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King has since been critical of his performance , which he describes as his " most lackluster . " King attributes this to the fact he had recently married , and moved to Phoenix , Arizona . Describing himself as " probably the odd man out at that point " , he admitted he " didn ’ t participate as much because of that . " Hanneman said : " We go through dry spells sometimes , but the good thing about having two guitar players that can write music is that you are never gonna go without . I guess at that time , Kerry was hitting a dry spell . " King has also been critical of the album in general , describing it as one of his least favorite Slayer albums . He feels vocalist Tom Araya moved too far away from his regular vocal style , and " added too much singing . " Drummer Dave Lombardo has since observed : " There was fire on all the records , but it started dimming when South of Heaven came into the picture . And that 's me personally . Again , I was probably wanting something else . "

King <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>has</mark></a> since been critical of his performance , which he <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>describes</mark></a> as his " most lackluster . " King <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>attributes</mark></a> this to the fact he <a href='been_done' title='4'><mark>had</mark></a> recently married , and moved to Phoenix , Arizona . Describing himself as " probably the odd man out at that point " , he admitted he " <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>didn</mark></a> ’ t participate as much because of that . " Hanneman said : " We go through dry spells sometimes , but the good thing about having two guitar players <a href='null_relcl' title='6'><mark>that</mark></a>can write music is that you are never gonna go without . I guess at that time , Kerry was hitting a dry spell . " King <a href='uninflect' title='7'><mark>has</mark></a> also been critical of the album in general , describing it as one of his least favorite Slayer albums . He <a href='uninflect' title='8'><mark>feels</mark></a> vocalist Tom Araya moved too far away from his regular vocal style , and " added too much singing . " Drummer Dave Lombardo <a href='been_done' title='9'><mark>has</mark></a> since observed : " <a href='dey_it' title='10'><mark>There</mark></a> was fire on all the records , but it started dimming when South of Heaven came into the picture . And that 's me personally . Again , I was probably wanting something else . "

King have since been critical of his performance , which he describe as his " most lackluster . " King attribute dis to the fact he done recently married , and moved to Phoenix , Arizona . Describing hisself as " probably the odd man outt at dat point " , he admitted he " didned ’ t participate as much because of that . " Hanneman said : " We go thru dry spells sometimes , but the good thing about havin 2 guitar players can write music is that youu r never gonna go w/o . I guess at tdattime , Kerry was hitting a dry spell . " King have also been critical of the album in general , describing it as one of his least fav Slayer albums . He feel vocalist Tom Araya moved too far away from his regular vocal style , and " added too much singing . " Drummer Dave Lombardo done since observed : " It was fire on all da records , but it started dimming when South of Heaven came into the picture . And that 's me personally . Again , I was probably wanting somethin else . "

Judas Priest 's " Dissident Aggressor " is the only cover version to appear on a Slayer studio album . The song was chosen due to its war @-@ themed lyrics . Hanneman described the track as " more just like one of those odd songs that a lot of people didn 't know , but it was a favorite of Kerry and I , so we just picked that one . " Meanwhile , " Cleanse the Soul " has been heavily criticized by King who said that he hates the track : " That 's one of the black marks in our history , in my book . I just fucking think it 's horrible . [ Laughs ] I hate the opening riff . It 's what we call a ' happy riff . ' It 's just like ' la @-@ lala @-@ la @-@ la @-@ la . ' I can 't see myself playing it , but after that , where it gets heavier , I like that section . If we ever did a medley , I 'd put part of that in there . " The Slayer boxset Soundtrack to the Apocalypse featured , along with four songs of the album , an early version of the title track , recorded at Hanneman 's home .

Judas Priest <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>" Dissident Aggressor " <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>is</mark></a>the only cover version to appear on a Slayer studio album . The song was chosen due to its war @-@ themed lyrics . Hanneman described the track as " more just like one of those odd songs <a href='null_relcl' title='3'><mark>that</mark></a>a lot of people didn 't know , but it was a favorite of Kerry and I , so we just picked that one . " Meanwhile , " Cleanse the Soul " <a href='been_done' title='4'><mark>has</mark></a> been heavily criticized by King <a href='null_relcl' title='5'><mark>who</mark></a>said that he <a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>hates</mark></a> the track : " That 's one of the black marks in our history , in my book . I just fucking think it 's horrible . [ Laughs ] I hate the opening riff . It 's what we call a ' happy riff . ' It 's just like ' la @-@ lala @-@ la @-@ la @-@ la . ' I can 't see myself playing it , but after that , where it <a href='uninflect' title='7'><mark>gets</mark></a> heavier , I like that section . If we ever did a medley , I 'd put part of that in there . " The Slayer boxset Soundtrack to the Apocalypse featured , along with four songs of the album , an early version of the title track , recorded at Hanneman <a href='null_genetive' title='8'><mark>'s</mark></a>home .

Judas Priest " Dissident Aggressor " the only cover version to appear on a Slayer studio mixtape . The song was chosen due to its war @-@ themed lyrics . Hanneman described the track as " more jus like one of those odd songs a lot of people didn 't know , but it was a fav of Kerry and I , soo we just picked dat one . " Meanwhile , " Cleanse da Soul " done been heavily criticized by King said that he hate the track : " Tdat's one of the black marks in our history , in my book . I just fucking think it 's horrible . [ Laughs ] I hate the opening riff . It 's wat we call a ' happy riff . ' It 's just like ' la @-@ lala @-@ la @-@ la @-@ la . ' I can 't see myself playin it , but after thdat where it get heavier , I like thadatction . If we ever did a medley , I 'd put part of that in thea . " The Slayer boxset Soundtrack to tdaApocalypse featured , along with four songs of the album , an early version of the title track , recorded at Hanneman home .

= = Photography and illustration = =

= = Photography and illustration = =

= = Photography and illustration = =

Artist Larry Carroll and Illustrator Howard Schwartzberg designed the cover artwork for South of Heaven , having designed the artwork for Slayer 's previous album Reign in Blood . Photographer Glen E. Friedman took the promotional shot which surfaced as the back cover of South of Heaven around the time of 1986 's Reign in Blood . Lombardo felt it made Slayer seem as though they " had matured a little bit " , while Friedman himself deemed it " a really cool back cover " and " one of the most classic shots of them [ Slayer ] ever . "

Artist Larry Carroll and Illustrator Howard Schwartzberg designed the cover artwork for South of Heaven , <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>having</mark></a> designed the artwork for Slayer <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>previous album Reign in Blood . Photographer Glen E. Friedman took the promotional shot which surfaced as the back cover of South of Heaven around the time of 1986 <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>Reign in Blood . Lombardo felt it made Slayer seem as though they " <a href='been_done' title='4'><mark>had</mark></a> matured a little bit " , while Friedman himself deemed it " a really cool back cover " and " one of the most classic shots of them [ Slayer ] ever . "

Artist Larry Carroll and Illustrator Howard Schwartzberg designed the cover artwork for South of Heaven , done designed the artwork for Slayer previous mixtape Reign in Blood . Photographer Glen E. Friedman took the promotional shot which surfaced as da bk cover of South of Heaven around the time of 1986 Reign in Blood . Lombardo felt it made Slayer seem as though they " done matured alil bit " , while Friedman himself deemed it " a really coo back cover " and " one of the most classic shots of them [ Slayer ] ever . "

= = Critical reception = =

= = Critical reception = =

= = Critical reception = =

South of Heaven was released on July 5 , 1988 , and was the final Slayer album distributed via Def Jam Records . When label co @-@ founders Russell Simmons and Rubin parted ways , Slayer signed to Rubin 's newly founded Def American Recordings label . The album peaked at number 57 on the Billboard 200 album chart , and on November 20 , 1992 , became Slayer 's second album to be certified gold in the United States . South of Heaven was awarded silver certification in the United Kingdom on January 1 , 1993 , Slayer 's first record to do so in that country . Slayer 's official biography states that " some critics praised the album as demonstrating Slayer 's desire to grow musically and avoid repeating themselves . " Alex Henderson of AllMusic described the record as " disturbing and powerful , " while Joe Matera of Ultimate Guitar deemed the album a slight departure ; he wrote that while the pace was slowed down , it " didn 't sacrifice any of the heaviness inherent in Slayer 's music . "

South of Heaven was released on July 5 , 1988 , and was the final Slayer album distributed via Def Jam Records . When label co @-@ founders Russell Simmons and Rubin parted ways , Slayer signed to Rubin <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>newly founded Def American Recordings label . The album peaked at number 57 on the Billboard 200 album chart , and on November 20 , 1992 , became Slayer <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>second album to be certified gold in the United States . South of Heaven was awarded silver certification in the United Kingdom on January 1 , 1993 , Slayer <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>first record to do so in that country . Slayer <a href='null_genetive' title='4'><mark>'s</mark></a>official biography states that " some critics praised the album as demonstrating Slayer <a href='null_genetive' title='5'><mark>'s</mark></a>desire to grow musically and avoid repeating themselves . " Alex Henderson of AllMusic described the record as " disturbing and powerful , " while Joe Matera of Ultimate Guitar deemed the album a slight departure ; he wrote that while the pace was slowed down , it " <a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>didn</mark></a> 't sacrifice any of the heaviness inherent in Slayer <a href='null_genetive' title='7'><mark>'s</mark></a>music . "

South of Heaven was released on July 5 , 1988 , and was da final Slayer mixtape distributed via Def Jam Records . When label co @-@ founders Russell Simmons and Rubin parted ways , Slayer signed to Rubin newly founded Def American Recordings label . Thmixtapeum peaked at number 57 on tdaBillboard 200 album chart , and on November 20 , 1992 , became Slayer secmixtapelbum to be certified gold in thdanited States . South of Heaven was awarded silver certification in the United Kingdom on January 1 , 1993 , Slayer first record to do soo in dat country . Slayer official biography states tdat" sum critics praised thedabum as demonstrating Slayer desire to grow musically and avoid repeating theyself . " Alex Henderson of AllMusic described the record as " disturbing and powerful , " while Joe Matera of Ultimate Guitar deemed the album a slight departure ; he wrote that while the pace was slowed down , it " didned 't sacrifice any of the heaviness inherent in Slayer music . "

Reviewing the 2003 Slayer box set Soundtrack to the Apocalypse , Adrien Begrand of PopMatters described the album as " their most underrated , and on this set , its five selections show how highly the band thinks of the record . " KNAC.com 's Peter Atkinson was also positive , saying the album has a " grandiosity and imposing presence " which makes the record " so magnificent . " Grave 's Ola Lindgren and Bolt Thrower 's Karl Willetts both rate South of Heaven as amongst the top five albums of all time , while Max Kolesne of Brazilian death metal group Krisiun remembers hearing the song " Silent Scream " for the first time : " It just blew me away . It was like fast double @-@ bass , fast kicks during the whole song . That was very inspiring for me . " When discussing Slayer in an October 2007 interview , Evile frontman Matt Drake stated that while Reign in Blood " was just speed " , South of Heaven proved that the group could write " slow material as well . " Metal Forces reviewer gives " the band credit for at least making an effort to try something new and not being afraid to experiment at such a crucial stage of their career " , creating " one of the more original sounding thrash / speed metal albums he heard in a long while " . He remarks , however , that " if you ’ re expecting to hear Reign in Blood Part Two , you ’ ll be in for a major disappointment " .

Reviewing the 2003 Slayer box set Soundtrack to the Apocalypse , Adrien Begrand of PopMatters described the album as " their most underrated , and on this set , its five selections show how highly the band <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>thinks</mark></a> of the record . " KNAC.com <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>Peter Atkinson was also positive , saying the album <a href='got' title='3'><mark>has</mark></a> a " grandiosity and imposing presence " which <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>makes</mark></a> the record " so magnificent . " Grave <a href='null_genetive' title='5'><mark>'s</mark></a>Ola Lindgren and Bolt Thrower <a href='null_genetive' title='6'><mark>'s</mark></a>Karl Willetts both rate South of Heaven as amongst the top five albums of all time , while Max Kolesne of Brazilian death metal group Krisiun <a href='uninflect' title='7'><mark>remembers</mark></a> hearing the song " Silent Scream " for the first time : " It just blew me away . It was like fast double @-@ bass , fast kicks during the whole song . That was very inspiring for me . " When discussing Slayer in an October 2007 interview , Evile frontman Matt Drake stated that while Reign in Blood " was just speed " , South of Heaven proved that the group could write " slow material as well . " Metal Forces reviewer <a href='uninflect' title='8'><mark>gives</mark></a> " the band credit for at least making an effort to try something new and <a href='negative_concord' title='9'><mark>not</mark></a><a href='negative_concord' title='10'><mark>being</mark></a> afraid to experiment at such a crucial stage of their career " , creating " one of the more original sounding thrash / speed metal albums he heard in a long while " . He <a href='uninflect' title='11'><mark>remarks</mark></a> , however , that " if you ’ re expecting to hear Reign in Blood Part Two , you ’ ll be in for a major disappointment " .

Reviewing the 2003 Slayer box set Soundtrack to the Apocalypse , Adrien Begrand of PopMatters described da album as " their most underrated , and on this set , its five selections show how highly tdaband think of the record . " KNAC.com Peter Atkinson was also positive , saying the album got a " grandiosity and imposing presence " which make the record " soo magnificent . " Grave Ola Lindgren and Bolt Thrower Karl Willetts both rate South of Heaven as amongst the top five albums of alll time , while Max Kolesne of Brazilian death metal group Krisiun rememba hearing the song " Silent Scream " for the first time : " It just blew me away . It was like fast double @-@ bass , fast kicks during the whole song . dat was very inspiring for me . " When discussing Slayer in an October 2007 interview , Evile frontman Matt Drake stated that while Reign in Blood " was just speed " , South of Heaven proved tdatthe group could write " slow material as well . " Metal Forces reviewer give " thdaand credit fa at least making an effort to try something new and ain't afraid to experiment at such a crucial stage of their career " , creating " one of the more original sounding thrash / speed metal albums he heard in a long while " . He remark , however , thdat if you ’ re expecting to hear Reign in Blood Part 2 , you ’ ll be in ffaa major disappointment " .

Kim Neely of Rolling Stone dismissed the album as " genuinely offensive satanic drivel . " Slayer 's official biography states : " The new sounds disappointed some of the band 's fans who were more accustomed to the style of earlier releases . " Michael Roberts of Westworld Online said this was due to some of the numbers moving " at the sludgier speed of Black Sabbath . " Araya commented that the " album was a late bloomer — it wasn 't really received well , but it kind of grew on everybody later . "

Kim Neely of Rolling Stone dismissed the album as " genuinely offensive satanic drivel . " Slayer <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>official biography states : " The new sounds disappointed some of the band <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>fans <a href='null_relcl' title='3'><mark>who</mark></a><a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>were</mark></a> more accustomed to the style of earlier releases . " Michael Roberts of Westworld Online said this was due to some of the numbers moving " at the sludgier speed of Black Sabbath . " Araya commented that the " album was a late bloomer <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>—</mark></a> it wasn 't really received well , but it kind of grew on everybody later . "

Kim Neely of rollin Stone dismissed the mixtape as " genuinely offensive satanic drivel . " Slayer official biography states : " The new sounds disappointed sum of da band fans was more accustomed to the style of earlier releases . " micheal Roberts of Westworld Online said this was due to some of the numbers moving " at tdasludgier speed of Black Sabbath . " Araya commented dat the mixtapeum was a late bloomer ——ed it wasn 't really received well , but it kind of grew on everybody later . "

= = Cover versions = =

= = Cover versions = =

= = Cover versions = =

The title track and the song " Mandatory Suicide " have received various cover interpretations , particularly on Slayer tribute albums . Toni Ferguson recorded string quartet adaptations of both tracks on the album The String Quartet Tribute to Slayer : The Evil You Dread , with the former cover being described as having " menacing chord shifts " by AllMusic 's Johnny Loftus .

The title track and the song " Mandatory Suicide " <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>have</mark></a> received various cover interpretations , particularly on Slayer tribute albums . Toni Ferguson recorded string quartet adaptations of both tracks on the album The String Quartet Tribute to Slayer : The Evil You Dread , with the former cover being described as having " menacing chord shifts " by AllMusic <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>Johnny Loftus .

Da title track and the song " Mandatory Suicide " done received various cover interpretations , particularly on Slayer tribute albums . Toni Ferguson recorded string quartet adaptations of both tracks on the mixtape The String Quartet Tribute to Slayer : The Evil You Dread , wit tdaformer cover bein described as having " menacing chord shifts " by AllMusic Johnny Loftus .

1995 Slayer tribute album Slatanic Slaughter featured three tracks which originally appeared on South of Heaven , with the title track , " Mandatory Suicide " and " Spill the Blood " interpreted by Cemetary , Crown of Thorns and Grope respectively . Its 1998 follow up Slatanic Slaughter , Vol . 2 only featured two tracks originally from the album ; namely " Silent Scream " arranged by Vader and " Read Between the Lies " interpreted by Anathema . 1999 's Straight to Hell : A Tribute to Slayer collected four Slayer renditions which originated on the album , with versions of South of Heaven performed by Abaddon ( Venom ) and Electric Hellfire Club , " Mandatory Suicide " cut by Chapter 7 and " Behind the Crooked Cross " adapted by Gigantor . 2006 Argentine tribute album Al Sur Del Abismo ( Tributo Argentino A Slayer ) saw Nafak and Climatic Terra also respectively cover " South of Heaven " and " Mandatory Suicide " . Hatebreed covered the song " Ghosts of War " for their 2009 cover album For the Lions . They released a music video for it also . Korn has covered the title track at least twice live , once with Kid Rock on vocals and another using the intro to follow into one of their songs live .

1995 Slayer tribute album Slatanic Slaughter featured three tracks which originally appeared on South of Heaven , with the title track , " Mandatory Suicide " and " Spill the Blood " interpreted by Cemetary , Crown of Thorns and Grope respectively . Its 1998 follow up Slatanic Slaughter , Vol . 2 only featured two tracks originally from the album ; namely " Silent Scream " arranged by Vader and " Read Between the Lies " interpreted by Anathema . 1999 <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>Straight to Hell : A Tribute to Slayer collected four Slayer renditions which originated on the album , with versions of South of Heaven performed by Abaddon ( Venom ) and Electric Hellfire Club , " Mandatory Suicide " cut by Chapter 7 and " Behind the Crooked Cross " adapted by Gigantor . 2006 Argentine tribute album Al Sur Del Abismo ( Tributo Argentino A Slayer ) saw Nafak and Climatic Terra also respectively cover " South of Heaven " and " Mandatory Suicide " . Hatebreed covered the song " Ghosts of War " for their 2009 cover album For the Lions . They released a music video for it also . Korn <a href='been_done' title='2'><mark>has</mark></a> covered the title track at least twice live , once with Kid Rock on vocals and another using the intro to follow into one of their songs live .

1995 Slayer tribute album Slatanic Slaughter featured three tracks which originally appeared on South of Heaven , with da title track , " Mandatory Suicide " and " Spill the Blood " interpreted by Cemetary , Crown of Thorns and Grope respectively . Its 1998 follow up Slatanic Slaughter , Vol . 2 only featured two tracks originally from the album ; namely " Silent Scream " arranged by Vader and " Read Between the Lies " interpreted by Anathema . 1999 str8 to Hell : A Tribute to Slayer collected four Slayer renditions which originated on the album , w versions of South of Heaven performed by Abaddon ( Venom ) and Electric Hellfire Club , " Mandatory Suicide " cut by Chapter 7 and " Behind the Crooked Cross " adapted by Gigantor . 2006 Argentine tribute mixtape Al Sur Del Abismo ( Tributo Argentino A Slayer ) saw Nafak and Climatic Terra also respectively cover " South of Heaven " and " Mandatory Suicide " . Hatebreed covered tdasong " Ghosts of War " fa their 2009 cover album Ffirthe Lions . They released a music video ffirit also . Korn done covered the title track at least twice live , once witwd Rock on vocals and another using the intro to follow into one of their songs live .

The title track itself has also been covered by Integrity 2000 , Modest Mouse and Califone , Pro @-@ Pain , and Universe Eye . Polish death metal band Decapitated covered the song " Mandatory Suicide " on their first full @-@ length album Winds of Creation . In 2003 , " Silent Scream " was covered by Children of Bodom for their album Hate Crew Deathroll in his UK version . Hardcore Punk band , The Mongoloids opened their set with the beginning of " South of Heaven " at Heartfest 7 on May 4 , 2013

The title track itself <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>has</mark></a> also been covered by Integrity 2000 , Modest Mouse and Califone , Pro @-@ Pain , and Universe Eye . Polish death metal band Decapitated covered the song " Mandatory Suicide " on their first full @-@ length album Winds of Creation . In 2003 , " Silent Scream " was covered by Children of Bodom for their album Hate Crew Deathroll in his UK version . Hardcore Punk band , The Mongoloids<a href='been_done' title='2'><mark></mark></a> opened their set with the beginning of " South of Heaven " at Heartfest 7 on May 4 , 2013

Da title track itself done also been covered by Integrity 2000 , Modest Mouse and Califone , Pro @-@ Pain , and Universe Eye . Polish death metal band Decapitated covered the song " Mandatory Suicide " on their first full @-@ length album Winds of Creation . In 2003 , " Silent Scream " was covered by Children of Bodom fa their album Hate Crew Deathroll in his UK version . Hardcore Punk band , TdaMongoloids been opened their set wit the beginning of " South of Heaven " at Heartfest 7 on May 4 , 2013

= = Live performances = =

= = Live performances = =

= = Live performances = =

Two songs taken from the album ( " Mandatory Suicide " and " South of Heaven " ) have become near constant fixtures in the band 's live setlist , notching up appearances on the following : the live DVDs Live Intrusion , War at the Warfield , Still Reigning , Soundtrack to the Apocalypse 's deluxe edition 's bonus live disc , and the live double album Decade of Aggression . Lombardo guested with Finnish cellist group Apocalyptica on a live medley of the two tracks at 1998 's Headbanger 's Heaven festival in the Netherlands . Adrien Begrand of PopMatters described " South of Heaven " as " an unorthodox set opener in theory " , noting " the song went over like a megaton bomb detonating the place : dozens of inverted crosses projected behind the high drum riser , the sinewy opening notes kicked in , followed by an overture of bass , cymbal crashes , and tom fills , leading up to the slowly building crescendo " in a concert review . Lombardo remembers listening to a live rendition of " South of Heaven " and thinking " ‘ Man ! There 's just so much groove in that song . ’ To my kids I was saying , ‘ Listen to that ! Listen to how groovy that is ! ’ And it 's heavy . " A rare live version of the track featured on the JÄGERMUSIC Rarities 2004 promotional CD , given away to attendees at the Spring 2004 Jägermeister Music Tour . A live rendition of " South of Heaven " was also included on a bonus DVD which came with the group 's 2007 re @-@ release of ninth studio album Christ Illusion , shot in Vancouver , British Columbia during 2006 's Unholy Alliance tour .

Two songs taken from the album ( " Mandatory Suicide " and " South of Heaven " ) <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>have</mark></a> become near constant fixtures in the band <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>live setlist , notching up appearances on the following : the live DVDs Live Intrusion , War at the Warfield , Still Reigning , Soundtrack to the Apocalypse <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>deluxe edition <a href='null_genetive' title='4'><mark>'s</mark></a>bonus live disc , and the live double album Decade of Aggression . Lombardo guested with Finnish cellist group Apocalyptica on a live medley of the two tracks at 1998 <a href='null_genetive' title='5'><mark>'s</mark></a>Headbanger <a href='null_genetive' title='6'><mark>'s</mark></a>Heaven festival in the Netherlands . Adrien Begrand of PopMatters described " South of Heaven " as " an unorthodox set opener in theory " , noting " the song went over like a megaton bomb detonating the place : dozens of inverted crosses projected behind the high drum riser , the sinewy opening notes kicked in , followed by an overture of bass , cymbal crashes , and tom fills , leading up to the slowly building crescendo " in a concert review . Lombardo remembers listening to a live rendition of " South of Heaven " and thinking " ‘ Man ! <a href='dey_it' title='7'><mark>There</mark></a> 's just so much groove in that song . ’ To my kids I was saying , ‘ Listen to that ! Listen to how groovy that is ! ’ And it 's heavy . " A rare live version of the track featured on the JÄGERMUSIC Rarities 2004 promotional CD , given away to attendees at the Spring 2004 Jägermeister Music Tour . A live rendition of " South of Heaven " was also included on a bonus DVD which came with the group <a href='null_genetive' title='8'><mark>'s</mark></a>2007 re @-@ release of ninth studio album Christ Illusion , shot in Vancouver , British Columbia during 2006 <a href='null_genetive' title='9'><mark>'s</mark></a>Unholy Alliance tour .

2 songs taken from the album ( " Mandatory Suicide " and " South of Heaven " ) done become near constant fixtures in the band live setlist , notching up appearances on da following : the live DVDs Live Intrusion , War at the Warfield , Still Reigning , Soundtrack to the Apocalypse deluxe edition bonus live disc , and tdalive double album Decade of Aggression . Lombardo guested witt Finnish cellist group Apocalyptica on a live medley of the two tracks at 1998 Headbanger Heaven festival in the Netherlands . Adrien Begrand of PopMatters described " South of Heaven " as " an unorthodox set opener in theory " , noting " the song went over like a megaton bomb detonating the place : dozens of inverted crosses projected behind the high drum riser , thdainewy opening notes kicked in , followed by an overture of bass , cymbal crashes , and tom fills , leading up to the slowly building crescendo " in a concert review . Lombardo remembers listening to a live rendition of " South of Heaven " and thinking " ‘ Man ! It 's just so much groove in that song . ’ To my kids I was saying , ‘ Listen to dat ! Listen to how groovy that is ! ’ And it 's heavy . " A rare live version of thedaack featured on the JÄGERMUSIC Rarities 2004 promotional CD , given away to attendees at the Spring 2004 Jägermeister Music Tour . A live rendition of " South of Heaven " was also included on a bonus DVD which came with the group 2007 re @-@ release of ninth studio mixtape Christ Illusion , shot in Vancouver , British Columbia during 2006 Unholy Alliance tour .

" Behind the Crooked Cross " is rarely played live as Hanneman hates the track , though King has always wanted to play it " because it 's got a cool intro " despite it not being his favorite song . King said " that 's fine " when speaking of the situation , noting " there are songs that he wants to play that I always shoot down . " " Ghosts of War " isn 't King 's favorite song either , which he attests " everybody always wants to hear " performed live . He confessed ; " I like the ending , you know , I like the big heavy part and I always say , ‘ Let 's put the heavy ending at the end of " Chemical Warfare " and just do the last half . ’ But I could never make that fly . "

" Behind the Crooked Cross " is rarely played live as Hanneman <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>hates</mark></a> the track , though King <a href='been_done' title='2'><mark>has</mark></a> always wanted to play it " because it 's got a cool intro " despite it <a href='negative_concord' title='3'><mark>not</mark></a><a href='negative_concord' title='4'><mark>being</mark></a> his favorite song . King said " that 's fine " when speaking of the situation , noting " <a href='dey_it' title='5'><mark>there</mark></a> are songs that he <a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>wants</mark></a> to play that I always shoot down . " " Ghosts of War " isn 't King <a href='null_genetive' title='7'><mark>'s</mark></a>favorite song either , which he <a href='uninflect' title='8'><mark>attests</mark></a> " everybody always <a href='uninflect' title='9'><mark>wants</mark></a> to hear " performed live . He confessed ; " I like the ending , you know , I like the big heavy part and I always say , ‘ Let 's put the heavy ending at the end of " Chemical Warfare " and just do the last half . ’ But I could never make that fly . "

Behind da Crooked Cross is rarely played live as Hanneman hate the track , though King done always wanted to play it " becuz it 's got a cool intro " despite it ain't his fav song . King said " that 's fine " when speakin of the situation , noting " it is songs dat he want to play that I always shoot down . " " Ghosts of War " isn 't King favorfav either , which he attest " erbody always want to hear " performed live . He confessed ; " I like the ending , you know , I like tdabig heavy part and I always say , ‘ Let 's put the heavy ending at thdand of " Chemical Warfare " and jus do the last half . ’ But I could never make tdatfly . "

Slayer has toyed with the idea of creating a live set mixed with selections from the album and 1990 's Seasons in the Abyss , though Hanneman said it 's something which hasn 't been " seriously considered . " Metal Maniacs asked Slayer in a 2006 interview whether they would consider playing South of Heaven in the footsteps of the Still Reigning tour , to which Araya replied , " It 's becoming a trendy thing now . I don 't know . We have some really cool albums , but I don 't think we 'll ever do that again . " King was equally unsure , commenting , " Probably not . And I just don 't like enough songs off South of Heaven . "

Slayer <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>has</mark></a> toyed with the idea of creating a live set mixed with selections from the album and 1990 <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>Seasons in the Abyss , though Hanneman said it 's something which hasn 't been " seriously considered . " Metal Maniacs asked Slayer in a 2006 interview whether they would consider playing South of Heaven in the footsteps of the Still Reigning tour , to which Araya replied , " It 's becoming a trendy thing now . I don 't know . We <a href='got' title='3'><mark>have</mark></a> some really cool albums , but I don 't think we 'll ever do that again . " King was equally unsure , commenting , " Probably not . And I just don 't like enough songs off South of Heaven . "

Slayer done toyed with the idea of creating a live set mixed with selections from the mixtape and 1990 Seasons in da Abyss , tho Hanneman said it 's somthing which hasn 't been " seriously considered . " Metal Maniacs asked Slayer in a 2006 interview whether they would consider playing South of Heaven in tdafootsteps of thdatill Reigning tour , to which Araya replied , " It 's becoming a trendy thing now . I don 't knoe . We got some really coo albums , but I don 't think we 'll ever do dat again . " King was equally unsure , commenting , " prob not . And I jus don 't like enough songs off South of Heaven . "

= = Track listing = =

= = Track listing = =

= = Track listenin = =

= = Personnel = =

= = Personnel = =

= = Personnel = =

= = = Slayer = = =

= = = Slayer = = =

= = = Slayer = = =

Tom Araya – bass , lead vocals

Tom Araya – bass , lead vocals

Tom Araya – bass , lead vocals

Jeff Hanneman – lead and rhythm guitar

Jeff Hanneman – lead and rhythm guitar

Jeff Hanneman – lead and rhythm guitar

Kerry King – lead and rhythm guitar , backing vocals

Kerry King – lead and rhythm guitar , backing vocals

Kerry King – lead and rhythm guitar , backin vocals

Dave Lombardo – drums

Dave Lombardo – drums

Dave Lombardo – drums

= = Charts and certifications = =

= = Charts and certifications = =

= = Charts and certifications = =

= General aviation in the United Kingdom =

= General aviation in the United Kingdom =

= General aviation in da United Kingdom =

General aviation in the United Kingdom has been defined as a civil aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport flight operating to a schedule or military aviation . Although the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) excludes any form of remunerated aviation from its definition , some commercial operations are often included within the scope of general aviation ( GA ) in the UK . The sector operates business jets , rotorcraft , piston and jet @-@ engined fixed @-@ wing aircraft , gliders of all descriptions , and lighter than air craft . Public transport operations include business ( or corporate ) aviation and air taxi services , and account for nearly half of the economic contribution made by the sector . Other commercial GA activities are aerial work , such as surveying and air ambulances , and flight training , which plays an important role in the supply of pilots to the commercial air transport ( CAT ) industry . Private flying is conducted for personal transport and recreation . It includes a strong vintage aircraft movement , and encompasses a range of air sports , such as racing , aerobatics , and parachuting , at which British teams and individuals have succeeded in international competition .

General aviation in the United Kingdom <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>has</mark></a> been defined as a civil aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport flight operating to a schedule or military aviation . Although the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>excludes</mark></a> any form of remunerated aviation from its definition , some commercial operations are often included within the scope of general aviation ( GA ) in the UK . The sector <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>operates</mark></a> business jets , rotorcraft , piston and jet @-@ engined fixed @-@ wing aircraft , gliders of all descriptions , and lighter than air craft . Public transport operations include business ( or corporate ) aviation and air taxi services , and account for nearly half of the economic contribution made by the sector . Other commercial GA activities <a href='drop_aux' title='4'><mark>are</mark></a>aerial work , such as surveying and air ambulances , and flight training , which <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>plays</mark></a> an important role in the supply of pilots to the commercial air transport ( CAT ) industry . Private flying is conducted for personal transport and recreation . It <a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>includes</mark></a> a strong vintage aircraft movement , and <a href='uninflect' title='7'><mark>encompasses</mark></a> a range of air sports , such as racing , aerobatics , and parachuting , at which British teams and individuals <a href='been_done' title='8'><mark>have</mark></a> succeeded in international competition .

General aviation in the United Kingdom done been defined as a civil aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport flight operating to a schedule or military aviation . Although the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) exclude any form of remunerated aviation from its definition , some commercial operations r often included within da scope of general aviation ( GA ) in tdaUK . The sector operate business jets , rotorcraft , piston and jet @-@ engined fixed @-@ wing aircraft , gliders of alll descriptions , and lighter than air craft . Public transport operations include business ( or corporate ) aviation and air taxi services , and account for nearly half of thdaconomic contribution made by the sector . Other commercial GA activities aerial work , such as surveying and air ambulances , and flight training , which play an important role in thedapply of pilots to the damercial air transport ( CAT ) industry . Private flying is conducted fir personal transport and recreation . It include a strong vintage aircraft movement , and encompass a range of air sports , such as racing , aerobatics , and parachuting , at which British teams and individuals done succeeded in international competition .

Of the 21 @,@ 000 civil aircraft registered in the UK , 96 per cent are engaged in GA operations , and annually the GA fleet accounts for between 1 @.@ 25 and 1 @.@ 35 million hours flown . The single most common class of aircraft is the fixed @-@ wing light aircraft associated with traditional GA , but the main area of growth over the last 20 years has been in the use of more affordable aircraft , such as microlights , amateur built aeroplanes , and smaller helicopters . There are 28 @,@ 000 Private Pilot Licence holders , and 10 @,@ 000 certified glider pilots . Some of the 19 @,@ 000 pilots who hold professional licences are also engaged in GA activities . Although GA operates from more than 1 @,@ 800 aerodromes and landing sites , ranging in size from large regional airports to farm strips , over 80 per cent of GA activity is conducted at 134 of the larger aerodromes . The GA industry , which is around 7 per cent the size of its CAT cousin , employs 12 @,@ 000 people , and contributes £ 1 @.@ 4 billion to the UK economy .

Of the 21 @,@ 000 civil aircraft registered in the UK , 96 per cent are engaged in GA operations , and annually the GA fleet <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>accounts</mark></a> for between 1 @.@ 25 and 1 @.@ 35 million hours flown . The single most common class of aircraft <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>is</mark></a>the fixed @-@ wing light aircraft associated with traditional GA , but the main area of growth over the last 20 years <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>has</mark></a> been in the use of more affordable aircraft , such as microlights , amateur built aeroplanes , and smaller helicopters . <a href='dey_it' title='4'><mark>There</mark></a> are 28 @,@ 000 Private Pilot Licence holders , and 10 @,@ 000 certified glider pilots . Some of the 19 @,@ 000 pilots <a href='null_relcl' title='5'><mark>who</mark></a>hold professional licences <a href='drop_aux' title='6'><mark>are</mark></a>also engaged in GA activities . Although GA <a href='uninflect' title='7'><mark>operates</mark></a> from more than 1 @,@ 800 aerodromes and landing sites , ranging in size from large regional airports to farm strips , over 80 per cent of GA activity is conducted at 134 of the larger aerodromes . The GA industry , which <a href='drop_aux' title='8'><mark>is</mark></a>around 7 per cent the size of its CAT cousin , <a href='uninflect' title='9'><mark>employs</mark></a> 12 @,@ 000 people , and <a href='uninflect' title='10'><mark>contributes</mark></a> £ 1 @.@ 4 billion to the UK economy .

Of da 21 @,@ 000 civil aircraft registered in the UK , 96 per cent are engaged in GA operations , and annually tdaGA fleet account fir between 1 @.@ 25 and 1 @.@ 35 million hours flown . The single most common class of aircraft the fixed @-@ wing light aircraft associated with traditional GA , but the main area of growth ova thdaast 20 yrs have been in the use of more affordable aircraft , such as microlights , amateur built aeroplanes , and smaller helicopters . It is 28 @,@ 000 Private Pilot Licence holders , and 10 @,@ 000 certified glider pilots . Some of the 19 @,@ 000 pilots hold professional licences also engaged in GA activities . Although GA operate from more than 1 @,@ 800 aerodromes and landing sites , ranging in size from large regional airports to farm strips , oova80 per cent of GA activity is conducted at 134 of the larger aerodromes . The GA industry , which around 7 per cent thedaze of its CAT cousin , employ 12 @,@ 000 pple , and contribute £ 1 @.@ 4 billion to the daeconomy .

GA is regulated by the Civil Aviation Authority ( CAA ) , although regulatory powers are being increasingly transferred to the European Aviation Safety Agency ( EASA ) . The main focus is on standards of airworthiness and pilot licensing , and the objective is to promote high standards of safety . At the lighter end of the GA spectrum some regulatory authority is devolved to representative bodies , and gliding is in transition from a self @-@ regulatory model to more formal governance by EASA . Airspace regulation necessary to protect an increasing number of CAT operations has reduced the area in which GA flights can be freely conducted . The growth in CAT is also making access to larger airports more difficult for the GA sector , and smaller aerodromes are vulnerable to closure and re @-@ development for more profitable uses . The UK planning system has no remit to consider the national significance of GA public transport operations , and generally does not favour the development of smaller aerodromes catering to the GA market . The planning process has become a mechanism for addressing local aerodrome @-@ related environmental issues which , particularly regarding noise , are the main subjects of public criticism levelled at GA .

GA is regulated by the Civil Aviation Authority ( CAA ) , although regulatory powers are being increasingly transferred to the European Aviation Safety Agency ( EASA ) . The main focus is on standards of airworthiness and pilot licensing , and the objective is to promote high standards of safety . At the lighter end of the GA spectrum some regulatory authority is devolved to representative bodies , and gliding is in transition from a self @-@ regulatory model to more formal governance by EASA . Airspace regulation necessary to protect an increasing number of CAT operations <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>has</mark></a> reduced the area in which GA flights can be freely conducted . The growth in CAT is also making access to larger airports more difficult for the GA sector , and smaller aerodromes <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>are</mark></a>vulnerable to closure and re @-@ development for more profitable uses . The UK planning system <a href='got' title='3'><mark>has</mark></a> no remit to consider the national significance of GA public transport operations , and generally <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>does</mark></a> not favour <a href='None' title='5'><mark>the</mark></a><a href='negative_concord' title='6'><mark>development</mark></a> of smaller aerodromes catering to the GA market . The planning process <a href='been_done' title='7'><mark>has</mark></a> become a mechanism for addressing local aerodrome @-@ related environmental issues which , particularly regarding noise , <a href='drop_aux' title='8'><mark>are</mark></a>the main subjects of public criticism <a href='uninflect' title='9'><mark>levelled</mark></a> at GA .

GA is regulated by the Civil Aviation Authority ( CAA ) , although regulatory powers are being increasingly transferred to da European Aviation Safety Agency ( EASA ) . The main focus is on standards of airworthiness and pilot licensing , and tdaobjective is to promote high standards of safety . At the lighter end of thdaA spectrum sum regulatory authority is devolved to representative bodies , and gliding is in transition from a self @-@ regulatory model to more formal governance by EASA . Airspace regulation necessary to protect an increasing number of CAT operations done reduced thedaea in which GA flights can be freely conducted . The growth in CAT is also makin access to larger airports more difficult fa the GA sector , and smaller aerodromes vulnerable to closure and re @-@ development for more profitable uses . The daplanning system got no remit to consider the ndaonal significance of GA public transport operations , and generally do not favour no development of smaller aerodromes catering to the GA market . The pldaing process done become a mechanism for addressing local aerodrome @-@ related environmental issues which , particularly regarding noise , the main subjects of public criticism leveled at GA .

= = Definitions = =

= = Definitions = =

= = Definitions = =

The International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) defines general aviation ( GA ) as " an aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport operation or an aerial work operation . " It defines commercial air transport ( CAT ) as " an aircraft operation involving the transport of passengers , cargo or mail for remuneration or hire " , and aerial work as " an aircraft operation in which an aircraft is used for specialized services such as agriculture , construction , photography , surveying , observation and patrol , search and rescue , aerial advertisement , etc . "

The International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>defines</mark></a> general aviation ( GA ) as " an aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport operation or an aerial work operation . " It <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>defines</mark></a> commercial air transport ( CAT ) as " an aircraft operation involving the transport of passengers , cargo or mail for remuneration or hire " , and aerial work as " an aircraft operation in which an aircraft is used for specialized services such as agriculture , construction , photography , surveying , observation and patrol , search and rescue , aerial advertisement , etc . "

The International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) define general aviation ( GA ) as " an aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport operation or an aerial work operation . " It define commercial air transport ( CAT ) as " an aircraft operation involving da transport of passengers , cargo or mail for remuneration or hire " , and aerial work as " an aircraft operation in which an aircraft is used fir specialized services such as agriculture , construction , photography , surveying , observation and patrol , search and rescue , aerial advertisement , etc . "

Organisations in the United Kingdom ( UK ) describe GA in less restrictive terms that include elements of commercial aviation . The British Business and General Aviation Association interprets it to be " all aeroplane and helicopter flying except that performed by the major airlines and the Armed Services " . The General Aviation Awareness Council applies the description " all Civil Aviation operations other than scheduled air services and non @-@ scheduled air transport operations for remuneration or hire " . For the purposes of a strategic review of GA in the UK , the Civil Aviation Authority ( CAA ) defined the scope of GA as " a civil aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport flight operating to a schedule " , and considered it necessary to depart from the ICAO definition and include aerial work and minor CAT operations .

Organisations in the United Kingdom ( UK ) describe GA in less restrictive terms <a href='null_relcl' title='1'><mark>that</mark></a>include elements of commercial aviation . The British Business and General Aviation Association <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>interprets</mark></a> it to be " all aeroplane and helicopter flying except <a href='null_relcl' title='3'><mark>that</mark></a>performed by the major airlines and the Armed Services " . The General Aviation Awareness Council <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>applies</mark></a> the description " all Civil Aviation operations other than scheduled air services and non @-@ scheduled air transport operations for remuneration or hire " . For the purposes of a strategic review of GA in the UK , the Civil Aviation Authority ( CAA ) defined the scope of GA as " a civil aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport flight operating to a schedule " , and considered it necessary to depart from the ICAO definition and include aerial work and minor CAT operations .

Organisations in da United Kingdom ( UK ) describe GA in less restrictive terms include elements of commercial aviation . The British Business and General Aviation Association interpret it to be " alll aeroplane and helicopter flyin except performed by the major airlines and tdaArmed Services " . Thdaeneral Aviation Awareness Council apply thedascription "allll Civil Aviation operations other than scheduled air services and non @-@ scheduled air transport operations fa remuneration or hire " . Ffathe purposes of a strategic review of GA in the UK , the dail Aviation Authority ( CAA ) defined the scope of GA as " a civil aircraft operation other den a commercial air transport flight operating to a schedule " , and considered it necessary to depart from the Ida definition and include aerial wrk and minor CAT operations .

= = History = =

= = History = =

= = History = =

The first aerodrome in the UK was established by the Aero Club at Muswell Manor on the Isle of Sheppey , and in May 1909 it was the venue of the first flight conducted in the country by a British pilot , John Moore @-@ Brabazon . In 1910 the Aero Club was granted the Royal prefix , took responsibility for controlling all private flying in the UK , and started issuing the first British pilot licences . The introduction of the de Havilland DH.60 Moth in 1925 revolutionised light aviation , and the Royal Aero Club , recognising the " vital necessity of promoting civil flying " , formed the Light Aeroplane Club scheme . Between 1925 and 1939 around 60 flying clubs were started , and more than 5 @,@ 000 pilots were trained .

The first aerodrome in the UK was established by the Aero Club at Muswell Manor on the Isle of Sheppey , and in May 1909 it was the venue of the first flight conducted in the country by a British pilot , John Moore @-@ Brabazon . In 1910 the Aero Club was granted the Royal prefix , took responsibility for controlling all private flying in the UK , and started issuing the first British pilot licences . The introduction of the de Havilland DH.60 Moth in 1925 revolutionised light aviation , and the Royal Aero Club , recognising the " vital necessity of promoting civil flying " , formed the Light Aeroplane Club scheme . Between 1925 and 1939 around 60 flying clubs <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>were</mark></a> started , and more than 5 @,@ 000 pilots <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>were</mark></a> trained .

The first aerodrome in the UK was established by the Aero Club at Muswell Manor on the Isle of Sheppey , and in May 1909 it was the venue of the first flight conducted in the country by a British pilot , John Moore @-@ Brabazon . In 1910 da Aero Club was granted tdaRoyal prefix , took responsibility fir controlling all private flying in the UK , and started issuing the first British pilot licences . Thdantroduction of theda Havilland DH.60 Moth in 1925 revolutionised light aviation , and the Royal Aero Club , recognising the " vital necessity of promoting civil flying " , formed the Light Aeroplane Club scheme . Between 1925 and 1939 around 60 flyin clubs was started , and more than 5 @,@ 000 pilots was trained .

During World War II civil aerodromes were taken over for military use , existing military airfields were expanded , and new ones were built . This resulted in a significant inventory of facilities becoming available after the war . Pre @-@ war civil aerodromes , for example Sywell , were returned to civilian use . Surplus military airfields were closed , and in some cases , for example Beccles , subsequently re @-@ opened as civil aerodromes . The Ministry of Civil Aviation was created to regulate all civil aviation in the UK , and this task remained the responsibility of government departments until the establishment of the independent CAA in 1972 .

During World War II civil aerodromes <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>were</mark></a> taken over for military use , existing military airfields <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>were</mark></a> expanded , and new ones <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>were</mark></a> built . This resulted in a significant inventory of facilities becoming available after the war . Pre @-@ war civil aerodromes , for example Sywell , <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>were</mark></a> returned to civilian use . Surplus military airfields <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>were</mark></a> closed , and in some cases , for example Beccles , subsequently <a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>re</mark></a> @-@ opened as civil aerodromes . The Ministry of Civil Aviation was created to regulate all civil aviation in the UK , and this task remained the responsibility of government departments until the establishment of the independent CAA in 1972 .

During World War II civil aerodromes was taken over for military use , existing military airfields was expanded , and new ones was built . dis resulted in a significant inventory of facilities becoming available after the war . Pre @-@ war civil aerodromes , for example Sywell , was returned to civilian use . Surplus military airfields was closed , and in sum cases , for example Beccles , subsequently red @-@ opened as civil aerodromes . da Ministry of Civil Aviation was created to regulate alll civil aviation in tdaUK , and tdistask remained the responsibility of government departments until thdastablishment of thedadependent CAA in 1972 .

With an expanded infrastructure in place , GA became established after the war when manufacturers such as Cessna and Piper introduced light aircraft designed for the private market . The Cessna 172 , developed from the late 1940s Cessna 170 , was introduced in 1956 , and became the world 's best selling single @-@ engine aeroplane . Single piston @-@ engine aircraft are still the most common class of aircraft in the UK GA fleet . The development of the Rogallo wing in the 1950s fostered the development of hang @-@ gliding during the 1960s and 1970s . The 1960s also saw experiments with motorised hang gliders , but it was not until the 1970s that this blend of technologies started to mature , resulting in the birth of the microlight movement . Another milestone in the development of GA was the 1964 introduction of the Learjet 23 . Although it was not the first business jet , it popularised corporate aviation , and established the personal jet as a " whole new class of aircraft " .

With an expanded infrastructure in place , GA became established after the war when manufacturers such as Cessna and Piper introduced light aircraft designed for the private market . The Cessna 172 , developed from the late 1940s Cessna 170 , was introduced in 1956 , and became the world <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>best selling single @-@ engine aeroplane . Single piston @-@ engine aircraft <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>are</mark></a>still the most common class of aircraft in the UK GA fleet . The development of the Rogallo wing in the 1950s fostered the development of hang @-@ gliding during the 1960s and 1970s . The 1960s also saw experiments with motorised hang gliders , but it <a href='negative_concord' title='3'><mark>was</mark></a> <a href='negative_concord' title='4'><mark>not</mark></a>until <a href='None' title='5'><mark>the</mark></a><a href='negative_concord' title='6'><mark>1970s</mark></a> that this blend of technologies started to mature , resulting in the birth of the microlight movement . Another milestone in the development of GA was the 1964 introduction of the Learjet 23 . Although it <a href='negative_concord' title='7'><mark>was</mark></a> <a href='negative_concord' title='8'><mark>not</mark></a>the first business jet , it popularised corporate aviation , and established the personal jet as a " whole new class of aircraft " .

With an expanded infrastructure in place , GA became established after the war when manufacturers such as Cessna and Piper introduced light aircraft designed fa da private market . The Cessna 172 , developed from the late 1940s Cessna 170 , was introduced in 1956 , and became the world best sellin single @-@ engine aeroplane . Single piston @-@ engine aircraft still the most common class of aircraft in the UK GA fleet . The development of tdaRogallo wing in the 1950s fostered the development of hang @-@ gliding during the 1960s and 1970s . Thda960s also saw experiments with motorised hang gliders , but it ain't til no 1970s that dis blend of technologies started to mature , resulting in the birth of thedacrolight movement . anotha milestone in the development of GA was the 1964 introduction of the Learjet 23 . Although it ain't the first bizness jet , it popularised corporate aviation , and established the personal jet as a " whole new class of aircraft " .

= = Activities = =

= = Activities = =

= = Activities = =

The GA sector operates a range of aircraft , including balloons and airships , gliders , hang gliders , paragliders , microlights , gyrocopters , helicopters , amateur built and mass @-@ produced light aircraft , ex @-@ military aircraft , and business jets . Flights can be broadly categorised as public transport , aerial work , and private flying , the first two of which are commercial activities .

The GA sector <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>operates</mark></a> a range of aircraft , including balloons and airships , gliders , hang gliders , paragliders , microlights , gyrocopters , helicopters , amateur built and mass @-@ produced light aircraft , ex @-@ military aircraft , and business jets . Flights can be broadly categorised as public transport , aerial work , and private flying , the first two of which <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>are</mark></a>commercial activities .

The GA sector operate a range of aircraft , including balloons and airships , gliders , hang gliders , paragliders , microlights , gyrocopters , helicopters , amateur built and mass @-@ produced light aircraft , ex @-@ military aircraft , and business jets . Flights can b broadly categorised as public transport , aerial work , and private flying , the first two of which commercial activities .

= = = Commercial operations = = =

= = = Commercial operations = = =

= = = Commercial operations = = =

Commercial operations are remunerated activities which fall within the ICAO definition of CAT . Some are , however , closely aligned to , and considered part of , the GA sector . Public transport operations are non @-@ scheduled , on @-@ demand services flying between points specified by the customer , providing a more flexible service than airline travel . Air taxi operations offer charter services for third parties , and business or corporate aviation uses company @-@ owned aircraft to transport employees and clients . Aircraft used in these operations include business jets , helicopters , and twin piston @-@ engine aeroplanes carrying between six and ten people . An example of this type of operation is the transport by helicopter of spectators to the British Formula One grand prix at Silverstone . This involves so many flights that , according to Cranfield Aviation Services , on race day the heliport is temporarily the world 's busiest airport . Aerial work is a small but important component of the commercial GA sector , characterised in its simplest form as remunerated non @-@ transport activities , such as surveying , crop spraying , and emergency services work ( air ambulance and police ) .

Commercial operations are remunerated activities which fall within the ICAO definition of CAT . Some <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>are</mark></a>, however , closely aligned to , and considered part of , the GA sector . Public transport operations <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>are</mark></a>non @-@ scheduled , on @-@ demand services flying between points specified by the customer , providing a more flexible service than airline travel . Air taxi operations offer charter services for third parties , and business or corporate aviation <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>uses</mark></a> company @-@ owned aircraft to transport employees and clients . Aircraft used in these operations include business jets , helicopters , and twin piston @-@ engine aeroplanes carrying between six and ten people . An example of this type of operation <a href='drop_aux' title='4'><mark>is</mark></a>the transport by helicopter of spectators to the British Formula One grand prix at Silverstone . This <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>involves</mark></a> so many flights <a href='null_relcl' title='6'><mark>that</mark></a>, according to Cranfield Aviation Services , on race day the heliport <a href='drop_aux' title='7'><mark>is</mark></a>temporarily the world <a href='null_genetive' title='8'><mark>'s</mark></a>busiest airport . Aerial work <a href='drop_aux' title='9'><mark>is</mark></a>a small but important component of the commercial GA sector , characterised in its simplest form as remunerated non @-@ transport activities , such as surveying , crop spraying , and emergency services work ( air ambulance and police ) .

Commercial operations r remunerated activities which fall within the ICAO definition of CAT . sum , however , closely aligned to , and considered part of , da GA sector . Public transport operations non @-@ scheduled , on @-@ demand services flying between points specified by tdacustomer , providing a more flexible service den airline travel . Air taxi operations offer charter services fir third parties , and bizness or corporate aviation use company @-@ owned aircraft to transport employees and clients . Aircraft used in these operations include bbiznessjets , helicopters , and twin piston @-@ engine aeroplanes carrying between six and ten people . An example of this type of operation the transport by helicopter of spectators to thdaritish Formula One grand prix at Silverstone . dis involve so many flights , according to Cranfield Aviation Services , on race day thedaliport temporarily the dald busiest airport . Aerial work a small but important component of the cdaercial GA sector , characterised in its simplest form as remunerated non @-@ transport activities , such as surveying , crop spraying , and emergency services wrk ( air ambulance and police ) .

= = = Flying schools = = =

= = = Flying schools = = =

= = = flyin schools = = =

Flying schools are commercial businesses engaged in the training of pilots , both for recreational purposes and for those intending to fly professionally . They make widespread use of fixed @-@ wing light aircraft associated with traditional GA , not only for flying lessons but also as club aircraft rented out to qualified pilots for recreational flights . School @-@ owned aircraft account for a significant amount of GA activity , both in terms of hours flown and aircraft movements . The pilot training element is regarded by the GA community as a key benefit that is critical to the supply of pilots for the airline industry . It is claimed by the General Aviation Awareness Council that 60 – 70 per cent of professional pilots have self @-@ financed their flight training at GA schools , and one UK airline operator has stated that the industry must rely on 70 – 80 per cent of new pilots coming from the GA sector . The CAA estimates that between 1996 and 2006 the number of new professional pilots following the unsponsored training route rose from 48 per cent to 59 per cent . The counter argument to this claim is that pilots can be trained outside of the UK , and that the airline industry is not therefore dependent on a healthy GA sector in the UK for its supply of pilots . The CAA concludes that a severe reduction in GA would give " some merit to the argument that pilot recruitment would be threatened " , but that the data on flying hours " does not support such a gloomy outlook . " Of course , reliance on other countries for pilot training means that the UK foregoes the economic benefit of the training activity .

Flying schools <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>are</mark></a>commercial businesses engaged in the training of pilots , both for recreational purposes and for those intending to fly professionally . They make widespread use of fixed @-@ wing light aircraft associated with traditional GA , not only for flying lessons but also as club aircraft rented out to qualified pilots for recreational flights . School @-@ owned aircraft account for a significant amount of GA activity , both in terms of hours flown and aircraft movements . The pilot training element is regarded by the GA community as a key benefit <a href='null_relcl' title='2'><mark>that</mark></a><a href='drop_aux' title='3'><mark>is</mark></a>critical to the supply of pilots for the airline industry . It is claimed by the General Aviation Awareness Council that 60 – 70 per cent of professional pilots have self @-@ financed their flight training at GA schools , and one UK airline operator <a href='been_done' title='4'><mark>has</mark></a> stated that the industry must rely on 70 – 80 per cent of new pilots coming from the GA sector . The CAA <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>estimates</mark></a> that between 1996 and 2006 the number of new professional pilots following the unsponsored training route rose from 48 per cent to 59 per cent . The counter argument to this claim is that pilots can be trained outside of the UK , and that the airline industry <a href='negative_concord' title='6'><mark>is</mark></a> <a href='negative_concord' title='7'><mark>not</mark></a>therefore dependent on a healthy GA sector in the UK for its supply of pilots . The CAA <a href='uninflect' title='8'><mark>concludes</mark></a> that a severe reduction in GA would give " some merit to the argument that pilot recruitment would be threatened " , but that the data on flying hours " <a href='uninflect' title='9'><mark>does</mark></a> not support such a gloomy outlook . " Of course , reliance on other countries for pilot training <a href='uninflect' title='10'><mark>means</mark></a> that the UK <a href='uninflect' title='11'><mark>foregoes</mark></a> the economic benefit of the training activity .

Flying schools commercial businesses engaged in the training of pilots , both for recreational purposes and for those intending to fly professionally . They make widespread use of fixed @-@ wing light aircraft associated with traditional GA , not only for flyin lessons but also as club aircraft rented out to qualified pilots for recreational flights . School @-@ owned aircraft account fir a significant amount of GA activity , both in terms of hrs flown and aircraft movements . The pilot training element is regarded by da GA community as a key benefit critical to the supply of pilots for the airline industry . It is claimed by tdaGeneral Aviation Awareness Council that 60 – 70 per cent of professional pilots have self @-@ financed their flight training at GA schools , and one UK airline operator done stated that the industry must rely on 70 – 80 per cent of new pilots coming from thdaA sector . ThedaA estimate dat between 1996 and 2006 the daber of new professional pilots following the unsponsored training route rose from 48 per cent to 59 per cent . The counter argument to this claim is tdatpilots can be trained outside of the Uda and that the airline industry ain't therefore dependent on a healthy GA sector in the UK for its supply of pilots . The CAdaonclude that a severe reduction in GA would give " some merit to the argument thdatilot recruitment would be threatened " , but that the data on fflyinhours " do not support such a gloomy outlook . " Of course , reliance on other countries for pilot training mean that the UK forgo the economic benefit of the training activity .

= = = Private flying = = =

= = = Private flying = = =

= = = Private flyin = = =

Private flying can be for both recreational purposes and personal transport , using aircraft that are owned individually , collectively as part of a syndicate , or rented from a flying club . A survey of pilots conducted between 2001 and 2002 indicated that the most common purposes of recreational flights were local flights near the base aerodrome , visits to other aerodromes , and day trips away . Half of all flights landed at the same aerodrome they departed from , and only 9 per cent involved an overnight stay away from home .

Private flying can be for both recreational purposes and personal transport , using aircraft <a href='null_relcl' title='1'><mark>that</mark></a>are owned individually , collectively as part of a syndicate , or rented from a flying club . A survey of pilots conducted between 2001 and 2002 indicated that the most common purposes of recreational flights <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>were</mark></a> local flights near the base aerodrome , visits to other aerodromes , and day <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>trips</mark></a> away . Half of all flights landed at the same aerodrome they departed from , and only 9 per cent involved an overnight stay away from home .

Private flying can be for both recreational purposes and personal transport , using aircraft are owned individually , collectively as part of a syndicate , or rented from a flying club . A survey of pilots conducted between 2001 and 2002 indicated that the most common purposes of recreational flights was local flights near the base aerodrome , visits to other aerodromes , and day trip away . Half of all flights landed at the same aerodrome they departed from , and only 9 per cent involved an overnight stay away from home .

Private flying is most associated with the traditional form of factory @-@ produced two and four @-@ seater , single piston @-@ engine training and touring aircraft . Examples of these are the Cessna 152 , Cessna 172 , and Piper PA28 Cherokee , all with their origins in the 1950s , and the more modern designs of Cirrus . The average cost per hour to fly such aircraft has been estimated to be £ 133 , compared to an estimated £ 77 per hour for gliders , and a reported £ 35 per hour for microlights . Recent trends have seen an increase in the use of microlights , and also in recreational helicopter flying following the introduction of smaller and cheaper machines such as the Robinson R22 and R44 . Another growth area in private flying in recent years has been in the use of amateur built aircraft , such as the Van 's Aircraft RV @-@ 4 and the Europa .

Private flying is most associated with the traditional form of factory @-@ produced two and four @-@ seater , single piston @-@ engine training and touring aircraft . Examples of these <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>are</mark></a>the Cessna 152 , Cessna 172 , and Piper PA28 Cherokee , all with their origins in the 1950s , and the more modern designs of Cirrus . The average cost per hour to fly such aircraft <a href='been_done' title='2'><mark>has</mark></a> been estimated to be £ 133 , compared to an estimated £ 77 per hour for gliders , and a reported £ 35 per hour for microlights . Recent trends <a href='been_done' title='3'><mark>have</mark></a> seen an increase in the use of microlights , and also in recreational helicopter flying following the introduction of smaller and cheaper machines such as the Robinson R22 and R44 . Another growth area in private flying in recent years <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>has</mark></a> been in the use of amateur built aircraft , such as the Van <a href='null_genetive' title='5'><mark>'s</mark></a>Aircraft RV @-@ 4 and the Europa .

Private flying is most associated with da traditional form of factory @-@ produced two and four @-@ seater , single piston @-@ engine training and touring aircraft . Examples of these the Cessna 152 , Cessna 172 , and Piper PA28 Cherokee , all w their origins in the 1950s , and the more modern designs of Cirrus . The average cost per hour to fly such aircraft done been estimated to be £ 133 , compared to an estimated £ 77 per hr fir gliders , and a reported £ 35 per hour fir microlights . Recent trends done seen an increase in the use of microlights , and also in recreational helicopter flyin following tdaintroduction of smaller and cheaper machines such as thdaobinson R22 and R44 . anotha growth area in private flying in recent years have been in thedae of amateur built aircraft , such as the Van Aircraft RV @-@ 4 and the Europa .

There is a strong vintage aircraft movement in the UK , with two @-@ thirds of the 500 registered historic aircraft active . These cover the whole spectrum of civil and military aviation , examples being the de Havilland Dragon Rapide airliner of the 1930s , and the World War II ( WWII ) Spitfire fighter . There are many post @-@ WWII aircraft which could also be considered historic under a looser definition , including for example 60 ex @-@ military jets such as the Hawker Hunter . Historic aircraft are regular exhibits at air displays , which are claimed to be the second most popular spectator activity after football in the UK .

<a href='dey_it' title='1'><mark>There</mark></a> is a strong vintage aircraft movement in the UK , with two @-@ thirds of the 500 registered historic aircraft active . These cover the whole spectrum of civil and military aviation , examples being the de Havilland Dragon Rapide airliner of the 1930s , and the World War II ( WWII ) Spitfire fighter . <a href='dey_it' title='2'><mark>There</mark></a> are many post @-@ WWII aircraft which could also be considered historic under a looser definition , including for example 60 ex @-@ military jets such as the Hawker Hunter . Historic aircraft <a href='drop_aux' title='3'><mark>are</mark></a>regular exhibits at air displays , which are claimed to be the second most popular spectator activity after football in the UK .

It is a strong vintage aircraft movement in da UK , with 2 @-@ thirds of the 500 registered historic aircraft active . dem cover tdawhole spectrum of civil and military aviation , examples bein the de Havilland Dragon Rapide airliner of thda930s , and the World War II ( WWII ) Spitfire fighter . It is many post @-@ WWII aircraft which could also be considered historic under a looser definition , including for example 60 ex @-@ military jets such as thedawker Hunter . Historic aircraft regular exhibits at air displays , which r claimed to be the second most popular spectator activity after football in the UK .

= = = Sports = = =

= = = Sports = = =

= = = Sports = = =

Competitive gliding in the UK takes place between May and September . Regionals are local competitions , organised and run by one of the bigger gliding clubs in the region , and represent the entry level to glider racing . Races are handicapped according to glider performance , and normally take place over nine days . Success in the regionals allows pilots to progress to the nationals , where there are five classes of competition . These are based on glider performance , the lowest being club class , and then progressing through standard ( maximum 15 metres ( 49 ft ) wingspan , and flaps not permitted ) , 15 metres ( 49 ft ) ( as standard , but flaps are permitted ) , 18 metres ( 59 ft ) ( maximum 18 metres ( 59 ft ) wingspan ) , and finally open @-@ class ( no restrictions ) . Success at national level can lead to a place in the national team and competition at international level . In 2007 the British gliding team was ranked number one , and British pilots took two women 's world championships and the open class European championship .

Competitive gliding in the UK <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>takes</mark></a> place between May and September . Regionals <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>are</mark></a>local competitions , organised and run by one of the bigger gliding clubs in the region , and represent the entry level to glider racing . Races are handicapped according to glider performance , and normally take place over nine days . Success in the regionals <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>allows</mark></a> pilots to progress to the nationals , where <a href='dey_it' title='4'><mark>there</mark></a> are five classes of competition . These are based on glider performance , the lowest being club class , and then progressing through standard ( maximum 15 metres ( 49 ft ) wingspan , and flaps not permitted ) , 15 metres ( 49 ft ) ( as standard , but flaps are permitted ) , 18 metres ( 59 ft ) ( maximum 18 metres ( 59 ft ) wingspan ) , and finally open @-@ class ( no restrictions ) . Success at national level can lead to a place in the national team and competition at international level . In 2007 the British gliding team was ranked number one , and British pilots took two women <a href='null_genetive' title='5'><mark>'s</mark></a>world championships and the open class European championship .

Competitive gliding in the UK take place between May and September . Regionals local competitions , organised and run by one of the bigger gliding clubs in the region , and represent da entry level to glider racing . Races are handicapped according to glider performance , and normally take place over nine days . Success in tdaregionals allow pilots to progress to thdaationals , where it is five classes of competition . dese are based on glider performance , the lowest being club class , and then progressing thru standard ( maximum 15 metres ( 49 ft ) wingspan , and flaps not permitted ) , 15 metres ( 49 ft ) ( as standard , but flaps r permitted ) , 18 metres ( 59 ft ) ( maximum 18 metres ( 59 ft ) wingspan ) , and finally open @-@ class ( no restrictions ) . Success at national level can lead to a place in the national team and competition at international level . In 2007 thedaitish gliding team was ranked number one , and British pilots took 2 women world championships and the dan class European championship .

Handicapped air racing is open to any propeller @-@ driven aircraft capable of maintaining a minimum speed of 100 miles ( 160 km ) per hour in level flight . Races are a case of " fly low , fly fast , turn left " , consisting of 4 – 5 laps round a 20 – 25 mile ( 32 – 40 km ) circuit . Faster aircraft are handicapped by starting after slower aircraft , the intention being that the race concludes with all aircraft diving for the finish line together . There are up to 16 races per year , conducted at airfields in the UK , France and the Channel Islands , for prizes that include the Schneider Trophy and King 's Cup , and the season culminates with the British Air Racing and European Air Racing Championships .

Handicapped air racing <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>open to any propeller @-@ driven aircraft capable of maintaining a minimum speed of 100 miles ( 160 km ) per hour in level flight . Races <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>are</mark></a>a case of " fly low , fly fast , turn left " , consisting of 4 – 5 laps round a 20 – 25 mile ( 32 – 40 km ) circuit . Faster aircraft are handicapped by starting after slower aircraft , the intention being that the race <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>concludes</mark></a> with all aircraft diving for the finish line together . <a href='dey_it' title='4'><mark>There</mark></a> are up to 16 races per year , conducted at airfields in the UK , France and the Channel Islands , for prizes <a href='null_relcl' title='5'><mark>that</mark></a>include the Schneider Trophy and King <a href='null_genetive' title='6'><mark>'s</mark></a>Cup , and the season <a href='uninflect' title='7'><mark>culminates</mark></a> with the British Air Racing and European Air Racing Championships .

Handicapped air racing open to any propeller @-@ driven aircraft capable of maintaining a minimum speed of 100 miles ( 160 km ) per hr in level flight . Races a case of " fly low , fly fast , turn left " , consisting of 4 – 5 laps round a 20 – 25 mile ( 32 – 40 km ) circuit . Faster aircraft r handicapped by starting after slower aircraft , the intention being dat da race conclude wit alll aircraft diving for tdafinish line together . It is up to 16 races per year , conducted at airfields in thdaK , France and thedaannel Islands , for prizes include the daneider Trophy and King Cup , and the season culminate wwitthe Bdaish Air Racing and European Air Racing Championships .

Aerobatic competitions take place for both powered aircraft and gliders , with up to 30 events each year in the UK and Ireland . Starting at the Beginner level , pilots can move up to Standard ( powered aircraft ) or Sports ( glider ) levels , and then on to Intermediate , Advanced , and finally Unlimited classes . Each step up requires a wider repertoire of aerobatic figures and progressively more performance from the aircraft . National championships are awarded annually at Standard / Sports , Intermediate , Advanced ( powered aircraft only ) , and Unlimited levels , and pilots who have reached Advanced and Unlimited levels are eligible for selection to represent the UK in international competition .

Aerobatic competitions take place for both powered aircraft and gliders , with up to 30 events each year in the UK and Ireland . Starting at the Beginner level , pilots can move up to Standard ( powered aircraft ) or Sports ( glider ) levels , and then on to Intermediate , Advanced , and finally Unlimited classes . Each step up <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>requires</mark></a> a wider repertoire of aerobatic figures and progressively more performance from the aircraft . National championships are awarded annually at Standard / Sports , Intermediate , Advanced ( powered aircraft only ) , and Unlimited levels , and pilots <a href='null_relcl' title='2'><mark>who</mark></a><a href='been_done' title='3'><mark>have</mark></a> reached Advanced and Unlimited levels <a href='drop_aux' title='4'><mark>are</mark></a>eligible for selection to represent the UK in international competition .

Aerobatic competitions take place for both powered aircraft and gliders , with up to 30 events each year in the UK and Ireland . Starting at da Beginner level , pilots can move up to Standard ( powered aircraft ) or Sports ( glider ) levels , and then on to Intermediate , Advanced , and finally Unlimited classes . Each step up require a wider repertoire of aerobatic figures and progressively more performance from tdaaircraft . National championships r awarded annually at Standard / Sports , Intermediate , Advanced ( powered aircraft only ) , and Unlimited levels , and pilots done reached Advanced and Unlimited levels eligible for selection to represent the UK in international competition .

Parachute competitions are held at club , regional , national and international levels , and include the disciplines of accuracy landings , freefall gymnastics , formation skydiving , canopy formation , freestyle and freeflying , and skysurfing . British teams consistently win medals in canopy formation world championships , and a British team took the 2006 world championship in women 's 4 @-@ way formation skydiving .

Parachute competitions are held at club , regional , national and international levels , and include the disciplines of accuracy landings , freefall gymnastics , formation skydiving , canopy formation , freestyle and freeflying , and skysurfing . British teams consistently win medals in canopy formation world championships , and a British team took the 2006 world championship in women <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>4 @-@ way formation skydiving .

Parachute competitions r held at club , regional , national and international levels , and include the disciplines of accuracy landings , freefall gymnastics , formation skydiving , canopy formation , freestyle and freeflying , and skysurfing . British teams consistently win medals in canopy formation world championships , and a British team took da 2006 world championship in women 4 @-@ way formation skydiving .

= = Aerodromes = =

= = Aerodromes = =

= = Aerodromes = =

Aerodrome is a collective term for any location from which flying operations take place , although more specific terminology can be used to characterise its purpose . The CAA strategic review of GA applies the term airport to locations which predominantly support large scale commercial operations , and airfield to locations which predominantly support GA operations . The General Aviation Small Aerodrome Research Study ( GASAR ) analysed 687 aerodromes in England which come under the scope of GA , classifying 374 into six types . These range in size from regional airports to the smallest farm strip , although 84 per cent of GA flights operate from 134 of the larger aerodromes in the first four categories .

Aerodrome <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>a collective term for any location from which flying operations take place , although more specific terminology can be used to characterise its purpose . The CAA strategic review of GA <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>applies</mark></a> the term airport to locations which predominantly support large scale commercial operations , and airfield to locations which predominantly support GA operations . The General Aviation Small Aerodrome Research Study ( GASAR ) analysed 687 aerodromes in England which come under the scope of GA , classifying 374 into six types . These range in size from regional airports to the smallest farm strip , although 84 per cent of GA flights operate from 134 of the larger aerodromes in the first four categories .

Aerodrome a collective term for any location from which flying operations take place , although more specific terminology can be used to characterise its purpose . The CAA strategic review of GA apply da term airport to locations which predominantly support bigass scale commercial operations , and airfield to locations which predominantly support GA operations . The General Aviation Small Aerodrome Research Study ( GASAR ) analysed 687 aerodromes in England which cum under the scope of GA , classifying 374 into six types . dem range in size from regional airports to the smallest farm strip , although 84 per cent of GA flights operate from 134 of the larger aerodromes in tdafirst 4 categories .

= = = GASAR aerodrome classification = = =

= = = GASAR aerodrome classification = = =

= = = GASAR aerodrome classification = = =

The factors used in determining how an individual aerodrome is categorised by the GASAR study are based broadly on size and facilities . The six types of aerodrome are described , in size order , as : regional airports ( e.g. East Midlands ) ; major GA airports ( e.g. Oxford ) ; developed GA airfields ( e.g. Andrewsfield ) ; basic GA airfields ( e.g. Rufforth ) ; developed airstrips ( e.g. Tilstock ) ; and basic airstrips ( e.g. Chilbolton in Hampshire ) . The actual criteria used to categorise aerodromes were complex , using 28 different parameters , backed up with a peer review by experienced GA pilots .

The factors used in determining how an individual aerodrome is categorised by the GASAR study are based broadly on size and facilities . The six types of aerodrome are described , in size order , as : regional airports ( e.g. East Midlands ) ; major GA airports ( e.g. Oxford ) ; developed GA airfields ( e.g. Andrewsfield ) ; basic GA airfields ( e.g. Rufforth ) ; developed airstrips ( e.g. Tilstock ) ; and basic airstrips ( e.g. Chilbolton in Hampshire ) . The actual criteria used to categorise aerodromes <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>were</mark></a> complex , using 28 different parameters , backed up with a peer review by experienced GA pilots .

The factors used in determining how an individual aerodrome is categorised by the GASAR study are based broadly on size and facilities . da six types of aerodrome are described , in size order , as : regional airports ( e.g. East Midlands ) ; major GA airports ( e.g. Oxford ) ; developed GA airfields ( e.g. Andrewsfield ) ; basic GA airfields ( e.g. Rufforth ) ; developed airstrips ( e.g. Tilstock ) ; and basic airstrips ( e.g. Chilbolton in Hampshire ) . The actual criteria used to categorise aerodromes was complex , using 28 diffrent parameters , backed up with a peer review by experienced GA pilots .

Airports generally have long , fully lit , hard @-@ surfaced runways , full air traffic control , and navigation and landing aids . They are usually located on urban fringes , support commercial and business operations , and often exclude certain types of light aircraft . At the more rurally located airfields , the lighter end of aviation , such as microlight and gliding activities , becomes increasingly prevalent , and there are few or no commercial operations other than flying schools . At this level runways are generally shorter , and grass surfaces are increasingly common . Navigation aids are increasingly scarce , being more basic where they are available , and informal ground to air radio communication replaces air traffic control . The smallest airfields are too small to feature on general purpose Ordnance Survey ( OS ) maps , and lack basic facilities such as fuel and maintenance . The majority of airstrips are basically single short grass runways with no supporting facilities , although the presence of a hangar is not uncommon at the larger examples . They do not feature on OS maps , and are owned by private clubs or , more commonly , individuals .

Airports generally <a href='got' title='1'><mark>have</mark></a> long , fully lit , hard @-@ surfaced runways , full air traffic control , and navigation and landing aids . They are usually located on urban fringes , support commercial and business operations , and often exclude certain types of light aircraft . At the more rurally located airfields , the lighter end of aviation , such as microlight and gliding activities , <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>becomes</mark></a> increasingly prevalent , and <a href='dey_it' title='3'><mark>there</mark></a> are few or no commercial operations other than flying schools . At this level runways <a href='drop_aux' title='4'><mark>are</mark></a>generally shorter , and grass surfaces <a href='drop_aux' title='5'><mark>are</mark></a>increasingly common . Navigation aids <a href='drop_aux' title='6'><mark>are</mark></a>increasingly scarce , being more basic where they are available , and informal ground to air radio communication <a href='uninflect' title='7'><mark>replaces</mark></a> air traffic control . The smallest airfields <a href='drop_aux' title='8'><mark>are</mark></a>too small to feature on general purpose Ordnance Survey ( OS ) maps , and lack basic facilities such as fuel and maintenance . The majority of airstrips <a href='drop_aux' title='9'><mark>are</mark></a>basically single short grass runways with no supporting facilities , although the presence of a hangar <a href='negative_concord' title='10'><mark>is</mark></a> <a href='negative_concord' title='11'><mark>not</mark></a>uncommon at the larger examples . They do not feature on OS <a href='negative_concord' title='12'><mark>maps</mark></a> , and are owned by private clubs or , more commonly , individuals .

Airports generally got long , fully lit , hard @-@ surfaced runways , full air traffic control , and navigation and landing aids . They r usually located on urban fringes , support commercial and business operations , and often exclude certain types of light aircraft . At the more rurally located airfields , the lighter end of aviation , such as microlight and gliding activities , become increasingly prevalent , and it is few or no commercial operations other than flying schools . At dis level runways generally shorter , and grass surfaces increasingly common . Navigation aids increasingly scarce , being more basic where they arrvailable , and informal ground to air radio communication replace air traffic control . The smallest airfields too small to feature on general purpose Ordnance Survey ( OS ) maps , and lack basic facilities such as fuel and maintenance . The majority of airstrips basically single short grass runways with no supporting facilities , although the presence of a hangar ain't uncommon at da larger examples . They do not feature on OS no maps , and are red by private clubs or , more commonly , individuals .

= = = Aerodrome licensing = = =

= = = Aerodrome licensing = = =

= = = Aerodrome licensing = = =

Most aerodromes used for public transport operations are required to be licensed by the CAA . To be granted a licence an aerodrome operator must satisfy the CAA that : the physical conditions at the aerodrome , and its environs , are acceptable ; the scale of equipment , and facilities provided , are adequate for the flying activities which are expected to take place ; an effective safety management system is in place ; and that staff are competent and , where necessary , suitably qualified . Aerodromes classified as developed GA airfields or larger by the GASAR study are , with few exceptions , licensed . Only two basic GA airfields , Silverstone and Duxford , are licensed , and all airstrips are unlicensed . The Light Aviation Airports Study Group , a joint CAA @-@ industry initiative , was established in 2005 to review the regulation of light aviation aerodromes . A particular focus of this group was a review of the restrictions placed on unlicensed aerodromes . The group concluded that the requirement for public transport operations to be conducted only from licensed aerodromes should be further reviewed in the context of corresponding international and European requirements . It also recommended that restrictions on flight training at unlicensed aerodromes should be lifted , and this was permitted from April 2010

Most aerodromes used for public transport operations are required to be licensed by the CAA . To be granted a licence an aerodrome operator must satisfy the CAA that : the physical conditions at the aerodrome , and its environs , are acceptable ; the scale of equipment , and facilities provided , are adequate for the flying activities which are expected to take place ; an effective safety management system is in place ; and that staff <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>are</mark></a>competent and , where necessary , suitably qualified . Aerodromes classified as developed GA airfields or larger by the GASAR study are , with few exceptions , licensed . Only two basic GA airfields , Silverstone and Duxford , are licensed , and all airstrips are unlicensed . The Light Aviation Airports Study Group , a joint CAA @-@ industry initiative , was established in 2005 to review the regulation of light aviation aerodromes . A particular focus of this group was a review of the restrictions placed on unlicensed aerodromes . The group concluded that the requirement for public transport operations to be conducted only from licensed aerodromes should be further reviewed in the context of corresponding international and European requirements . It also recommended that restrictions on flight training at unlicensed aerodromes should be lifted , and this was permitted from April 2010

Most aerodromes used for public transport operations are required to be licensed by the CAA . To b granted a licence an aerodrome operator must satisfy the CAA dat : the physical conditions at da aerodrome , and its environs , are acceptable ; tdascale of equipment , and facilities provided , r adequate for the flying activities which arrxpected to take place ; an effective safety management system is in place ; and tdatstaff competent and , where necessary , suitably qualified . Aerodromes classified as developed GA airfields or larger by thdaASAR study are , with few exceptions , licensed . Only 2 basic GA airfields , Silverstone and Duxford , are rensed , and alll airstrips are unlicensed . The Light Aviation Airports Study Group , a joint CAA @-@ industry initiative , was established in 2005 to review the regulation of light aviation aerodromes . A particular focus of this group was a review of thedastrictions placed on unlicensed aerodromes . The daup concluded thdathe requirement fir public transport operations to bbconducted only from licensed aerodromes should beburther reviewed in the context of corresponding international and European requirements . It also recommended thadatstrictions on flight training at unlicensed aerodromes should be lifted , and this was permitted from April 2010

= = Scale of the sector = =

= = Scale of the sector = =

= = Scale of the sector = =

There are an estimated 27 @,@ 000 civil aircraft registered in the UK , 96 per cent of which are engaged in GA activities . In 2005 the GA fleet comprised 9 @,@ 000 fixed @-@ wing aircraft , 4 @,@ 100 microlights , 1 @,@ 300 helicopters , 1 @,@ 800 airships / balloons , 2 @,@ 500 gliders and some 7 @,@ 000 hang gliders . Estimates put the number of foreign @-@ registered GA aircraft based in the UK at 900 .

<a href='dey_it' title='1'><mark>There</mark></a> are an estimated 27 @,@ 000 civil aircraft registered in the UK , 96 per cent of which are engaged in GA activities . In 2005 the GA fleet comprised 9 @,@ 000 fixed @-@ wing aircraft , 4 @,@ 100 microlights , 1 @,@ 300 helicopters , 1 @,@ 800 airships / balloons , 2 @,@ 500 gliders and some 7 @,@ 000 hang gliders . Estimates put the number of foreign @-@ registered GA aircraft based in the UK at 900 .

It is an estimated 27 @,@ 000 civil aircraft registered in the UK , 96 per cent of which are engaged in GA activities . In 2005 da GA fleet comprised 9 @,@ 000 fixed @-@ wing aircraft , 4 @,@ 100 microlights , 1 @,@ 300 helicopters , 1 @,@ 800 airships / balloons , 2 @,@ 500 gliders and some 7 @,@ 000 hang gliders . Estimates put the number of foreign @-@ registered GA aircraft based in tdaUK at 900 .

The number of pilots licensed by the CAA to fly powered aircraft in 2005 was 47 @,@ 000 , of whom 28 @,@ 000 held a Private Pilot Licence . The remainder held professional pilot licences , either a Commercial Pilot Licence or an Airline Transport Pilot Licence , although not all of these would be engaged in GA activities . In addition , there are 10 @,@ 000 active glider pilots , and estimates put the membership of aviation @-@ related sport and recreational associations at 36 @,@ 000 .

The number of pilots licensed by the CAA to fly powered aircraft in 2005 was 47 @,@ 000 , of whom 28 @,@ 000 held a Private Pilot Licence . The remainder held professional pilot licences , either a Commercial Pilot Licence or an Airline Transport Pilot Licence , although not all of these would be engaged in GA activities . In addition , <a href='dey_it' title='1'><mark>there</mark></a> are 10 @,@ 000 active glider pilots , and estimates put the membership of aviation @-@ related sport and recreational associations at 36 @,@ 000 .

The number of pilots licensed by the CAA to fly powered aircraft in 2005 was 47 @,@ 000 , of whom 28 @,@ 000 held a Private Pilot Licence . The remainder held professional pilot licences , either a Commercial Pilot Licence or an Airline Transport Pilot Licence , although not all of dem would be engaged in GA activities . In addition , it is 10 @,@ 000 active glider pilots , and estimates put the membership of aviation @-@ related sport and recreational associations at 36 @,@ 000 .

The number of aerodromes that support GA in the UK is difficult to establish with certainty . Pooleys 2008 United Kingdom Flight Guide lists 355 , and the Airplan Flight Equipment UK VFR Flight Guide 2008 lists nearly 500 . Lockyears Farm ' Strips ' and Private Airfields Flight Guide lists more than 300 landing sites . The GASAR study estimates 1 @,@ 100 formal flying sites in England alone , a figure which includes 400 sites known to planning authorities but not included in flight guides . It estimates another 759 informal sites known only to land owners , customs , and members of the enthusiast group Air @-@ Britain .

The number of aerodromes <a href='null_relcl' title='1'><mark>that</mark></a>support GA in the UK <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>is</mark></a>difficult to establish with certainty . Pooleys 2008 United Kingdom Flight Guide <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>lists</mark></a> 355 , and the Airplan Flight Equipment UK VFR Flight Guide 2008 <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>lists</mark></a> nearly 500 . Lockyears Farm ' Strips <a href='null_genetive' title='5'><mark>'</mark></a>and Private Airfields Flight Guide <a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>lists</mark></a> more than 300 landing sites . The GASAR study <a href='uninflect' title='7'><mark>estimates</mark></a> 1 @,@ 100 formal flying sites in England alone , a figure which <a href='uninflect' title='8'><mark>includes</mark></a> 400 sites known to planning authorities but not included in flight <a href='negative_concord' title='9'><mark>guides</mark></a> . It <a href='uninflect' title='10'><mark>estimates</mark></a> another 759 informal sites known only to land owners , customs , and members of the enthusiast group Air @-@ Britain .

Da number of aerodromes support GA in tdaUK difficult to establish wid certainty . Pooleys 2008 United Kingdom Flight Guide list 355 , and thdairplan Flight Equipment UK VFR Flight Guide 2008 list nearly 500 . Lockyears Farm ' Strips and Private Airfields Flight Guide list more than 300 landing sites . The GASAR study estimate 1 @,@ 100 formal flying sites in England alone , a figure which include 400 sites known to planning authorities but not included in flight no guides . It estimate anotha 759 informal sites known only to land owners , customs , and members of the enthusiast group Air @-@ Britain .

The sector was estimated to employ nearly 12 @,@ 000 people and directly contribute £ 1 @.@ 4 billion to the UK economy in 2005 , making it roughly seven per cent of the size of the CAT industry . Nearly half of the economic contribution was generated by business aviation .

The sector was estimated to employ nearly 12 @,@ 000 people and directly contribute £ 1 @.@ 4 billion to the UK economy in 2005 , making it roughly seven per cent of the size of the CAT industry . Nearly half of the economic contribution was generated by business aviation .

The sector was estimated to employ nearly 12 @,@ 000 people and directly contribute £ 1 @.@ 4 billion to the UK economy in 2005 , wit it roughly seven per cent of the size of the CAT industry . Nearly half of the economic contribution was generated by business aviation .

= = Trends = =

= = Trends = =

= = Trends = =

Most sectors of GA for which data are available have experienced growth in aircraft numbers and hours flown over the last two decades . The lighter end of the GA spectrum : microlights , amateur built , and airships and balloons , have in particular shown strong growth , although the last of these activities was severely curtailed during the foot @-@ and @-@ mouth outbreak in 2001 , when access to farmland was denied . After strong growth in the late 1980s , traditional flying has shown a slight decline recently , reflecting a move amongst recreational flyers towards microlight aircraft , and increased numbers of foreign @-@ registered aircraft . Recreational helicopter usage has grown primarily due to the introduction of smaller and cheaper aircraft . Glider activity has remained relatively static , although there has been a gradual increase in the number of self @-@ launching motor gliders .

Most sectors of GA for which data <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>are</mark></a>available <a href='been_done' title='2'><mark>have</mark></a> experienced growth in aircraft numbers and hours flown over the last two decades . The lighter end of the GA spectrum : microlights , amateur built , and airships and balloons , <a href='been_done' title='3'><mark>have</mark></a> in particular shown strong growth , although the last of these activities was severely curtailed during the foot @-@ and @-@ mouth outbreak in 2001 , when access to farmland was denied . After strong growth in the late 1980s , traditional flying <a href='been_done' title='4'><mark>has</mark></a> shown a slight decline recently , reflecting a move amongst recreational flyers towards microlight aircraft , and increased numbers of foreign @-@ registered aircraft . Recreational helicopter usage <a href='been_done' title='5'><mark>has</mark></a> grown primarily due to the introduction of smaller and cheaper aircraft . Glider activity <a href='been_done' title='6'><mark>has</mark></a> remained relatively static , although <a href='dey_it' title='7'><mark>there</mark></a> <a href='uninflect' title='8'><mark>has</mark></a> been a gradual increase in the number of self @-@ launching motor gliders .

Most sectors of GA for which data available done experienced growth in aircraft numbers and hrs flown over the last two decades . The lighter end of the GA spectrum : microlights , amateur built , and airships and balloons , done in particular shown strong growth , although the last of these activities was severely curtailed durin the foot @-@ and @-@ mouth outbreak in 2001 , when access to farmland was denied . After strong growth in the late 1980s , traditional flying done shown a slight decline recently , reflecting a move amongst recreational flyers towards microlight aircraft , and increased numbers of foreign @-@ registered aircraft . Recreational helicopter usage done grown primarily due to da introduction of smaller and cheaper aircraft . Glider activity done remained relatively static , although it have been a gradual increase in tdanumber of self @-@ launching motor gliders .

Business aviation has shown strong growth , although the numbers of aircraft on the UK register have declined . This reflects a shift away from turboprop aircraft towards foreign @-@ registered business jets based in the UK , which are estimated to be growing in numbers . However , twin piston @-@ engined aircraft numbers have declined significantly , reflecting pressures on the light air @-@ taxi segment from increasingly flexible and cheaper scheduled services , and a more sophisticated corporate charter business . The amount of flight training conducted by UK schools has declined , largely at the hands of competition from foreign schools , which benefit from lower costs and better weather .

Business aviation <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>has</mark></a> shown strong growth , although the numbers of aircraft on the UK register <a href='been_done' title='2'><mark>have</mark></a> declined . This <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>reflects</mark></a> a shift away from turboprop aircraft towards foreign @-@ registered business jets based in the UK , which are estimated to be growing in numbers . However , twin piston @-@ engined aircraft numbers <a href='been_done' title='4'><mark>have</mark></a> declined significantly , reflecting pressures on the light air @-@ taxi segment from increasingly flexible and cheaper scheduled services , and a more sophisticated corporate charter business . The amount of flight training conducted by UK schools <a href='been_done' title='5'><mark>has</mark></a> declined , largely at the hands of competition from foreign schools , which benefit from lower costs and better weather .

Business aviation done shown strong growth , although da numbers of aircraft on the UK register done declined . dis reflect a shift away from turboprop aircraft towards foreign @-@ registered bizness jets based in the UK , which r estimated to b growin in numbers . However , twin piston @-@ engined aircraft numbers done declined significantly , reflecting pressures on tdalight air @-@ taxi segment from increasingly flexible and cheaper scheduled services , and a more sophisticated corporate charter business . The amount of flight training conducted by UK schools done declined , largely at thdaands of competition from foreign schools , which benefit from lower costs and better weather .

Since 1990 the total number of hours flown annually by the GA sector has remained in the range 1 @.@ 25 – 1 @.@ 35 million , the dominant sector being traditional GA flying , which accounts for 0 @.@ 6 million per year . An overall increase in aircraft numbers combined with nil growth in hours flown has brought the annual average utilisation per aircraft down from 157 hours in 1984 to 103 hours in 2002 . The decline in asset utilisation has led to speculation that the economic health of the GA industry is weakening , though the lack of data on profitability makes this difficult to confirm .

Since 1990 the total number of hours flown annually by the GA sector <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>has</mark></a> remained in the range 1 @.@ 25 – 1 @.@ 35 million , the dominant sector being traditional GA flying , which <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>accounts</mark></a> for 0 @.@ 6 million per year . An overall increase in aircraft numbers combined with nil growth in hours flown <a href='been_done' title='3'><mark>has</mark></a> brought the annual average utilisation per aircraft down from 157 hours in 1984 to 103 hours in 2002 . The decline in asset utilisation <a href='been_done' title='4'><mark>has</mark></a> led to speculation that the economic health of the GA industry is weakening , though the lack of data on profitability <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>makes</mark></a> this difficult to confirm .

Since 1990 the total number of hours flown annually by the GA sector done remained in da range 1 @.@ 25 – 1 @.@ 35 million , the dominant sector being traditional GA flyin , which account for 0 @.@ 6 million per year . An overall increase in aircraft numbers combined witt nil growth in hours flown done brought tdaannual average utilisation per aircraft down from 157 hours in 1984 to 103 hours in 2002 . Thdaecline in asset utilisation done led to speculation dat thedaonomic health of the daindustry is weakening , though the lack of data on profitability make this difficult to confirm .

= = Regulation = =

= = Regulation = =

= = Regulation = =

The objective of regulation is to " promote high standards of safety in all aspects of aviation " , and this is the main area of interaction between the CAA and the GA sector . Efforts focus on assuring appropriate standards of airworthiness , pilot qualification , the rules for the movement of aircraft , and equipment to be carried . The CAA was established as the primary regulatory body for all aviation in the UK in 1972 . In 1991 it started working within the Joint Aviation Authorities ( JAA ) framework to implement agreed common standards , known as the Joint Aviation Requirements ( JAR ) , throughout the European Union ( EU ) . In 2003 this was taken a step further when the European Aviation Safety Agency ( EASA ) was established as the central EU regulator , taking over responsibility for legislating airworthiness and environmental regulation from the national authorities . The CAA acts as an agency of EASA on these issues , retaining its original regulatory powers in areas not yet transferred to EASA . Proposed developments seek to establish EASA as the single authority throughout the EU , taking over from individual member states the power to regulate all aviation other than that specifically excluded from the scope of EASA .

The objective of regulation is to " promote high standards of safety in all aspects of aviation " , and this <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>the main area of interaction between the CAA and the GA sector . Efforts focus on assuring appropriate standards of airworthiness , pilot qualification , the rules for the movement of aircraft , and equipment to be carried . The CAA was established as the primary regulatory body for all aviation in the UK in 1972 . In 1991 it started working within the Joint Aviation Authorities ( JAA ) framework to implement agreed common standards , known as the Joint Aviation Requirements ( JAR ) , throughout the European Union ( EU ) . In 2003 this was taken a step further when the European Aviation Safety Agency ( EASA ) was established as the central EU regulator , taking over responsibility for legislating airworthiness and environmental regulation from the national authorities . The CAA <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>acts</mark></a> as an agency of EASA on these issues , retaining its original regulatory powers in areas not yet transferred to EASA . Proposed developments seek to establish EASA as the single authority throughout the EU , taking over from individual member <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>states</mark></a> the power to regulate all aviation other than that specifically excluded from the scope of EASA .

The objective of regulation is to " promote high standards of safety in alll aspects of aviation " , and this the main area of interaction between da CAA and the GA sector . Efforts focus on assuring appropriate standards of airworthiness , pilot qualification , tdarules fir thdaovement of aircraft , and equipment to b carried . The CAA was established as thedaimary regulatory body for all aviation in the UK in 1972 . In 1991 it started working within the dant Aviation Authorities ( JAA ) framework to implement agreed common standards , known as the Joint Aviation Requirements ( JAR ) , throughout the Edapean Union ( EU ) . In 2003 dis was taken a step further when the Eudaean Aviation Safety Agency ( EASA ) was established as the cendal EU regulator , taking over responsibility for legislating airworthiness and environmental regulation from the national authorities . The CAA da as an agency of EASA on dese issues , retaining its original regulatory powers in areas not yet transferred to EASA . Proposed developments seek to establish EASA as the single authority throughout the EU , taking over from individual member state the power to regulateallll aviation other than that specifically excluded from the scope of EASA .

= = = Devolved and self @-@ regulation = = =

= = = Devolved and self @-@ regulation = = =

= = = Devolved and self @-@ regulation = = =

Within this framework certain sectors of GA are governed on a devolved basis . In all cases the CAA / EASA retains responsibility for safety regulation , but representative bodies , particularly of sectors that are not included in the scope of EASA , are granted greater oversight of their activities . The majority of microlight aircraft are regulated by the British Microlight Aircraft Association ( BMAA ) , although a significant number are regulated by the Light Aircraft Association ( LAA ) , formerly known as the Popular Flying Association . The LAA is the primary regulator for amateur built aircraft , as well as vintage and classic aircraft . Parachuting is governed by the British Parachute Association , although the aircraft used in this activity are generally CAA @-@ regulated . Balloon and airship flying is overseen by the British Balloon and Airship Club . The UK @-@ specific National Private Pilot Licence ( NPPL ) is administered by the National Pilots Licensing Group Ltd . , supported by the LAA , the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association UK , the British Gliding Association , and the British Microlight Aircraft Association . Separate from these devolved groups , gliding in the UK is self @-@ regulated . The British Gliding Association was until recently responsible for glider airworthiness , now formally regulated as a result of EASA legislation , and still retains control of pilot certification . Hang gliding and paragliding activities ( i.e. foot @-@ launched gliders ) are governed by the British Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association .

Within this framework certain sectors of GA are governed on a devolved basis . In all cases the CAA / EASA <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>retains</mark></a> responsibility for safety regulation , but representative bodies , particularly of sectors <a href='null_relcl' title='2'><mark>that</mark></a>are not included in <a href='None' title='3'><mark>the</mark></a><a href='negative_concord' title='4'><mark>scope</mark></a> of EASA , are granted greater oversight of their activities . The majority of microlight aircraft are regulated by the British Microlight Aircraft Association ( BMAA ) , although a significant number are regulated by the Light Aircraft Association ( LAA ) , formerly known as the Popular Flying Association . The LAA <a href='drop_aux' title='5'><mark>is</mark></a>the primary regulator for amateur built aircraft , as well as vintage and classic aircraft . Parachuting is governed by the British Parachute Association , although the aircraft used in this activity <a href='drop_aux' title='6'><mark>are</mark></a>generally CAA @-@ regulated . Balloon and airship flying is overseen by the British Balloon and Airship Club . The UK @-@ specific National Private Pilot Licence ( NPPL ) is administered by the National Pilots Licensing Group Ltd . , supported by the LAA , the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association UK , the British Gliding Association , and the British Microlight Aircraft Association . Separate from these devolved groups , gliding in the UK is self @-@ regulated . The British Gliding Association was until recently responsible for glider airworthiness , now formally regulated as a result of EASA legislation , and still <a href='uninflect' title='7'><mark>retains</mark></a> control of pilot certification . Hang gliding and paragliding activities ( i.e. foot @-@ launched gliders ) are governed by the British Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association .

Within dis framework certain sectors of GA are governed on a devolved basis . In all cases the CAA / EASA retain responsibility for safety regulation , but representative bodies , particularly of sectors ain't included in no scope of EASA , are granted greater oversight of their activities . da majority of microlight aircraft r regulated by tdaBritish Microlight Aircraft Association ( BMAA ) , although a significant number arregulated by the Light Aircraft Association ( LAA ) , formerly known as the Popular flyin Association . ThdaAA the primary regulator for amateur built aircraft , as well as vintage and classic aircraft . Parachuting is governed by the British Parachute Association , although the aircraft used in this activity generally CAA @-@ regulated . Balloon and airship flying is overseen by thedaitish Balloon and Airship Club . The da@-@ specific National Private Pilot Licence ( NPPL ) is administered by the Ndaonal Pilots Licensing Group Ltd . , supported by the LAda the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association UK , the British Gliding Association , and the Bridah Microlight Aircraft Association . Separate from these devolved groups , gliding in the UK idaelf @-@ regulated . The British Gliding Association was untill recently responsible for glider airworthiness , now formally regulated as a result of EASA legislation , and still retain control of pilot certification . Hang gliding and paragliding activities ( i.e. foot @-@ launched gliders ) are governed by the BritidaHang Gliding and Paragliding Association .

= = = Airworthiness = = =

= = = Airworthiness = = =

= = = Airworthiness = = =

Under CAA and EASA rules , all aircraft are required to meet certain standards of airworthiness to fly safely and legally . Aircraft that meet these standards are issued with a Certificate of Airworthiness . However , British @-@ registered aircraft which are excluded from the scope of EASA , and which cannot satisfy the requirements for the issue of a Certificate of Airworthiness , may be issued with a Permit to Fly . This allows them to fly in UK airspace subject to certain limitations , for example being restricted to day @-@ time flights under visual flight rules only . A number of organisations ( e.g. the British Microlight Aircraft Association and the Light Aircraft Association ) have obtained a standing over @-@ flight permission for Permit to Fly aircraft within their area of interest with some European countries , notably France . Permits are typically issued to vintage and historic aircraft , amateur built aircraft , and microlights .

Under CAA and EASA rules , all aircraft are required to meet certain standards of airworthiness to fly safely and legally . Aircraft <a href='null_relcl' title='1'><mark>that</mark></a>meet these standards are issued with a Certificate of Airworthiness . However , British @-@ registered aircraft which are excluded from the scope of EASA , and which cannot satisfy <a href='None' title='2'><mark>the</mark></a><a href='negative_concord' title='3'><mark>requirements</mark></a> for the issue of a Certificate of Airworthiness , may be issued with a Permit to Fly . This <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>allows</mark></a> them to fly in UK airspace subject to certain limitations , for example being restricted to day @-@ time flights under visual flight rules only . A number of organisations ( e.g. the British Microlight Aircraft Association and the Light Aircraft Association ) <a href='been_done' title='5'><mark>have</mark></a> obtained a standing over @-@ flight permission for Permit to Fly aircraft within their area of interest with some European countries , notably France . Permits are typically issued to vintage and historic aircraft , amateur built aircraft , and microlights .

Under CAA and EASA rules , alll aircraft are required to meet certain standards of airworthiness to fly safely and legally . Aircraft meet these standards are issued wid a Certificate of Airworthiness . However , British @-@ registered aircraft which are excluded from the scope of EASA , and which cannot satisfy no requirements for da issue of a Certificate of Airworthiness , may b issued with a Permit to Fly . dis allow them to fly in UK airspace subject to certain limitations , for example bein restricted to day @-@ time flights under visual flight rules only . A number of organisations ( e.g. tdaBritish Microlight Aircraft Association and thdaight Aircraft Association ) done obtained a standin over @-@ flight permission fir Permit to Fly aircraft within their area of interest with sum European countries , notably France . Permits r typically issued to vintage and historic aircraft , amateur built aircraft , and microlights .

= = = Pilot licensing = = =

= = = Pilot licensing = = =

= = = Pilot licensing = = =

The pilot qualification most relevant to GA is the Private Pilot Licence ( PPL ) , which permits the holder to fly for recreational purposes without remuneration . In addition to the European @-@ wide Joint Aviation Regulations Flight Crew Licensing ( JAR @-@ FCL ) standard , the CAA also issues UK @-@ specific national licences . In the absence of European standards for gyroplane , balloon , and airship pilots , the CAA licenses these according to the original UK PPL standard . As a response to the perception that JAR pilot licensing standards are excessively bureaucratic and expensive for the purposes of recreational pilots , the National Private Pilot Licence ( NPPL ) was introduced in 2002 . The NPPL is easier to obtain than the JAR @-@ FCL licence , has less stringent medical requirements , is more restrictive in the privileges it grants , and is valid only for flights in British @-@ registered aircraft flying in UK and French airspace . Although there are plans to bring glider pilot licensing within the regulatory framework of EASA , the gliding sector is currently self @-@ regulating in this respect . The British Gliding Association is responsible for defining the standards of initial training , and certifying , via a badge system , pilots who meet those standards . Pilots working in sectors of GA that are commercial operations , such as aerial work and business aviation , are required to hold a professional pilot licence which , at a minimum , is the Commercial Pilot Licence .

The pilot qualification most relevant to GA <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>the Private Pilot Licence ( PPL ) , which <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>permits</mark></a> the holder to fly for recreational purposes without remuneration . In addition to the European @-@ wide Joint Aviation Regulations Flight Crew Licensing ( JAR @-@ FCL ) standard , the CAA also <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>issues</mark></a> UK @-@ specific national licences . In the absence of European standards for gyroplane , balloon , and airship pilots , the CAA <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>licenses</mark></a> these according to the original UK PPL standard . As a response to the perception that JAR pilot licensing standards <a href='drop_aux' title='5'><mark>are</mark></a>excessively bureaucratic and expensive for the purposes of recreational pilots , the National Private Pilot Licence ( NPPL ) was introduced in 2002 . The NPPL <a href='drop_aux' title='6'><mark>is</mark></a>easier to obtain than the JAR @-@ FCL licence , <a href='got' title='7'><mark>has</mark></a> less stringent medical requirements , <a href='drop_aux' title='8'><mark>is</mark></a>more restrictive in the privileges it <a href='uninflect' title='9'><mark>grants</mark></a> , and <a href='drop_aux' title='10'><mark>is</mark></a>valid only for flights in British @-@ registered aircraft flying in UK and French airspace . Although <a href='dey_it' title='11'><mark>there</mark></a> are plans to bring glider pilot licensing within the regulatory framework of EASA , the gliding sector <a href='drop_aux' title='12'><mark>is</mark></a>currently self @-@ regulating in this respect . The British Gliding Association <a href='drop_aux' title='13'><mark>is</mark></a>responsible for defining the standards of initial training , and certifying , via a badge system , pilots <a href='null_relcl' title='14'><mark>who</mark></a>meet those standards . Pilots working in sectors of GA <a href='null_relcl' title='15'><mark>that</mark></a><a href='drop_aux' title='16'><mark>are</mark></a>commercial operations , such as aerial work and business aviation , are required to hold a professional pilot licence which , at a minimum , <a href='drop_aux' title='17'><mark>is</mark></a>the Commercial Pilot Licence .

Da pilot qualification most relevant to GA the Private Pilot Licence ( PPL ) , which permit the holder to fly for recreational purposes without remuneration . In addition to tdaEuropean @-@ wide Joint Aviation Regulations Flight Crew Licensing ( JAR @-@ FCL ) standard , the CAA also issue UK @-@ specific national licences . In the absence of European standards for gyroplane , balloon , and airship pilots , the CAA license these according to thdariginal UK PPL standard . As a response to the perception dat JAR pilot licensing standards excessively bureaucratic and expensive fir the purposes of recreational pilots , thedational Private Pilot Licence ( NPPL ) was introduced in 2002 . The NPPL easier to obtain than the JAR @-@ FCL licence , got less stringent medical requirements , more restrictive in the davileges it grant , and valid only for flights in British @-@ registered aircraft flyin in UK and French airspace . Although it is plans to bring glider pilot licensing within the regulatory framework of EASA , the gdaing sector currently self @-@ regulating in this respect . The Brdash Gliding Association responsible fir defining the stadards of initial training , and certifying , via a badge system , pilots meet those standards . Pilots working in sectors of GA commercial operations , such as aerial work and bizness aviation , r required to hold a professional pilot licence which , at a minimum , the Commdaial Pilot Licence .

= = Safety = =

= = Safety = =

= = Safety = =

Between 1995 and 2004 there were 2 @,@ 630 accidents involving GA aircraft , of which 139 were fatal , resulting in the loss of 317 lives . The majority of accidents involved small fixed @-@ wing aircraft engaged in private flights , and analysis attributes the most common causes of these to : flight handling skills ; poor judgement or airmanship ; lack of training or experience ; and omission of , or inappropriate , action .

Between 1995 and 2004 <a href='dey_it' title='1'><mark>there</mark></a> <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>were</mark></a> 2 @,@ 630 accidents involving GA aircraft , of which 139 <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>were</mark></a> fatal , resulting in the loss of 317 lives . The majority of accidents involved small fixed @-@ wing aircraft engaged in private flights , and analysis <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>attributes</mark></a> the most common causes of these to : flight handling skills ; poor judgement or airmanship ; lack of training or experience ; and omission of , or inappropriate , action .

Between 1995 and 2004 it was 2 @,@ 630 accidents involving GA aircraft , of which 139 was fatal , resulting in the loss of 317 lives . The majority of accidents involved small fixed @-@ wing aircraft engaged in private flights , and analysis attribute the most common causes of these to : flight handling skills ; poor judgement or airmanship ; lack of training or experience ; and omission of , or inappropriate , action .

There were 27 fatal accidents involving GA aircraft in 2007 , resulting in the loss of 48 lives . These compare with 16 accidents claiming a total of 19 lives the previous year , and although the 2007 statistics are higher than average , they are not exceptional .

<a href='dey_it' title='1'><mark>There</mark></a> <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>were</mark></a> 27 fatal accidents involving GA aircraft in 2007 , resulting in the loss of 48 lives . These compare with 16 accidents claiming a total of 19 <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>lives</mark></a> the previous year , and although the 2007 statistics <a href='drop_aux' title='4'><mark>are</mark></a>higher than average , they <a href='negative_concord' title='5'><mark>are</mark></a> <a href='negative_concord' title='6'><mark>not</mark></a>exceptional .

It was 27 fatal accidents involving GA aircraft in 2007 , resulting in da loss of 48 lives . dese compare with 16 accidents claiming a total of 19 live tdaprevious year , and although the 2007 statistics higher than average , they ain't exceptional .

= = Issues = =

= = Issues = =

= = Issues = =

The growth in Commercial Air Transport ( CAT ) has eroded the operational freedom of GA , both in the air and on the ground at larger airports . Difficulty with access to larger airports is compounded by a decline in the number of aerodromes generally , and existing sites are often threatened with closure and re @-@ development for more profitable uses . The UK planning system is designed to focus on local issues , and consideration of the national impact of GA operations is not within its remit . This makes aerodrome development difficult , often subjecting those that successfully negotiate the process to restrictions in use .

The growth in Commercial Air Transport ( CAT ) <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>has</mark></a> eroded the operational freedom of GA , both in the air and on the ground at larger airports . Difficulty with access to larger airports is compounded by a decline in the number of aerodromes generally , and existing sites are often threatened with closure and re @-@ development for more profitable uses . The UK planning system is designed to focus on local issues , and consideration of the national impact of GA operations <a href='negative_concord' title='2'><mark>is</mark></a> <a href='negative_concord' title='3'><mark>not</mark></a>within its remit . This <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>makes</mark></a> aerodrome development difficult , often subjecting those <a href='null_relcl' title='5'><mark>that</mark></a>successfully negotiate the process to restrictions in use .

The growth in Commercial Air Transport ( CAT ) done eroded the operational freedom of GA , both in the air and on da ground at larger airports . Difficulty with access to larger airports is compounded by a decline in tdanumber of aerodromes generally , and existing sites r often threatened with closure and re @-@ development fir more profitable uses . The UK plannin system is designed to focus on local issues , and consideration of the national impact of GA operations ain't within its remit . This make aerodrome development difficult , often subjecting those successfully negotiate thdarocess to restrictions in use .

= = = Airspace access = = =

= = = Airspace access = = =

= = = Airspace access = = =

Airspace is shared by CAT , military and GA users . It is divided into controlled airspace , in which aircraft must always be under the control of an air traffic controller , and uncontrolled airspace , in which aircraft can operate autonomously . Although GA flights can under certain conditions enter controlled airspace , they operate mainly outside of it .

Airspace is shared by CAT , military and GA users . It is divided into controlled airspace , in which aircraft must always be under the control of an air traffic controller , and uncontrolled airspace , in which aircraft can operate autonomously . Although GA flights can under certain conditions enter controlled airspace , they operate mainly outside of it .

Airspace is shared by CAT , military and GA users . It is divided into controlled airspace , in which aircraft must always be under the control of an air traffic controller , and uncontrolled airspace , in which aircraft can operate autonomously . Although GA flights can under certain conditions enter controlled airspace , they operate mainly outside of it .

Controlled airspace is essential for the provision of a known air traffic environment necessary for the safe operation of CAT . A CAA review found that " mixing [ commercial ] operations with other users is considered undesirable , even untenable " by commercial operators . However this position has resulted in extensive Class A controlled airspace with complex boundaries , including some running down to the ground , prohibiting VFR access to airspace , resulting in high numbers of GA flights operating close to the borders of controlled airspace who could not get formal receipt of an air traffic service . Coupled with pilot navigation errors , hundreds of airspace infringements have been recorded every year .

Controlled airspace <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>essential for the provision of a known air traffic environment necessary for the safe operation of CAT . A CAA review found that " mixing [ commercial ] operations with other users is considered undesirable , even untenable " by commercial operators . However this position <a href='been_done' title='2'><mark>has</mark></a> resulted in extensive Class A controlled airspace with complex boundaries , including some running down to the ground , prohibiting VFR access to airspace , resulting in high numbers of GA flights operating close to the borders of controlled airspace <a href='null_relcl' title='3'><mark>who</mark></a>could not get formal receipt of an air traffic service . Coupled with pilot navigation errors , hundreds of airspace infringements <a href='been_done' title='4'><mark>have</mark></a> been recorded every year .

Controlled airspace essential for the provision of a known air traffic environment necessary for da safe operation of CAT . A CAA review found that " mixing [ commercial ] operations with other users is considered undesirable , even untenable " by commercial operators . However this position done resulted in extensive Class A controlled airspace with complex boundaries , including sum runnin down to the ground , prohibiting VFR access to airspace , resulting in high numbers of GA flights operating close to tdaborders of controlled airspace could not get formal receipt of an air traffic service . Coupled with pilot navigation errors , hundreds of airspace infringements done been recorded every year .

Increases in the number of CAT operations , and in the number of airports they operate from , has resulted in a corresponding increase in Class A controlled airspace . Between 1997 and 2006 this area grew in size from 13 per cent of all airspace to 22 per cent nationally , and from 24 per cent to 43 per cent in airspace above England and Wales , leading to a perception within the GA community of being squeezed out . There are particular problems for GA around large airports , where Class A controlled airspace extends to ground level . The concentration of commercial operations and high demand for GA in the South East of England have also resulted in extensive areas of Class A controlled airspace there , which serve to channel uncontrolled GA operations through high @-@ collision @-@ risk hot spots .

Increases in the number of CAT operations , and in the number of airports they operate from , <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>has</mark></a> resulted in a corresponding increase in Class A controlled airspace . Between 1997 and 2006 this area grew in size from 13 per cent of all airspace to 22 per cent nationally , and from 24 per cent to 43 per cent in airspace above England and Wales , leading to a perception within the GA community of being squeezed out . <a href='dey_it' title='2'><mark>There</mark></a> are particular problems for GA around large airports , where Class A controlled airspace <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>extends</mark></a> to ground level . The concentration of commercial operations and high demand for GA in the South East of England <a href='been_done' title='4'><mark>have</mark></a> also resulted in extensive areas of Class A controlled airspace there , which serve to channel uncontrolled GA operations through high @-@ collision @-@ risk hot spots .

Increases in the number of CAT operations , and in the number of airports they operate from , done resulted in a corresponding increase in Class A controlled airspace . Between 1997 and 2006 this area grew in size from 13 per cent of alll airspace to 22 per cent nationally , and from 24 per cent to 43 per cent in airspace above England and Wales , leading to a perception within the GA community of being squeezed outt . It is particular problems for GA around bigass airports , where Class A controlled airspace extend to ground level . da concentration of commercial operations and high demand for GA in the South East of England done also resulted in extensive areas of Class A controlled airspace there , which serve to channel uncontrolled GA operations thru high @-@ collision @-@ risk hot spots .

= = = Aerodrome access = = =

= = = Aerodrome access = = =

= = = Aerodrome access = = =

Regional airports , such as Edinburgh Airport , have experienced strong growth in CAT operations in recent years . These operations are commercially and operationally incompatible with GA , and although there is no evidence of deliberate discrimination , the effect has been to discourage or exclude it . GA aircraft are being subject to significant increases in charges , including the imposition of handling fees in some cases . Some airports restrict or deny GA parking , and others limit or refuse certain GA activity . As a result , light GA aircraft are now rarely or never seen at large , busy international airports such as Heathrow , Stansted , Gatwick and Manchester .

Regional airports , such as Edinburgh Airport , <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>have</mark></a> experienced strong growth in CAT operations in recent years . These operations <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>are</mark></a>commercially and operationally incompatible with GA , and although <a href='dey_it' title='3'><mark>there</mark></a> is no evidence of deliberate discrimination , the effect <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>has</mark></a> been to discourage or exclude it . GA aircraft are being subject to significant increases in charges , including the imposition of handling fees in some cases . Some airports restrict or deny GA parking , and others limit or refuse certain GA activity . As a result , light GA aircraft <a href='drop_aux' title='5'><mark>are</mark></a>now rarely or <a href='None' title='6'><mark>never</mark></a> seen at large , busy international airports such as Heathrow , Stansted , Gatwick and Manchester .

Regional airports , such as Edinburgh Airport , done experienced strong growth in CAT operations in recent years . dem operations commercially and operationally incompatible with GA , and although it ain't no evidence of deliberate discrimination , the effect have been to discourage or exclude it . GA aircraft are being subject to significant increases in charges , including the imposition of handling fees in sum cases . Ssumairports restrict or deny GA parking , and others limit or refuse certain GA activity . As a result , light GA aircraft now rarely or don't never seen at large , busy international airports such as Heathrow , Stansted , Gatwick and Manchester .

In addition to this de facto loss of facilities , the number of aerodromes in the UK has been in decline over the last 50 years , as a result of increasing urbanisation and the closure of airfields built during WWII . Alternative and more profitable uses for land can also lead to existing aerodromes being threatened with closure , for example North Weald , or actually being closed , as happened to Ipswich Airport. and Bristol Filton Airport . Referring to the importance of a " functioning national network of GA airfields " , especially where GA performs an air transport role , the CAA states that " there could be cause for concern if a significant further loss of airfields were to continue , especially if crucial nodes on the transport network were to be lost . "

In addition to this de facto loss of facilities , the number of aerodromes in the UK <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>has</mark></a> been in decline over the last 50 years , as a result of increasing urbanisation and the closure of airfields built during WWII . Alternative and more profitable uses for land can also lead to existing aerodromes being threatened with closure , for example North Weald , or actually being closed , as happened to Ipswich Airport. and Bristol Filton Airport . Referring to the importance of a " functioning national network of GA airfields " , especially where GA <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>performs</mark></a> an air transport role , the CAA <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>states</mark></a> that " <a href='dey_it' title='4'><mark>there</mark></a> could be cause for concern if a significant further loss of airfields <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>were</mark></a> to continue , especially if crucial nodes on the transport network <a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>were</mark></a> to be lost . "

In addition to dis de facto loss of facilities , da number of aerodromes in the UK have been in decline over tdalast 50 years , as a result of increasing urbanisation and thdalosure of airfields built durin WWII . Alternative and more profitable uses for land can also lead to existing aerodromes bein threatened with closure , fir example North Weald , or actually bbeinclosed , as happened to Ipswich Airport. and Bristol Filton Airport . Referring to the importance of a " functioning national network of GA airfields " , especially where GA perform an air transport role , the CAA state that " it could be cus for concern if a significant further loss of airfields was to continue , especially if crucial nodes on thedaansport network was to be lost . "

= = = Planning system = = =

= = = Planning system = = =

= = = plannin system = = =

The planning system is critical to the viability and operation of GA aerodromes . With many cities lacking scheduled air transport services between them , and with GA access to commercial airports becoming increasingly difficult and expensive , a viable network of aerodromes supporting GA air transport operations is regarded as an important national issue . However , there is no unified national planning policy specific to GA aerodromes , and planning decisions relating to these are based on local issues that are not required to consider the national impact . Because aircraft are excluded from noise control legislation , the only recourse for people affected by aircraft noise is through the planning process , and this issue is the principal factor on which the majority of planning decisions relating to GA land use are made . GA is a specialist subject often unfamiliar to Local Planning Authorities , and most planning decisions relating to GA either refuse permission , or grant it with restrictive conditions . Little Gransden is just one example of a GA airfield required to comply with planning restrictions on the number of movements permitted , thereby inhibiting further development . Such restrictions , if poorly conceived , can make GA operations unviable or even unsafe .

The planning system <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>critical to the viability and operation of GA aerodromes . With many cities lacking scheduled air transport services between them , and with GA access to commercial airports becoming increasingly difficult and expensive , a viable network of aerodromes supporting GA air transport operations is regarded as an important national issue . However , <a href='dey_it' title='2'><mark>there</mark></a> is no unified national planning policy specific to GA aerodromes , and planning decisions relating to these are based on local issues <a href='null_relcl' title='3'><mark>that</mark></a>are not required to consider the national impact . Because aircraft are excluded from noise control legislation , the only recourse for people affected by aircraft noise is through the planning process , and this issue <a href='drop_aux' title='4'><mark>is</mark></a>the principal factor on which the majority of planning decisions relating to GA land use are made . GA <a href='drop_aux' title='5'><mark>is</mark></a>a specialist subject often unfamiliar to Local Planning Authorities , and most planning decisions relating to GA either refuse permission , or grant it with restrictive conditions . Little Gransden <a href='drop_aux' title='6'><mark>is</mark></a>just one example of a GA airfield required to comply with planning restrictions on the number of movements permitted , thereby inhibiting further development . Such restrictions , if poorly conceived , can make GA operations unviable or even unsafe .

The plannin system critical to the viability and operation of GA aerodromes . With many cities lacking scheduled air transport services between em , and with GA access to commercial airports becoming increasingly difficult and expensive , a viable network of aerodromes supporting GA air transport operations is regarded as an important national issue . However , it ain't no unified national pplanninpolicy specific to GA aerodromes , and planning decisions relating to dese r based on local issues ain't required to consider the national impact . Because aircraft are excluded from noise control legislation , da only recourse for people affected by aircraft noise is through tdaplanning process , and dis issue the principal factor on which the majority of planning decisions relating to GA land use are made . GA a specialist subject often unfamiliar to Local Planning Authorities , and most planning decisions relating to GA either refuse permission , or grant it with restrictive conditions . lil Gransden jus one example of a GA airfield required to comply wit planning restrictions on the number of movements permitted , thereby inhibiting further development . Such restrictions , if poorly conceived , can make GA operations unviable or even unsafe .

= = Criticism = =

= = Criticism = =

= = Criticism = =

Public opinion towards aviation generally is worsening , based on increasing environmental concerns relating to emissions and noise , and private flying has been criticised by respondents to a government consultation on aircraft noise as a frivolous or selfish activity . In terms of environmental complaints and enquiries made to the CAA that relate specifically to GA , noise is " by far " the most common subject . Half of the 2 @,@ 000 noise complaints made annually to the CAA concern GA operations , most of which relate to aerobatics , helicopters using private sites , air balloon incidents , parachute dropping , and alleged low flying .

Public opinion towards aviation generally is worsening , based on increasing environmental concerns relating to emissions and noise , and private flying <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>has</mark></a> been criticised by respondents to a government consultation on aircraft noise as a frivolous or selfish activity . In terms of environmental complaints and enquiries made to the CAA <a href='null_relcl' title='2'><mark>that</mark></a>relate specifically to GA , noise is " by far " the most common subject . Half of the 2 @,@ 000 noise complaints made annually to the CAA concern GA operations , most of which relate to aerobatics , helicopters using private sites , air balloon incidents , parachute dropping , and alleged low flying .

Public opinion towards aviation generally is worsening , based on increasing environmental concerns relating to emissions and noise , and private flyin done been criticised by respondents to a government consultation on aircraft noise as a frivolous or selfish activity . In terms of environmental complaints and enquiries made to da CAA relate specifically to GA , noise is " by far " the most common subject . Half of tda2 @,@ 000 noise complaints made annually to thdaAA concern GA operations , most of which relate to aerobatics , helicopters using private sites , air balloon incidents , parachute dropping , and alleged low flying .

Planning guidance on aircraft noise advises that " in some circumstances the public perceive general aircraft noise levels as more disturbing than similar levels around major airports . " This is a result of the tonal characteristics of light aircraft engines and the activities they are engaged in , including : repetitive circuit flying at low @-@ altitude near an aerodrome , during which aircraft are audible for long periods ; slow climbing aircraft engaged in parachute drop or glider tug activities concentrated around the drop zone or aerodrome , also audible for long periods ; erratic and repetitive engine noise from aircraft engaged in aerobatics ; and piston @-@ engines on full power in areas of low background noise , leading to the perception that such noise is more intrusive . In an attempt to alleviate these problems , the majority of aerodromes implement noise abatement procedures designed to route aircraft away from noise sensitive areas , and more than 50 are required by the government to provide consultative facilities in which local concerns can be raised with aerodrome operators .

Planning guidance on aircraft noise <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>advises</mark></a> that " in some circumstances the public perceive general aircraft noise levels as more disturbing than similar levels around major airports . " This is a result of the tonal characteristics of light aircraft engines and the activities they are engaged in , including : repetitive circuit flying at low @-@ altitude near an aerodrome , during which aircraft <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>are</mark></a>audible for long periods ; slow climbing aircraft engaged in parachute drop or glider tug activities concentrated around the drop zone or aerodrome , also audible for long periods ; erratic and repetitive engine noise from aircraft engaged in aerobatics ; and piston @-@ engines on full power in areas of low background noise , leading to the perception that such noise <a href='drop_aux' title='3'><mark>is</mark></a>more intrusive . In an attempt to alleviate these problems , the majority of aerodromes implement noise abatement procedures designed to route aircraft away from noise sensitive areas , and more than 50 are required by the government to provide consultative facilities in which local concerns can be raised with aerodrome operators .

Plannin guidance on aircraft noise advise that " in some circumstances the public perceive general aircraft noise levels as more disturbing den similar levels around major airports . " This is a result of da tonal characteristics of light aircraft engines and the activities they are engaged in , including : repetitive circuit flying at low @-@ altitude near an aerodrome , durin which aircraft audible for long periods ; slow climbin aircraft engaged in parachute drop or glider tug activities concentrated around the drop zone or aerodrome , also audible for long periods ; erratic and repetitive engine noise from aircraft engaged in aerobatics ; and piston @-@ engines on full power in areas of low background noise , leading to tdaperception that such noise more intrusive . In an attempt to alleviate dese problems , the majority of aerodromes implement noise abatement procedures designed to route aircraft away from noise sensitive areas , and more tden50 are required by the government to provide consultative facilities in which local concerns can be raised w aerodrome operators .

= SMS Zrínyi =

= SMS Zrínyi =

= SMS Zrínyi =

SMS Zrínyi ( " His Majesty 's ship Zrínyi " ) was a Radetzky @-@ class pre @-@ dreadnought battleship ( Schlachtschiff ) of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy ( K.u.K. Kriegsmarine ) , named for the Zrinski , a noble Croatian family . Zrínyi and her sisters , Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand and Radetzky , were the last pre @-@ dreadnoughts built by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy .

SMS Zrínyi ( " His Majesty <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>ship Zrínyi " ) was a Radetzky @-@ class <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>pre</mark></a> @-@ dreadnought battleship ( Schlachtschiff ) of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy ( K.u.K. Kriegsmarine ) , named for the Zrinski , a noble Croatian family . Zrínyi and her sisters , Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand and Radetzky , <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>were</mark></a> the last pre @-@ dreadnoughts built by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy .

SMS Zrínyi ( " His Majesty ship Zrínyi " ) was a Radetzky @-@ class pred @-@ dreadnought battleship ( Schlachtschiff ) of da Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy ( K.u.K. Kriegsmarine ) , named fir the Zrinski , a noble Croatian family . Zrínyi and her sisters , Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand and Radetzky , was the last pre @-@ dreadnoughts built by tdaAustro @-@ Hungarian Navy .

During World War I , Zrínyi saw action in the Adriatic Sea . She served with the Second Division of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy 's battleships and shelled Senigallia as part of the bombardment of the key seaport of Ancona , Italy , during May 1915 . However , Allied control of the Strait of Otranto meant that the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy was , for all intents and purposes , effectively bottled up in the Adriatic . Nonetheless , the presence of the Zrínyi and other battleships tied down a substantial force of Allied ships .

During World War I , Zrínyi saw action in the Adriatic Sea . She served with the Second Division of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>battleships and shelled Senigallia as part of the bombardment of the key seaport of Ancona , Italy , during May 1915 . However , Allied control of the Strait of Otranto meant that the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy was , for all intents and purposes , effectively bottled up in the Adriatic . Nonetheless , the presence of the Zrínyi and other battleships tied down a substantial force of Allied ships .

Durin World War I , Zrínyi saw action in da Adriatic Sea . She served with the Second Division of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy battleships and shelled Senigallia as part of the bombardment of the key seaport of Ancona , Italy , ddurinMay 1915 . However , Allied control of the Strait of Otranto meant dat tdaAustro @-@ Hungarian Navy was , fa alll intents and purposes , effectively bottled up in the Adriatic . Nonetheless , thdaresence of the Zrínyi and other battleships tied down a substantial force of Allied ships .

With the war going against the Austrians by the end of 1918 , Zrínyi was prepared to be transferred to the new State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs . On 10 November 1918 — just one day before the end of the war , navy officers sailed the battleship out of Pola ( Pula ) and eventually surrendered to a squadron of American submarine chasers . Following the handover to the United States Navy , she was briefly designated USS Zrínyi . In the Treaty of Saint @-@ Germain @-@ en @-@ Laye , the transfer was not recognized ; instead , Zrínyi was given to Italy and broken up for scrap .

With the war going against the Austrians by the end of 1918 , Zrínyi was prepared to be transferred to the new State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs . On 10 November 1918 — just one day before the end of the war , navy officers sailed the battleship out of Pola ( Pula ) and eventually surrendered to a squadron of American submarine chasers . Following the handover to the United States Navy , she was briefly designated USS Zrínyi . In the Treaty of Saint @-@ Germain @-@ en @-@ Laye , the transfer was not recognized ; instead , Zrínyi was given to Italy and broken up for scrap .

With the war going against the Austrians by the end of 1918 , Zrínyi was prepared to b transferred to the new State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs . On 10 November 1918 — just one day before da end of the war , navy officers sailed tdabattleship out of Pola ( Pula ) and eventually surrendered to a squadron of American submarine chasers . Following thdaandover to thedaited States Navy , she was briefly designated USS Zrínyi . In the daaty of Saint @-@ Germain @-@ en @-@ Laye , the tdasfer was not recognized ; instead , Zrínyi was given to Italy and broken up fa scrap .

= = Design and construction = =

= = Design and construction = =

= = Design and construction = =

Zrínyi was built at the Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino dockyard in Trieste , the same place where her sister ships were built earlier . She was laid down on 15 November 1908 and launched from the slipway on 12 April 1910 . The teak used on Zrínyi 's deck was the only material Austria @-@ Hungary had to purchase abroad to build the ship . The ship was completed by 15 July 1911 , and on 22 November 1911 she was commissioned into the fleet . She was the last ship of the class to be completed and had a crew of 880 to 890 officers and men .

Zrínyi was built at the Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino dockyard in Trieste , the same place where her sister ships <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>were</mark></a> built earlier . She was laid down on 15 November 1908 and launched from the slipway on 12 April 1910 . The teak used on Zrínyi <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>deck was the only material Austria @-@ Hungary had to purchase abroad to build the ship . The ship was completed by 15 July 1911 , and on 22 November 1911 she was commissioned into the fleet . She was the last ship of the class to be completed and had a crew of 880 to 890 officers and men .

Zrínyi was built at the Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino dockyard in Trieste , da same place where her sister ships was built earlier . She was laid dwn on 15 November 1908 and launched from tdaslipway on 12 April 1910 . Thdaeak used on Zrínyi deck was the only material Austria @-@ Hungary had to purchase abroad to build the ship . The ship was completed by 15 July 1911 , and on 22 November 1911 she was commissioned into the fleet . She was the last ship of the class to be completed and had a crew of 880 to 890 officers and men .

Zrínyi was 138 @.@ 8 m ( 455 ft 4 in ) long , and had a beam of 24 @.@ 6 m ( 80 ft 8 in ) and a draft of 8 @.@ 1 m ( 26 ft 9 in ) . She displaced 14 @,@ 508 long tons ( 14 @,@ 741 t ) normally , and up to 15 @,@ 845 long tons ( 16 @,@ 099 t ) with a full combat load . She was powered by two @-@ shaft four @-@ cylinder vertical triple expansion engines rated at 19 @,@ 800 indicated horsepower . The ship had a top speed of 20 @.@ 5 knots ( 38 @.@ 0 km / h ; 23 @.@ 6 mph ) . Zrínyi was the first warship in the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy to use fuel oil to supplement her 12 Yarrow @-@ type coal @-@ fired boilers . She had a maximum range of 4 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 400 km ; 4 @,@ 600 mi ) at a cruising speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) .

Zrínyi was 138 @.@ 8 m ( 455 ft 4 in ) long , and had a beam of 24 @.@ 6 m ( 80 ft 8 in ) and a draft of 8 @.@ 1 m ( 26 ft 9 in ) . She displaced 14 @,@ 508 long tons ( 14 @,@ 741 t ) normally , and up to 15 @,@ 845 long tons ( 16 @,@ 099 t ) with a full combat load . She was powered by two @-@ shaft four @-@ cylinder vertical triple expansion engines rated at 19 @,@ 800 indicated horsepower . The ship had a top speed of 20 @.@ 5 knots ( 38 @.@ 0 km / h ; 23 @.@ 6 mph ) . Zrínyi was the first warship in the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy to use fuel oil to supplement her 12 Yarrow @-@ type coal @-@ fired boilers . She had a maximum range of 4 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 400 km ; 4 @,@ 600 mi ) at a cruising speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) .

Zrínyi was 138 @.@ 8 m ( 455 ft 4 in ) long , and had a beam of 24 @.@ 6 m ( 80 ft 8 in ) and a draft of 8 @.@ 1 m ( 26 ft 9 in ) . She displaced 14 @,@ 508 long tons ( 14 @,@ 741 t ) normally , and up to 15 @,@ 845 long tons ( 16 @,@ 099 t ) wid a full combat load . She was powered by two @-@ shaft four @-@ cylinder vertical triple expansion engines rated at 19 @,@ 800 indicated horsepower . da ship had a top speed of 20 @.@ 5 knots ( 38 @.@ 0 km / h ; 23 @.@ 6 mph ) . Zrínyi was tdafirst warship in the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy to use fuel oil to supplement her 12 Yarrow @-@ type coal @-@ fired boilers . She had a maximum range of 4 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 400 km ; 4 @,@ 600 mi ) at a cruising speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) .

The ship 's primary armament consisted of four 30 @.@ 5 cm ( 12 in ) 45 @-@ caliber guns in two twin gun turrets . This was augmented by a heavy secondary battery of eight 24 cm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) guns in four wing turrets . The tertiary battery consisted of twenty 10 cm L / 50 guns in casemated single mounts , four 47 mm ( 1 @.@ 85 in ) L / 44 and one 47 mm L / 33 quick @-@ firing guns . Furthermore , the ship 's boats were equipped with two 66 mm ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) landing guns for operations shore . Three 45 cm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes were also carried , one on each broadside and one in the stern .

The ship <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>primary armament consisted of four 30 @.@ 5 cm ( 12 in ) 45 @-@ caliber guns in two twin gun turrets . This was augmented by a heavy secondary battery of eight 24 cm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) guns in four wing turrets . The tertiary battery<a href='been_done' title='2'><mark></mark></a> consisted of twenty 10 cm L / 50 guns in casemated single mounts , four 47 mm ( 1 @.@ 85 in ) L / 44 and one 47 mm L / 33 quick @-@ firing guns . Furthermore , the ship <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>boats <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>were</mark></a> equipped with two 66 mm ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) landing guns for operations shore . Three 45 cm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>were</mark></a> also carried , one on each broadside and one in the stern .

Da ship primary armament consisted of four 30 @.@ 5 cm ( 12 in ) 45 @-@ caliber guns in two twin gun turrets . dis was augmented by a heavy secondary battery of eight 24 cm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) guns in four wing turrets . Tdatertiary battery done consisted of twenty 10 cm L / 50 guns in casemated single mounts , 4 47 mm ( 1 @.@ 85 in ) L / 44 and one 47 mm L / 33 quick @-@ firing guns . Furthermore , the ship boats was equipped with 2 66 mm ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) landing guns for operations shore . Three 45 cm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes was also carried , one on each broadside and one in the stern .

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