Later the same day, however, President Donald Trump appointed the incumbent director of the Office of Management and Budget, Mick Mulvaney, as acting director, citing the authority of the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998.On November 25, the Office of Legal Counsel released an opinion, written by Assistant Attorney General Steven Engel, asserting that the President has the authority under the FVRA to designate an acting CFPB Director. The OLC memo maintained that "both the Vacancies Reform Act and [§1011(b)(5) of Dodd-Frank] are available for filling on an acting basis a vacancy that results from the resignation of the CFPB's Director" but that "when the President designates an individual...outside the ordinary order of succession, the President's designation necessarily controls." This position was also supported by the General Counsel of the CFPB, Mary E. McLeod.On November 26, English (represented by former CFPB Senior Counsel Deepak Gupta) filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia seeking a temporary restraining order and declaratory judgment to prevent Mulvaney from becoming acting director, Mulvaney was given access by unnamed individuals with the keys to the director's office on November 27 and ordered all CFPB employees to disregard any claims from English that she is the acting director. Both English and Mulvaney sent emails to the entire 1,600-person staff of the CFPB, each signing as "Acting Director" of the agency. On November 28, 2017, U.S. District Judge Timothy J. Kelly, who had been appointed by President Trump just a few months earlier, denied English's motion for a preliminary injunction and allowed Mulvaney to begin serving as CFPB Acting Director. 2019 dispute over CFPB leadership Seila Law LLC (Seila Law), a law firm that provided debt relief services, was under investigation by the CFPB. As part of its investigation, the CFPB issued a civil investigative demand (CID) to Seila Law, which required Seila Law to produce certain documents. Seila Law declined to comply with the CID and challenged the constitutionality of the CFPB. The CFPB brought a motion to enforce the CID to the United States District Court for the Central District of California, where District Judge Josephine Staton granted the motion after finding the CFPB was constitutionally structured.Seila Law's appeal to the Ninth Circuit was dismissed. The 9th Circuit panel affirmed the District Court's ruling, and agreed that the Supreme Court's prior decisions upholding for-cause removal in Humphrey's Executor and Morrison were "controlling". It also referred approvingly to the en banc decision of the DC Circuit in PHH Corp. v. CFPB (2018), in which the Circuit found that the structure of the CFPB was constitutional.There was arguably a circuit split on the question presented in Seila Law. While the Ninth Circuit and DC Circuit had held that the CFPB's structure is constitutional, the Fifth Circuit in Collins v. Mnuchin (2018) held that the structure of the Federal Housing Finance Agency—another agency whose director can be removed only for cause—violated the separation of powers.The Supreme Court granted certiorari in Seila Law on October 18, 2019, and heard oral argument on March 3, 2020.The Court issued its decision on June 29, 2020. The 5–4 decision ruled that the CFPB structure, with a sole director that could only be terminated for cause, was unconstitutional as it violated the separation of powers, vacating the lower court judgement and remanding the case for review. The Court recognized that the statutes around the director of the CFPB was severable from the rest of the statute establishing the agency, and thus "The agency may therefore continue to operate, but its Director, in light of our decision, must be removable by the President at will."Chief Justice John Roberts wrote the majority opinion joined by Justices Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, Neil Gorsuch, and Brett Kavanaugh. Roberts wrote that the CFPB structure with a single point of leadership that could only be removed for cause "has no foothold in history or tradition", and has only been used in four other instances: three current uses for the United States Office of Special Counsel, the Social Security Administration, and the Federal Housing Finance Agency, and temporarily for one year during the American Civil War for the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. Roberts wrote that the three current uses "are modern and contested. And they do not involve regulatory or enforcement authority comparable to that exercised by the CFPB." Roberts also wrote that the CFPB structure "is also incompatible with the structure of the Constitution, which—with the sole exception of the Presidency—scrupulously avoids concentrating power in the hands of any single individual." Roberts referred back to the precedent established by Humphrey's Executor and Morrison as a basis for the majority's decision.Justice Elena Kagan wrote the dissent joined by Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, and Sonia Sotomayor. Kagan wrote that "Today's decision wipes out a feature of that agency its creators thought fundamental to its mission—a measure of independence from political pressure." Kagan challenged the separation of powers argument presented by the majority: "Nowhere does the text [of the Constitution] say anything about the President's power to remove subordinate officials at will." The dissenting Justices did concur on the matter of severability of the remaining structure of the CFPB outside of the director. 2022 dispute over funding structure In 2018, the Community Financial Services Association of America sued the CFPB over its 2017 rule that blocked lenders to attempt to collect funds from borrowers' accounts after two consecutive failed attempts, unless the borrower had consented. Part of its argument in the case was that the CFPB's budgetary structure was unconstitutional, as it did not receive funding through Congressional appropriations but requested its funding through the Federal Reserve. While the district court ruled against the association, the Fifth Circuit ruled in favor of the association in October 2022, deeming that its funding structure was unconstitutional. The CFPB subsequently argued in other simultaneous legal disputes that the Fifth Circuit's decision was "neither controlling nor correct". List of directors Status See also List of financial regulatory authorities by country Regulatory responses to the subprime crisis Subprime mortgage crisis solutions debate Title 12 of the Code of Federal Regulations Volcker Rule Wall Street reform References Further reading Holding the CFPB Accountable: Review Of The First Semi-Annual Report: Hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, January 31, 2012 The Semi-Annual Report of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau: Hearing before the Committee on Financial Services, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, September 20, 2012 The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau's Semi-annual Report to Congress: Hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, April 23, 2013 Sorelle, Mallory. 2020. Democracy Declined: The Failed Politics of Consumer Financial Protection. University of Chicago Press. External links Official website Consumer Financial Protection Bureau in the Federal Register

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The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) is an agency of the United States government responsible for consumer protection in the financial sector. CFPB's jurisdiction includes banks, credit unions, securities firms, payday lenders, mortgage-servicing operations, foreclosure relief services, debt collectors, and other financial companies operating in the United States. Since its founding, the CFPB has used technology tools to monitor how financial entities used social media and algorithms to target consumers.: 531–532, 537  The CFPB's creation was authorized by the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, whose passage in 2010 was a legislative response to the financial crisis of 2007–08 and the subsequent Great Recession and is an independent bureau within the Federal Reserve. The CFPB's status as an independent agency has been subject to many challenges in court. In June 2020, the United States Supreme Court found the single-director structure removable only with-cause unconstitutional but allowed the agency to remain in operation. Role According to former Director Richard Cordray, the Bureau's priorities are mortgages, credit cards and student loans. The CFPB qualifies as a large independent agency that was designed to consolidate its employees and responsibilities from a number of other federal regulatory bodies, including the Federal Reserve, the Federal Trade Commission, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the National Credit Union Administration and even the Department of Housing and Urban Development.: 12, 22  The bureau is an independent unit located inside and funded by the United States Federal Reserve, with interim affiliation with the U.S. Treasury Department.The CFPB writes and enforces rules for financial institutions, examines both bank and non-bank financial institutions, monitors and reports on markets, as well as collects and tracks consumer complaints.The CFPB opened its website in early February 2011 to accept suggestions from consumers via YouTube, Twitter, and its own website interface. According to the United States Treasury Department, the bureau is tasked with the responsibility to "promote fairness and transparency for mortgages, credit cards, and other consumer financial products and services". According to its web site, the CFPB's "central mission...is to make markets for consumer financial products and services work for Americans—whether they are applying for a mortgage, choosing among credit cards, or using any number of other consumer financial products". In 2016 alone most of the hundreds and thousands of consumer complaints about their financial services—including banks and credit card issuers—were received and compiled by CFPB and are publicly available on a federal government database.Once a financial institution acquires $10 billion in assets, it falls under the guidance, rules, and regulations under the CFPB. The bank will then be known as a CFPB regulated bank. The CFPB will examine the institution for compliance with bank regulatory laws. History In July 2010, Congress passed the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, during the 111th United States Congress in response to the late-2000s recession and financial crisis. The agency was originally proposed in 2007 by then Harvard Law School professor Elizabeth Warren, who later became a US senator. The proposed CFPB was actively supported by Americans for Financial Reform, a newly created umbrella organization of some 250 consumer, labor, civil rights and other activist organizations.On September 17, 2010, President Obama announced the appointment of Warren as Assistant to the President and Special Advisor to the Secretary of the Treasury on the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau to set up the new agency. Due to the way the legislation creating the bureau was written, until the first Director was in place, the agency was not able to write new rules or supervise financial institutions other than banks.On July 21, 2011, Senator Richard Shelby wrote an op‑ed for The Wall Street Journal affirming his continued opposition to a centralized structure, noting that both the Securities Exchange Commission and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation had executive boards and that the CFPB should be no different. He noted lessons learned from experiences with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac as support for his argument.Politico interpreted Shelby's statements as saying that Cordray's nomination was "dead on arrival". Republican threats of a filibuster to block the nomination in December 2011 led to Senate inaction. Elizabeth Warren, who proposed and established the CFPB, was removed from consideration as the bureau's first formal director after Obama administration officials became convinced Warren could not overcome strong Republican opposition. On July 17, President Obama nominated former Ohio Attorney General and Ohio State Treasurer Richard Cordray to be the first formal director of the CFPB. Prior to his nomination, Cordray had been hired as chief of enforcement for the agency.However, Cordray's nomination was immediately in jeopardy due to 44 Senate Republicans vowing to derail any nominee in order to encourage a decentralized structure of the organization. Senate Republicans had also shown a pattern of refusing to consider regulatory agency nominees. The CFPB formally began operation on July 21, 2011.Since the CFPB database was established in 2011, more than 730,000 complaints have been published. CFPB supporters include the Consumers Union claim that it is a "vital tool that can help consumers make informed decisions". CFPB detractors argue that the CFPB database is a "gotcha game" and that there is already a database maintained by the Federal Trade Commission although that information is not available to the public.On January 4, 2012, Barack Obama issued a recess appointment to install Cordray as director through the end of 2013. This was a highly controversial move as the Senate was still holding pro forma sessions, and the possibility existed that the appointment could be challenged in court. This type of recess appointment was unanimously ruled unconstitutional in NLRB v. Noel Canning.On July 16, 2013, the Senate confirmed Cordray as director in a 66–34 vote. Cordray resigned in late 2017 to run for governor of Ohio. The Financial CHOICE Act, proposed by the House Financial Services Committee's Jeb Hensarling, to repeal the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, passed the House on June 8, 2017. Also in June 2017, the Senate was crafting its own reform bill.Testimony in US Congressional hearings of 2017 have elicited concerns that the wholesale publication of consumer complaints is both misleading and injurious to the consumer market. Rep. Barry Loudermilk (R-GA) said at one such congressional hearing, "Is the purpose of the database just to name and shame companies? Or should they have a disclaimer on there that says it's a fact-free zone, or this is fake news? That's really what I see happening here." Bill Himpler, executive vice president of the American Financial Services Association, a trade group representing banks and other lenders responded "Something needs to be done." "Once the damage is done to a company, it's hard to get your reputation back.Mick Mulvaney, as acting director of the CFPB, removed all 25 members of the agency's Consumer Advisory Board on June 5, 2018, after eleven of them held a press conference on June 3 in which they criticized him.On February 13, 2021, President Joe Biden formally submitted to the Senate the nomination of Rohit Chopra to serve as director of the CFPB. His nomination was approved on September 30, 2021, by a 50-48 vote.On October 20th, 2022 The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals struck down the CFPB’s payday lending rule on the grounds that the funds used to draft the bill were unconstitutionally obtained. This court ruling only impacts the 5th circuit. Regulatory activities From its creation until 2017, the CFPB "has curtailed abusive debt collection practices, reformed mortgage lending, publicized and investigated hundreds of thousands of complaints from aggrieved customers of financial institutions, and extracted nearly $12 billion for 29 million consumers in refunds and canceled debts." Mortgages Regulatory implementation regarding mortgages is covered on the bureau website. Topics provided for consumers include, 2013 mortgage rule implementation, resources to help people comply, quick reference charts, supervision and examination materials, and a link for feedback. It also provides additional information that covers rural or under-served counties, HUD-approved housing counselors, and Appendix Q.Appendix Q relates to the debt-to-income ratio that must be possessed for "qualified mortgages" and provides details about how to determine the factors for that calculation. The standard is set at no more than 43 percent. Retirement and insurance investments The CFPB is weighing whether it should take on a role in helping Americans manage retirement savings and regulate savings plans, particularly focusing on investment scams that target the retired and elderly. "That's one of the things we've been exploring and are interested in terms of whether and what authority we have", bureau director Richard Cordray said in a January 2013 interview. Some conservatives have been critical of this potential role, with William Tucker of the American Media Institute asserting that the agency intends to "control" retirement savings and force people to buy federal debt. The AARP has encouraged the agency to take an active role, arguing that the bureau will help protect elderly Americans from affinity fraud that often targets senior citizens, ensuring that their investments are less likely to be stolen through securities fraud or malpractice.The main regulator of retirement and benefit plans established by employers and private industry is the U.S. Department of Labor, which enforces the main laws (ERISA, COBRA, and HIPAA), retirement plans (including 401(k), SIMPLE, 403(b), and traditional defined-benefit pensions) as well as many aspects of employer group-health plans. The Affordable Care Act, establishing marketplaces selling health plans directly to consumers, adopted the ERISA-style regulatory model, requiring all plans to have standardized documents such as a "summary plan document" (SPD), but the marketplace was regulated by the individual insurance commissioners of every state, with some states having multiple regulators (California maintains both a Department of Insurance and a Department of Managed Care). IRAs, also directed to consumers, are regulated by type of custodian (the FDIC regulates bank custodians, the IRS regulates non-bank custodians). Annuities, life insurance, and disability insurance purchased directly by consumers, are regulated by individual state insurance commissioners. Marketing to consumers is generally regulated by the FCC and various state laws. Because state commissioners are the main regulators, the CFPB is unlikely to assume a leadership role in retirement investment regulation without further legislation and possibly a US constitutional amendment transferring insurance lawmaking power to the federal government. In 2011, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners identified "the single most significant challenge for state insurance regulators is to be vigilant in the protection of consumers, especially in light of the changes taking place in the financial services marketplace", and the CFPB may help fill this void. Many have argued the state-based system of insurance regulation (including insurance-like products such as annuities) is highly economically inefficient, results in uneven and non-portable insurance plans, artificially shrinks risk pools (especially in smaller states) resulting in higher premiums, limits mobility of brokers who have to re-certify in new states, complicates the needs of multi-state business, and should be replaced with a national insurance regulator or national insurance charter option as has taken place with the regulation of securities and banking. Public outreach The CFPB has created a number of personal finance tools for consumers, including Ask CFPB, which compiles plain-language answers to personal finance questions, and Paying for College, which estimates the cost of attending specific universities based on the financial aid offers a student has received.The CFPB has also attempted to help consumers understand virtual currencies such as Bitcoin. Consumer data protection In 2016, the CFPB took its first enforcement action against a company that the CFPB alleged had failed to properly protect the privacy and security of consumers data. Controversies A 2013 press release from the United States House Financial Services Committee criticized the CFPB for what was described as a "radical structure" that "is controlled by a single individual who cannot be fired for poor performance and who exercises sole control over the agency, its hiring and its budget." Moreover, the committee alleged a lack of financial transparency and a lack of accountability to Congress or the President. Committee Vice Chairman Patrick McHenry, expressed particular concern about travel costs and a $55 million renovation of CFPB headquarters, stating "$55 million is more than the entire annual construction and acquisition budget for GSA for the totality of federal buildings." In 2012, the majority of GSA's Federal Buildings Fund went to rental costs, totaling $5.2 billion. $50 million was budgeted for construction and acquisition of facilities.In 2014, some employees and former employees of the CFPB testified before Congress about an alleged culture of racism and sexism at the agency. Former employees testified they were retaliated against for bringing problems to the attention of superiors.As described in articles in Motor Finance and The Wall Street Journal, the CFPB has been criticized for the methodology it uses to identify instances of racial discrimination among auto lenders. Because of legal constraints, the agency used a system to "guess" the race of auto loan applicants based on their last name and listed address. Based on that information, the agency charged several lenders were discriminating against minority applicants and levied large fines and settlements against those companies. Ally Financial paid $98 million in fines and settlement fees in 2013. As the agency's methodology means it can only guess who may be victims of discrimination entitled to settlement funds, as of late 2015, the CFPB had yet to compensate any individuals who were victims of Ally's allegedly discriminatory practices.Cordray was accused of multiple violations of the Hatch Act as Director of the CFPB and investigated by the Office of Special Counsel (OSC), who found no violations. Amendments On May 21, 2018, US President Donald Trump signed into law Congressional legislation repealing the enforcement of automobiles lending rules. On May 24, 2018, Trump signed into law the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act, exempting dozens of banks from the CFPB's regulations. Proposed amendments On July 11, 2013, the CFPB Rural Designation Petition and Correction Act (H.R. 2672; 113th Congress) was introduced into the House of Representatives. The bill would amend the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act to direct the CFPB to establish an application process that would allow a person to have their county designated as "rural" for purposes of federal consumer financial law. One practical effect of having a county designated rural is that people can qualify for some types of mortgages by getting them exempted from the CFPB's qualified mortgage rule.On September 26, 2013, the Consumer Financial Protection Safety and Soundness Improvement Act of 2013 (H.R. 3193; 113th Congress) was introduced into the United States House of Representatives. If adopted, the bill would have modified the CFPB by transforming it into a five-person commission and removing it from the Federal Reserve System. The CFPB would have been renamed the "Financial Product Safety Commission". The bill was also intended to make it easier to override the CFPB decisions. It passed in the House of Representatives on February 27, 2014 and was received by the Senate on March 4. It was never considered in the Democratic controlled Senate. Legal challenges Two lawsuits were filed in the early years of the CFPB; they were both dismissed by federal courts, but one was appealed and is still ongoing. The first one, filed on June 21, 2012, by a Texas bank along with the Competitive Enterprise Institute, challenged the constitutionality of provisions of the CFPB. One year later, in August 2013, a federal judge dismissed the lawsuit because the plaintiffs had failed to show that they had suffered harm. In July 2015, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit affirmed in part and reversed in part, holding that the bank, but not the states that later joined the lawsuit, had standing to challenge the law, and returned the case for further proceedings.A lawsuit filed July 22, 2013, by Morgan Drexen Integrated Systems, a provider of outsourced administrative support services to attorneys, and Connecticut attorney Kimberly A. Pisinski, challenged the constitutionality of the CFPB. The complaint, filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, alleged that the "CFPB's structure insulates it from political accountability and internal checks and balances in violation of the United States Constitution. Unbridled from constitutionally-required accountability, CFPB has engaged in ultra vires and abusive practices, including attempts to regulate the practice of law (a function reserved for state bars), attempts to collect attorney-client protected material, and overreaching demands for, and mining of, personal financial information of American citizens, which has prompted a Government Accountability Office ("GAO") investigation, commenced on July 12, 2013." That October, this case was dismissed by a D.C. Federal Court. On August 22, 2013, one month after Morgan Drexen's lawsuit, the CFPB filed its own lawsuit against Morgan Drexen in the United States District Court for the Central District of California alleging that Morgan Drexen charged advance fees for debt relief services in violation of the Telemarketing Sales Rule and engaged in deceptive acts and practices in violation of the Consumer Financial Protection Act (CFPA). The CFPB won this lawsuit and Morgan Drexen was ordered to pay $132,882,488 in restitution and a $40 million civil penalty.In October 2016, the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled that it was unconstitutional for the CFPB Director to be removable by the President of the United States only for cause, such as "inefficiency, neglect of duty or malfeasance." Circuit Judge Brett Kavanaugh, joined by Senior Circuit Judge A. Raymond Randolph, wrote that the law was "a threat to individual liberty" and instead found that the President could remove the CFPB Director at will. Circuit Judge Karen L. Henderson agreed that the CFPB Director had been wrong in adopting a new interpretation of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, finding the statute of limitations did not apply to the CFPB, and fining the petitioning mortgage company PHH Corporation $109 million, but she dissented from giving the President a new power to remove the Director, citing constitutional avoidance. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated the decision and ordered en banc review. On January 31, 2018, the en banc D.C. Circuit found that the CFPB's structure was constitutional by a vote of 7–3. Judge Cornelia Pillard, writing for the majority, found that the Take Care Clause does not forbid independent agencies, while each of the circuit judges from the earlier panel wrote separate dissents.In June 2018, New York Federal District Court judge Loretta Preska ruled against its structure. In January 2019, the Supreme Court denied review of the DC Circuit Court decision.In October 2019, the Supreme Court announced it would review the constitutionality of the Bureau's structure in the case Seila Law v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau considering the split decision of the lower courts. Oral arguments began on March 3, 2020.On June 29, 2020, the Supreme Court ruled in a 5–4 decision that the firing protections are an unconstitutional restraint on the president's ability to oversee executive branch agencies. "Such an agency lacks a foundation in historical practice and clashes with constitutional structure by concentrating power in a unilateral actor insulated from Presidential control," Chief Justice John Roberts wrote in the majority opinion, which was joined by his conservative colleagues. The statutes around the Director's position on the CFPB were considered severable from the remaining structure of the CFPB, and the Court ordered that "The agency may therefore continue to operate, but its Director, in light of our decision, must be removable by the President at will." The dissenting opinion, written by Justice Elena Kagan, stated that the majority's decision has the court "second-guessing" the two political branches of government (Congress and the president) on how to structure the executive branch and "wipes out a feature of [the CFPB] its creators thought fundamental to its mission—a measure of independence from political pressure." 2017 dispute over acting director On November 24, 2017, Director Cordray appointed Leandra English to the position of deputy director, and announced that he would leave office at the close of business that day. Cordray indicated that would make English the acting director after his resignation, citing provisions of the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act providing that the deputy director of the CFPB becomes acting director in the "absence or unavailability" of the director. Later the same day, however, President Donald Trump appointed the incumbent director of the Office of Management and Budget, Mick Mulvaney, as acting director, citing the authority of the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998.On November 25, the Office of Legal Counsel released an opinion, written by Assistant Attorney General Steven Engel, asserting that the President has the authority under the FVRA to designate an acting CFPB Director. The OLC memo maintained that "both the Vacancies Reform Act and [§1011(b)(5) of Dodd-Frank] are available for filling on an acting basis a vacancy that results from the resignation of the CFPB's Director" but that "when the President designates an individual...outside the ordinary order of succession, the President's designation necessarily controls." This position was also supported by the General Counsel of the CFPB, Mary E. McLeod.On November 26, English (represented by former CFPB Senior Counsel Deepak Gupta) filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia seeking a temporary restraining order and declaratory judgment to prevent Mulvaney from becoming acting director, Mulvaney was given access by unnamed individuals with the keys to the director's office on November 27 and ordered all CFPB employees to disregard any claims from English that she is the acting director. Both English and Mulvaney sent emails to the entire 1,600-person staff of the CFPB, each signing as "Acting Director" of the agency. On November 28, 2017, U.S. District Judge Timothy J. Kelly, who had been appointed by President Trump just a few months earlier, denied English's motion for a preliminary injunction and allowed Mulvaney to begin serving as CFPB Acting Director. 2019 dispute over CFPB leadership Seila Law LLC (Seila Law), a law firm that provided debt relief services, was under investigation by the CFPB. As part of its investigation, the CFPB issued a civil investigative demand (CID) to Seila Law, which required Seila Law to produce certain documents. Seila Law declined to comply with the CID and challenged the constitutionality of the CFPB. The CFPB brought a motion to enforce the CID to the United States District Court for the Central District of California, where District Judge Josephine Staton granted the motion after finding the CFPB was constitutionally structured.Seila Law's appeal to the Ninth Circuit was dismissed. The 9th Circuit panel affirmed the District Court's ruling, and agreed that the Supreme Court's prior decisions upholding for-cause removal in Humphrey's Executor and Morrison were "controlling". It also referred approvingly to the en banc decision of the DC Circuit in PHH Corp. v. CFPB (2018), in which the Circuit found that the structure of the CFPB was constitutional.There was arguably a circuit split on the question presented in Seila Law. While the Ninth Circuit and DC Circuit had held that the CFPB's structure is constitutional, the Fifth Circuit in Collins v. Mnuchin (2018) held that the structure of the Federal Housing Finance Agency—another agency whose director can be removed only for cause—violated the separation of powers.The Supreme Court granted certiorari in Seila Law on October 18, 2019, and heard oral argument on March 3, 2020.The Court issued its decision on June 29, 2020. The 5–4 decision ruled that the CFPB structure, with a sole director that could only be terminated for cause, was unconstitutional as it violated the separation of powers, vacating the lower court judgement and remanding the case for review. The Court recognized that the statutes around the director of the CFPB was severable from the rest of the statute establishing the agency, and thus "The agency may therefore continue to operate, but its Director, in light of our decision, must be removable by the President at will."Chief Justice John Roberts wrote the majority opinion joined by Justices Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, Neil Gorsuch, and Brett Kavanaugh. Roberts wrote that the CFPB structure with a single point of leadership that could only be removed for cause "has no foothold in history or tradition", and has only been used in four other instances: three current uses for the United States Office of Special Counsel, the Social Security Administration, and the Federal Housing Finance Agency, and temporarily for one year during the American Civil War for the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. Roberts wrote that the three current uses "are modern and contested. And they do not involve regulatory or enforcement authority comparable to that exercised by the CFPB." Roberts also wrote that the CFPB structure "is also incompatible with the structure of the Constitution, which—with the sole exception of the Presidency—scrupulously avoids concentrating power in the hands of any single individual." Roberts referred back to the precedent established by Humphrey's Executor and Morrison as a basis for the majority's decision.Justice Elena Kagan wrote the dissent joined by Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, and Sonia Sotomayor. Kagan wrote that "Today's decision wipes out a feature of that agency its creators thought fundamental to its mission—a measure of independence from political pressure." Kagan challenged the separation of powers argument presented by the majority: "Nowhere does the text [of the Constitution] say anything about the President's power to remove subordinate officials at will." The dissenting Justices did concur on the matter of severability of the remaining structure of the CFPB outside of the director. 2022 dispute over funding structure In 2018, the Community Financial Services Association of America sued the CFPB over its 2017 rule that blocked lenders to attempt to collect funds from borrowers' accounts after two consecutive failed attempts, unless the borrower had consented. Part of its argument in the case was that the CFPB's budgetary structure was unconstitutional, as it did not receive funding through Congressional appropriations but requested its funding through the Federal Reserve. While the district court ruled against the association, the Fifth Circuit ruled in favor of the association in October 2022, deeming that its funding structure was unconstitutional. The CFPB subsequently argued in other simultaneous legal disputes that the Fifth Circuit's decision was "neither controlling nor correct". List of directors Status See also List of financial regulatory authorities by country Regulatory responses to the subprime crisis Subprime mortgage crisis solutions debate Title 12 of the Code of Federal Regulations Volcker Rule Wall Street reform References Further reading Holding the CFPB Accountable: Review Of The First Semi-Annual Report: Hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, January 31, 2012 The Semi-Annual Report of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau: Hearing before the Committee on Financial Services, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, September 20, 2012 The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau's Semi-annual Report to Congress: Hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, April 23, 2013 Sorelle, Mallory. 2020. Democracy Declined: The Failed Politics of Consumer Financial Protection. University of Chicago Press. External links Official website Consumer Financial Protection Bureau in the Federal Register

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Mustang Memorial Field, formerly known as Mustang Stadium and then Alex G. Spanos Stadium, is an 11,075-seat multi-purpose stadium located on the campus of California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly) in San Luis Obispo, California. It is the home field of the Cal Poly Mustangs football and soccer teams. The stadium was renovated largely from funding via the late Alex Spanos, a Cal Poly alumnus, American billionaire real estate developer, founder of the A. G. Spanos Companies, and then-majority owner of the Chargers of the National Football League (NFL). History and renovation Originally opened 88 years ago in 1935, the stadium was expanded in 2006 to its current capacity and, following the completion of a $21.5-million renovation, was then renamed Alex G. Spanos Stadium in a pregame ceremony on November 18.The recognition and subsequent renaming for the ensuing 15 years was the result of an $8 million donation to renovate Mustang Stadium by Mr. Alex Spanos, the largest single donation in the school's history at the time. At the next season's home opener following the dedication, Cal Poly debuted a tailgating section perpendicular to the stadium's entrance along South Perimeter Road, and set a sellout record of 11,075 fans as the Mustang football team defeated Weber State 47-19.Previous expansions to the stadium's steel east-side grandstands were completed in 1972 and 1979.In 2013, Cal Poly replaced the south end zone rented stands with permanent aluminum stands improving handicapped access. Additionally, Cal Poly renovated the lower portion of the older east-side bleachers to add handicapped seats and improve accessibility and egress. The new south endzone stands increased capacity by 345 seats.Artist renderings of further increasing the stadium's capacity to 25,000 were released in 2010.The playing field is aligned north-northwest to south-southeast at an approximate elevation of three hundred feet (90 m) above sea level. Formerly natural grass, FieldTurf was installed in 2022. In November 2022, the university announced the facility would be renamed Mustang Memorial Field Presented by Dignity Health French Hospital Medical Center, reflecting a new 10-year naming rights agreement between the college and the healthcare organization. The first official events to be held at the facility under the new name were the semifinals and championship match of the 2022 Big West Women's Soccer Tournament. Baltimore Colts preseason training camp From August 4–14, 1969, the Baltimore Colts, featuring Johnny Unitas, Bubba Smith, and head coach Don Shula, spent nearly two weeks holding a preseason training camp in the stadium, with practice and scrimmages open to the public. The Colts played the San Diego Chargers in a preseason game on August 2, before heading north to visit the Oakland Raiders on August 9, in-between their stay in San Luis Obispo. CIF Championship football games Five times in decades past, each when various CIF Southern Section championship high school football games featured both teams from either San Luis Obispo County or Santa Barbara County facing in head-to-head matchups, the field served as the neutral host-site location for the title games, including in 1990, when a crowd of over 9,000 fans attended and future NFL first-round draft choice Napoleon Kaufman rushed for 84 yards and compiled 30 yards receiving: 1978 (8-Man Division): Coast Union 62, Templeton 24 1980 (Northwestern Division): San Luis Obispo 7, Lompoc 0 1990 (Div. VII): Lompoc 12, Arroyo Grande 7 1995 (Div. XI): Morro Bay 51, Templeton 15 1998 (Div. IV): Arroyo Grande 31, San Luis Obispo 14 Major League Soccer exhibitions Six total times since the mid-2000s renovation, the stadium hosted MLS preseason exhibition matches, sometimes drawing upwards of 4,300 fans, including in 2011 and 2012 when USMNT forward Chris Wondolowski took the field: February 24, 2008: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 2-1) vs. Columbus Crew and D.C. United (D, 0-0) February 13/15, 2009: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 3-2) vs. Seattle Sounders and vs. Houston Dynamo (W, 2-0) March 4, 2011: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 1-0) vs. Colorado Rapids February 10, 2012: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 2-1) vs. Colorado Rapids Current tenants Cal Poly Mustangs football, as well as the men's and women's soccer teams, play their home games at the stadium. See also List of NCAA Division I FCS football stadiums Campus memorials at Cal Poly Gallery == References ==

owned by

Mustang Memorial Field, formerly known as Mustang Stadium and then Alex G. Spanos Stadium, is an 11,075-seat multi-purpose stadium located on the campus of California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly) in San Luis Obispo, California. It is the home field of the Cal Poly Mustangs football and soccer teams. The stadium was renovated largely from funding via the late Alex Spanos, a Cal Poly alumnus, American billionaire real estate developer, founder of the A. G. Spanos Companies, and then-majority owner of the Chargers of the National Football League (NFL). History and renovation Originally opened 88 years ago in 1935, the stadium was expanded in 2006 to its current capacity and, following the completion of a $21.5-million renovation, was then renamed Alex G. Spanos Stadium in a pregame ceremony on November 18.The recognition and subsequent renaming for the ensuing 15 years was the result of an $8 million donation to renovate Mustang Stadium by Mr. Alex Spanos, the largest single donation in the school's history at the time. At the next season's home opener following the dedication, Cal Poly debuted a tailgating section perpendicular to the stadium's entrance along South Perimeter Road, and set a sellout record of 11,075 fans as the Mustang football team defeated Weber State 47-19.Previous expansions to the stadium's steel east-side grandstands were completed in 1972 and 1979.In 2013, Cal Poly replaced the south end zone rented stands with permanent aluminum stands improving handicapped access. Additionally, Cal Poly renovated the lower portion of the older east-side bleachers to add handicapped seats and improve accessibility and egress. The new south endzone stands increased capacity by 345 seats.Artist renderings of further increasing the stadium's capacity to 25,000 were released in 2010.The playing field is aligned north-northwest to south-southeast at an approximate elevation of three hundred feet (90 m) above sea level. Formerly natural grass, FieldTurf was installed in 2022. In November 2022, the university announced the facility would be renamed Mustang Memorial Field Presented by Dignity Health French Hospital Medical Center, reflecting a new 10-year naming rights agreement between the college and the healthcare organization. The first official events to be held at the facility under the new name were the semifinals and championship match of the 2022 Big West Women's Soccer Tournament. Baltimore Colts preseason training camp From August 4–14, 1969, the Baltimore Colts, featuring Johnny Unitas, Bubba Smith, and head coach Don Shula, spent nearly two weeks holding a preseason training camp in the stadium, with practice and scrimmages open to the public. The Colts played the San Diego Chargers in a preseason game on August 2, before heading north to visit the Oakland Raiders on August 9, in-between their stay in San Luis Obispo. CIF Championship football games Five times in decades past, each when various CIF Southern Section championship high school football games featured both teams from either San Luis Obispo County or Santa Barbara County facing in head-to-head matchups, the field served as the neutral host-site location for the title games, including in 1990, when a crowd of over 9,000 fans attended and future NFL first-round draft choice Napoleon Kaufman rushed for 84 yards and compiled 30 yards receiving: 1978 (8-Man Division): Coast Union 62, Templeton 24 1980 (Northwestern Division): San Luis Obispo 7, Lompoc 0 1990 (Div. VII): Lompoc 12, Arroyo Grande 7 1995 (Div. XI): Morro Bay 51, Templeton 15 1998 (Div. IV): Arroyo Grande 31, San Luis Obispo 14 Major League Soccer exhibitions Six total times since the mid-2000s renovation, the stadium hosted MLS preseason exhibition matches, sometimes drawing upwards of 4,300 fans, including in 2011 and 2012 when USMNT forward Chris Wondolowski took the field: February 24, 2008: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 2-1) vs. Columbus Crew and D.C. United (D, 0-0) February 13/15, 2009: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 3-2) vs. Seattle Sounders and vs. Houston Dynamo (W, 2-0) March 4, 2011: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 1-0) vs. Colorado Rapids February 10, 2012: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 2-1) vs. Colorado Rapids Current tenants Cal Poly Mustangs football, as well as the men's and women's soccer teams, play their home games at the stadium. See also List of NCAA Division I FCS football stadiums Campus memorials at Cal Poly Gallery == References ==

located in the administrative territorial entity

Mustang Memorial Field, formerly known as Mustang Stadium and then Alex G. Spanos Stadium, is an 11,075-seat multi-purpose stadium located on the campus of California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly) in San Luis Obispo, California. It is the home field of the Cal Poly Mustangs football and soccer teams. The stadium was renovated largely from funding via the late Alex Spanos, a Cal Poly alumnus, American billionaire real estate developer, founder of the A. G. Spanos Companies, and then-majority owner of the Chargers of the National Football League (NFL). History and renovation Originally opened 88 years ago in 1935, the stadium was expanded in 2006 to its current capacity and, following the completion of a $21.5-million renovation, was then renamed Alex G. Spanos Stadium in a pregame ceremony on November 18.The recognition and subsequent renaming for the ensuing 15 years was the result of an $8 million donation to renovate Mustang Stadium by Mr. Alex Spanos, the largest single donation in the school's history at the time. At the next season's home opener following the dedication, Cal Poly debuted a tailgating section perpendicular to the stadium's entrance along South Perimeter Road, and set a sellout record of 11,075 fans as the Mustang football team defeated Weber State 47-19.Previous expansions to the stadium's steel east-side grandstands were completed in 1972 and 1979.In 2013, Cal Poly replaced the south end zone rented stands with permanent aluminum stands improving handicapped access. Additionally, Cal Poly renovated the lower portion of the older east-side bleachers to add handicapped seats and improve accessibility and egress. The new south endzone stands increased capacity by 345 seats.Artist renderings of further increasing the stadium's capacity to 25,000 were released in 2010.The playing field is aligned north-northwest to south-southeast at an approximate elevation of three hundred feet (90 m) above sea level. Formerly natural grass, FieldTurf was installed in 2022. In November 2022, the university announced the facility would be renamed Mustang Memorial Field Presented by Dignity Health French Hospital Medical Center, reflecting a new 10-year naming rights agreement between the college and the healthcare organization. The first official events to be held at the facility under the new name were the semifinals and championship match of the 2022 Big West Women's Soccer Tournament. Baltimore Colts preseason training camp From August 4–14, 1969, the Baltimore Colts, featuring Johnny Unitas, Bubba Smith, and head coach Don Shula, spent nearly two weeks holding a preseason training camp in the stadium, with practice and scrimmages open to the public. The Colts played the San Diego Chargers in a preseason game on August 2, before heading north to visit the Oakland Raiders on August 9, in-between their stay in San Luis Obispo. CIF Championship football games Five times in decades past, each when various CIF Southern Section championship high school football games featured both teams from either San Luis Obispo County or Santa Barbara County facing in head-to-head matchups, the field served as the neutral host-site location for the title games, including in 1990, when a crowd of over 9,000 fans attended and future NFL first-round draft choice Napoleon Kaufman rushed for 84 yards and compiled 30 yards receiving: 1978 (8-Man Division): Coast Union 62, Templeton 24 1980 (Northwestern Division): San Luis Obispo 7, Lompoc 0 1990 (Div. VII): Lompoc 12, Arroyo Grande 7 1995 (Div. XI): Morro Bay 51, Templeton 15 1998 (Div. IV): Arroyo Grande 31, San Luis Obispo 14 Major League Soccer exhibitions Six total times since the mid-2000s renovation, the stadium hosted MLS preseason exhibition matches, sometimes drawing upwards of 4,300 fans, including in 2011 and 2012 when USMNT forward Chris Wondolowski took the field: February 24, 2008: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 2-1) vs. Columbus Crew and D.C. United (D, 0-0) February 13/15, 2009: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 3-2) vs. Seattle Sounders and vs. Houston Dynamo (W, 2-0) March 4, 2011: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 1-0) vs. Colorado Rapids February 10, 2012: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 2-1) vs. Colorado Rapids Current tenants Cal Poly Mustangs football, as well as the men's and women's soccer teams, play their home games at the stadium. See also List of NCAA Division I FCS football stadiums Campus memorials at Cal Poly Gallery == References ==

named after

Mustang Memorial Field, formerly known as Mustang Stadium and then Alex G. Spanos Stadium, is an 11,075-seat multi-purpose stadium located on the campus of California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly) in San Luis Obispo, California. It is the home field of the Cal Poly Mustangs football and soccer teams. The stadium was renovated largely from funding via the late Alex Spanos, a Cal Poly alumnus, American billionaire real estate developer, founder of the A. G. Spanos Companies, and then-majority owner of the Chargers of the National Football League (NFL). History and renovation Originally opened 88 years ago in 1935, the stadium was expanded in 2006 to its current capacity and, following the completion of a $21.5-million renovation, was then renamed Alex G. Spanos Stadium in a pregame ceremony on November 18.The recognition and subsequent renaming for the ensuing 15 years was the result of an $8 million donation to renovate Mustang Stadium by Mr. Alex Spanos, the largest single donation in the school's history at the time. At the next season's home opener following the dedication, Cal Poly debuted a tailgating section perpendicular to the stadium's entrance along South Perimeter Road, and set a sellout record of 11,075 fans as the Mustang football team defeated Weber State 47-19.Previous expansions to the stadium's steel east-side grandstands were completed in 1972 and 1979.In 2013, Cal Poly replaced the south end zone rented stands with permanent aluminum stands improving handicapped access. Additionally, Cal Poly renovated the lower portion of the older east-side bleachers to add handicapped seats and improve accessibility and egress. The new south endzone stands increased capacity by 345 seats.Artist renderings of further increasing the stadium's capacity to 25,000 were released in 2010.The playing field is aligned north-northwest to south-southeast at an approximate elevation of three hundred feet (90 m) above sea level. Formerly natural grass, FieldTurf was installed in 2022. In November 2022, the university announced the facility would be renamed Mustang Memorial Field Presented by Dignity Health French Hospital Medical Center, reflecting a new 10-year naming rights agreement between the college and the healthcare organization. The first official events to be held at the facility under the new name were the semifinals and championship match of the 2022 Big West Women's Soccer Tournament. Baltimore Colts preseason training camp From August 4–14, 1969, the Baltimore Colts, featuring Johnny Unitas, Bubba Smith, and head coach Don Shula, spent nearly two weeks holding a preseason training camp in the stadium, with practice and scrimmages open to the public. The Colts played the San Diego Chargers in a preseason game on August 2, before heading north to visit the Oakland Raiders on August 9, in-between their stay in San Luis Obispo. CIF Championship football games Five times in decades past, each when various CIF Southern Section championship high school football games featured both teams from either San Luis Obispo County or Santa Barbara County facing in head-to-head matchups, the field served as the neutral host-site location for the title games, including in 1990, when a crowd of over 9,000 fans attended and future NFL first-round draft choice Napoleon Kaufman rushed for 84 yards and compiled 30 yards receiving: 1978 (8-Man Division): Coast Union 62, Templeton 24 1980 (Northwestern Division): San Luis Obispo 7, Lompoc 0 1990 (Div. VII): Lompoc 12, Arroyo Grande 7 1995 (Div. XI): Morro Bay 51, Templeton 15 1998 (Div. IV): Arroyo Grande 31, San Luis Obispo 14 Major League Soccer exhibitions Six total times since the mid-2000s renovation, the stadium hosted MLS preseason exhibition matches, sometimes drawing upwards of 4,300 fans, including in 2011 and 2012 when USMNT forward Chris Wondolowski took the field: February 24, 2008: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 2-1) vs. Columbus Crew and D.C. United (D, 0-0) February 13/15, 2009: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 3-2) vs. Seattle Sounders and vs. Houston Dynamo (W, 2-0) March 4, 2011: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 1-0) vs. Colorado Rapids February 10, 2012: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 2-1) vs. Colorado Rapids Current tenants Cal Poly Mustangs football, as well as the men's and women's soccer teams, play their home games at the stadium. See also List of NCAA Division I FCS football stadiums Campus memorials at Cal Poly Gallery == References ==

Commons category

Mustang Memorial Field, formerly known as Mustang Stadium and then Alex G. Spanos Stadium, is an 11,075-seat multi-purpose stadium located on the campus of California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly) in San Luis Obispo, California. It is the home field of the Cal Poly Mustangs football and soccer teams. The stadium was renovated largely from funding via the late Alex Spanos, a Cal Poly alumnus, American billionaire real estate developer, founder of the A. G. Spanos Companies, and then-majority owner of the Chargers of the National Football League (NFL). History and renovation Originally opened 88 years ago in 1935, the stadium was expanded in 2006 to its current capacity and, following the completion of a $21.5-million renovation, was then renamed Alex G. Spanos Stadium in a pregame ceremony on November 18.The recognition and subsequent renaming for the ensuing 15 years was the result of an $8 million donation to renovate Mustang Stadium by Mr. Alex Spanos, the largest single donation in the school's history at the time. At the next season's home opener following the dedication, Cal Poly debuted a tailgating section perpendicular to the stadium's entrance along South Perimeter Road, and set a sellout record of 11,075 fans as the Mustang football team defeated Weber State 47-19.Previous expansions to the stadium's steel east-side grandstands were completed in 1972 and 1979.In 2013, Cal Poly replaced the south end zone rented stands with permanent aluminum stands improving handicapped access. Additionally, Cal Poly renovated the lower portion of the older east-side bleachers to add handicapped seats and improve accessibility and egress. The new south endzone stands increased capacity by 345 seats.Artist renderings of further increasing the stadium's capacity to 25,000 were released in 2010.The playing field is aligned north-northwest to south-southeast at an approximate elevation of three hundred feet (90 m) above sea level. Formerly natural grass, FieldTurf was installed in 2022. In November 2022, the university announced the facility would be renamed Mustang Memorial Field Presented by Dignity Health French Hospital Medical Center, reflecting a new 10-year naming rights agreement between the college and the healthcare organization. The first official events to be held at the facility under the new name were the semifinals and championship match of the 2022 Big West Women's Soccer Tournament. Baltimore Colts preseason training camp From August 4–14, 1969, the Baltimore Colts, featuring Johnny Unitas, Bubba Smith, and head coach Don Shula, spent nearly two weeks holding a preseason training camp in the stadium, with practice and scrimmages open to the public. The Colts played the San Diego Chargers in a preseason game on August 2, before heading north to visit the Oakland Raiders on August 9, in-between their stay in San Luis Obispo. CIF Championship football games Five times in decades past, each when various CIF Southern Section championship high school football games featured both teams from either San Luis Obispo County or Santa Barbara County facing in head-to-head matchups, the field served as the neutral host-site location for the title games, including in 1990, when a crowd of over 9,000 fans attended and future NFL first-round draft choice Napoleon Kaufman rushed for 84 yards and compiled 30 yards receiving: 1978 (8-Man Division): Coast Union 62, Templeton 24 1980 (Northwestern Division): San Luis Obispo 7, Lompoc 0 1990 (Div. VII): Lompoc 12, Arroyo Grande 7 1995 (Div. XI): Morro Bay 51, Templeton 15 1998 (Div. IV): Arroyo Grande 31, San Luis Obispo 14 Major League Soccer exhibitions Six total times since the mid-2000s renovation, the stadium hosted MLS preseason exhibition matches, sometimes drawing upwards of 4,300 fans, including in 2011 and 2012 when USMNT forward Chris Wondolowski took the field: February 24, 2008: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 2-1) vs. Columbus Crew and D.C. United (D, 0-0) February 13/15, 2009: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 3-2) vs. Seattle Sounders and vs. Houston Dynamo (W, 2-0) March 4, 2011: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 1-0) vs. Colorado Rapids February 10, 2012: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 2-1) vs. Colorado Rapids Current tenants Cal Poly Mustangs football, as well as the men's and women's soccer teams, play their home games at the stadium. See also List of NCAA Division I FCS football stadiums Campus memorials at Cal Poly Gallery == References ==

occupant

Mustang Memorial Field, formerly known as Mustang Stadium and then Alex G. Spanos Stadium, is an 11,075-seat multi-purpose stadium located on the campus of California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly) in San Luis Obispo, California. It is the home field of the Cal Poly Mustangs football and soccer teams. The stadium was renovated largely from funding via the late Alex Spanos, a Cal Poly alumnus, American billionaire real estate developer, founder of the A. G. Spanos Companies, and then-majority owner of the Chargers of the National Football League (NFL). History and renovation Originally opened 88 years ago in 1935, the stadium was expanded in 2006 to its current capacity and, following the completion of a $21.5-million renovation, was then renamed Alex G. Spanos Stadium in a pregame ceremony on November 18.The recognition and subsequent renaming for the ensuing 15 years was the result of an $8 million donation to renovate Mustang Stadium by Mr. Alex Spanos, the largest single donation in the school's history at the time. At the next season's home opener following the dedication, Cal Poly debuted a tailgating section perpendicular to the stadium's entrance along South Perimeter Road, and set a sellout record of 11,075 fans as the Mustang football team defeated Weber State 47-19.Previous expansions to the stadium's steel east-side grandstands were completed in 1972 and 1979.In 2013, Cal Poly replaced the south end zone rented stands with permanent aluminum stands improving handicapped access. Additionally, Cal Poly renovated the lower portion of the older east-side bleachers to add handicapped seats and improve accessibility and egress. The new south endzone stands increased capacity by 345 seats.Artist renderings of further increasing the stadium's capacity to 25,000 were released in 2010.The playing field is aligned north-northwest to south-southeast at an approximate elevation of three hundred feet (90 m) above sea level. Formerly natural grass, FieldTurf was installed in 2022. In November 2022, the university announced the facility would be renamed Mustang Memorial Field Presented by Dignity Health French Hospital Medical Center, reflecting a new 10-year naming rights agreement between the college and the healthcare organization. The first official events to be held at the facility under the new name were the semifinals and championship match of the 2022 Big West Women's Soccer Tournament. Baltimore Colts preseason training camp From August 4–14, 1969, the Baltimore Colts, featuring Johnny Unitas, Bubba Smith, and head coach Don Shula, spent nearly two weeks holding a preseason training camp in the stadium, with practice and scrimmages open to the public. The Colts played the San Diego Chargers in a preseason game on August 2, before heading north to visit the Oakland Raiders on August 9, in-between their stay in San Luis Obispo. CIF Championship football games Five times in decades past, each when various CIF Southern Section championship high school football games featured both teams from either San Luis Obispo County or Santa Barbara County facing in head-to-head matchups, the field served as the neutral host-site location for the title games, including in 1990, when a crowd of over 9,000 fans attended and future NFL first-round draft choice Napoleon Kaufman rushed for 84 yards and compiled 30 yards receiving: 1978 (8-Man Division): Coast Union 62, Templeton 24 1980 (Northwestern Division): San Luis Obispo 7, Lompoc 0 1990 (Div. VII): Lompoc 12, Arroyo Grande 7 1995 (Div. XI): Morro Bay 51, Templeton 15 1998 (Div. IV): Arroyo Grande 31, San Luis Obispo 14 Major League Soccer exhibitions Six total times since the mid-2000s renovation, the stadium hosted MLS preseason exhibition matches, sometimes drawing upwards of 4,300 fans, including in 2011 and 2012 when USMNT forward Chris Wondolowski took the field: February 24, 2008: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 2-1) vs. Columbus Crew and D.C. United (D, 0-0) February 13/15, 2009: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 3-2) vs. Seattle Sounders and vs. Houston Dynamo (W, 2-0) March 4, 2011: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 1-0) vs. Colorado Rapids February 10, 2012: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 2-1) vs. Colorado Rapids Current tenants Cal Poly Mustangs football, as well as the men's and women's soccer teams, play their home games at the stadium. See also List of NCAA Division I FCS football stadiums Campus memorials at Cal Poly Gallery == References ==

surface played on

Mustang Memorial Field, formerly known as Mustang Stadium and then Alex G. Spanos Stadium, is an 11,075-seat multi-purpose stadium located on the campus of California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly) in San Luis Obispo, California. It is the home field of the Cal Poly Mustangs football and soccer teams. The stadium was renovated largely from funding via the late Alex Spanos, a Cal Poly alumnus, American billionaire real estate developer, founder of the A. G. Spanos Companies, and then-majority owner of the Chargers of the National Football League (NFL). History and renovation Originally opened 88 years ago in 1935, the stadium was expanded in 2006 to its current capacity and, following the completion of a $21.5-million renovation, was then renamed Alex G. Spanos Stadium in a pregame ceremony on November 18.The recognition and subsequent renaming for the ensuing 15 years was the result of an $8 million donation to renovate Mustang Stadium by Mr. Alex Spanos, the largest single donation in the school's history at the time. At the next season's home opener following the dedication, Cal Poly debuted a tailgating section perpendicular to the stadium's entrance along South Perimeter Road, and set a sellout record of 11,075 fans as the Mustang football team defeated Weber State 47-19.Previous expansions to the stadium's steel east-side grandstands were completed in 1972 and 1979.In 2013, Cal Poly replaced the south end zone rented stands with permanent aluminum stands improving handicapped access. Additionally, Cal Poly renovated the lower portion of the older east-side bleachers to add handicapped seats and improve accessibility and egress. The new south endzone stands increased capacity by 345 seats.Artist renderings of further increasing the stadium's capacity to 25,000 were released in 2010.The playing field is aligned north-northwest to south-southeast at an approximate elevation of three hundred feet (90 m) above sea level. Formerly natural grass, FieldTurf was installed in 2022. In November 2022, the university announced the facility would be renamed Mustang Memorial Field Presented by Dignity Health French Hospital Medical Center, reflecting a new 10-year naming rights agreement between the college and the healthcare organization. The first official events to be held at the facility under the new name were the semifinals and championship match of the 2022 Big West Women's Soccer Tournament. Baltimore Colts preseason training camp From August 4–14, 1969, the Baltimore Colts, featuring Johnny Unitas, Bubba Smith, and head coach Don Shula, spent nearly two weeks holding a preseason training camp in the stadium, with practice and scrimmages open to the public. The Colts played the San Diego Chargers in a preseason game on August 2, before heading north to visit the Oakland Raiders on August 9, in-between their stay in San Luis Obispo. CIF Championship football games Five times in decades past, each when various CIF Southern Section championship high school football games featured both teams from either San Luis Obispo County or Santa Barbara County facing in head-to-head matchups, the field served as the neutral host-site location for the title games, including in 1990, when a crowd of over 9,000 fans attended and future NFL first-round draft choice Napoleon Kaufman rushed for 84 yards and compiled 30 yards receiving: 1978 (8-Man Division): Coast Union 62, Templeton 24 1980 (Northwestern Division): San Luis Obispo 7, Lompoc 0 1990 (Div. VII): Lompoc 12, Arroyo Grande 7 1995 (Div. XI): Morro Bay 51, Templeton 15 1998 (Div. IV): Arroyo Grande 31, San Luis Obispo 14 Major League Soccer exhibitions Six total times since the mid-2000s renovation, the stadium hosted MLS preseason exhibition matches, sometimes drawing upwards of 4,300 fans, including in 2011 and 2012 when USMNT forward Chris Wondolowski took the field: February 24, 2008: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 2-1) vs. Columbus Crew and D.C. United (D, 0-0) February 13/15, 2009: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 3-2) vs. Seattle Sounders and vs. Houston Dynamo (W, 2-0) March 4, 2011: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 1-0) vs. Colorado Rapids February 10, 2012: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 2-1) vs. Colorado Rapids Current tenants Cal Poly Mustangs football, as well as the men's and women's soccer teams, play their home games at the stadium. See also List of NCAA Division I FCS football stadiums Campus memorials at Cal Poly Gallery == References ==

sponsor

Mustang Memorial Field, formerly known as Mustang Stadium and then Alex G. Spanos Stadium, is an 11,075-seat multi-purpose stadium located on the campus of California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly) in San Luis Obispo, California. It is the home field of the Cal Poly Mustangs football and soccer teams. The stadium was renovated largely from funding via the late Alex Spanos, a Cal Poly alumnus, American billionaire real estate developer, founder of the A. G. Spanos Companies, and then-majority owner of the Chargers of the National Football League (NFL). History and renovation Originally opened 88 years ago in 1935, the stadium was expanded in 2006 to its current capacity and, following the completion of a $21.5-million renovation, was then renamed Alex G. Spanos Stadium in a pregame ceremony on November 18.The recognition and subsequent renaming for the ensuing 15 years was the result of an $8 million donation to renovate Mustang Stadium by Mr. Alex Spanos, the largest single donation in the school's history at the time. At the next season's home opener following the dedication, Cal Poly debuted a tailgating section perpendicular to the stadium's entrance along South Perimeter Road, and set a sellout record of 11,075 fans as the Mustang football team defeated Weber State 47-19.Previous expansions to the stadium's steel east-side grandstands were completed in 1972 and 1979.In 2013, Cal Poly replaced the south end zone rented stands with permanent aluminum stands improving handicapped access. Additionally, Cal Poly renovated the lower portion of the older east-side bleachers to add handicapped seats and improve accessibility and egress. The new south endzone stands increased capacity by 345 seats.Artist renderings of further increasing the stadium's capacity to 25,000 were released in 2010.The playing field is aligned north-northwest to south-southeast at an approximate elevation of three hundred feet (90 m) above sea level. Formerly natural grass, FieldTurf was installed in 2022. In November 2022, the university announced the facility would be renamed Mustang Memorial Field Presented by Dignity Health French Hospital Medical Center, reflecting a new 10-year naming rights agreement between the college and the healthcare organization. The first official events to be held at the facility under the new name were the semifinals and championship match of the 2022 Big West Women's Soccer Tournament. Baltimore Colts preseason training camp From August 4–14, 1969, the Baltimore Colts, featuring Johnny Unitas, Bubba Smith, and head coach Don Shula, spent nearly two weeks holding a preseason training camp in the stadium, with practice and scrimmages open to the public. The Colts played the San Diego Chargers in a preseason game on August 2, before heading north to visit the Oakland Raiders on August 9, in-between their stay in San Luis Obispo. CIF Championship football games Five times in decades past, each when various CIF Southern Section championship high school football games featured both teams from either San Luis Obispo County or Santa Barbara County facing in head-to-head matchups, the field served as the neutral host-site location for the title games, including in 1990, when a crowd of over 9,000 fans attended and future NFL first-round draft choice Napoleon Kaufman rushed for 84 yards and compiled 30 yards receiving: 1978 (8-Man Division): Coast Union 62, Templeton 24 1980 (Northwestern Division): San Luis Obispo 7, Lompoc 0 1990 (Div. VII): Lompoc 12, Arroyo Grande 7 1995 (Div. XI): Morro Bay 51, Templeton 15 1998 (Div. IV): Arroyo Grande 31, San Luis Obispo 14 Major League Soccer exhibitions Six total times since the mid-2000s renovation, the stadium hosted MLS preseason exhibition matches, sometimes drawing upwards of 4,300 fans, including in 2011 and 2012 when USMNT forward Chris Wondolowski took the field: February 24, 2008: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 2-1) vs. Columbus Crew and D.C. United (D, 0-0) February 13/15, 2009: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 3-2) vs. Seattle Sounders and vs. Houston Dynamo (W, 2-0) March 4, 2011: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 1-0) vs. Colorado Rapids February 10, 2012: San Jose Earthquakes (W, 2-1) vs. Colorado Rapids Current tenants Cal Poly Mustangs football, as well as the men's and women's soccer teams, play their home games at the stadium. See also List of NCAA Division I FCS football stadiums Campus memorials at Cal Poly Gallery == References ==

official name

Šipan (pronounced [ʃǐpan]), also known as Sipano (Italian: Giuppana) is the largest of the Elaphiti Islands. It is 17 km (11 mi) northwest of Dubrovnik, Croatia; separated from the mainland coast by the Koločepski Channel; area 16.22 km2 (6.3 sq mi); The island is 9.1 km (5.7 mi) in length, and up to 2.6 km (1.6 mi) in width. It is the largest island in this group and its highest point is 243 m (797 ft) above sea level. Two limestone crests, the higher (Velji Vrh, 243 m) in the northeast and the lower in the southeast surround a dolomite depression, on which olives, figs, vine, carob-trees, almond-trees, oranges and citrus fruit are cultivated. The island's population is 419 (2011). There are two ports on the island, Suđurađ (San Giorgio) in the east, and Šipanska Luka (Porto Gippana) in the west. The island is also famed for its numerous palm tree species that grow on the island. It is the likely location of the naval Battle of Tauris during Caesar's Civil War.It was first mentioned by this name in documents of 1371.In 1426 it became part of the Republic of Ragusa. In XVI and XVII century the island was mentioned as a site of thriving folk traditional belief in living dead which led islanders to mutilate corpses.During the French Revolutionary Wars, the British Royal Navy referred to it as Zupano. On 17 June 1813 a landing party of marines and seamen from HMS Saracen captured the French garrison. Gallery See also Elaphiti Islands References Bibliography Glamuzina, Martin; Glamuzina, Nikola (1999). "Suvremena geografska problematika otoka Lopuda i Koločepa" [Recent Geographical Problematics of the Lopud and Koločep Islands] (PDF). Geoadria (in Croatian). 4 (1): 89–100. doi:10.15291/geoadria.152. Retrieved 25 December 2019. External links Media related to Šipan at Wikimedia Commons

country

Šipan (pronounced [ʃǐpan]), also known as Sipano (Italian: Giuppana) is the largest of the Elaphiti Islands. It is 17 km (11 mi) northwest of Dubrovnik, Croatia; separated from the mainland coast by the Koločepski Channel; area 16.22 km2 (6.3 sq mi); The island is 9.1 km (5.7 mi) in length, and up to 2.6 km (1.6 mi) in width. It is the largest island in this group and its highest point is 243 m (797 ft) above sea level. Two limestone crests, the higher (Velji Vrh, 243 m) in the northeast and the lower in the southeast surround a dolomite depression, on which olives, figs, vine, carob-trees, almond-trees, oranges and citrus fruit are cultivated. The island's population is 419 (2011). There are two ports on the island, Suđurađ (San Giorgio) in the east, and Šipanska Luka (Porto Gippana) in the west. The island is also famed for its numerous palm tree species that grow on the island. It is the likely location of the naval Battle of Tauris during Caesar's Civil War.It was first mentioned by this name in documents of 1371.In 1426 it became part of the Republic of Ragusa. In XVI and XVII century the island was mentioned as a site of thriving folk traditional belief in living dead which led islanders to mutilate corpses.During the French Revolutionary Wars, the British Royal Navy referred to it as Zupano. On 17 June 1813 a landing party of marines and seamen from HMS Saracen captured the French garrison. Gallery See also Elaphiti Islands References Bibliography Glamuzina, Martin; Glamuzina, Nikola (1999). "Suvremena geografska problematika otoka Lopuda i Koločepa" [Recent Geographical Problematics of the Lopud and Koločep Islands] (PDF). Geoadria (in Croatian). 4 (1): 89–100. doi:10.15291/geoadria.152. Retrieved 25 December 2019. External links Media related to Šipan at Wikimedia Commons

instance of

Šipan (pronounced [ʃǐpan]), also known as Sipano (Italian: Giuppana) is the largest of the Elaphiti Islands. It is 17 km (11 mi) northwest of Dubrovnik, Croatia; separated from the mainland coast by the Koločepski Channel; area 16.22 km2 (6.3 sq mi); The island is 9.1 km (5.7 mi) in length, and up to 2.6 km (1.6 mi) in width. It is the largest island in this group and its highest point is 243 m (797 ft) above sea level. Two limestone crests, the higher (Velji Vrh, 243 m) in the northeast and the lower in the southeast surround a dolomite depression, on which olives, figs, vine, carob-trees, almond-trees, oranges and citrus fruit are cultivated. The island's population is 419 (2011). There are two ports on the island, Suđurađ (San Giorgio) in the east, and Šipanska Luka (Porto Gippana) in the west. The island is also famed for its numerous palm tree species that grow on the island. It is the likely location of the naval Battle of Tauris during Caesar's Civil War.It was first mentioned by this name in documents of 1371.In 1426 it became part of the Republic of Ragusa. In XVI and XVII century the island was mentioned as a site of thriving folk traditional belief in living dead which led islanders to mutilate corpses.During the French Revolutionary Wars, the British Royal Navy referred to it as Zupano. On 17 June 1813 a landing party of marines and seamen from HMS Saracen captured the French garrison. Gallery See also Elaphiti Islands References Bibliography Glamuzina, Martin; Glamuzina, Nikola (1999). "Suvremena geografska problematika otoka Lopuda i Koločepa" [Recent Geographical Problematics of the Lopud and Koločep Islands] (PDF). Geoadria (in Croatian). 4 (1): 89–100. doi:10.15291/geoadria.152. Retrieved 25 December 2019. External links Media related to Šipan at Wikimedia Commons

part of

Šipan (pronounced [ʃǐpan]), also known as Sipano (Italian: Giuppana) is the largest of the Elaphiti Islands. It is 17 km (11 mi) northwest of Dubrovnik, Croatia; separated from the mainland coast by the Koločepski Channel; area 16.22 km2 (6.3 sq mi); The island is 9.1 km (5.7 mi) in length, and up to 2.6 km (1.6 mi) in width. It is the largest island in this group and its highest point is 243 m (797 ft) above sea level. Two limestone crests, the higher (Velji Vrh, 243 m) in the northeast and the lower in the southeast surround a dolomite depression, on which olives, figs, vine, carob-trees, almond-trees, oranges and citrus fruit are cultivated. The island's population is 419 (2011). There are two ports on the island, Suđurađ (San Giorgio) in the east, and Šipanska Luka (Porto Gippana) in the west. The island is also famed for its numerous palm tree species that grow on the island. It is the likely location of the naval Battle of Tauris during Caesar's Civil War.It was first mentioned by this name in documents of 1371.In 1426 it became part of the Republic of Ragusa. In XVI and XVII century the island was mentioned as a site of thriving folk traditional belief in living dead which led islanders to mutilate corpses.During the French Revolutionary Wars, the British Royal Navy referred to it as Zupano. On 17 June 1813 a landing party of marines and seamen from HMS Saracen captured the French garrison. Gallery See also Elaphiti Islands References Bibliography Glamuzina, Martin; Glamuzina, Nikola (1999). "Suvremena geografska problematika otoka Lopuda i Koločepa" [Recent Geographical Problematics of the Lopud and Koločep Islands] (PDF). Geoadria (in Croatian). 4 (1): 89–100. doi:10.15291/geoadria.152. Retrieved 25 December 2019. External links Media related to Šipan at Wikimedia Commons

Commons category

Šipan (pronounced [ʃǐpan]), also known as Sipano (Italian: Giuppana) is the largest of the Elaphiti Islands. It is 17 km (11 mi) northwest of Dubrovnik, Croatia; separated from the mainland coast by the Koločepski Channel; area 16.22 km2 (6.3 sq mi); The island is 9.1 km (5.7 mi) in length, and up to 2.6 km (1.6 mi) in width. It is the largest island in this group and its highest point is 243 m (797 ft) above sea level. Two limestone crests, the higher (Velji Vrh, 243 m) in the northeast and the lower in the southeast surround a dolomite depression, on which olives, figs, vine, carob-trees, almond-trees, oranges and citrus fruit are cultivated. The island's population is 419 (2011). There are two ports on the island, Suđurađ (San Giorgio) in the east, and Šipanska Luka (Porto Gippana) in the west. The island is also famed for its numerous palm tree species that grow on the island. It is the likely location of the naval Battle of Tauris during Caesar's Civil War.It was first mentioned by this name in documents of 1371.In 1426 it became part of the Republic of Ragusa. In XVI and XVII century the island was mentioned as a site of thriving folk traditional belief in living dead which led islanders to mutilate corpses.During the French Revolutionary Wars, the British Royal Navy referred to it as Zupano. On 17 June 1813 a landing party of marines and seamen from HMS Saracen captured the French garrison. Gallery See also Elaphiti Islands References Bibliography Glamuzina, Martin; Glamuzina, Nikola (1999). "Suvremena geografska problematika otoka Lopuda i Koločepa" [Recent Geographical Problematics of the Lopud and Koločep Islands] (PDF). Geoadria (in Croatian). 4 (1): 89–100. doi:10.15291/geoadria.152. Retrieved 25 December 2019. External links Media related to Šipan at Wikimedia Commons

located in/on physical feature