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What is a graph?

Vertex (geometry) Polytope vertices are related to vertices of graphs, in that the 1-skeleton of a polytope is a graph, the vertices of which correspond to the vertices of the polytope, and in that a graph can be viewed as a 1-dimensional simplicial complex the vertices of which are the graph's vertices. Apex graph According to , a graph is edge-apex if there is some edge in the graph that can be deleted to make the graph planar. A graph is contraction-apex if there is some edge in the graph that can be contracted to make the graph planar. Dense graph In mathematics, a dense graph is a graph in which the number of edges is close to the maximal number of edges (where every pair of vertices is connected by one edge). The opposite, a graph with only a few edges, is a sparse graph. The distinction of what constitutes a dense or sparse graph is ill-defined, and depends on context. Graph factorization In graph theory, a factor of a graph G is a spanning subgraph, i.e., a subgraph that has the same vertex set as G. A k-factor of a graph is a spanning k-regular subgraph, and a k-factorization partitions the edges of the graph into disjoint k-factors. A graph G is said to be k-factorable if it admits a k-factorization. In particular, a 1-factor is a perfect matching, and a 1-factorization of a k-regular graph is an edge coloring with k colors. A 2-factor is a collection of cycles that spans all vertices of the graph. Quotient graph More formally, a quotient graph is a quotient object in the category of graphs. The category of graphs is concretizable – mapping a graph to its set of vertices makes it a concrete category – so its objects can be regarded as sets with additional structure, and a quotient graph corresponds to the graph induced on the quotient set V/R of its vertex set V. Further, there is a graph homomorphism (a quotient map) from a graph to a quotient graph, sending each vertex or edge to the equivalence class that it belongs to. Intuitively, this corresponds to gluing together (formally, identifying) vertices and edges of the graph. Trivially perfect graph In graph theory, a trivially perfect graph is a graph with the property that in each of its induced subgraphs the size of the maximum independent set equals the number of maximal cliques. Trivially perfect graphs were first studied by but were named by ; Golumbic writes that the name was chosen since it is trivial to show that such a graph is perfect. Trivially perfect graphs are also known as comparability graphs of trees, arborescent comparability graphs, and quasi-threshold graphs. Two-graph A two-graph is not a graph and should not be confused with other objects called 2-graphs in graph theory, such as 2-regular graphs. Graph polynomial In mathematics, a graph polynomial is a graph invariant whose values are polynomials. Invariants of this type are studied in algebraic graph theory. Dual-phase evolution In mathematical terms (graph theory), a graph formula_1 is a set of nodes formula_2 and a set of edges formula_3. Each edge formula_4 provides a link between a pair of nodes formula_5 and formula_6. A network is a graph in which values are assigned to the nodes and/or edges. Graph (discrete mathematics) A finite graph is a graph in which the vertex set and the edge set are finite sets. Otherwise, it is called an infinite graph.

Graph is a set on nodes that are connected via edges. Edges represent the relationships between the nodes and can have multiple properties like weight or sign. For example the weight of the edge can represent how strong are the relationships between the nodes A and B, while the sign might represent wether these relationships are positive or negative.

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What are common florals found in Zigalga National Park?

Zigalga National Park Zigalga National Park () is located on the high Zigalga Ridge of the Southern Ural Mountains in Russia, on the transition between Europe and Siberia. Much of the territory is untouched by human activity and so supports Ice Age relict floral communities through all altitude zones - pine and birch forest, dark coniferous taiga, alpine meadows and mountain tundra. The park was officially created in 2019. The park is located in the Katav-Ivanovsky District of Chelyabinsk Oblast. Zigalga National Park Ziglalga National Park connects two large protected areas on the main ridge of the Southern Urals, with Zyuratkul National Park to the northeast, and the South Ural Nature Reserve to the southwest. The park includes headwaters of the Yuryuzan River and the Kutkurka River. The highest point is at Mount Poperechnaya () Bashkiriya National Park Bashkiriya National Park ( Bashkort:Башҡортостан милли паркы, Russian: Башкирия (национальный парк)), covers a large contiguous forest on the southern end of the Ural Mountains. The park is an important buffer between the industrialized flatlands to the west, and the mountainous and sparsely populated Shulgan-Tash nature reserve and Altyn-Solok (Golden Bee Tree) entomological reserve to the east and north. Bashkirya National Park lies between the Nugush River (and the popular recreational zone of the Nugush Reservoir), and the southern bend of the Belaya River. The park features deep river valley cuts in a karst topography. It is known for a natural bridge across the river Kuperlya. The park is situated across three districts (Meleuzovsky, Kurgachinsky and Burzyansky) of the Republic of Bashkortostan (also known as Bashkiriya). Gangotri National Park Gangotri National Park is a national park in Uttarkashi District of Uttarakhand in India, covering about . Its habitat consists of coniferous forests, alpine meadows and glaciers. Gaumukh at Gangotri glacier, the origin of river Ganga, is located inside the park. Gangotri National Park was established in 1989. Chelyabinsk Oblast Taganay National Park is located northeast of the city of Zlatoust, Chelyabinsk Oblast. Taganay National Park is a popular tourist destination in the Urals. The park contains mountain ranges, alpine meadows, stone outcrops and a several kilometer stone river, forests, woodlands and mountain tundra, ancient mineral mines and mountain rivers flowing both to Europe and Asia. Taganay National Park was established on March 5, 1991, the first in the Urals. Hustai National Park Hustai National Park (), located in the Khustai Mountains (, lit. Birch Mountains) of Töv Province (Aimag), is a national park of Mongolia. It is also known as Khustain Nuruu National Park. The Tuul River runs through the park. Yugyd Va National Park The natural boundary of the park in the east is the main ridge of the Ural mountains, in the north - the Kozhim River, in the west - the rivers Synja, Vangir and , in the south - the Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve. The territory of the park is part of the Prepolar-Ural physical-geographical area and is located in three zones - mountain, foothill and lowland, which were formed more than 200 million years ago. South Ural Nature Reserve South Ural Nature Reserve () (also Yuzhno-Uralsky) is a Russian 'zapovednik' (strict nature reserve) protecting mountain taiga ecosystems in the highest part of the Southern Ural Mountains. Several mountain ranges run through the territory: Mashak, Zigalga, Nara Kumardak and Yamantau. Mt. Yamantau reaches , and is the highest mountain in the Southern Urals. 90% of the reserve is situated in the Beloretsky District of Bashkortostan, the remainder is in Chelyabinsk Oblast. The regional city of Ufa is about 200 km to the northwest. Zigalga National Park The park is at the southern extremity of the Urals montane tundra and taiga ecoregion. It is closely surrounded on three sides by three other ecoregions: East European forest steppe to the west, West Siberian taiga to the northeast, and Kazakh forest steppe to the south. Zyuratkul National Park Zyuratkul National Park () is a Russian national park established in 1993 in the southern part of Satkinsky Raion (Chelyabinsk Oblast, Urals). The park lies about 30 km south of Satka and 200 km west of Chelyabinsk.

Zigalga National Park has the majority of its territory untouched by human activity and includes pine and birch forest, dark coniferous taiga, alpine meadows and mountain tundra.

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Which is a species of fish? Banjo or Guitar

Banjo guitar The six-string banjo guitar should not be confused with the five-string banjo (played by Pete Seeger, Earl Scruggs and others), which retains re-entrant banjo tuning with a high-pitched short drone string going halfway up the neck. Banjo guitar Banjo guitar or banjitar or ganjo (Australia) is a six-string banjo tuned in the standard tuning of a six-string guitar (E2-A2-D3-G3-B3-E4) from lowest to highest strings. The six-string banjo was introduced in the late 19th century. Less widespread than four- and five-string banjos, it was reintroduced in the latter part of the twentieth century with the modern guitar-like tuning. Etropus microstomus Etropus microstomus, the smallmouth flounder, is a species of fish belonging to the family Paralichthyidae. Largescale mullet The largescale mullet (Planiliza macrolepis) is a species of fish in the family Mugilidae. It is found in the Indo-Pacific. Symphurus pusillus The northern tonguefish (Symphurus pusillus) is a species of fish belonging to the family Cynoglossidae. Mandolin-banjo Banjo hybrids normally take their names from the Banjo- prefix, and then the second half of the other instrument's name, such as banjocello, banjo guitar, and banjo ukulele which implies the banjolin is a sort of mandolin/banjo hybrid. In the advertisement, Farris did not mention where the name came from, but did say that it was fingered like the violin. So-iuy mullet The so-iuy mullet (Planiliza haematocheilus), also known as the haarder, redlip mullet or so-iny mullet, is a species of fish in the family Mugilidae. Zebra seahorse The zebra seahorse (Hippocampus zebra) is a species of fish in the family Syngnathidae. It is endemic to northern Australia. Black seasnail The black seasnail (Paraliparis bathybius) is a species of fish in the family Liparidae (snailfish). Acanthurus pyroferus Acanthurus pyroferus is a species of fish in the family Acanthuridae, the unicornfishes and tangs. Its common names include chocolate surgeonfish, mimic surgeonfish, orange-gilled surgeonfish, Pacific mimic surgeon, and yellowspot surgeon.

Banjo

classification

What is linux Bootloader

Booting Some earlier computer systems, upon receiving a boot signal from a human operator or a peripheral device, may load a very small number of fixed instructions into memory at a specific location, initialize at least one CPU, and then point the CPU to the instructions and start their execution. These instructions typically start an input operation from some peripheral device (which may be switch-selectable by the operator). Other systems may send hardware commands directly to peripheral devices or I/O controllers that cause an extremely simple input operation (such as read sector zero of the system device into memory starting at location 1000) to be carried out, effectively loading a small number of boot loader instructions into memory; a completion signal from the I/O device may then be used to start execution of the instructions by the CPU. Bootloader Some earlier computer systems, upon receiving a boot signal from a human operator or a peripheral device, may load a very small number of fixed instructions into memory at a specific location, initialize at least one CPU, and then point the CPU to the instructions and start their execution. These instructions typically start an input operation from some peripheral device (which may be switch-selectable by the operator). Other systems may send hardware commands directly to peripheral devices or I/O controllers that cause an extremely simple input operation (such as read sector zero of the system device into memory starting at location 1000) to be carried out, effectively loading a small number of boot loader instructions into memory; a completion signal from the I/O device may then be used to start execution of the instructions by the CPU. Bootloader Smaller computers often use less flexible but more automatic boot loader mechanisms to ensure that the computer starts quickly and with a predetermined software configuration. In many desktop computers, for example, the bootstrapping process begins with the CPU executing software contained in ROM (for example, the BIOS of an IBM PC or an IBM PC compatible) at a predefined address (some CPUs, including the Intel x86 series are designed to execute this software after reset without outside help). This software contains rudimentary functionality to search for devices eligible to participate in booting, and load a small program from a special section (most commonly the boot sector) of the most promising device, typically starting at a fixed entry point such as the start of the sector. Booting Smaller computers often use less flexible but more automatic boot loader mechanisms to ensure that the computer starts quickly and with a predetermined software configuration. In many desktop computers, for example, the bootstrapping process begins with the CPU executing software contained in ROM (for example, the BIOS of an IBM PC) at a predefined address (some CPUs, including the Intel x86 series are designed to execute this software after reset without outside help). This software contains rudimentary functionality to search for devices eligible to participate in booting, and load a small program from a special section (most commonly the boot sector) of the most promising device, typically starting at a fixed entry point such as the start of the sector. Booting When a computer is turned off, its softwareincluding operating systems, application code, and dataremains stored on non-volatile memory. When the computer is powered on, it typically does not have an operating system or its loader in random-access memory (RAM). The computer first executes a relatively small program stored in read-only memory (ROM, and later EEPROM, NOR flash) along with some needed data, to initialize CPU and motherboard, to initialize RAM (especially on x86 systems), to access the nonvolatile device (usually block device, e.g. NAND flash) or devices from which the operating system programs and data can be loaded into RAM. Bootloader When a computer is turned off, its softwareincluding operating systems, application code, and dataremains stored on non-volatile memory. When the computer is powered on, it typically does not have an operating system or its loader in random-access memory (RAM). The computer first executes a relatively small program stored in read-only memory (ROM, and later EEPROM, NOR flash) along with some needed data, to initialize RAM (especially on x86 systems), to access the nonvolatile device (usually block device, eg NAND flash) or devices from which the operating system programs and data can be loaded into RAM. Bootloader A bootloader, also spelled as boot loader or called boot manager and bootstrap loader, is a computer program that is responsible for booting a computer. Boot sector On an IBM PC compatible machine, the BIOS selects a boot device, then copies the first sector from the device (which may be an MBR, VBR or any executable code), into physical memory at memory address 0x7C00. On other systems, the process may be quite different. Booting In a minicomputer with a paper tape reader, the first program to run in the boot process, the boot loader, would read into core memory either the second-stage boot loader (often called a Binary Loader) that could read paper tape with checksum or the operating system from an outside storage medium. Pseudocode for the boot loader might be as simple as the following eight instructions: Booting process of Linux The boot loader phase varies by computer architecture. Since the earlier phases are not specific to the operating system, the BIOS-based boot process for x86 and x86-64 architectures is considered to start when the master boot record (MBR) code is executed in real mode and the first-stage boot loader is loaded. In UEFI systems, the Linux kernel can be executed directly by UEFI firmware via EFISTUB, but usually uses GRUB 2 or systemd-boot as a boot loader. Below is a summary of some popular boot loaders:

A bootloader is a program written in machine code that loads the operating system into RAM during the boot process.

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Tell me about the various road types in USA?

Pedestrian crossings in the United Kingdom There are two common types of pedestrian signal in the UK: nearside and farside. Nearside signals are incorporated into the push button, while farside signals are located at the other end of the crossing, facing the pedestrian across the road. Both types are permitted, and highway authorities can install either as they wish, though not both at the same installation. Nan Bangs McKinnell Nan and Jim spent much of their married life traveling and creating together. The two are remembered as artistic partners with most of their work having been made collaboratively. The two traveled across America and the world, working at colleges and artist's colonies while developing their craft. In 1953, Nan and James attended a ceramics workshop at the Archie Bray Foundation and decided to stay and work there for several years. It was at the Bray where Nan began developing glazes. Nan's deep copper glaze is still widely used today. Her glaze-making also opened up an appreciation for the decorative side of ceramics. As Nan and Jim began working more collaboratively, Nan's decorative eye came out more. In their process, often one would throw a piece on the wheel and the other would decorate it, combining their two separate artistic eyes and influences. Nan was drawn to natural shapes and forms, drawing on flowers, leaves, insects, and other animals. Pong Nan Nan Yik-Pong, better known by his stage name Pong Nan (; born 15 May 1978), is a Cantopop musician, singer-songwriter and actor in Hong Kong of Hakka ancestry. Rocker (subculture) These motorcycles were lean, light and handled various road surfaces well. The most defining machine of the rocker heyday was the Triton, which was a custom motorcycle made of a Norton Featherbed frame and a Triumph twin-cylinder engine. It used the most common fast road bike engine combined with the best handling frame of its day. Other popular motorcycle brands included BSA, Royal Enfield and Matchless. Nan Bangs McKinnell In Seattle, Nan began working as a teacher once again, earning money to help support her family back in Nebraska. It wasn't long until Nan was applying for graduate school, and after a few years in Seattle, she was taking summer classes at the University of Washington where she started her art. While the men were away at war, Nan began teaching in an architectural drawing and design classes at the University. As she continued her own studies, Nan realized that painting and design were not her forte and took an introductory class in ceramic engineering and was drawn to clay as an artistic medium. Nan Qi (artist) Nan is a contemporary Chinese ink painter depicting a variety of themes, ranging from the human form to landscapes and abstract concentric ink dots, using Chinese in and xuan rice paper. During his training as a Chinese ink painter, Nan specialised in classical landscapes inspired by Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasty artists. Early experimentation with different brush strokes and techniques, varying the dilution of ink and wash, resulted in the distinctive ink “dabs” produced in his early works. During the mid-to-late 1990s, Nan began designing and printing the catalogues for his own exhibitions, and was inspired by the dot matrices used in printing. This gave rise to a progression from ink “dabs” to more and more dot-like brush strokes, culminating in his development of his signature “halo dot” brush stroke in 2004. At this point, the themes and content of Nan’s work were becoming solidly contemporary and modern, moving away from landscapes. Over the next ten years, Nan developed a completely unique repertoire of brush strokes and ink painting techniques, including the “halo dot”, the “Nan Qi Way” for controlling ink flow into highly absorbent rice paper, and the “3D ink” technique, which allows him to create three-dimensional optical illusions by hand. Sgùrr nan Clach Geala The most usual route of ascent approaches from the north starting at a parking spot on the A832 at grid reference and climbs the adjoining Munro of Meall a' Chrasgaidh before climbing Sgùrr nan Clach Geala. Most walkers will continue south from the summit to take in Sgùrr nan Each before returning to the starting point via the Allt Breabaig. 965 Angelica In the Bus–Binzel SMASS classification, Angelica is a Xc subtype, that transitions from the X-types to the carbonaceous C-type asteroids. 706 Hirundo In both the Bus–Binzel (SMASS-II) and the Bus–DeMeo classification, Hirundo is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid (Cgh). 66 Maja In the Tholen classification, Maja is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid, while in the SMASS classification it is a hydrated carbonaceous subtype (Ch).

The public road system in United States of America is primarily made up of Highways and Local Roads. The United States Department of Transportation's Federal Highway Administration (FWHA) classifies roads based on functions which are created based on attributes such as speed limits, route length and spacing. Based on the road functions we can categorize roads into the following categories. 1. Interstates and Arterial System 2. Other Arterials 3. Collectors 4. Locals The interstate system is the at the top of road function classification system. They include Highways and Freeways with the highest speed limits and which allow for long distance travel without a lot of interruption. They are constructed using precise standards, signage and with safety considerations. They are also sometimes referred to as Arterial roads as they provide vital connectivity across regions in America. Interstate 95 or I-95 is an example of one such highway in the east coast of the United States which runs from Florida to Maine. The Principal Arterial system also comprises of U.S. Highways, which provide connectivity across regions which do not have an Interstate to support travel. Other Arterials also include freeways and highways which supplement the Interstate system explained above. They have a slightly lesser speed limits. They typically connect cities and urban areas. Consider them as being minor highways. As an example, North Carolina Highway 55 (NC-55) is a primary state highway artery connecting multiple regional and urban areas in the state of North Carolina. Collectors are critical for connecting urban population using local roads with the Interstate highways where applicable. They have more interruptions and are shorter in lengths. They also have lesser speed limits (30-35 mph). These can comprise of State highways which connect local roads with the Arterial highways. Finally local roads provide connectivity between communities, regions, farms and other local areas. They form the lion's share of the United States road system.

classification

What is one-child policy?

One-child policy The term one-child policy () refers to a population planning initiative in China implemented between 1980 and 2015 to curb the country's population growth by restricting many families to a single child. That initiative was part of a much broader effort to control population growth that began in 1970 and ended in 2021, a half century program that included minimum ages at marriage and childbearing, two-child limits for many couples, minimum time intervals between births, heavy surveillance, and stiff fines for non-compliance. The program had wide-ranging social, cultural, economic, and demographic effects, although the contribution of one-child restrictions to the broader program has been the subject of controversy. Demographics of China The one-child policy was a highly ambitious population control program. Like previous programs of the 1960s and 1970s, the one-child policy employed a combination of public education, social pressure, and in some cases coercion. The one-child policy was unique, however, in that it linked reproduction with economic cost or benefit. Health in China Created in 1979, under Deng Xiaoping, the One-Child Policy incentivized families to have children later and to only have one child or risk penalization. The One-Child Policy was a program created by the Chinese government as a reaction to the increasing population during the 1970s, that was thought to have negatively impacted China's economic growth. Implementation of the program included rewarding families who followed the program, fining families who resisted the policy, offering birth control/ contraceptives, and in some cases forced abortions. The policy was unevenly implemented throughout China and was easier established in urban areas rather than rural, because of ideals about family size and gender preferences. Prior to the One-Child Policy, the Chinese government had encouraged families to have more children in order to increase the future workforce, however, this promotion made the population of China in the 1970s increase at an alarming rate. Additionally, voluntary programs, involving family planning and contraceptive use, were proposed before the One-Child Policy was fully enforced. Health in China In 2015, the one-child policy of Deng Xiaoping was replaced by a two-child policy, which increased the number of allowed children to two. With this, scholars began evaluating the effects of the one-child policy. The One-Child Policy was successful in halting China's increasing population and decreased both the birth rate and population, however, the harsh enforcement of the policy created long-term changes to some of China's health indicators. For instance, favoring males over female children lead to many forced abortions, infanticide and abandoned female children which led to an imbalance of men to women in China. Additionally, birth rates and rate of natural increase decreased as a result of the One-Child Policy. Other consequences of the One-Child Policy include difficulties accessing education and employment as a result of being an undocumented birth. Education inequality in China One-child Policy in China plays an important role in the inequality of education. The One-child policy was implemented in China in 1979 to slow down the country's explosive population growth and was abolished in 2016. Before the one-child policy, parents were allowed to have more than one child and had the opportunity to display a preference toward male children; this so-called “son preference” has prevailed among most Chinese parents for centuries. However, after the One-child policy was enacted, the only-child girls were able to receive more educational opportunities because there was not as much competition for household resources as in multiple-child households. The gender inequality has improved by this One-child policy, and therefore female's education opportunity has increased. The big issue on gender inequality has been improved through this policy. Junsen Zhang In the early 1990s, Junsen Zhang pioneered the use of micro data in the examination of the determinants of Chinese fertility and compliance with China's one-child policy. Hongbin Li and Junsen Zhang (2007) show that the one-child policy reduces birth rate and thus has a short-run positive effect on China's economic growth. However, the one-child policy has resulted in an aging population in the long run and slow down China's growth. Family planning policies of China After Mao died in 1976, the policy evolved into the one-child policy in 1979, when a group of senior leaders decided that existing birth restrictions were insufficient to cope with what they saw to be a overpopulation crisis. But the one-child policy allowed many exceptions and ethnic minorities were exempt. One Child Nation This documentary focuses on the impact of the one-child policy which dominated family planning in Post-Mao China from 1979 to 2015. The state prioritised the scientific motivations behind the one-child policy, hoping to brake the increasing population. By 1980, officials claimed that the one-child policy had averted over 300 million births. In the first stages of the policy, women were encouraged to delay getting pregnant, and state slogans were devised to encourage this, such as ‘later, longer, fewer’. The policy was far more readily accepted in urban areas in contrast to rural areas. Rural areas resented the policy vehemently, resulting in village cadres being attacked frequently for attempting to implement the policy. Village Officials would administer fines, destroy property, confiscate possessions, and abduct women for forced abortion and sterilizations. Therefore, as fear rose so did female infanticide and the gender ratio became imbalanced. Though, it was not just female babies who were killed,to have a male child was commonly far more sought after within Chinese culture. Due to this, there became a disproportionately large number of men in comparison to women as time went on - this, in turn, resulted in a further rise in ‘bare sticks’. Many have condemned the state’s lack of concern over the social repercussions of the one-child policy. ‘One Child Nation’ focuses acutely on the impact of the one-child policy on an individual level. Reproductive justice China's one-child policy was part of a program to regulate population growth. This policy, which was implemented in 1979, placed fees on parents seeking to have children, and resulted in forced use of contraceptive devices by 80% of Chinese women in the 1980s. The One-child policy also discouraged single motherhood due to the associated high fees placed on a single person. One-child policy In 1980, the central government organized a meeting in Chengdu to discuss the speed and scope of one-child restrictions. One participant at the Chengdu meeting had read two influential books about population concerns, The Limits to Growth and A Blueprint for Survival, while visiting Europe in 1980. That official, Song Jian, along with several associates, determined that the ideal population of China was 700million, and that a universal one-child policy for all would be required to meet that goal. Moreover, Song and his group showed that if fertility rates remained constant at 3 births per woman, China's population would surpass 3 billion by 2060 and 4 billion by 2080. In spite of some criticism inside the party, the plan (also referred to as the Family Planning Policy) was formally implemented as a temporary measure on 18 September 1980. The plan called for families to have one child each in order to curb a then-surging population and alleviate social, economic, and environmental problems in China.

The "one-child policy" was a Chinese population planning initiative that was implemented from 1980 to 2015 to curb population growth by limiting many families to only one child. It was part of a larger effort to control population growth that began in 1970 and ended in 2021, which included setting minimum ages for marriage and childbearing, imposing two-child limits on many couples, requiring minimum intervals between births, close monitoring, and imposing stiff fines for non-compliance. The policy had far-reaching social, cultural, economic, and demographic effects, although the extent to which the one-child restrictions contributed to the broader program has been a matter of debate.

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How do i accept the change

Brainstorming In the laboratory, directed brainstorming has been found to almost triple the productivity of groups over electronic brainstorming. Brainstorming Following these two principles were his four general rules of brainstorming, established with intention to: Brainstorming Directed brainstorming is a variation of electronic brainstorming (described below). It can be done manually or with computers. Directed brainstorming works when the solution space (that is, the set of criteria for evaluating a good idea) is known prior to the session. If known, those criteria can be used to constrain the ideation process intentionally. Brainstorming Individual brainstorming is the use of brainstorming in solitary situations. It typically includes such techniques as free writing, free speaking, word association, and drawing a mind map, which is a visual note taking technique in which people diagram their thoughts. Individual brainstorming is a useful method in creative writing and has been shown to be superior to traditional group brainstorming. Nan Bangs McKinnell Nan and Jim spent much of their married life traveling and creating together. The two are remembered as artistic partners with most of their work having been made collaboratively. The two traveled across America and the world, working at colleges and artist's colonies while developing their craft. In 1953, Nan and James attended a ceramics workshop at the Archie Bray Foundation and decided to stay and work there for several years. It was at the Bray where Nan began developing glazes. Nan's deep copper glaze is still widely used today. Her glaze-making also opened up an appreciation for the decorative side of ceramics. As Nan and Jim began working more collaboratively, Nan's decorative eye came out more. In their process, often one would throw a piece on the wheel and the other would decorate it, combining their two separate artistic eyes and influences. Nan was drawn to natural shapes and forms, drawing on flowers, leaves, insects, and other animals. Computer supported brainstorming In computer supported brainstorming, team members contribute their ideas through electronic means either synchronously or asynchronously. The brainstorming software selected by the team mediates the individual interactions and helps to organize and shape the products of the brainstorming session. Computer supported brainstorming can be implemented using a wide variety of electronic technologies. Henri Barki Small Group Brainstorming and Idea Quality: Is Electronic Brainstorming the Most Effective Approach?<br> Brainstorming software Brainstorming software is computer software that is used for the development of creative ideas—brainstorming. Some formats or structures for this include flow charts, idea maps, word association and generative idea creation programs. Ideation is often associated with brainstorming software. Some of the earliest brainstorming software programs included Paramind and programs using Markov chains called Markov text generators. Brainstorming One of Osborn's key recommendations was for all the members of the brainstorming group to be provided with a clear statement of the problem to be addressed prior to the actual brainstorming session. He also explained that the guiding principle is that the problem should be simple and narrowed down to a single target. Here, brainstorming is not believed to be effective in complex problems because of a change in opinion over the desirability of restructuring such problems. While the process can address the problems in such a situation, tackling all of them may not be feasible. Brainstorming According to a meta-analysis comparing EBS to face-to-face brainstorming conducted by DeRosa and colleagues, EBS has been found to enhance both the production of non-redundant ideas and the quality of ideas produced. Despite the advantages demonstrated by EBS groups, EBS group members reported less satisfaction with the brainstorming process compared to face-to-face brainstorming group members.

Embrace the change and see the difference

brainstorming

What is a laser and who created it?

Laser A laser differs from other sources of light in that it emits light which is coherent. Spatial coherence allows a laser to be focused to a tight spot, enabling applications such as laser cutting and lithography. Spatial coherence also allows a laser beam to stay narrow over great distances (collimation), enabling applications such as laser pointers and lidar (light detection and ranging). Lasers can also have high temporal coherence, which allows them to emit light with a very narrow spectrum. Alternatively, temporal coherence can be used to produce ultrashort pulses of light with a broad spectrum but durations as short as a femtosecond. Laser Lasers are used in optical disc drives, laser printers, barcode scanners, DNA sequencing instruments, fiber-optic and free-space optical communication, semiconducting chip manufacturing (photolithography), laser surgery and skin treatments, cutting and welding materials, military and law enforcement devices for marking targets and measuring range and speed, and in laser lighting displays for entertainment. Semiconductor lasers in the blue to near-UV have also been used in place of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to excite fluorescence as a white light source. This permits a much smaller emitting area due to the much greater radiance of a laser and avoids the droop suffered by LEDs; such devices are already used in some car headlamps. Laser A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The word laser is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. The first laser was built in 1960 by Theodore H. Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories, based on theoretical work by Charles Hard Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow. Optics A laser is a device that emits light, a kind of electromagnetic radiation, through a process called stimulated emission. The term laser is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Laser light is usually spatially coherent, which means that the light either is emitted in a narrow, low-divergence beam, or can be converted into one with the help of optical components such as lenses. Because the microwave equivalent of the laser, the maser, was developed first, devices that emit microwave and radio frequencies are usually called masers. Gas laser A gas laser is a laser in which an electric current is discharged through a gas to produce coherent light. The gas laser was the first continuous-light laser and the first laser to operate on the principle of converting electrical energy to a laser light output. The first gas laser, the Helium–neon laser (HeNe), was co-invented by Iranian-American engineer and scientist Ali Javan and American physicist William R. Bennett, Jr., in 1960. It produced a coherent light beam in the infrared region of the spectrum at 1.15 micrometres. Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991) A laser is a device that emits electromagnetic radiation through a process called stimulated emission. Laser light is usually spatially coherent, which means that the light either is emitted in a narrow, low-divergence beam, or can be converted into one with the help of optical components such as lenses. Lasers are used to read compact discs and bar codes, guide missiles, remove ulcers, fabricate steel, precisely measure the distance from Earth to the Moon, record ultradefined images of brain tissue, entertain people in light shows and do thousands of other things. In 1957, American physicist Gordon Gould first theorized the idea and use of laser technology. Despite a 20-year battle with the United States Patent and Trademark Office, Gould is now widely associated as the original inventor of laser. In addition, Charles H. Townes and Arthur L. Schawlow, scientists at Bell Laboratories, wrote a paper, Infrared and Optical Masers in 1958 that was enormously influential on the theory of lasers. Ironically, Gould, Townes, or Schawlow never built the first working laser. On July 7, 1960, American physicist Theodore H. Maiman created and built the first laser. The core of his laser consisted of a man-made ruby as the active medium, a material that had been judged unsuitable by other scientists who rejected crystal cores in favor of various gases. Superradiant laser Rather than relying on photons to store phase coherence, it relies on collective effects in an atomic medium to store coherence. Such a laser uses repumped Dicke superradiance (or superfluorescence) to sustain emission of light that can have a substantially narrower linewidth than a conventional laser. Patternation There are three principal types of optical patternators: (a) those that use laser sheets, (b)those that use planar liquid laser induced fluorescence and (c) those that use laser extinction tomography. Laser printing A laser printer uses a laser because lasers are able to form highly-focused, precise, and intense beams of light, especially over the short distances inside of a printer. The laser is aimed at a rotating polygonal mirror which directs the light beam through a system of lenses and mirrors onto the photoreceptor drum, writing pixels at rates up to sixty-five million times per second. The drum continues to rotate during the sweep, and the angle of sweep is canted very slightly to compensate for this motion. The stream of rasterized data held in the printer's memory rapidly turns the laser on and off as it sweeps. Superradiant laser A superradiant laser is a laser that does not rely on a large population of photons within the laser cavity to maintain coherence.

A laser is a device that emits light from an electromagnetic radiation source. The first laser was built in 1960 by Theodore Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories, based on theoretical work by Charles H. Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow. Lasers emit a certain type of light. Light that is coherent. Coherence can be measured spatially or temporally. Spacial coherence allows laser beams to stay narrow over great distances. Temporal coherence can be used to produce ultrashort pules of light. Some example of the uses of lasers are optical disc drives, laser printers, barcode scanners, fiber optics and photolithography

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What is the difference between a road bike and a mountain bike?

Gravel bicycle Gravel bikes have frame geometry that is intermediate between a road bike and a cross-country mountain bike, leading to a bike that is slower to turn but more stable, particularly in low-traction descents, than a road bike or cyclocross bike. Flat bar road bike A flat bar road bike, also called a fitness bike, is a hybrid bike optimized for road usage or a road bike with a flat handlebar in place of a drop bar. Speed wobble Other things being equal, speed wobble is generally less likely to occur in a mountain bike compared to a road bike, because a mountain bike's frame generally has more damping from the suspension system, and the tire knobs also produce some dampening between the vehicle and road interface. Downhill bike A downhill bike (also known as a downhill mountain bike) is a full suspension bicycle designed for downhill cycling on particularly steep, technical trails. Unlike a typical mountain bike, durability and stability are the most important design features, compared to lighter, more versatile cross-country bikes. Downhill bikes are primarily intended for high-speed descent, and downhill riders will usually push, or shuttle via chairlifts or motorized vehicles, to the trailhead. Downhill bikes share similarities with freeride bikes due to their large strong frames and increased travel. Aero bike Aero bike also known as Aerodynamic bike is a type of road bike that uses aerodynamics principles in its operation. The bike's geometrical makeup allows the hands and body position of the rider to change given the terrain, rider's preference, and race situation. The term is also used for aerodynamic motorcycles. Litespeed Gravel: A bike designed for the recent craze of riding on gravel roads. It has a road bike style frame and handlebars, disc brakes, and room for wide tires. Mountain bike The expressions all terrain bicycle, all terrain bike, and the acronym ATB are used as synonyms for mountain bike, but some authors consider them passé. Mountain Bike Rider Mountain Bike Rider (MBR) is a magazine about mountain bike riding published 13 times a year by IPC Media. It is edited by Simon Collis. Mountain biking Mountain Bike Touring or Marathon is long-distance touring on dirt roads and single track with a mountain bike. Gravel cycling The relaxed geometry of mountain bikes is the foundation of gravel bike frames but gravel bikes are lighter, faster and more responsive than a mountain bike. Gravel bikes also use characteristics of both cyclocross and road bikes for better comfort on long rides and the wheel clearance to accommodate rides done in torrential conditions.

Road bikes are built to be ridden on asphalt and cement surfaces and have thin tires, whereas mountain bikes are built to be ridden on dirt and have wider tires. Road bikes also have more aerodynamic handle bars while mountain bike handle bars a built for less responsive steering while bouncing around off the road.

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How does GIS help in the real estate investment industry?

Real estate investment club Real estate investment clubs vary between those that focus on single family homes, and those that focus on commercial real estate. Real estate investment association A real estate investment association (REIA) is a trade organization for real estate investors. The purpose of a REIA is to provide networking opportunities, educational events, to advocate on behalf of the industry, REIAs range from small, informal groups to more organized and larger groups with hundreds or even thousands of members. Real estate investing Some real estate investment organizations, such as real estate investment trusts (REITs) and some pension funds and hedge funds, have large enough capital reserves and investment strategies to allow 100% equity in the properties that they purchase. This minimizes the risk which comes from leverage but also limits potential ROI. Australian real estate investment trust As of July 2012 the Australian public real estate sector consists of a total market capitalization of almost €72 billion, accounting for 9.36% of the global real estate investment trust (REIT) market capitalization. Real estate investing During the 1980s, real estate investment funds became increasingly involved in international real estate developed. This shift led to real estate becoming a global asset class. Investing in real estate in foreign countries often requires specialized knowledge of the real estate market in that country. As international real estate investment became increasingly common in the early 21st century, the availability and quality of information regarding international real estate markets increased. Housers Many of Housers' properties are in Barcelona and Madrid, which have been described as key investment hubs. Barcelona, in particular, was a hotspot of real estate investment during 2016. Investors United (School of Real Estate Investing) Education on real estate investment has traditionally been fractured into courses on single topics (e.g. lease options, flipping etc.). By contrast, Investors United' curriculum of 12 courses represent what its president, Ian Parrish, calls the full anatomy of real estate investing. Because the various areas of real estate investment are interrelated, the school encourages students to become familiar with each of them. All of the school's courses and instructional materials are available online, so that each student can learn at their own pace. Fundrise On December 3, 2015, Fundrise launched the Fundrise Real Estate Investment Trust, the world's first online real estate investment trust or eREIT with an initial offering of $50 million pursuant to Regulation A+. Brahma (company) Gulbir Singh Madan is the founder and Chairman of the Brahma Group. Madan leads the firm's investment and real estate development activities. Prior to founding Brahma, Madan managed real estate investments and developments within the US real estate market, serving as the general partner of a series of real estate partnerships. Madan has over 25 years of experience in real estate investment and development PGIM PGIM Real Estate is the global real estate investment arm of PGIM, with professionals in 32 cities around the world. The firm has consistently been the largest manager of worldwide institutional assets according to Pensions & Investments, an industry publication.

Real estate investors depend on precise, accurate location intelligence for competitive insights about the markets and locations where they do business. Real estate investment teams use GIS to bring together location-specific data, mapping, and visualization technology. This enables them to provide the latest insights about real estate markets and their investments, now and in the future. Using thousands of global datasets, investors can quickly understand how their real estate investments are performing across town or around the world, quickly access precise local data about real estate assets, on any device, anywhere, anytime, including information on occupancy, building maintenance, property valuation, and more. Real estate companies and investors use GIS to research markets, identify new opportunities for growth and expansion, and manage their investments at the market and neighborhood levels. They can also use GIS to create professional digital and printed materials—such as 3D renderings and virtual walk-throughs—to help market investments across platforms. Real estate investors can use mobile data collection tools to gather property information directly from the field and analyze and share insights across their organizations in real time. Investors can leverage precise local knowledge about their assets across geographies. GIS maps and dashboards help investors see, in real-time, relevant data that can affect properties, and streamline investment management with access to all relevant data about every asset in any portfolio.

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What is the Masters?

Chris Masters (writer) Chris Masters was born in Grafton, New South Wales. He is the fourth son of Charles Masters and the journalist and author Olga Masters and the brother of rugby league coach and journalist Roy Masters, film maker Quentin Masters, radio broadcaster Ian Masters and media producers Sue Masters and Deb Masters. 3D Masters Duncan Osbourn is the only 3D Masters competitor to have won in each of the Sportsman, Expert and Masters Classes. M.C. Mini Masters The name M.C. Mini Masters is an homage to the PGA's Masters tournament in Augusta, Georgia. While the winners of the PGA's Masters win the Green Jacket, the winners of the M.C. Mini Masters receive the Ugly Jacket. NSW TBA Masters (Tenpin Bowling) Where there are low numbers in qualifications for any finals in any divisions, the highest qualifying scorer automatically becomes the NSW State Masters champion of that division. Masters Champions from each year are then given automatic qualification and free entry into the Australian Masters Tournament. Masters swimming As in senior swimming, there are world records for masters swimming, but they can only be set in a sanctioned masters meet. Official list of Masters swimming records are available at the FINA website masters section. 2009 Masters Tournament This was the final Masters appearance for three-time champion Gary Player, and one-time champions Raymond Floyd and Fuzzy Zoeller. Amjad Zia In 2012 he was selected to represent the USA Masters over 45's team in the FIH inaugural Masters World Cup in Canterbury, England, and earned his first Masters cap against Australia. Later represented USA Masters over 50's in European Open in Northern Ireland (2013), 2nd FIH Masters World Cup in Rotterdam, the Netherlands (2014) and 3rd FIH Masters World cup in Canberra, Australia (2016). PSA Masters 2011 The Punj Lloyd PSA Masters 2011 is the men's edition of the 2012 PSA Masters, which is a PSA World Series event Platinum (Prize money: $165,000). The event took place in New Delhi in India from 12 December to 18 December. James Willstrop won his first PSA Masters trophy, beating Grégory Gaultier in the final. Masters' Cricket Carnival Ispahani Chittagong Masters: Azhar Hossain, (mentor), Akram Khan (cricketer) (captain), Minhajul Abedin, Enamul Haque Moni, Tareq Aziz Khan, Aftab Ahmed, Touhidul Hossain Shamol, Humayun Kabir, Anwar Hossain Monir, Jubair Ishtiak Ahmed, Fazle Rabbi Khan Rubel, Nurul Abedin Nobel, Afzal Khan, Fazle Hasan Khan and Mir Akter Uddin Ahmed. Masters (darts) The Masters (also known as the Ladbrokes Masters for sponsorship purposes) is a non-ranking PDC darts tournament which features the top 24 darts players according to the PDC Order of Merit as of 2021.

The Masters Tournament is a golf tournament held annually in the first week of April at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia. The Masters is one of four Major golf tournaments and the only one to be played at the same course every year. The course is renowned for its iconic holes, impeccable groundskeeping, and colorful flowers that are typically in bloom. The winner earns a coveted Green Jacket and a lifetime invitation back to compete. Many players and fans consider The Masters to be their favorite tournament given these traditions and the historical moments that have occurred in past tournaments.

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