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Flight (Grey's Anatomy)

Flight ( Grey 's Anatomy ) - wikipedia Flight ( Grey 's Anatomy ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Flight '' Grey 's Anatomy episode Shepherd 's mangled hand , following an aviation accident . Episode no . Season 8 Episode 24 Directed by Rob Corn Written by Shonda Rhimes Featured music `` Featherstone '' `` Graveyard '' Original air date May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) Running time 43 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren James LeGros as Jerry Episode chronology ← Previous `` Migration '' Next → `` Going , Going , Gone '' Grey 's Anatomy ( season 8 ) List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes `` Flight '' is the twenty - fourth and final episode of the eighth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , and the show 's 172nd episode overall . It was written by series creator Shonda Rhimes , and directed by Rob Corn . The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on May 17 , 2012 . In the episode , six doctors from Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital who are victims of an aviation accident fight to stay alive , but Dr. Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) ultimately dies . Other storylines occur in Seattle where Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) plans his annual dinner for the departing residents , Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) fires Dr. Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , and Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) gets engaged . The episode marked Leigh 's and Raver 's final appearance to the series . Exterior filming of the accident took place at Big Bear Lake , California . Jason George reprised his role as a guest star , whereas James LeGros made his first appearance . The episode opened to mixed reviews from television critics , with some criticizing the death of Lexie , but praising Leigh 's performance , in addition to Ellen Pompeo ( Dr. Meredith Grey ) 's and Eric Dane ( Dr. Mark Sloan ) 's . `` Flight '' earned Rhimes an NAACP Image Award nomination and it was also nominated under several categories of Entertainment Weekly 's finale awards . Upon its initial airing , the episode was viewed in the United States by 11.44 million people , garnered a 4.1 / 11 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic , ranking fourth for the night in terms of viewership , and registering as Thursday 's highest - rated drama . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) After their plane crashes in the woods , Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Dr. Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , Dr. Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Dr. Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , Dr. Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , and Dr. Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) desperately fight to stay alive . Meredith is relatively unscathed , while the rest have serious injuries : the pilot , Jerry ( James LeGros ) , has a major spine injury , and Yang dislocates her arm . Robbins ' femur is broken and sticking through the skin , Sloan has serious internal injuries ; though initially adrenaline keeps him on his feet . Shepherd is sucked out the side of the plane and awakens alone in the wood ; his mangled hand having been pushed through the door of the plane . However , none are in as bad shape as Lexie , who is crushed under a piece of the plane . While Meredith searches for Shepherd , Yang and Sloan try to move the debris off Lexie . Eventually , the two realize that they can not save her , so Sloan holds her hand while she dies , telling her that he loves her . As Sloan tells her of the life the two were meant to have together , Lexie dies with a smile on her face just as Meredith and Yang are approaching . Lexie 's death devastates Meredith , who is still desperately trying to find her husband . Eventually , she and Shepherd reunite and they fix his hand as best as they can . Meanwhile , back at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital , no one is aware of what has happened to the other doctors . Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) prepares the annual dinner for the departing residents , which Dr. Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) , Dr. Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) , and Dr. April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) are dreading . Avery makes the choice to take a job offer at Tulane Medical Center , and he and Kepner share a moment . Dr. Ben Warren ( Jason George ) and Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) decide to get married , even though Warren is going to start his surgical internship in Los Angeles . After realizing Dr. Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) was offered a chief position at United States Army Medical Command ( MEDCOM ) and is refusing to leave Seattle out of loyalty , Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) , the chief of surgery , fires her to free her from the hospital where her husband died . As the episode ends , Hunt picks up his messages to discover the surgical team never made it to Boise . The residents , finally excited to celebrate at Webber 's dinner , are left waiting for their stranded friends . The remaining crash survivors are left struggling to stay awake as their last match goes out . In the closing monologue , Meredith repeats the opening to the speech that Webber gave in the pilot episode of the series . Production ( edit ) `` It was so hard . It was physically and emotionally challenging because you 're constantly at extremely high stakes . The physicality for Cristina , she had to do a lot of things with one arm , and I had to do a lot of things with one shoe . You 're running around the mountain with one shoe and one arm basically and doing things that way . And it 's like we 've had this cushy time on stages and in the hospital . But being out in the open on the side of a mountain was exhilarating ; you can not beat location work . I 've done very little greenscreen work , but it 's just a pooper . I do n't care how much you blow that fan on my face , there 's not a helicopter coming at me . It 's really hard to manufacture the clear reality of what that is , but when you are on a mountain and you are freezing , you 're freezing . '' -- Oh 's impressions on shooting in the mountains The episode was written by Shonda Rhimes , and directed by Rob Corn . Featured music included The Paper Kites ' `` Featherstone '' and Feist 's ' Graveyard `` . Filming took place in Big Bear Lake , California , a location previously used in the seventh season for Yang and Shepherd 's fishing trip . Commenting on the filming conditions , Leigh said : `` It would rain and be sunny and hot . I never died before ( on camera ) . That sounds funny saying that . I think everyone has an emotional wellspring and that happened to be a moment where I was sprung . Everybody was very accommodating -- the crew , cast . And I opted to stay underneath ( the wreckage ) for the most part over two days rather than trying to get in and out . '' In regard to the episode , Rhimes commented before it originally aired that it was difficult to write , largely because of the death of a main character . She compared it to writing the season six finale , by explaining that the former was `` more painful '' to write . After the episode aired , Rhimes repeated in a tweet that it was hard for her to write the finale , adding : `` I did not enjoy it . It made me sick and it made me sad . '' Rhimes also explained the departure of Leigh , whose character died after the plane crash , by saying that the two came to an agreement on the decision to kill Lexie , after extensive discussion . Speaking of Raver 's departure whose character left Seattle Grace for MEDCOM , Rhimes elaborated that Raver was offered a contract renewal , but declined . Reception ( edit ) Chyler Leigh 's performance was deemed `` phenomenal '' . The episode received mixed reviews among television critics , and it outperformed the previous episode in terms of both viewership and ratings . `` Flight '' was originally broadcast on May 17 , 2012 in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) . The episode was watched in the United States by a total of 11.44 million people , a 16.5 % ( 1.62 million ) increase from the previous episode `` Migration '' , which garnered 9.82 million viewers . In terms of viewership , `` Flight '' ranked fourth for the night , behind the season finales of Fox 's American Idol , and CBS 's Person of Interest and The Mentalist . In terms of Grey 's Anatomy 's other season finales , the episode was the show 's second least - viewed finale , just behind the seventh season 's , which garnered 9.89 million viewers . The episode did not rank in the top three for viewership , but its 4.1 / 11 Nielsen rating ranked first in its 9 : 00 Eastern time - slot and second for the night , registering the show as Thursday 's No. 1 drama , for both the rating and share percentages of the key 18 -- 49 demographic . Its rating lost to American Idol , but beat out CBS 's The Big Bang Theory , Person of Interest , and The Mentalist . In addition to its rating being in the top rankings for the night , it was an increase from the previous episode , which netted a 3.5 / 10 rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . The episode also showed an increase in ratings in comparison to the previous year 's finale , which attained a 3.6 / 9 rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . Poptimal 's Tanya Lane wrote , `` Wow ... just wow . Grey 's Anatomy has once again managed to shock with its season finale . '' While she appreciated the `` realism and authenticity that Grey 's is known for '' , she found the episode was `` almost too much '' as it was `` extremely gory and difficult to watch , initially because of the grisly wounds '' but later because of the `` heavy and emotional things that transpired '' . She thought Pompeo gave one of her best performances when her character learned that her sister was dead . Digital Spy 's Ben Lee found Leigh 's and Dane 's performances `` phenomenal '' and added that he had probably never seen a better performance from Dane . He described the moment the two actors shared as `` truly poignant '' . To him , Lexie 's death felt like a finale , which was thus too early . As for what was happening in Seattle Grace , he thought it was `` a bit pointless '' and `` uninteresting '' except Altman 's departure , which he deemed `` the most significant moment at the hospital '' . Entertainment Weekly 's Tanner Stransky commented of Lexie 's death : `` It was an intense death . I mean , how awful was it to watch one of Grey 's longest - running characters pass away so quickly -- and rather unceremoniously ? I get that Ms. Rhimes had to do what she had to do -- and every show needs to be shaken up once in a while -- but I do n't love that Lexie was the one to die . Could it have been someone less important somehow ? I guess it would have been too obvious to do Kepner . And you probably just do n't kill off a hottie like Mark Sloan , right ? '' Stransky also complained about Robbins ' screams at the beginning of the episode , but enjoyed Bailey 's story . In an Entertainment Weekly poll that judged all the television season finales of the year , Lexie 's death was voted the `` Top Tissue Moment '' , while Robbins ' injured leg and Shepherd 's mangled hand were voted the `` Most Disturbing Image '' . The ending of the episode was also considered as the `` Best Ending to an Otherwise So - So Season '' . Lexie 's death was also nominated under the `` Best ( Presumed ) Death '' category , while the plane crash 's aftermath was nominated as the `` Best Non-romantic Cliffhanger '' , and the episode in entirety was nominated for the special award for `` Biggest Regret That I Did n't See It , I Just Heard or Read About It '' . Entertainment Weekly later named the scene where Meredith is crying one of the best crying scenes of 2012 . In TVLine 's review of 2012 , Lexie 's death was runner - up for `` Biggest Tearjerker '' . The episode is nominated at the NAACP Image Awards under the Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series category for Rhimes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Emmys 2012 : ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Sandra Oh on Cristina 's Emotional Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Flight '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ `` Season 8 , Episode : 24 `` Flight '' Music `` . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Spoiler Chat Daily : American Horror Story Season Two Scoop ! Plus , Grey 's , True Blood and More ! '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hilton , Perez ( June 24 , 2010 ) . `` Chyler Leigh Describes Filming Deets Behind Grey 's Anatomy Death ! '' . PerezHilton.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Shonda Rhimes on the Deadly Finale : ' We 're Literally Saying Goodbye to People ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Ben ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' creator Shonda Rhimes : ' Finale made me sick and sad ' '' . Digital Spy . Nat Mags . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Dow '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' The Office , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lane , Tanya ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season Finale Review : Tears and Gore Galore '' . Poptimal . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' recap : Major death in season finale ' Flight ' '' . Digital Spy . Nat Mags . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' season finale recap : A Grey Goes Down '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Chyler Leigh , ... TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 9 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Ellen Pompeo TV Season Finales TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 12 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Ellen Pompeo , ... TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 16 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Best ( Presumed ) Death '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Best Non-romantic Cliffhanger '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Biggest Regret That I Did n't See It , I Just Heard or Read About It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 : The crying game '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TVLine 's 2012 in Review , Part 2 : Best Cliffhanger , Worst New Character and 38 More Categories '' . TVLine . PMC . December 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 44th NAACP Image Awards - Nominations '' ( PDF ) . Naacpimageawards.net . December 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) `` Flight '' at ABC.com `` Flight '' on IMDb `` Flight '' at TV.com ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flight_(Grey%27s_Anatomy)&oldid=800008425 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2012 American television episodes Hidden categories : Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 03 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when did the plane crash happen in greys anatomy

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24th Screen Actors Guild Awards

24th Screen Actors Guild Awards - wikipedia 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards Jump to : navigation , search 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards Awarded for Outstanding motion picture and primetime television performances Date January 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) Location Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles , California Country United States Presented by SAG - AFTRA Hosted by Kristen Bell First awarded 1995 Website www.sagawards.org Television / radio coverage Network TNT and TBS simultaneous broadcast ← 23rd Screen Actors Guild Award 25th → The 24th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards , honoring the best achievements in film and television performances for the year 2017 , were presented on January 21 , 2018 at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles , California . The ceremony was broadcast on both TNT and TBS 8 : 00 p.m. EST / 5 : 00 p.m. PST . On December 4 , 2017 , it was announced that the award ceremony would have its first host ever in its twenty - four year history with actress Kristen Bell presiding over the award show . The nominees were announced on December 13 , 2017 . Morgan Freeman was announced as the 2017 SAG Life Achievement Award recipient on August 22 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners and nominees 1.1 Film 1.2 Television 1.3 Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award 2 In Memoriam 3 Presenters 4 References 5 External links Winners and nominees ( edit ) Note : Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface . Gary Oldman , Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role winner Frances McDormand , Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role winner Sam Rockwell , Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role winner Allison Janney , Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role winner Alexander Skarsgård , Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie winner Nicole Kidman , Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie winner Sterling K. Brown , Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series winner William H. Macy , Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series winner Julia Louis - Dreyfus , Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series winner Film ( edit ) Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Gary Oldman -- Darkest Hour as Winston Churchill Timothée Chalamet -- Call Me by Your Name as Elio Perlman James Franco -- The Disaster Artist as Tommy Wiseau Daniel Kaluuya -- Get Out as Chris Washington Denzel Washington -- Roman J. Israel , Esq . as Roman J. Israel Frances McDormand -- Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri as Mildred Hayes Judi Dench -- Victoria & Abdul as Queen Victoria Sally Hawkins -- The Shape of Water as Elisa Esposito Margot Robbie -- I , Tonya as Tonya Harding Saoirse Ronan -- Lady Bird as Christine `` Lady Bird '' McPherson Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role Sam Rockwell -- Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri as Jason Dixon Steve Carell -- Battle of the Sexes as Bobby Riggs Willem Dafoe -- The Florida Project as Bobby Woody Harrelson -- Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri as Sheriff William `` Bill '' Willoughby Richard Jenkins -- The Shape of Water as Giles Allison Janney -- I , Tonya as LaVona Golden Mary J. Blige -- Mudbound as Florence Jackson Hong Chau -- Downsizing as Ngoc Lan Tran Holly Hunter -- The Big Sick as Beth Gardner Laurie Metcalf -- Lady Bird as Marion McPherson Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri -- Abbie Cornish , Peter Dinklage , Woody Harrelson , John Hawkes , Lucas Hedges , Željko Ivanek , Caleb Landry Jones , Frances McDormand , Clarke Peters , Sam Rockwell and Samara Weaving The Big Sick -- Adeel Akhtar , Holly Hunter , Zoe Kazan , Anupam Kher , Kumail Nanjiani , Ray Romano and Zenobia Shroff Get Out -- Caleb Landry Jones , Daniel Kaluuya , Catherine Keener , Stephen Root , Lakeith Stanfield , Bradley Whitford and Allison Williams Lady Bird -- Timothée Chalamet , Beanie Feldstein , Lucas Hedges , Tracy Letts , Stephen McKinley Henderson , Laurie Metcalf , Jordan Rodrigues , Saoirse Ronan , Odeya Rush , Marielle Scott and Lois Smith Mudbound -- Jonathan Banks , Mary J. Blige , Jason Clarke , Garrett Hedlund , Jason Mitchell , Rob Morgan and Carey Mulligan Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture Wonder Woman Baby Driver Dunkirk Logan War for the Planet of the Apes Television ( edit ) Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Alexander Skarsgård -- Big Little Lies as Perry Wright Benedict Cumberbatch -- Sherlock : The Lying Detective as Sherlock Holmes Jeff Daniels -- Godless as Frank Griffin Robert De Niro -- The Wizard of Lies as Bernard Madoff Geoffrey Rush -- Genius as Albert Einstein Nicole Kidman -- Big Little Lies as Celeste Wright Laura Dern -- Big Little Lies as Renata Klein Jessica Lange -- Feud : Bette and Joan as Joan Crawford Susan Sarandon -- Feud : Bette and Joan as Bette Davis Reese Witherspoon -- Big Little Lies as Madeline MacKenzie Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown -- This Is Us as Randall Pearson Jason Bateman -- Ozark as Martin `` Marty '' Byrde Peter Dinklage -- Game of Thrones as Tyrion Lannister David Harbour -- Stranger Things as Jim Hopper Bob Odenkirk -- Better Call Saul as Jimmy McGill / Saul Goodman Claire Foy -- The Crown as Elizabeth II Millie Bobby Brown -- Stranger Things as Eleven Laura Linney -- Ozark as Wendy Byrde Elisabeth Moss -- The Handmaid 's Tale as June Osborne / Offred Robin Wright -- House of Cards as Claire Underwood Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series William H. Macy -- Shameless as Frank Gallagher Anthony Anderson -- Black - ish as Andre `` Dre '' Johnson Aziz Ansari -- Master of None as Dev Shah Larry David -- Curb Your Enthusiasm as Himself Sean Hayes -- Will & Grace as Jack McFarland Marc Maron -- GLOW as Sam Sylvia Julia Louis - Dreyfus -- Veep as Selina Meyer Uzo Aduba -- Orange Is the New Black as Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren Alison Brie -- GLOW as Ruth `` Zoya the Destroya '' Wilder Jane Fonda -- Grace and Frankie as Grace Hanson Lily Tomlin -- Grace and Frankie as Frankie Bergstein Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series This Is Us -- Eris Baker , Alexandra Breckenridge , Sterling K. Brown , Lonnie Chavis , Justin Hartley , Faithe Herman , Ron Cephas Jones , Chrissy Metz , Mandy Moore , Chris Sullivan , Milo Ventimiglia , Susan Kelechi Watson and Hannah Zeile The Crown -- Claire Foy , Victoria Hamilton , Vanessa Kirby , Anton Lesser and Matt Smith Game of Thrones -- Alfie Allen , Jacob Anderson , Pilou Asbæk , Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson , John Bradley West , Jim Broadbent , Gwendoline Christie , Emilia Clarke , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Liam Cunningham , Peter Dinklage , Richard Dormer , Nathalie Emmanuel , James Faulkner , Jerome Flynn , Aidan Gillen , Iain Glen , Kit Harington , Lena Headey , Isaac Hempstead Wright , Conleth Hill , Kristofer Hivju , Tom Hopper , Anton Lesser , Rory McCann , Staz Nair , Richard Rycroft , Sophie Turner , Rupert Vansittart and Maisie Williams The Handmaid 's Tale -- Madeline Brewer , Amanda Brugel , Ann Dowd , O.T. Fagbenle , Joseph Fiennes , Tattiawna Jones , Max Minghella , Elisabeth Moss , Yvonne Strahovski and Samira Wiley Stranger Things -- Sean Astin , Millie Bobby Brown , Cara Buono , Joe Chrest , Catherine Curtin , Natalia Dyer , David Harbour , Charlie Heaton , Joe Keery , Gaten Matarazzo , Caleb McLaughlin , Dacre Montgomery , Paul Reiser , Winona Ryder , Noah Schnapp , Sadie Sink and Finn Wolfhard Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Veep -- Dan Bakkedahl , Anna Chlumsky , Gary Cole , Margaret Colin , Kevin Dunn , Clea Duvall , Nelson Franklin , Tony Hale , Julia Louis - Dreyfus , Sam Richardson , Paul Scheer , Reid Scott , Timothy Simons , Sarah Sutherland and Matt Walsh Black - ish -- Anthony Anderson , Miles Brown , Deon Cole , Laurence Fishburne , Jenifer Lewis , Peter Mackenzie , Marsai Martin , Jeff Meacham , Tracee Ellis Ross , Marcus Scribner and Yara Shahidi Curb Your Enthusiasm -- Ted Danson , Larry David , Susie Essman , Jeff Garlin , Cheryl Hines and J.B. Smoove GLOW -- Britt Baron , Alison Brie , Kimmy Gatewood , Betty Gilpin , Rebekka Johnson , Chris Lowell , Sunita Mani , Marc Maron , Kate Nash , Sydelle Noel , Marianna Palka , Gayle Rankin , Bashir Salahuddin , Rich Sommer , Kia Stevens , Jackie Tohn , Ellen Wong and Britney Young Orange Is the New Black -- Uzo Aduba , Emily Althaus , Danielle Brooks , Rosal Colon , Jackie Cruz , Francesca Curran , Daniella De Jesus , Lea DeLaria , Nick Dillenburg , Asia Kate Dillon , Beth Dover , Kimiko Glenn , Annie Golden , Laura Gómez , Diane Guerrero , Evan Arthur Hall , Michael J. Harney , Brad William Henke , Mike Houston , Vicky Jeudy , Kelly Karbacz , Julie Lake , Selenis Leyva , Natasha Lyonne , Taryn Manning , Adrienne C. Moore , Miriam Morales , Kate Mulgrew , Emma Myles , John Palladino , Matt Peters , Jessica Pimentel , Dascha Polanco , Laura Prepon , Jolene Purdy , Elizabeth Rodriguez , Nick Sandow , Abigail Savage , Taylor Schilling , Constance Shulman , Dale Soules , Yael Stone , Emily Tarver , Michael Torpey and Lin Tucci Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series Game of Thrones GLOW Homeland Stranger Things The Walking Dead Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award ( edit ) Morgan Freeman In Memoriam ( edit ) Source : The segment honors the following who died in 2017 . Miguel Ferrer John Hurt Bill Paxton Jeanne Moreau Robert Guillaume Powers Boothe Adam West Martin Landau John Heard Glen Campbell Jerry Lewis John Hillerman Mike Hodge Harry Dean Stanton Richard Anderson Sam Shepard Bernie Casey Shelley Berman Ann Wedgeworth Rose Marie Glenne Headly Jay Thomas Charlie Murphy Nelsan Ellis Dina Merrill Joseph Bologna Roger Moore Loren Janes Dick Gregory June Foray Jerry Van Dyke Miriam Colon Elena Verdugo Paula Dell John Bernecker Della Reese David Cassidy Jim Nabors Erin Moran Don Rickles Presenters ( edit ) Source : Halle Berry Dakota Fanning Lupita Nyong'o Emma Stone Kelly Marie Tran Mary J. Blige Jason Clarke Woody Harrelson Holly Hunter Daniel Kaluuya Zoe Kazan Frances McDormand Laurie Metcalf Kumail Nanjiani Sam Rockwell Ray Romano Saoirse Ronan Allison Williams Rosanna Arquette Gabrielle Carteris Mandy Moore Olivia Munn Niecy Nash Gina Rodriguez Maya Rudolph Marisa Tomei Connie Britton Geena Davis Goldie Hawn Kate Hudson Brie Larson Laura Linney Leslie Mann Megan Mullally Sarah Silverman Rita Moreno Molly Shannon References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards Winners : Complete List '' . Variety . January 21 , 2018 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Film and Television Performances Honored at the 24th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild of America . January 21 , 2018 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 24th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards ® Ceremony Will Be January 21 , 2018 TNT and TBS Will Live Simulcast the Sunday Event '' . sagawards.org . March 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( 4 December 2017 ) . `` SAG Awards Sets Kristen Bell As First - Ever Host For Actors ' Trophy Show '' . Deadline . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations Announced for the 24th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' ( PDF ) . Screen Actors Guild Awards . 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( 13 December 2017 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 22 August 2017 ) . `` Morgan Freeman to Receive SAG Life Achievement Award '' . Variety . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Screen Actors Guild Awards 2018 : ' Three Billboards ' wins three honors , including best cast '' . USA Today . 21 January 2018 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Three Billboards triumphs at Screen Actors Guild awards '' . BBC News . 22 January 2018 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Carr , Mary Kate ; Li , Shirley ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` SAG Awards 2018 : In Memoriam honors Bill Paxton , Sam Shepard , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Halle Berry , Dakota Fanning , Lupita Nyong'o , Emma Stone and Kelly Marie Tran To Present at the 24th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . 11 January 2018 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominated Cast Members Will Introduce Film Clips Showcasing Nominated Performances '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . 12 January 2018 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rosanna Arquette , SAG - AFTRA President Gabrielle Carteris , Mandy Moore , Olivia Munn , Niecy Nash , Gina Rodriguez , Maya Rudolph and Marisa Tomei To Present at the 24th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . 17 January 2018 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Screen Actors Guild ( SAG ) Awards Lifetime Achievement Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award Film Cast Male Actor Female Actor Supporting Male Actor Supporting Female Actor Stunt Ensemble Television Cast -- Drama Series Male Actor -- Drama Series Female Actor -- Drama Series Cast -- Comedy Series Male Actor -- Comedy Series Female Actor -- Comedy Series Male Actor -- Miniseries or Television Film Female Actor -- Miniseries or Television Film Stunt Ensemble Ceremonies 2017 ( years are of film release ; ceremonies are the next year ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=24th_Screen_Actors_Guild_Awards&oldid=833584268 '' Categories : 2017 film awards 2017 in American cinema 2017 in American television 2017 television awards 2018 in Los Angeles Screen Actors Guild Awards January 2018 events in the United States Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 13 : 14 . 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Red blood cell

Red blood cell - wikipedia Red blood cell Red blood cell Scanning electron micrograph of human red blood cells ( ca . 6 -- 8 μm in diameter ) Details Function Oxygen transport Identifiers Acronym ( s ) RBC MeSH D004912 Anatomical terms of microanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) Red blood cells -- also known as RBCs , red cells , red blood corpuscles , haematids , erythroid cells or erythrocytes ( from Greek erythros for `` red '' and kytos for `` hollow vessel '' , with - cyte translated as `` cell '' in modern usage ) , are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate 's principal means of delivering oxygen ( O ) to the body tissues -- via blood flow through the circulatory system . RBCs take up oxygen in the lungs , or gills of fish , and release it into tissues while squeezing through the body 's capillaries . The cytoplasm of erythrocytes is rich in hemoglobin , an iron - containing biomolecule that can bind oxygen and is responsible for the red color of the cells . The cell membrane is composed of proteins and lipids , and this structure provides properties essential for physiological cell function such as deformability and stability while traversing the circulatory system and specifically the capillary network . In humans , mature red blood cells are flexible and oval biconcave disks . They lack a cell nucleus and most organelles , in order to accommodate maximum space for hemoglobin ; they can be viewed as sacks of hemoglobin , with a plasma membrane as the sack . Approximately 2.4 million new erythrocytes are produced per second in human adults . The cells develop in the bone marrow and circulate for about 100 -- 120 days in the body before their components are recycled by macrophages . Each circulation takes about 60 seconds ( one minute ) . Approximately a quarter of the cells in the human body are red blood cells . Nearly half of the blood 's volume ( 40 % to 45 % ) is red blood cells . Packed red blood cells ( pRBC ) are red blood cells that have been donated , processed , and stored in a blood bank for blood transfusion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Vertebrates 1.2 Mammals 1.3 Human 2 Microstructure 2.1 Nucleus 2.2 Membrane composition 2.2. 1 Membrane lipids 2.2. 2 Membrane proteins 2.3 Surface electrostatic potential 3 Function 3.1 Secondary functions 3.2 Cellular processes 4 Life cycle 4.1 Creation 4.2 Functional lifetime 4.3 Senescence 5 Clinical significance 5.1 Disease 5.2 Transfusion 5.3 Tests 5.4 Separation and blood doping 6 History 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure Vertebrates There is an immense size variation in vertebrate red blood cells , as well as a correlation between cell and nucleus size . Mammalian red blood cells , which do not contain nuclei , are considerably smaller than those of most other vertebrates . Mature red blood cells of birds have a nucleus , however in the blood of adult females of penguin Pygoscelis papua enucleated red blood cells ( B ) have been observed , but with very low frequency . Almost all vertebrates , including all mammals and humans , have red blood cells . Red blood cells are cells present in blood in order to transport oxygen . The only known vertebrates without red blood cells are the crocodile icefish ( family Channichthyidae ) ; they live in very oxygen - rich cold water and transport oxygen freely dissolved in their blood . While they no longer use hemoglobin , remnants of hemoglobin genes can be found in their genome . Vertebrate red blood cells consist mainly of hemoglobin , a complex metalloprotein containing heme groups whose iron atoms temporarily bind to oxygen molecules ( O ) in the lungs or gills and release them throughout the body . Oxygen can easily diffuse through the red blood cell 's cell membrane . Hemoglobin in the red blood cells also carries some of the waste product carbon dioxide back from the tissues ; most waste carbon dioxide , however , is transported back to the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs as bicarbonate ( HCO ) dissolved in the blood plasma . Myoglobin , a compound related to hemoglobin , acts to store oxygen in muscle cells . The color of red blood cells is due to the heme group of hemoglobin . The blood plasma alone is straw - colored , but the red blood cells change color depending on the state of the hemoglobin : when combined with oxygen the resulting oxyhemoglobin is scarlet , and when oxygen has been released the resulting deoxyhemoglobin is of a dark red burgundy color . However , blood can appear bluish when seen through the vessel wall and skin . Pulse oximetry takes advantage of the hemoglobin color change to directly measure the arterial blood oxygen saturation using colorimetric techniques . Hemoglobin also has a very high affinity for carbon monoxide , forming carboxyhemoglobin which is a very bright red in color . Flushed , confused patients with a saturation reading of 100 % on pulse oximetry are sometimes found to be suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning . Having oxygen - carrying proteins inside specialized cells ( as opposed to oxygen carriers being dissolved in body fluid ) was an important step in the evolution of vertebrates as it allows for less viscous blood , higher concentrations of oxygen , and better diffusion of oxygen from the blood to the tissues . The size of red blood cells varies widely among vertebrate species ; red blood cell width is on average about 25 % larger than capillary diameter , and it has been hypothesized that this improves the oxygen transfer from red blood cells to tissues . Mammals Typical mammalian red blood cells : ( a ) seen from surface ; ( b ) in profile , forming rouleaux ; ( c ) rendered spherical by water ; ( d ) rendered crenate ( shrunken and spiky ) by salt . ( c ) and ( d ) do not normally occur in the body . The last two shapes are due to water being transported into , and out of , the cells , by osmosis . The red blood cells of mammal s are typically shaped as biconcave disks : flattened and depressed in the center , with a dumbbell - shaped cross section , and a torus - shaped rim on the edge of the disk . This distinctive biconcave shape optimises the flow properties of blood in the large vessels , such as maximization of laminar flow and minimization of platelet scatter , which suppresses their atherogenic activity in those large vessels . Moreover , this shape allows for a high surface - area - to - volume ( SA / V ) ratio to facilitate diffusion of gases . However , there are some exceptions concerning shape in the artiodactyl order ( even - toed ungulates including cattle , deer , and their relatives ) , which displays a wide variety of bizarre red blood cell morphologies : small and highly ovaloid cells in llamas and camels ( family Camelidae ) , tiny spherical cells in mouse deer ( family Tragulidae ) , and cells which assume fusiform , lanceolate , crescentic , and irregularly polygonal and other angular forms in red deer and wapiti ( family Cervidae ) . Members of this order have clearly evolved a mode of red blood cell development substantially different from the mammalian norm . Overall , mammalian red blood cells are remarkably flexible and deformable so as to squeeze through tiny capillaries , as well as to maximize their apposing surface by assuming a cigar shape , where they efficiently release their oxygen load . Red blood cells in mammals are unique amongst vertebrates as they do not have nuclei when mature . Red blood cells of mammals cells have nuclei during early phases of erythropoiesis , but extrude them during development as they mature in order to provide more space for hemoglobin . The red blood cells without nuclei , called reticulocytes , go on to lose all other cellular organelles such as their mitochondria , Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum . The spleen acts as a reservoir of red blood cells , but this effect is somewhat limited in humans . In some other mammals such as dogs and horses , the spleen sequesters large numbers of red blood cells which are dumped into the blood during times of exertion stress , yielding a higher oxygen transport capacity . Scanning electron micrograph of blood cells . From left to right : human red blood cell , thrombocyte ( platelet ) , leukocyte . Human Two drops of blood are shown with a bright red oxygenated drop on the left and a deoxygenated drop on the right . Animation of a typical human red blood cell cycle in the circulatory system . This animation occurs at a faster rate ( ~ 20 seconds of the average 60 - second cycle ) and shows the red blood cell deforming as it enters capillaries , as well as the bars changing color as the cell alternates in states of oxygenation along the circulatory system . A typical human red blood cell has a disk diameter of approximately 6.2 -- 8.2 μm and a thickness at the thickest point of 2 -- 2.5 μm and a minimum thickness in the centre of 0.8 -- 1 μm , being much smaller than most other human cells . These cells have an average volume of about 90 fL with a surface of about 136 μm , and can swell up to a sphere shape containing 150 fL , without membrane distension . Adult humans have roughly 20 -- 30 trillion red blood cells at any given time , constituting approximately 70 % of all cells by number . Women have about 4 -- 5 million red blood cells per microliter ( cubic millimeter ) of blood and men about 5 -- 6 million ; people living at high altitudes with low oxygen tension will have more . Red blood cells are thus much more common than the other blood particles : there are about 4,000 -- 11,000 white blood cells and about 150,000 -- 400,000 platelets per microliter . Human red blood cells take on average 60 seconds to complete one cycle of circulation . The blood 's red color is due to the spectral properties of the hemic iron ions in hemoglobin . Each human red blood cell contains approximately 270 million of these hemoglobin molecules . Each hemoglobin molecule carries four heme groups ; hemoglobin constitutes about a third of the total cell volume . Hemoglobin is responsible for the transport of more than 98 % of the oxygen in the body ( the remaining oxygen is carried dissolved in the blood plasma ) . The red blood cells of an average adult human male store collectively about 2.5 grams of iron , representing about 65 % of the total iron contained in the body . Microstructure Nucleus Red blood cells in mammals anucleate when mature , meaning that they lack a cell nucleus . In comparison , the red blood cells of other vertebrates have nuclei ; the only known exceptions are salamanders of the genus Batrachoseps and fish of the genus Maurolicus . The elimination of the nucleus in vertebrate red blood cells has been offered as an explanation for the subsequent accumulation of non-coding DNA in the genome . The argument runs as follows : Efficient gas transport requires red blood cells to pass through very narrow capillaries , and this constrains their size . In the absence of nuclear elimination , the accumulation of repeat sequences is constrained by the volume occupied by the nucleus , which increases with genome size . Nucleated red blood cells in mammals consist of two forms : normoblasts , which are normal erythropoietic precursors to mature red blood cells , and megaloblasts , which are abnormally large precursors that occur in megaloblastic anemias . Membrane composition Red blood cells are deformable , flexible , are able to adhere to other cells , and are able to interface with immune cells . Their membrane plays many roles in this . These functions are highly dependent on the membrane composition . The red blood cell membrane is composed of 3 layers : the glycocalyx on the exterior , which is rich in carbohydrates ; the lipid bilayer which contains many transmembrane proteins , besides its lipidic main constituents ; and the membrane skeleton , a structural network of proteins located on the inner surface of the lipid bilayer . Half of the membrane mass in human and most mammalian red blood cells are proteins . The other half are lipids , namely phospholipids and cholesterol . Membrane lipids The most common red blood cell cell membrane lipids , schematically disposed as they are distributed on the bilayer . Relative abundances are not at scale . The red blood cell cell membrane comprises a typical lipid bilayer , similar to what can be found in virtually all human cells . Simply put , this lipid bilayer is composed of cholesterol and phospholipids in equal proportions by weight . The lipid composition is important as it defines many physical properties such as membrane permeability and fluidity . Additionally , the activity of many membrane proteins is regulated by interactions with lipids in the bilayer . Unlike cholesterol , which is evenly distributed between the inner and outer leaflets , the 5 major phospholipids are asymmetrically disposed , as shown below : Outer monolayer Phosphatidylcholine ( PC ) ; Sphingomyelin ( SM ) . Inner monolayer Phosphatidylethanolamine ( PE ) ; Phosphoinositol ( PI ) ( small amounts ) . Phosphatidylserine ( PS ) ; This asymmetric phospholipid distribution among the bilayer is the result of the function of several energy - dependent and energy - independent phospholipid transport proteins . Proteins called `` Flippases '' move phospholipids from the outer to the inner monolayer , while others called `` floppases '' do the opposite operation , against a concentration gradient in an energy dependent manner . Additionally , there are also `` scramblase '' proteins that move phospholipids in both directions at the same time , down their concentration gradients in an energy independent manner . There is still considerable debate ongoing regarding the identity of these membrane maintenance proteins in the red cell membrane . The maintenance of an asymmetric phospholipid distribution in the bilayer ( such as an exclusive localization of PS and PIs in the inner monolayer ) is critical for the cell integrity and function due to several reasons : Macrophages recognize and phagocytose red cells that expose PS at their outer surface . Thus the confinement of PS in the inner monolayer is essential if the cell is to survive its frequent encounters with macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system , especially in the spleen . Premature destruction of thallassemic and sickle red cells has been linked to disruptions of lipid asymmetry leading to exposure of PS on the outer monolayer . An exposure of PS can potentiate adhesion of red cells to vascular endothelial cells , effectively preventing normal transit through the microvasculature . Thus it is important that PS is maintained only in the inner leaflet of the bilayer to ensure normal blood flow in microcirculation . Both PS and phosphatidylinositol - 4 , 5 - bisphosphate ( PIP2 ) can regulate membrane mechanical function , due to their interactions with skeletal proteins such as spectrin and protein 4.1 R. Recent studies have shown that binding of spectrin to PS promotes membrane mechanical stability . PIP2 enhances the binding of protein band 4.1 R to glycophorin C but decreases its interaction with protein band 3 , and thereby may modulate the linkage of the bilayer to the membrane skeleton . The presence of specialized structures named `` lipid rafts '' in the red blood cell membrane have been described by recent studies . These are structures enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids associated with specific membrane proteins , namely flotillins , stomatins ( band 7 ) , G - proteins , and β - adrenergic receptors . Lipid rafts that have been implicated in cell signaling events in nonerythroid cells have been shown in erythroid cells to mediate β2 - adregenic receptor signaling and increase cAMP levels , and thus regulating entry of malarial parasites into normal red cells . Membrane proteins Red blood cell membrane proteins separated by SDS - PAGE and silverstained The proteins of the membrane skeleton are responsible for the deformability , flexibility and durability of the red blood cell , enabling it to squeeze through capillaries less than half the diameter of the red blood cell ( 7 -- 8 μm ) and recovering the discoid shape as soon as these cells stop receiving compressive forces , in a similar fashion to an object made of rubber . There are currently more than 50 known membrane proteins , which can exist in a few hundred up to a million copies per red blood cell . Approximately 25 of these membrane proteins carry the various blood group antigens , such as the A , B and Rh antigens , among many others . These membrane proteins can perform a wide diversity of functions , such as transporting ions and molecules across the red cell membrane , adhesion and interaction with other cells such as endothelial cells , as signaling receptors , as well as other currently unknown functions . The blood types of humans are due to variations in surface glycoproteins of red blood cells . Disorders of the proteins in these membranes are associated with many disorders , such as hereditary spherocytosis , hereditary elliptocytosis , hereditary stomatocytosis , and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria . The red blood cell membrane proteins organized according to their function : Red blood cell membrane major proteins Transport Band 3 -- Anion transporter , also an important structural component of the red blood cell cell membrane , makes up to 25 % of the cell membrane surface , each red cell contains approximately one million copies . Defines the Diego Blood Group ; Aquaporin 1 -- water transporter , defines the Colton Blood Group ; Glut1 -- glucose and L - dehydroascorbic acid transporter ; Kidd antigen protein -- urea transporter ; RhAG -- gas transporter , probably of carbon dioxide , defines Rh Blood Group and the associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh ; Na / K -- ATPase ; Ca -- ATPase ; Na K 2Cl -- cotransporter ; Na - Cl -- cotransporter ; Na - H exchanger ; K - Cl -- cotransporter ; Gardos Channel . Cell adhesion ICAM - 4 -- interacts with integrins ; BCAM -- a glycoprotein that defines the Lutheran blood group and also known as Lu or laminin - binding protein . Structural role -- The following membrane proteins establish linkages with skeletal proteins and may play an important role in regulating cohesion between the lipid bilayer and membrane skeleton , likely enabling the red cell to maintain its favorable membrane surface area by preventing the membrane from collapsing ( vesiculating ) . Ankyrin - based macromolecular complex -- proteins linking the bilayer to the membrane skeleton through the interaction of their cytoplasmic domains with Ankyrin . Band 3 -- also assembles various glycolytic enzymes , the presumptive CO transporter , and carbonic anhydrase into a macromolecular complex termed a `` metabolon , '' which may play a key role in regulating red cell metabolism and ion and gas transport function ) ; RhAG -- also involved in transport , defines associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh . Protein 4.1 R - based macromolecular complex -- proteins interacting with Protein 4.1 R . Protein 4.1 R -- weak expression of Gerbich antigens ; Glycophorin C and D -- glycoprotein , defines Gerbich Blood Group ; XK -- defines the Kell Blood Group and the Mcleod unusual phenotype ( lack of Kx antigen and greatly reduced expression of Kell antigens ) ; RhD / RhCE -- defines Rh Blood Group and the associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh ; Duffy protein -- has been proposed to be associated with chemokine clearance ; Adducin -- interaction with band 3 ; Dematin - interaction with the Glut1 glucose transporter . Surface electrostatic potential The zeta potential is an electrochemical property of cell surfaces that is determined by the net electrical charge of molecules exposed at the surface of cell membranes of the cell . The normal zeta potential of the red blood cell is − 15.7 milli volts ( mV ) . Much of this potential appears to be contributed by the exposed sialic acid residues in the membrane : their removal results in zeta potential of − 6.06 mV . Function Secondary functions When red blood cells undergo shear stress in constricted vessels , they release ATP , which causes the vessel walls to relax and dilate so as to promote normal blood flow . When their hemoglobin molecules are deoxygenated , red blood cells release S - nitrosothiols , which also act to dilate blood vessels , thus directing more blood to areas of the body depleted of oxygen . Red blood cells can also synthesize nitric oxide enzymatically , using L - arginine as substrate , as do endothelial cells . Exposure of red blood cells to physiological levels of shear stress activates nitric oxide synthase and export of nitric oxide , which may contribute to the regulation of vascular tonus . Red blood cells can also produce hydrogen sulfide , a signalling gas that acts to relax vessel walls . It is believed that the cardioprotective effects of garlic are due to red blood cells converting its sulfur compounds into hydrogen sulfide . Red blood cells also play a part in the body 's immune response : when lysed by pathogens such as bacteria , their hemoglobin releases free radicals , which break down the pathogen 's cell wall and membrane , killing it . Cellular processes As a result of not containing mitochondria , red blood cells use none of the oxygen they transport ; instead they produce the energy carrier ATP by the glycolysis of glucose and lactic acid fermentation on the resulting pyruvate . Furthermore , the pentose phosphate pathway plays an important role in red blood cells ; see glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency for more . As red blood cells contain no nucleus , protein biosynthesis is currently assumed to be absent in these cells . Because of the lack of nuclei and organelles , mature red blood cells do not contain DNA and can not synthesize any RNA , and consequently can not divide and have limited repair capabilities . The inability to carry out protein synthesis means that no virus can evolve to target mammalian red blood cells . However , infection with parvoviruses ( such as human parvovirus B19 ) can affect erythroid precursors , as recognized by the presence of giant pronormoblasts with viral particles and inclusion bodies , thus temporarily depleting the blood of reticulocytes and causing anemia . Life cycle Human red blood cells are produced through a process named erythropoiesis , developing from committed stem cells to mature red blood cells in about 7 days . When matured , in a healthy individual these cells live in blood circulation for about 100 to 120 days ( and 80 to 90 days in a full term infant ) . At the end of their lifespan , they are removed from circulation . In many chronic diseases , the lifespan of the red blood cells is reduced . Creation Erythropoiesis is the process by which new red blood cells are produced ; it lasts about 7 days . Through this process red blood cells are continuously produced in the red bone marrow of large bones . ( In the embryo , the liver is the main site of red blood cell production . ) The production can be stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin ( EPO ) , synthesised by the kidney . Just before and after leaving the bone marrow , the developing cells are known as reticulocytes ; these constitute about 1 % of circulating red blood cells . Functional lifetime The functional lifetime of an red blood cell is about 100 -- 120 days , during which time the red blood cells are continually moved by the blood flow push ( in arteries ) , pull ( in veins ) and a combination of the two as they squeeze through microvessels such as capillaries . They are also recycled in the bone marrow . Senescence The aging red blood cell undergoes changes in its plasma membrane , making it susceptible to selective recognition by macrophages and subsequent phagocytosis in the mononuclear phagocyte system ( spleen , liver and lymph nodes ) , thus removing old and defective cells and continually purging the blood . This process is termed eryptosis , red blood cell programmed cell death . This process normally occurs at the same rate of production by erythropoiesis , balancing the total circulating red blood cell count . Eryptosis is increased in a wide variety of diseases including sepsis , haemolytic uremic syndrome , malaria , sickle cell anemia , beta - thalassemia , glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency , phosphate depletion , iron deficiency and Wilson 's disease . Eryptosis can be elicited by osmotic shock , oxidative stress , energy depletion as well as a wide variety of endogenous mediators and xenobiotics . Excessive eryptosis is observed in red blood cells lacking the cGMP - dependent protein kinase type I or the AMP - activated protein kinase AMPK . Inhibitors of eryptosis include erythropoietin , nitric oxide , catecholamines and high concentrations of urea . Much of the resulting breakdown products are recirculated in the body . The heme constituent of hemoglobin are broken down into iron ( Fe ) and biliverdin . The biliverdin is reduced to bilirubin , which is released into the plasma and recirculated to the liver bound to albumin . The iron is released into the plasma to be recirculated by a carrier protein called transferrin . Almost all red blood cells are removed in this manner from the circulation before they are old enough to hemolyze . Hemolyzed hemoglobin is bound to a protein in plasma called haptoglobin , which is not excreted by the kidney . Clinical significance Disease Affected by Sickle - cell disease , red blood cells alter shape and threaten to damage internal organs . Blood diseases involving the red blood cells include : Anemias ( or anaemias ) are diseases characterized by low oxygen transport capacity of the blood , because of low red cell count or some abnormality of the red blood cells or the hemoglobin . Iron deficiency anemia is the most common anemia ; it occurs when the dietary intake or absorption of iron is insufficient , and hemoglobin , which contains iron , can not be formed Sickle - cell disease is a genetic disease that results in abnormal hemoglobin molecules . When these release their oxygen load in the tissues , they become insoluble , leading to mis - shaped red blood cells . These sickle shaped red cells are less deformable and viscoelastic meaning that they have become rigid and can cause blood vessel blockage , pain , strokes , and other tissue damage . Thalassemia is a genetic disease that results in the production of an abnormal ratio of hemoglobin subunits . Hereditary spherocytosis syndromes are a group of inherited disorders characterized by defects in the red blood cell 's cell membrane , causing the cells to be small , sphere - shaped , and fragile instead of donut - shaped and flexible . These abnormal red blood cells are destroyed by the spleen . Several other hereditary disorders of the red blood cell membrane are known . Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disease wherein the body lacks intrinsic factor , required to absorb vitamin B from food . Vitamin B is needed for the production of hemoglobin . Aplastic anemia is caused by the inability of the bone marrow to produce blood cells . Pure red cell aplasia is caused by the inability of the bone marrow to produce only red blood cells . Effect of osmotic pressure on blood cells Micrographs of the effects of osmotic pressure Hemolysis is the general term for excessive breakdown of red blood cells . It can have several causes and can result in hemolytic anemia . The malaria parasite spends part of its life - cycle in red blood cells , feeds on their hemoglobin and then breaks them apart , causing fever . Both sickle - cell disease and thalassemia are more common in malaria areas , because these mutations convey some protection against the parasite . Polycythemias ( or erythrocytoses ) are diseases characterized by a surplus of red blood cells . The increased viscosity of the blood can cause a number of symptoms . In polycythemia vera the increased number of red blood cells results from an abnormality in the bone marrow . Several microangiopathic diseases , including disseminated intravascular coagulation and thrombotic microangiopathies , present with pathognomonic ( diagnostic ) red blood cell fragments called schistocytes . These pathologies generate fibrin strands that sever red blood cells as they try to move past a thrombus . Transfusion Main article : Blood transfusion Red blood cells may be given as part of a blood transfusion . Blood may be donated from another person , or stored by the recipient at an earlier date . Donated blood usually requires screening to ensure that donors do not contain risk factors for the presence of blood - borne diseases , or will not suffer themselves by giving blood . Blood is usually collected and tested for common or serious Blood - borne diseases including Hepatitis B , Hepatitis C and HIV . The blood type ( A , B , AB , or O ) or the blood product is identified . This relates to the presence of antigens on the cell 's surface . After this process , the blood is stored , and within a short duration is used . Blood can be given as a whole product or the red blood cells separated as packed red blood cells . Blood is often transfused when there is known anaemia , active bleeding , or when there is an expectation of serious blood loss , such as prior to an operation . Before blood is given , a small sample of the recipient 's blood is tested with the transfusion in a process known as cross-matching . In addition to the transmission of infection , certain types of transfusion reaction . In 2008 it was reported that human embryonic stem cells had been successfully coaxed into becoming red blood cells in the lab . The difficult step was to induce the cells to eject their nucleus ; this was achieved by growing the cells on stromal cells from the bone marrow . It is hoped that these artificial red blood cells can eventually be used for blood transfusions . Tests Several blood tests involve red blood cells . These include a RBC count ( the number of red blood cells per volume of blood ) , calculation of the hematocrit ( percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells ) , and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate . The blood type needs to be determined to prepare for a blood transfusion or an organ transplantation . Many diseases involving red blood cells are diagnosed with a blood film ( or peripheral blood smear ) , where a thin layer of blood is smeared on a microscope slide . This may reveal abnormalities of red blood cell shape and form . When red blood cells sometimes occur as a stack , flat side next to flat side . This is known as rouleaux formation , and it occurs more often if the levels of certain serum proteins are elevated , as for instance during inflammation . Separation and blood doping Red blood cells can be obtained from whole blood by centrifugation , which separates the cells from the blood plasma in a process known as blood fractionation . Packed red blood cells , which are made in this way from whole blood with the plasma removed , are used in transfusion medicine . During plasma donation , the red blood cells are pumped back into the body right away and only the plasma is collected . Some athletes have tried to improve their performance by blood doping : first about 1 litre of their blood is extracted , then the red blood cells are isolated , frozen and stored , to be reinjected shortly before the competition . ( Red blood cells can be conserved for 5 weeks at − 79 ° C or − 110 ° F ) This practice is hard to detect but may endanger the human cardiovascular system which is not equipped to deal with blood of the resulting higher viscosity . Another method of blood doping involves injection with erythropoietin in order to stimulate production of red blood cells . Both practices are banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency . History The first person to describe red blood cells was the young Dutch biologist Jan Swammerdam , who had used an early microscope in 1658 to study the blood of a frog . Unaware of this work , Anton van Leeuwenhoek provided another microscopic description in 1674 , this time providing a more precise description of red blood cells , even approximating their size , `` 25,000 times smaller than a fine grain of sand '' . In 1901 , Karl Landsteiner published his discovery of the three main blood groups -- A , B , and C ( which he later renamed to O ) . Landsteiner described the regular patterns in which reactions occurred when serum was mixed with red blood cells , thus identifying compatible and conflicting combinations between these blood groups . A year later Alfred von Decastello and Adriano Sturli , two colleagues of Landsteiner , identified a fourth blood group -- AB . In 1959 , by use of X-ray crystallography , Dr. Max Perutz was able to unravel the structure of hemoglobin , the red blood cell protein that carries oxygen . The oldest intact red blood cells ever discovered were found in Ötzi the Iceman , a natural mummy of a man who died around 3255 BCE . These cells were discovered in May 2012 . See also Altitude training Erythrocyte deformability Erythrocyte fragility Blood substitute Packed red blood cells Red blood cell indices Serum ( blood ) References Jump up ^ Vinay Kumar ; Abul K. Abbas ; Nelson Fausto ; Richard N. Mitchell ( 2007 ) . Robbins Basic Pathology ( 8th ed . ) . Saunders . Jump up ^ `` Blood Cells '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Erich Sackmann , Biological Membranes Architecture and Function. , Handbook of Biological Physics , ( ed . R. Lipowsky and E. Sackmann , vol. 1 , Elsevier , 1995 ^ Jump up to : J.A. Blom ( 15 December 2003 ) . Monitoring of Respiration and Circulation . CRC Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 50328 - 7 . Jump up ^ Laura Dean . Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens ^ Jump up to : Pierigè F , Serafini S , Rossi L , Magnani M ( January 2008 ) . `` Cell - based drug delivery '' . Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews . 60 ( 2 ) : 286 -- 95 . doi : 10.1016 / j. addr. 2007.08. 029 . PMID 17997501 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Gulliver , G. ( 1875 ) . `` On the size and shape of red corpuscles of the blood of vertebrates , with drawings of them to a uniform scale , and extended and revised tables of measurements '' . Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . 1875 : 474 -- 495 . Jump up ^ Ruud JT ( May 1954 ) . `` Vertebrates without erythrocytes and blood pigment '' . Nature . 173 ( 4410 ) : 848 -- 50 . Bibcode : 1954Natur. 173 ... 848R . doi : 10.1038 / 173848a0 . PMID 13165664 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Sean ( 2006 ) . The Making of the Fittest . W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 06163 - 9 . 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Jump up ^ Gregory TR ( 2001 ) . `` The bigger the C - value , the larger the cell : genome size and red blood cell size in vertebrates '' . Blood Cells , Molecules & Diseases . 27 ( 5 ) : 830 -- 43 . doi : 10.1006 / bcmd. 2001.0457 . PMID 11783946 . Jump up ^ Goodman SR , Kurdia A , Ammann L , Kakhniashvili D , Daescu O ( December 2007 ) . `` The human red blood cell proteome and interactome '' . Experimental Biology and Medicine . 232 ( 11 ) : 1391 -- 408 . doi : 10.3181 / 0706 - MR - 156 . PMID 18040063 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Mary Louise Turgeon ( 2004 ) . Clinical Hematology : Theory and Procedures . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 100 . ISBN 9780781750073 . Jump up ^ McLaren CE , Brittenham GM , Hasselblad V ( April 1987 ) . `` Statistical and graphical evaluation of erythrocyte volume distributions '' . Am. J. Physiol. 252 ( 4 Pt 2 ) : H857 -- 66 . doi : 10.1152 / ajpheart. 1987.252. 4. H857 . PMID 3565597 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Bianconi , Eva ; Piovesan , Allison ; Facchin , Federica ; Beraudi , Alina ; Casadei , Raffaella ; Frabetti , Flavia ; Vitale , Lorenza ; Pelleri , Maria Chiara ; Tassani , Simone ( 2013 - 11 - 01 ) . `` An estimation of the number of cells in the human body '' . Annals of Human Biology . 40 ( 6 ) : 463 -- 471 . doi : 10.3109 / 03014460.2013. 807878 . ISSN 0301 - 4460 . PMID 23829164 . Jump up ^ Hillman , Robert S. ; Ault , Kenneth A. ; Rinder , Henry M. ( 2005 ) . Hematology in Clinical Practice : A Guide to Diagnosis and Management ( 4 ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Professional . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 144035 - 6 . Jump up ^ Iron Metabolism , University of Virginia Pathology . Accessed 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Iron Transport and Cellular Uptake by Kenneth R. Bridges , Information Center for Sickle Cell and Thalassemic Disorders . Accessed 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Cohen , W.D. ( 1982 ) . `` The cytomorphic system of anucleate non-mammalian erythrocytes '' . Protoplasma. 113 : 23 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01283036 . Jump up ^ Wingstrand KG ( 1956 ) . `` Non-nucleated erythrocytes in a teleostean fish Maurolicus mülleri ( Gmelin ) '' . Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie. 45 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 200 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00338830 ( inactive 2018 - 05 - 10 ) . PMID 13402080 . Jump up ^ Gregory , T.R. ( 2001 ) . `` The Bigger the C - Value , the Larger the Cell : Genome Size and Red Blood Cell Size in Vertebrates '' . Blood Cells , Molecules , and Diseases . 27 ( 5 ) : 830 -- 843 . doi : 10.1006 / bcmd. 2001.0457 . PMID 11783946 . ^ Jump up to : Yazdanbakhsh K , Lomas - Francis C , Reid ME ( October 2000 ) . `` Blood groups and diseases associated with inherited abnormalities of the red blood cell membrane '' . Transfusion Medicine Reviews . 14 ( 4 ) : 364 -- 74 . doi : 10.1053 / tmrv. 2000.16232 . PMID 11055079 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Mohandas N , Gallagher PG ( November 2008 ) . `` Red cell membrane : past , present , and future '' . Blood . 112 ( 10 ) : 3939 -- 48 . doi : 10.1182 / blood - 2008 - 07 - 161166 . PMC 2582001 . PMID 18988878 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Rodi PM , Trucco VM , Gennaro AM ( June 2008 ) . `` Factors determining detergent resistance of erythrocyte membranes '' . Biophysical Chemistry . 135 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 14 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bpc. 2008.02. 015 . PMID 18394774 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Hempelmann E , Götze O ( 1984 ) . `` Characterization of membrane proteins by polychromatic silver staining '' . Hoppe - Seyler 's Z Physiol Chem. 365 : 241 -- 242 . Jump up ^ Iolascon A , Perrotta S , Stewart GW ( March 2003 ) . `` Red blood cell membrane defects '' . Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Hematology. 7 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 56 . PMID 14692233 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Denomme GA ( July 2004 ) . `` The structure and function of the molecules that carry human red blood cell and platelet antigens '' . Transfusion Medicine Reviews . 18 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 31 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tmrv. 2004.03. 006 . PMID 15248170 . Jump up ^ Tokumasu F , Ostera GR , Amaratunga C , Fairhurst RM ( 2012 ) Modifications in erythrocyte membrane zeta potential by Plasmodium falciparum infection . Exp Parasitol Jump up ^ Wan J , Ristenpart WD , Stone HA ( October 2008 ) . `` Dynamics of shear - induced ATP release from red blood cells '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 105 ( 43 ) : 16432 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2008PNAS ... 10516432W . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0805779105 . PMC 2575437 . PMID 18922780 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Diesen DL , Hess DT , Stamler JS ( August 2008 ) . `` Hypoxic vasodilation by red blood cells : evidence for an s - nitrosothiol - based signal '' . Circulation Research . 103 ( 5 ) : 545 -- 53 . doi : 10.1161 / CIRCRESAHA. 108.176867 . PMC 2763414 . PMID 18658051 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Kleinbongard P , Schutz R , Rassaf T , et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Red blood cells express a functional endothelial nitric oxide synthase '' . Blood . 107 ( 7 ) : 2943 -- 51 . doi : 10.1182 / blood - 2005 - 10 - 3992 . PMID 16368881 . Jump up ^ Ulker P , Sati L , Celik - Ozenci C , Meiselman HJ , Baskurt OK ( 2009 ) . `` Mechanical stimulation of nitric oxide synthesizing mechanisms in erythrocytes '' . Biorheology. 46 ( 2 ) : 121 -- 32 . doi : 10.3233 / BIR - 2009 - 0532 ( inactive 2017 - 01 - 24 ) . PMID 19458415 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Benavides , Gloria A ; Victor M Darley - Usmar ; Mills , R.W. ; Patel , H.D. ; Isbell , T.S. ; Patel , R.P. ; Darley - Usmar , V.M. ; Doeller , J.E. ; Kraus , D.W. ( 2007 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Hydrogen sulfide mediates the vasoactivity of garlic '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 104 ( 46 ) : 17977 -- 17982 . Bibcode : 2007PNAS ... 10417977B . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0705710104 . PMC 2084282 . PMID 17951430 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Kesava , Shobana ( 2007 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Red blood cells do more than just carry oxygen ; New findings by NUS team show they aggressively attack bacteria too '' ( PDF ) . The Straits Times . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jiang N , Tan NS , Ho B , Ding JL ( October 2007 ) . `` Respiratory protein - generated reactive oxygen species as an antimicrobial strategy '' . Nature Immunology. 8 ( 10 ) : 1114 -- 22 . doi : 10.1038 / ni1501 . PMID 17721536 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Jr , Jeremy M. Berg , John L. Tymoczko , Lubert Stryer ; with Gregory J. Gatto , ( 2012 ) . Biochemistry ( 7th ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman . pp. 455 , 609 . ISBN 9781429229364 . Jump up ^ Tilton , WM ; Seaman , C ; Carriero , D ; Piomelli , S ( August 1991 ) . `` Regulation of glycolysis in the erythrocyte : role of the lactate / pyruvate and NAD / NADH ratios '' . The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine . 118 ( 2 ) : 146 -- 52 . PMID 1856577 . Jump up ^ Kabanova S , Kleinbongard P , Volkmer J , Andrée B , Kelm M , Jax TW ( 2009 ) . `` Gene expression analysis of human red blood cells '' . International Journal of Medical Sciences . 6 ( 4 ) : 156 -- 9 . doi : 10.7150 / ijms. 6.156 . PMC 2677714 . PMID 19421340 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Zimmer , Carl ( 2007 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Scientists Explore Ways to Lure Viruses to Their Death '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Erik D. Heegaard & Kevin E. Brown ( July 2002 ) . `` Human parvovirus B19 '' . Clin Microbiol Rev. 15 ( 3 ) : 485 -- 505 . doi : 10.1128 / CMR. 15.3. 485 - 505.2002 . PMC 118081 . PMID 12097253 . Jump up ^ Harrison , K.L. ( 1979 ) . `` Fetal Erythrocyte Lifespan '' . Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health . 15 ( 2 ) : 96 -- 97 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 1754.1979. tb01197. x . Jump up ^ Higgins , John ( 2014 ) . `` Red Blood Cell Population Dynamics '' . Clinics in laboratory medicine . 35 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 57 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cll. 2014.10. 002 . PMC 4717490 . PMID 25676371 . Jump up ^ Lang F , Lang E , Föller M ( 2012 ) . `` Physiology and pathophysiology of eryptosis '' . Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy. 39 ( 5 ) : 308 -- 314 . doi : 10.1159 / 000342534 . PMC 3678267 . PMID 23801921 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Föller M , Huber SM , Lang F ( October 2008 ) . `` Erythrocyte programmed cell death '' . IUBMB Life . 60 ( 10 ) : 661 -- 8 . doi : 10.1002 / iub. 106 . PMID 18720418 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ An X , Mohandas N ( May 2008 ) . `` Disorders of red cell membrane '' . British Journal of Haematology. 141 ( 3 ) : 367 -- 75 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2141.2008. 07091. x . PMID 18341630 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ First red blood cells grown in the lab , New Scientist News , 19 August 2008 Jump up ^ `` Circular of Information for Blood and Blood Products '' ( PDF ) . American Association of Blood Banks , American Red Cross , America 's Blood Centers . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2011 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Swammerdam , Jan ( 1637 -- 1680 ) '' , McGraw Hill AccessScience , 2007 . Accessed 27 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Red Gold -- Blood History Timeline '' . PBS . 2002 . Retrieved 27 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Pappas ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' Iceman ' mummy holds world 's oldest blood cells '' . Fox News . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red blood cells . Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens by Laura Dean . Searchable and downloadable online textbook in the public domain . Database of vertebrate erythrocyte sizes . Red Gold , PBS site containing facts and history hide Transfusion medicine General concepts Apheresis ( plasmapheresis , plateletpheresis , leukapheresis ) Blood transfusion Coombs test ( direct and indirect ) Cross-matching Exchange transfusion International Society of Blood Transfusion Intraoperative blood salvage ISBT 128 Transfusion reactions Blood group systems / blood types ABO Chido - Rodgers Colton Cromer Diego Dombrock Duffy Er FORS Gerbich GIL GLOB Hh Ii Indian JR JMH Kell ( Xk ) Kidd Knops Lan Lewis Lutheran LW MNS OK Raph Rh and RHAG Scianna T - Tn Vel Xg Yt Other Blood products / blood donation Whole blood Platelets Red blood cells Plasma / Fresh frozen plasma / PF24 ( Cryoprecipitate + Cryosupernatant ) Blood substitutes hide Main cell types in blood Myeloid Granulocytes CFU - G Band cell Neutrophil Basophil CFU - Baso Eosinophil CFU - Eos Mast cell CFU - Mast Monocytes Macrophages Histiocytes Kupffer cells Alveolar macrophage Microglia Osteoclasts Epithelioid cells giant cells Langhans giant cells , Foreign - body giant cell Touton giant cells Other Antigen presenting cells Dendritic cells Langerhans cell CFU - DL CFU - M MPS Platelets CFU - Meg Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryocyte Red blood cells Reticulocyte Normoblast CFU - E Other Precursor cells CFU - GM Megakaryocyte -- erythroid progenitor cell CFU - GEMM Myelomonocyte Other Plasma Hematopoietic stem cell GND : 4070945 - 0 NDL : 00570626 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_blood_cell&oldid=846188077 '' Categories : Human cells Blood cells Respiration 1658 in science Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages with DOIs inactive since 2018 Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 82 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 00 : 04 ( UTC ) . 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Academy Awards

Academy Awards - wikipedia Academy Awards `` Oscars '' and `` The Oscar '' redirect here . For other uses , see Oscar ( disambiguation ) . The Oscars 91st Academy Awards Awarded for Excellence in cinematic achievements Country United States Presented by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences First awarded 16 May 1929 ; 89 years ago ( 1929 - 05 - 16 ) Website oscar.go.com Most recent Academy Award winners ← 2016 Best in films in 2017 2018 → Award Best Actor Best Actress Winner Gary Oldman ( Darkest Hour ) Frances McDormand ( Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ) Award Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Winner Sam Rockwell ( Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ) Allison Janney ( I , Tonya ) Award Best Director Best Original Screenplay Winner Guillermo del Toro ( The Shape of Water ) Jordan Peele ( Get Out ) Previous Best Picture Moonlight Best Picture The Shape of Water The Academy Awards , also known as the Oscars , are a set of 24 awards for artistic and technical merit in the film industry , given annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , to recognize excellence in cinematic achievements as assessed by the Academy 's voting membership . The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette , officially called the `` Academy Award of Merit '' , although more commonly referred to by its nickname `` Oscar '' . The award was originally sculpted by George Stanley from a design sketch by Cedric Gibbons . AMPAS first presented it in 1929 at a private dinner hosted by Douglas Fairbanks in the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel . The Academy Awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953 . It is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and is now seen live in more than 200 countries , including being streamed live online . Its equivalents -- the Emmy Awards for television , the Tony Awards for theater , and the Grammy Awards for music -- are modeled after the Academy Awards . The 90th Academy Awards ceremony , honoring the best films of 2017 , was held on 4 March 2018 , at the Dolby Theatre , in Los Angeles , California . The ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC . A total of 3,072 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 90th . Contents 1 History 1.1 Institutions 2 Oscar statuette 2.1 Other awards presented by the Academy 2.2 Academy Award of Merit ( Oscar statuette ) 2.3 Naming 2.4 Engraving 2.5 Ownership of Oscar statuettes 3 Nomination 3.1 Voters 3.2 Rules 4 Awards ceremonies 4.1 Telecast 4.2 TV ratings 5 Venues 6 Awards of Merit categories 6.1 Current categories 6.2 Discontinued categories 6.3 Proposed categories 7 Special categories 7.1 Current special categories 7.2 Discontinued special categories 8 Criticism 8.1 Accusations of commercialism 8.2 Accusations of bias 8.3 Allegations of a lack of diversity 8.4 Symbolism or sentimentalization 8.5 Refusing the award 8.6 Incidents 9 Associated events 10 Presenter and performer gifts 11 Television ratings and advertisement prices 12 Trademark 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links History ( edit ) The first Academy Awards presentation was held on 16 May 1929 , at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people . The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel . The cost of guest tickets for that night 's ceremony was $5 ( $71 in 2017 dollars ) . Fifteen statuettes were awarded , honoring artists , directors and other participants in the film - making industry of the time , for their works during the 1927 -- 28 period . The ceremony ran for 15 minutes . Winners were announced to media three months earlier . That was changed for the second ceremony in 1930 . Since then , for the rest of the first decade , the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11 : 00 pm on the night of the awards . This method was used until an occasion when the Los Angeles Times announced the winners before the ceremony began ; as a result , the Academy has , since 1941 , used a sealed envelope to reveal the name of the winners . Institutions ( edit ) The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings , for his performances in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh . He had to return to Europe before the ceremony , so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier ; this made him the first Academy Award winner in history . At that time , the winners were recognized for all of their work done in a certain category during the qualifying period ; for example , Jannings received the award for two movies in which he starred during that period , and Janet Gaynor later won a single Oscar for performances in three films . With the fourth ceremony , however , the system changed , and professionals were honored for a specific performance in a single film . For the first six ceremonies , the eligibility period spanned two calendar years . At the 29th ceremony , held on 27 March 1957 , the Best Foreign Language Film category was introduced . Until then , foreign - language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award . The 74th Academy Awards , held in 2002 , presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature . Since 1973 , all Academy Awards ceremonies have ended with the Academy Award for Best Picture . Traditionally , the previous year 's winner for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor present the awards for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress , while the previous year 's winner for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress present the awards for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor . Oscar statuette ( edit ) Other Awards presented by the Academy ( edit ) See also § Special categories ( below ) . In addition to the Academy Award of Merit ( Oscar award ) , there are nine honorary ( non-competitive ) awards presented by the Academy from time to time ( except for the Academy Honorary Award , the Technical Achievement Award , and the Student Academy Awards , which are presented annually ) : Governors Awards : The Academy Honorary Award ( annual ) ( which may or may not be in the form of an Oscar statuette ) ; The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award ( since 1938 ) ( in the form of a bust of Thalberg ) ; The Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award ( since 1957 ) ( in the form of an Oscar statuette ) ; The Academy Scientific and Technical Awards : Academy Award of Merit ( non-competitive ) ( in the form of an Oscar statuette ) ; Scientific and Engineering Award ( in the form of a bronze tablet ) ; Technical Achievement Award ( annual ) ( in the form of a certificate ) ; The John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation ( since 1978 ) ( in the form of a medal ) ; The Gordon E. Sawyer Award ( since 1982 ) ; and The Academy Student Academy Awards ( annual ) . The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting . Academy award of Merit ( Oscar statuette ) ( edit ) See also § Awards of Merit categories ( below ) The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit , more popularly known as the Oscar statuette . Made of gold - plated bronze on a black metal base , it is 13.5 in ( 34.3 cm ) tall , weighs 8.5 lb ( 3.856 kg ) , and depicts a knight rendered in Art Deco style holding a crusader 's sword standing on a reel of film with five spokes . The five spokes represent the original branches of the Academy : Actors , Writers , Directors , Producers , and Technicians . The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio `` El Indio '' Fernández . Sculptor George Stanley ( who also did the Muse Fountain at the Hollywood Bowl ) sculpted Cedric Gibbons ' design . The statuettes presented at the initial ceremonies were gold - plated solid bronze . Within a few years the bronze was abandoned in favor of Britannia metal , a pewter - like alloy which is then plated in copper , nickel silver , and finally , 24 - karat gold . Due to a metal shortage during World War II , Oscars were made of painted plaster for three years . Following the war , the Academy invited recipients to redeem the plaster figures for gold - plated metal ones . The only addition to the Oscar since it was created is a minor streamlining of the base . The original Oscar mold was cast in 1928 at the C.W. Shumway & Sons Foundry in Batavia , Illinois , which also contributed to casting the molds for the Vince Lombardi Trophy and Emmy Award 's statuettes . From 1983 to 2015 , approximately 50 Oscars in a tin alloy with gold plating were made each year in Chicago by Illinois manufacturer R.S. Owens & Company . It takes between three and four weeks to manufacture 50 statuettes . In 2016 , the Academy returned to bronze as the core metal of the statuettes , handing manufacturing duties to Walden , New York - based Polich Tallix Fine Art Foundry . While based on a digital scan of an original 1929 Oscar , the statuettes retain their modern - era dimensions and black pedestal . Cast in liquid bronze from 3D - printed ceramic molds and polished , they are then electroplated in 24 - karat gold by Brooklyn , New York -- based Epner Technology . The time required to produce 50 such statuettes is roughly three months . R.S. Owens is expected to continue producing other awards for the Academy and service existing Oscars that need replating . Naming ( edit ) The origin of the name Oscar is disputed . One biography of Bette Davis , who was a president of the Academy , claims she named the Oscar after her first husband , band leader Harmon Oscar Nelson . Another claimed origin is the Academy 's Executive Secretary , Margaret Herrick , first saw the award in 1931 and made reference to the statuette 's reminding her of her `` Uncle Oscar '' ( a nickname for her cousin Oscar Pierce ) . Columnist Sidney Skolsky was present during Herrick 's naming and seized the name in his byline , `` Employees have affectionately dubbed their famous statuette ' Oscar ' . '' One of the earliest mentions of the term Oscar dates to a Time magazine article about the 1934 6th Academy Awards . Walt Disney also thanked the Academy for his Oscar as early as 1932 . The trophy officially received the name `` Oscar '' in 1939 by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Engraving ( edit ) To prevent information identifying the Oscar winners from leaking ahead of the ceremony , Oscar statuettes presented at the ceremony have blank baseplates . Until 2010 , winners returned their statuettes to the Academy , and had to wait several weeks to have their names inscribed on their respective Oscars . Since 2010 , winners have had the option of having engraved nameplates applied to their statuettes at an inscription - processing station at the Governor 's Ball , a party held immediately after the Oscar ceremony . The R.S. Owens company has engraved nameplates made before the ceremony , bearing the name of every potential winner . The nameplates for the non-winning nominees are later recycled . Ownership of Oscar statuettes ( edit ) Since 1950 , the statuettes have been legally encumbered by the requirement that neither winners nor their heirs may sell the statuettes without first offering to sell them back to the Academy for US $1 . If a winner refuses to agree to this stipulation , then the Academy keeps the statuette . Academy Awards not protected by this agreement have been sold in public auctions and private deals for six - figure sums . In December 2011 , Orson Welles ' 1941 Oscar for Citizen Kane ( Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay ) was put up for auction , after his heirs won a 2004 court decision contending that Welles did not sign any agreement to return the statue to the Academy . On 20 December 2011 , it sold in an online auction for US $861,542 . In 1992 , Harold Russell needed money for his wife 's medical expenses . In a controversial decision , he consigned his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for The Best Years of Our Lives to Herman Darvick Autograph Auctions , and on 6 August 1992 , in New York City , the Oscar sold to a private collector for $60,500 . Since he won the award before 1950 , he was not required to offer it to the Academy first . Russell defended his decision , saying , `` I do n't know why anybody would be critical . My wife 's health is much more important than sentimental reasons . The movie will be here , even if Oscar is n't . '' Harold Russell is the only Academy Award - winning actor to ever sell an Oscar . While the Oscar is owned by the recipient , it is essentially not on the open market . Michael Todd 's grandson tried to sell Todd 's Oscar statuette to a movie prop collector in 1989 , but the Academy won the legal battle by getting a permanent injunction . Although some Oscar sales transactions have been successful , some buyers have subsequently returned the statuettes to the Academy , which keeps them in its treasury . Nomination ( edit ) Since 2004 , Academy Award nomination results have been announced to the public in mid-January . Prior to that , the results were announced in early February . Voters ( edit ) The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , a professional honorary organization , maintains a voting membership of over 8,000 as of 2018 . Academy membership is divided into different branches , with each representing a different discipline in film production . Actors constitute the largest voting bloc , numbering 1,311 members ( 22 percent ) of the Academy 's composition . Votes have been certified by the auditing firm PricewaterhouseCoopers ( and its predecessor Price Waterhouse ) for the past 83 annual awards ceremonies . The firm mails the ballots of eligible nominees to members of the Academy in December to reflect the previous eligible year with a due date sometime in January of the next year , then tabulates the votes in a process that takes thousands of hours . All AMPAS members must be invited to join by the Board of Governors , on behalf of Academy Branch Executive Committees . Membership eligibility may be achieved by a competitive nomination or a member may submit a name based on other significant contributions to the field of motion pictures . New membership proposals are considered annually . The Academy does not publicly disclose its membership , although as recently as 2007 press releases have announced the names of those who have been invited to join . The 2007 release also stated that it has just under 6,000 voting members . While the membership had been growing , stricter policies have kept its size steady since then . In 2012 , the results of a study conducted by the Los Angeles Times were published describing the demographic breakdown of approximately 88 % of AMPAS ' voting membership . Of the 5,100 + active voters confirmed , 94 % were Caucasian , 77 % were male , and 54 % were found to be over the age of 60 . 33 % of voting members are former nominees ( 14 % ) and winners ( 19 % ) . In May 2011 , the Academy sent a letter advising its 6,000 or so voting members that an online system for Oscar voting would be implemented in 2013 . Rules ( edit ) According to Rules 2 and 3 of the official Academy Awards Rules , a film must open in the previous calendar year , from midnight at the start of 1 January to midnight at the end of 31 December , in Los Angeles County , California , and play for seven consecutive days , to qualify ( except for the Best Foreign Language Film , Best Documentary Feature , and Best Documentary Short Subject ) . The Best Foreign Language Film award does not require a U.S. release . The Best Documentary Feature award requires week - long releases in both Los Angeles County and New York City during the previous calendar year . The Best Documentary Short Subject award has noticeably different eligibility rules from most other competitive awards . First , the qualifying period for release does not coincide with a calendar year , instead covering a one - year period starting on 1 September and ending on 31 August of the calendar year before the ceremony . Second , there are multiple methods of qualification . The main method is a week - long theatrical release in either Los Angeles County or New York City during the eligibility period . Films also can qualify by winning specified awards at one of a number of competitive film festivals designated by the Academy . Finally , a film that is selected as a gold , silver , or bronze medal winner in the Documentary category of the immediately previous Student Academy Awards is also eligible . For example , the 2009 Best Picture winner , The Hurt Locker , was actually first released in 2008 , but did not qualify for the 2008 awards as it did not play its Oscar - qualifying run in Los Angeles until mid-2009 , thus qualifying for the 2009 awards . Foreign films must include English subtitles , and each country can submit only one film per year . Rule 2 states that a film must be feature - length , defined as a minimum of 40 minutes , except for short - subject awards , and it must exist either on a 35 mm or 70 mm film print or in 24 frame / s or 48 frame / s progressive scan digital cinema format with a minimum projector resolution of 2048 by 1080 pixels . Effective with the 90th Academy Awards , presented in 2018 , multi-part and limited series will be ineligible for the Best Documentary Feature award . This followed the win of O.J. : Made in America , an eight - hour presentation that was screened in a limited release before being broadcast in five parts on ABC and ESPN , in that category in 2017 . The Academy 's announcement of the new rule made no direct mention of that film . Producers must submit an Official Screen Credits online form before the deadline ; in case it is not submitted by the defined deadline , the film will be ineligible for Academy Awards in any year . The form includes the production credits for all related categories . Then , each form is checked and put in a Reminder List of Eligible Releases . In late December ballots and copies of the Reminder List of Eligible Releases are mailed to around 6,000 active members . For most categories , members from each of the branches vote to determine the nominees only in their respective categories ( i.e. only directors vote for directors , writers for writers , actors for actors , etc . ) . In the special case of Best Picture , all voting members are eligible to select the nominees . In all major categories , a variant of the single transferable vote is used , with each member casting a ballot with up to five nominees ( ten for Best Picture ) ranked preferentially . In certain categories , including Foreign Film , Documentary and Animated Feature , nominees are selected by special screening committees made up of members from all branches . In most categories the winner is selected from among the nominees by plurality voting of all members . Since 2009 , the Best Picture winner has been chosen by instant runoff voting . Since 2013 , re-weighted range voting has been used to select the nominees for the Best Visual Effects . Film companies will spend as much as several million dollars on marketing to awards voters for a movie in the running for Best Picture , in attempts to improve chances of receiving Oscars and other movie awards conferred in Oscar season . The Academy enforces rules to limit overt campaigning by its members so as to try to eliminate excesses and prevent the process from becoming undignified . It has an awards czar on staff who advises members on allowed practices and levies penalties on offenders . For example , a producer of the 2009 Best Picture nominee The Hurt Locker was disqualified as a producer in the category when he contacted associates urging them to vote for his film and not another that was seen as the front - runner ( The Hurt Locker eventually won ) . Awards ceremonies ( edit ) See also : List of Academy Awards ceremonies Telecast ( edit ) 31st Academy Awards Presentations , Pantages Theatre , Hollywood , 1959 81st Academy Awards Presentations , Dolby Theatre , Hollywood , 2009 The major awards are presented at a live televised ceremony , commonly in late February or early March following the relevant calendar year , and six weeks after the announcement of the nominees . It is the culmination of the film awards season , which usually begins during November or December of the previous year . This is an elaborate extravaganza , with the invited guests walking up the red carpet in the creations of the most prominent fashion designers of the day . Black tie dress is the most common outfit for men , although fashion may dictate not wearing a bow - tie , and musical performers sometimes do not adhere to this . ( The artists who recorded the nominees for Best Original Song quite often perform those songs live at the awards ceremony , and the fact that they are performing is often used to promote the television broadcast . ) The Academy Awards is the only awards show televised live in the United States ( excluding Hawaii ) , Canada , and the United Kingdom , and gathers millions of viewers elsewhere throughout the world . The Oscars were first televised in 1953 by NBC , which continued to broadcast the event until 1960 , when ABC took over , televising the festivities ( including the first color broadcast of the event in 1966 ) through 1970 . NBC regained the rights for five years ( 1971 -- 75 ) , then ABC resumed broadcast duties in 1976 and its current contract with the Academy runs through 2028 . The Academy has also produced condensed versions of the ceremony for broadcast in international markets ( especially those outside of the Americas ) in more desirable local timeslots . The ceremony was broadcast live internationally for the first time via satellite since 1970 , but only two South American countries , Chile and Brazil , purchased the rights to air the broadcast . By that time , the television rights to the Academy Awards had been sold in 50 countries . A decade later , the rights were already being sold to 60 countries , and by 1984 , the TV rights to the Awards were licensed in 76 countries . The ceremonies were moved up from late March / early April to late February since 2004 to help disrupt and shorten the intense lobbying and ad campaigns associated with Oscar season in the film industry . Another reason was because of the growing TV ratings success coinciding with the NCAA Basketball Tournament , which would cut into the Academy Awards audience . ( In 1976 and 1977 , ABC 's regained Oscars were moved from Tuesday to Monday and went directly opposite NBC 's NCAA title game . ) The earlier date is also to the advantage of ABC , as it now usually occurs during the highly profitable and important February sweeps period . Some years , the ceremony is moved into first Sunday of March in order to avoid clash with the Winter Olympic Games . Another reason for the move to late February and early March is also to avoid the awards ceremony occurring so close to the religious holidays of Passover and Easter , which for decades had been a grievance from members and the general public . Advertising is somewhat restricted , however , as traditionally no movie studios or competitors of official Academy Award sponsors may advertise during the telecast . The production of the Academy Awards telecast currently holds the distinction of winning the most Emmys in history , with 47 wins and 195 nominations overall since that award 's own launch in 1949 . After many years of being held on Mondays at 9 : 00 pm Eastern / 6 : 00 p.m Pacific , since the 1999 ceremonies , it was moved to Sundays at 8 : 30 pm ET / 5 : 30 pm PT . The reasons given for the move were that more viewers would tune in on Sundays , that Los Angeles rush - hour traffic jams could be avoided , and an earlier start time would allow viewers on the East Coast to go to bed earlier . For many years the film industry opposed a Sunday broadcast because it would cut into the weekend box office . In 2010 , the Academy contemplated moving the ceremony even further back into January , citing TV viewers ' fatigue with the film industry 's long awards season . However , such an accelerated schedule would dramatically decrease the voting period for its members , to the point where some voters would only have time to view the contending films streamed on their computers ( as opposed to traditionally receiving the films and ballots in the mail ) . Furthermore , a January ceremony on Sunday would clash with National Football League playoff games . Originally scheduled for 8 April 1968 , the 40th Academy Awards ceremony was postponed for two days , because of the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr ... On 30 March 1981 , the 53rd Academy Awards was postponed for one day , after the shooting of President Ronald Reagan and others in Washington , D.C. In 1993 , an In Memoriam segment was introduced , honoring those who had made a significant contribution to cinema who had died in the preceding 12 months , a selection compiled by a small committee of Academy members . This segment has drawn criticism over the years for the omission of some names . Criticism was also levied for many years regarding another aspect , with the segment having a `` popularity contest '' feel as the audience varied their applause to those who had died by the subject 's cultural impact ; the applause has since been muted during the telecast , and the audience is discouraged from clapping during the segment and giving silent reflection instead . In terms of broadcast length , the ceremony generally averages three and a half hours . The first Oscars , in 1929 , lasted 15 minutes . At the other end of the spectrum , the 2002 ceremony lasted four hours and twenty - three minutes . In 2010 , the organizers of the Academy Awards announced winners ' acceptance speeches must not run past 45 seconds . This , according to organizer Bill Mechanic , was to ensure the elimination of what he termed `` the single most hated thing on the show '' -- overly long and embarrassing displays of emotion . In 2016 , in a further effort to streamline speeches , winners ' dedications were displayed on an on - screen ticker . During the 2018 ceremony , host Jimmy Kimmel acknowledged how long the ceremony had become , by announcing that he would give a brand - new jet ski to whoever gave the shortest speech of the night ( a reward won by Mark Bridges when accepting his Best Costume Design award for Phantom Thread ) . Although still dominant in ratings , the viewership of the Academy Awards have steadily dropped ; the 88th Academy Awards were the lowest - rated in the past eight years ( although with increases in male and 18 - 49 viewership ) , while the show itself also faced mixed reception . Following the show , Variety reported that ABC was , in negotiating an extension to its contract to broadcast the Oscars , seeking to have more creative control over the broadcast itself . Currently and nominally , AMPAS is responsible for most aspects of the telecast , including the choice of production staff and hosting , although ABC is allowed to have some input on their decisions . In August 2016 , AMPAS extended its contract with ABC through 2028 : the contract neither contains any notable changes , nor gives ABC any further creative control over the telecast . TV ratings ( edit ) Historically , the `` Oscarcast '' has pulled in a bigger haul when box - office hits are favored to win the Best Picture trophy . More than 57.25 million viewers tuned to the telecast for the 70th Academy Awards in 1998 , the year of Titanic , which generated close to US $600 million at the North American box office pre-Oscars . The 76th Academy Awards ceremony in which The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( pre-telecast box office earnings of US $368 million ) received 11 Awards including Best Picture drew 43.56 million viewers . The most watched ceremony based on Nielsen ratings to date , however , was the 42nd Academy Awards ( Best Picture Midnight Cowboy ) which drew a 43.4 % household rating on 7 April 1970 . By contrast , ceremonies honoring films that have not performed well at the box office tend to show weaker ratings . The 78th Academy Awards which awarded low - budgeted , independent film Crash ( with a pre-Oscar gross of US $53.4 million ) generated an audience of 38.64 million with a household rating of 22.91 % . In 2008 , the 80th Academy Awards telecast was watched by 31.76 million viewers on average with an 18.66 % household rating , the lowest rated and least watched ceremony at the time , in spite of celebrating 80 years of the Academy Awards . The Best Picture winner of that particular ceremony was another independently financed film ( No Country for Old Men ) . Venues ( edit ) In 1929 , the first Academy Awards were presented at a banquet dinner at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel . From 1930 to 1943 , the ceremony alternated between two venues : the Ambassador Hotel on Wilshire Boulevard and the Biltmore Hotel in downtown Los Angeles . Grauman 's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood then hosted the awards from 1944 to 1946 , followed by the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles from 1947 to 1948 . The 21st Academy Awards in 1949 were held at the Academy Award Theatre at what was the Academy 's headquarters on Melrose Avenue in Hollywood . From 1950 to 1960 , the awards were presented at Hollywood 's Pantages Theatre . With the advent of television , the awards from 1953 to 1957 took place simultaneously in Hollywood and New York , first at the NBC International Theatre ( 1953 ) and then at the NBC Century Theatre , after which the ceremony took place solely in Los Angeles . The Oscars moved to the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica , California in 1961 . By 1969 , the Academy decided to move the ceremonies back to Los Angeles , this time to the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion at the Los Angeles County Music Center . In 2002 , the Dolby Theatre ( previously known as the Kodak Theatre ) became the presentation 's current venue . Awards of Merit categories ( edit ) Current categories ( edit ) Best Picture : since 1927 / 28 Best Director : since 1927 / 28 Best Actor in a Leading Role : since 1927 / 28 Best Actress in a Leading Role : since 1927 / 28 Best Actor in a Supporting Role : since 1936 Best Actress in a Supporting Role : since 1936 Best Animated Feature Film : since 2001 Best Animated Short Film : since 1930 / 31 Best Cinematography : since 1927 / 28 Best Costume Design : since 1948 Best Documentary Feature : since 1943 Best Documentary Short Subject : since 1941 Best Film Editing : since 1934 Best Foreign Language Film : since 1947 Best Live Action Short Film : since 1931 / 32 Best Makeup and Hairstyling : since 1981 Best Original Score : since 1934 Best Original Song : since 1934 Best Production Design : since 1927 / 28 Best Sound Editing : since 1963 Best Sound Mixing : since 1929 / 30 Best Visual Effects : since 1939 Best Adapted Screenplay : since 1927 / 28 Best Original Screenplay : since 1940 In the first year of the awards , the Best Directing award was split into two categories ( Drama and Comedy ) . At times , the Best Original Score award has also been split into separate categories ( Drama and Comedy / Musical ) . From the 1930s through the 1960s , the Art Direction ( now Production Design ) , Cinematography , and Costume Design awards were likewise split into two categories ( black - and - white films and color films ) . Prior to 2012 , the Production Design award was called Art Direction , while the Makeup and Hairstyling award was called Makeup . In August 2018 , the Academy announced that several categories would not be televised live , but rather be recorded during commercial breaks and aired later in the ceremony . Discontinued categories ( edit ) Best Assistant Director : 1932 / 33 to 1937 Best Director , Comedy Picture : 1927 / 28 Best Director , Dramatic Picture : 1927 / 28 Best Dance Direction : 1935 to 1937 Best Engineering Effects : 1927 / 28 Best Original Musical or Comedy Score : 1995 to 1998 Best Original Musical : 1984 Best Original Story : 1927 / 28 to 1956 Best Short Subject -- 1 Reel : 1936 to 1956 Best Short Subject -- 2 Reel : 1936 to 1956 Best Short Subject -- Color : 1936 to 1937 Best Short Subject -- Comedy : 1931 / 32 to 1935 Best Short Subject -- Novelty : 1931 / 32 to 1935 Academy Award for Best Title Writing : 1927 / 28 Academy Award for Best Unique and Artistic Production : 1927 / 28 Proposed categories ( edit ) The Board of Governors meets each year and considers new award categories . To date , the following proposed categories have been rejected : Best Casting : rejected in 1999 Best Popular Film : 2018 Best Stunt Coordination : rejected every year from 1991 to 2012 Best Title Design : rejected in 1999 Special categories ( edit ) The Special Academy Awards are voted on by special committees , rather than by the Academy membership as a whole . They are not always presented on a consistent annual basis . Current special categories ( edit ) For a list of all nine awards , see § Other awards presented by the Academy ( above ) Academy Honorary Award : since 1929 Academy Scientific and Technical Award ( three different awards ) : since 1931 Gordon E. Sawyer Award : since 1981 Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award : since 1957 Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award : since 1938 Academy Special Achievement Award : from 1972 to 1995 , and again for 2017 Discontinued special categories ( edit ) Academy Juvenile Award : 1934 to 1960 Criticism ( edit ) This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( April 2016 ) Accusations of commercialism ( edit ) Due to the positive exposure and prestige of the Academy Awards , studios spend millions of dollars and hire publicists specifically to promote their films during what is typically called the `` Oscar season '' . This has generated accusations of the Academy Awards being influenced more by marketing than quality . William Friedkin , an Academy Award - winning film director and former producer of the ceremony , expressed this sentiment at a conference in New York in 2009 , describing it as `` the greatest promotion scheme that any industry ever devised for itself '' . Tim Dirks , editor of AMC 's filmsite.org , has written of the Academy Awards , Unfortunately , the critical worth , artistic vision , cultural influence and innovative qualities of many films are not given the same voting weight . Especially since the 1980s , moneymaking `` formula - made '' blockbusters with glossy production values have often been crowd - pleasing titans ( and Best Picture winners ) , but they have n't necessarily been great films with depth or critical acclaim by any measure . Accusations of bias ( edit ) Further information : Oscar bait Typical criticism of the Academy Awards for Best Picture is that among the winners and nominees there is an over-representation of romantic historical epics , biographical dramas , romantic dramedies , and family melodramas , most of which are released in the U.S. the last three months of the calendar year . The Oscars have been infamously known for selecting specific genres of movies to be awarded . This has led to the coining of the term ' Oscar bait ' , describing such movies . This has led at times to more specific criticisms that the Academy is disconnected from the audience , e.g. , by favoring ' Oscar bait ' over audience favorites , or favoring historical melodramas over critically acclaimed movies that depict current life issues . Allegations of a lack of diversity ( edit ) The Academy Awards have long received criticism over its lack of diversity among the nominees . This criticism is based on the statistics from every Academy Awards since 1929 which shows us that only 6.4 % of academy award nominees have been non-white and since 1991 , 11.2 % of nominees have been non-white , with the rate of winners being even more polarizing . The 88th awards ceremony became the target of a boycott , popularized on social media by the # OscarsSoWhite , based on critics ' perception that its all - white acting nominee list reflected bias . In response , the Academy initiated `` historic '' changes in membership by the year 2020 . Symbolism or sentimentalization ( edit ) Acting prizes in certain years have been criticized for not recognizing superior performances so much as being awarded for personal popularity or presented as a `` career honor '' to recognize a distinguished nominee 's entire body of work . Refusing the award ( edit ) Some winners critical of the Academy Awards have boycotted the ceremonies and refused to accept their Oscars . The first to do so was screenwriter Dudley Nichols ( Best Writing in 1935 for The Informer ) . Nichols boycotted the 8th Academy Awards ceremony because of conflicts between the Academy and the Writers ' Guild . Nichols eventually accepted the 1935 award three years later , at the 1938 ceremony . Nichols was nominated for three further Academy Awards during his career . George C. Scott became the second person to refuse his award ( Best Actor in 1970 for Patton ) at the 43rd Academy Awards ceremony . Scott described it as a `` meat parade '' , saying `` I do n't want any part of it . '' The third person to refuse the award was Marlon Brando , who refused his award ( Best Actor for 1972 's The Godfather ) citing the film industry 's discrimination and mistreatment of Native Americans . At the 45th Academy Awards ceremony , Brando sent actress and civil rights activist Sacheen Littlefeather to read a 15 - page speech detailing his criticisms . Incidents ( edit ) At the 2017 awards ceremony , Warren Beatty and Faye Dunaway mistakenly announced that La La Land was the Best Picture award recipient , instead of Moonlight , the actual winner . Beatty had been given the wrong envelope by a partner from PricewaterhouseCoopers , and after hesitating during the announcement , during which PricewaterhouseCoopers failed to correct their error , handed the envelope to Dunaway , which listed Emma Stone as Best Actress for La La Land and led to the confusion . The proper winner was announced after the acceptance speeches by La La Land producers Jordan Horowitz , Marc Platt and Fred Berger . The following year , Beatty and Dunaway were invited back as announcers for Best Picture winner , and this time they were handed the correct envelope , which PricewaterhouseCoppers accomplished without error . Associated events ( edit ) The following events are closely associated with the annual Academy Awards : César Awards Nominees luncheon Governors Awards The 25th Independent Spirit Awards ( in 2010 ) , usually held in Santa Monica the Saturday before the Oscars , marked the first time it was moved to a Friday and a change of venue to L.A. Live The annual `` Night Before '' , traditionally held at the Beverly Hills Hotel , begun in 2002 and generally known as the party of the season , benefits the Motion Picture and Television Fund , which operates a retirement home for SAG actors in the San Fernando Valley Elton John AIDS Foundation Academy Award Party airs the awards live at the nearby Pacific Design Center The Governors ' Ball is the Academy 's official after - party , including dinner ( until 2011 ) , and is adjacent to the awards - presentation venue The Vanity Fair after - party , historically at the former Morton 's restaurant , since 2009 has been at the Sunset Tower Presenter and performer gifts ( edit ) It has become a tradition to give out gift bags to the presenters and performers at the Oscars . In recent years , these gifts have also been extended to award nominees and winners . The value of each of these gift bags can reach into the tens of thousands of dollars . In 2014 , the value was reported to be as high as US $80,000 . The value has risen to the point where the U.S. Internal Revenue Service issued a statement regarding the gifts and their taxable status . Oscar gift bags have included vacation packages to Hawaii and Mexico and Japan , a private dinner party for the recipient and friends at a restaurant , videophones , a four - night stay at a hotel , watches , bracelets , vacation packages , spa treatments , bottles of vodka , maple salad dressing , and weight - loss gummie candy . Some of the gifts have even had a `` risque '' element to them ; in 2014 , the adult products retailer Adam & Eve had a `` Secret Room Gifting Suite '' . Celebrities visiting the gifting suite included Judith Hoag , Carolyn Hennesy , Kate Linder , Chris Mulkey , Jim O'Heir , and NBA player John Salley . Television ratings and advertisement prices ( edit ) From 2006 onwards , results are Live + SD , all previous years are Live viewing Year Viewers , millions Ad price , USD , millions Adjusted Price , USD , millions 2018 26.5 Not available Not available 2017 32.9 Not available Not available 2016 34.3 Not available Not available 2015 37.260 1.95 2.01 2014 43.740 1.8 -- 1.9 1.86 - 1.96 2013 40.376 1.65 -- 1.8 1.73 - 1.89 2012 39.460 1.610 1.72 2011 37.919 1.3684 1.49 41.699 1.1267 1.26 2009 36.310 1.3 1.48 2008 32.006 1.82 2.07 2007 40.172 1.6658 1.97 2006 38.939 1.6468 2.00 2005 42.139 1.503 1.88 43.531 1.5031 1.95 2003 33.043 1.3458 1.79 2002 41.782 1.29 1.76 2001 42.944 1.45 2.00 2000 46.333 1.305 1.85 1999 45.615 1.47 1998 55.249 0.95 1.43 1997 40.075 0.85 1.30 44.867 0.795 1.24 1995 48.279 0.7 1.12 1994 45.083 0.6435 1.06 1993 45.735 0.6078 1.03 1992 44.406 Not available Not available 1991 42.727 Not available Not available 1990 40.375 0.45 0.84 1989 42.619 0.375 0.74 1988 42.227 0.36 0.74 37.190 0.335 0.72 1986 37.757 0.32 0.71 1985 38.855 0.315 0.72 1984 42.051 0.275 0.65 53.235 0.245 0.60 1982 46.245 Not available Not available 1981 39.919 Not available Not available 1980 48.978 Not available Not available 1979 46.301 Not available Not available 1978 48.501 Not available Not available 1977 39.719 Not available Not available 1976 46.751 Not available Not available 48.127 Not available Not available 44.712 Not available Not available Trademark ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2016 ) The term `` Oscar '' is a registered trademark of the AMPAS ; however , in the Italian language , it is used generically to refer to any award or award ceremony , regardless of which field . See also ( edit ) Book : Academy Awards List of film awards List of actors with Academy Award nominations Academy Awards portal Film in the United States portal Greater Los Angeles portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` AMPAS Drops ' 85th Academy Awards ' - Now It 's Just ' The Oscars ' '' . TheWrap. 19 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 August 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Chris ( 25 February 2016 ) . `` Meet George Stanley , Sculptor of the Academy Award '' . Los Angeles Magazine . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About the Academy Awards '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 7 April 2007 . Retrieved 13 April 2007 . 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Jump up ^ Babwin , Don ( 27 January 2009 ) . `` Oscar 3453 is ' born ' in Chicago factory '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 10 March 2014 . ( Lodi News - Sentinel ) Jump up ^ `` THE ACADEMY AND POLICH TALLIX FINE ART FOUNDRY REVIVE THE ART OF OSCAR STATUETTES '' . Natalie Kojen . The Academy . 16 February 2016 . Archived from the original on 18 February 2016 . Retrieved 18 February 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.recordonline.com/news/20170127/foundry-seeks-tax-breaks-in-move-to-walden Jump up ^ Gregg Kilday ( 16 February 2016 ) . `` Oscar Statuette Gets a Face - Lift -- This year 's statuettes will be produced by Polich Tallix Fine Art Foundry and will be hand - cast in bronze before receiving their 24 - karat gold finish '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 5 May 2016 . Retrieved 18 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OSCAR STATUETTES , longtime creation of Chicago - based company , will now be made in New York '' . Miriam Di Nunzio . 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Jump up ^ `` The Academy and its Oscar Awards -- Reminder List of Eligible Releases '' . Archived from the original on 11 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Award Rules '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 October 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` Oscars : New Rules Bar Multi-Part Documentaries Like ' O.J. : Made in America ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 15 April 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Pond , Steve ( 7 January 2006 ) . `` Eight things every voter ( and fan ) should know about Oscar 's decidedly unique nomination process '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 17 October 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Young , John ( 27 January 2011 ) . `` Oscars : The wacky way the Academy counts votes , and the results of our ' If You Were an Oscar Voter ' poll '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 6 May 2016 . 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Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Marich , Robert ( 2013 ) . Marketing to Moviegoers : A Handbook of Strategies and Tactics ( 3rd ed . ) . Southern Illinois University Press . pp. 235 -- 48 . Jump up ^ `` ABC SIGNS EXPANSIVE NEW AGREEMENT TO BROADCAST THE OSCARS ® , HOLLYWOOD 'S BIGGEST ENTERTAINMENT CEREMONY , THROUGH 2028 '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . 31 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 February 2017 . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Tom O'Neil ( 12 July 2010 ) . `` Emmys love for Oscars continues with 12 nominations '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 19 August 2010 . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Bill Carter ( 8 April 1998 ) . `` TV Notes ; Moving Oscar Night '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 4 March 2014 . Retrieved 8 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Academy Awards will move to Sunday night Reading Eagle -- 1 July 1998 ; From Google News Archive Jump up ^ Never Say Never : Academy Awards move to Sunday The Item -- 19 March 1999 . Google News Archive . Jump up ^ John Horn ( 5 October 2010 ) . `` Academy looks to move 2012 Oscar ceremony up several weeks '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 8 March 2014 . Retrieved 28 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( 10 March 2010 ) . `` Farrah Fawcett : Oscars director apologises for ' In Memoriam ' omission '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 14 April 2010 . Retrieved 8 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Sandy ( 3 March 2010 ) . `` Oscar 's ' In Memoriam ' segment is touching to watch , painful to make '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 6 March 2010 . Retrieved 8 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Ehbar , Ned ( 28 February 2014 ) . `` Did you know ? '' Metro . New York City . p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Halle Berry , Denzel Washington Win Big '' . Fox News . 21st Century Fox . 25 March 2002 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2012 . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Sam ( 16 February 2010 ) . `` Cut ... all change at Oscars as winners are given just 45 seconds to say thanks '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 28 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Can the ' thank - you scroll ' save Oscar speeches ? '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 28 February 2016 . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This Costume Designer Won Jimmy Kimmel 's Jet Ski at the Oscars '' . Time . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` ABC 's Oscar Contract Renegotiations : Who 'll Get Creative Control ? '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 2 March 2016 . Retrieved 2 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Oscars Deal : What it Means for ABC and the Academy '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ James , Meg ( 23 February 2008 ) . `` Academy 's red carpet big stage for advertisers '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Bowles , Scott ( 26 January 2005 ) . `` Oscars lack blockbuster to lure TV viewers '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 15 September 2006 . Retrieved 8 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Justin Oppelaar ( 9 October 2002 ) . `` Charts and Data : Top 100 TV Shows of All Time by ' ' Variety ' ' '' . Variety.com . Archived from the original on 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( 7 March 2006 ) . `` Low Ratings Crash Party '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 11 June 2010 . Retrieved 14 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar ratings worst ever '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars Award Venues '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 12 December 2006 . Retrieved 13 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars ' home renamed Dolby Theatre '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on 2 May 2012 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars Wo n't Televise All Awards , Adds Popular Film Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Conradt , Stacy . `` The Quick 10 : 10 Bygone ( or rejected ) Academy Awards Categories '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( September 6 , 2018 ) . `` Academy Postponing New Popular Oscar Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Time to Create an Oscar For Stunt Coordinators '' . Film School Rejects. 1 April 2012 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Gill Interview '' . Action Fest. 4 April 2012 . Archived from the original on 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Handel , Jonathan ( 15 June 2011 ) . `` Academy Votes Against Creating Oscar Category for Stunt Coordinators '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 26 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Hiltzik ( 4 August 2005 ) . `` One stunt they 've been unable to pull off '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 22 September 2013 . Retrieved 13 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Friedkin , William ( Director ) ( 24 February 2009 ) . Director William Friedkin at the Hudson Union Society . Archived from the original on 10 March 2009 . Retrieved 11 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards -- The Oscars '' . Archived from the original on 20 January 2014 . Retrieved 4 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle . `` Have the Oscars jumped the shark ? '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on 18 April 2012 . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 26 April 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ diversityhttps://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/feb/24/oscars-diversity-debate-must-include-learning-disability Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 26 April 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Berman , Eliza . `` This Chart Proves the Oscars Have a Serious Diversity Problem '' . labs.time.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( 19 January 2016 ) . `` Can a Boycott Change the Oscars ? '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on 26 February 2016 . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( 23 January 2016 ) . `` Academy Promises ' Historic ' Changes to Diversify Membership '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 26 February 2016 . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What 's the worst Best Actor choice of all time ? '' . Archived from the original on 15 January 2010 . Retrieved 4 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Levy , Emanuel ( 2003 ) . All about Oscar : the history and politics of the Academy Awards -- The Career Oscars . Burns & Oates . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1452 - 6 . Retrieved 4 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Oscars Did You Know ? '' . Archived from the original on 23 June 2009 . Retrieved 18 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` George C Scott : The man who refused an Oscar '' . BBC News . 23 September 1999 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Show Business : Meat Parade '' . Time . 8 March 1971 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Facts -- Did You Know ? '' . Biography.com. 16 May 1929 . Archived from the original on 10 February 2010 . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Maev . `` Warren Beatty recalls ' chaos ' of Oscars night '' . Archived from the original on 1 August 2018 . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Valenti , Catherine . `` No Oscar ? How About a Gift Bag ? '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on 25 April 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Kim . `` Oscars ' gift bag has $80,000 worth of swag '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on 5 March 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` IRS Statement on Oscar Goodie Bags '' . IRS.gov . Archived from the original on 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Valiente , Alexa . `` What Surprising Freebies Are Inside the 2014 Oscar Nominees ' Gift Bags '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Bacardi , Francesca . `` Oscar ' Losers ' Become Winners with Distinctive Assets Gift Bags '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Adam & Eve Had Secret Room Gifting Suite for Oscars ' Celebs '' . Adult Video News . Archived from the original on 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( 24 February 2012 ) . `` With No Blockbusters Up For Best Picture , Expect ' Academy Awards ' Viewership To Fall ; Ratings History + Your Guess For This Year ( Poll ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 10 December 2013 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kantar Media Reports On The Advertising Vitality Of The Academy Awards -- Historical Advertising Data Showcases Ad Pricing Trends and Top Marketers ; Super Bowl Overlap Increases as Sales Rise '' . Kantar Media . 13 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 20 April 2013 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : Oscars Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on 22 October 2015 . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Ozanian . `` The Oscars Beat The Super Bowl In Advertising Premium '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on 14 October 2015 . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( 3 March 2014 ) . `` Oscars on ABC Draw Largest Audience in 10 Years '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 8 March 2014 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , Brian ( 3 March 2014 ) . `` Oscar Ad Prices Hit All - Time High as ABC Sells Out 2014 Telecast ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 12 December 2013 ) . `` Tops of 2013 : TV and Social Media '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 25 April 2014 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( 27 February 2012 ) . `` Crystal , social media fuel Oscar ratings '' . Variety . PMC . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Court : ' Oscar ' may be generic term in Italian - Hollywood Reporter Archived 17 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Court : Oscar may be generic term in Italian Reuters Archived 29 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Further reading ( edit ) Brokaw , Lauren ( 2010 ) . `` Wanna see an Academy Awards invite ? We got it along with all the major annual events surrounding the Oscars '' . Los Angeles : The Daily Truffle . Cotte , Oliver ( 2007 ) . Secrets of Oscar - winning animation : Behind the scenes of 13 classic short animations . Focal Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 240 - 52070 - 4 . Kinn , Gail ; Piazza , Jim ( 2002 ) . The Academy Awards : The Complete History of Oscar . Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57912 - 240 - 9 . Levy , Emanuel ( 2003 ) . All About Oscar : The History and Politics of the Academy Awards . Burns & Oates . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1452 - 6 . Wright , Jon ( 2007 ) . The Lunacy of Oscar : The Problems with Hollywood 's Biggest Night . Thomas Publishing , Inc . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Academy Awards . Official website of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Academy Awards on IMDb Official Academy Awards Database ( searchable ) Academy Awards Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Most wins per ceremony Oscar season Governors Awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting Pre-show Awards of Merit Best Picture Director Actor Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Adapted Screenplay Original Screenplay Animated Feature Documentary Feature Foreign Language Film Animated Short Film Documentary Short Subject Live Action Short Film Cinematography Costume Design Film Editing Makeup and Hairstyling Original Score Original Song Production Design Sound Editing Sound Mixing Visual Effects Proposed awards Popular Film Special awards Governors Awards Academy Honorary Award Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Special Achievement Academy Award Academy Scientific and Technical Awards Academy Award of Merit ( non-competitive ) Scientific and Engineering Award Technical Achievement Award John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation Gordon E. Sawyer Award Student Awards Student Academy Award Former awards Merit Awards Assistant Director Dance Direction Story Special Awards Academy Juvenile Award Ceremonies ‡ ( List Book ) 1927 / 28 1928 / 29 1929 / 30 1930 / 31 1931 / 32 1932 / 33 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Footnote ‡ Dates and years listed for each ceremony were the eligibility period of film release in Los Angeles County . For the first five ceremonies , the eligibility period was done on a seasonal basis , from August to July . For the 6th ceremony , held in 1934 , the eligibility period lasted from August 1 , 1932 to December 31 , 1933 . Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935 , the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31 . Book Category Portal Academy Awards lists Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Oscar season Oscar speech History of film Most wins per ceremony Combined major Oscars Superlatives Big Five All four acting categories Combined major awards Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Award careers Acting All nominees Best Actor ( by age ) Best Actress ( by age ) Best Supporting Actor ( by age ) Best Supporting Actress ( by age ) Acting noms in foreign language Actor multi-nom years Multi-Best Picture acting careers Multi-win Actors Multi-nom Actors Love curse Directing Best Director ( by age ) Film Films Foreign - language wins Foreign - language nominees Foreign - language noms in other categories Foreign - language : count by country Animated feature noms in other categories Ethnicity African Argentine Asian Australian Black Brazilian British Canadian Chilean Colombian Cuban French German - speaking Greek Hispanic - American ( U.S. ) Indian Iranian Italian Jewish Latin American Mexican New Zealand Nordic Pakistani Polish Puerto Rican Spanish Uruguayan Other Ceremonies Families False names LGBT Multi-win years Posthumous Best Picture Presenters Trophy displays Oldest and Youngest Awards for Walt Disney Women in Non-gendered Categories Book Category Portal Cinema of the United States Films Films by year Awards and events National Board of Review Awards ( 1929 ) Academy Awards ( 1929 ) New York Film Critics Circle ( 1935 ) Golden Globe Awards ( 1944 ) National Society of Film Critics Awards ( 1966 ) Los Angeles Film Critics Awards ( 1975 ) Golden Raspberry Awards ( 1981 ) Independent Spirit Awards ( 1985 ) American Society of Cinematographers Awards ( 1986 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Awards ( 1996 ) Hollywood Film Awards ( 1997 ) Guild Awards Directors Guild of America Awards ( 1936 ) Writers Guild of America Awards ( 1951 ) Producers Guild of America Awards ( 1962 ) Cinema Audio Society Awards ( 1964 ) Screen Actors Guild Awards ( 1995 ) Art Directors Guild Awards ( 1996 ) Costume Designers Guild Awards ( 1998 ) Location Managers Guild Awards ( 2014 ) Theaters Movie theater chains Industry by state Alaska Arizona Connecticut Florida Georgia Hawaii Louisiana Michigan New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Virginia Industry by city Atlanta Baltimore Chicago Cleveland Jacksonville Kansas City Las Vegas Lone Pine Long Island Los Angeles ( Hollywood ) Monument Valley New York City Harlem Palm Springs Pittsburgh Riverside San Diego Seattle Sonora Stamford Vasquez Rocks Organizations Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers American Society of Cinematographers Hollywood Foreign Press Association Motion Picture Association of America Miscellaneous Box office AFI 100 Years ... series National Film Registry Pre-Code Hollywood Classical Hollywood cinema New Hollywood List of living actors from the Golden Age of Hollywood List of surviving silent film actors Major film awards by countries Africa Ghana Movie Awards ( Ghana ) Africa Movie Academy Awards ( Nigeria ) South African Film and Television Awards ( South Africa ) Asia Central Didor International Film Festival ( Tajikistan ) East Golden Rooster Awards , Hong Kong Film Award , Hundred Flowers Awards and Huabiao Awards ( China ) Japan Academy Prize ( Japan ) Grand Bell Awards and Blue Dragon Film Awards ( South Korea ) Golden Horse Awards ( Taiwan ) South National Film Awards , Meril Prothom Alo Awards , Bachsas Awards ( Bangladesh ) Filmfare Awards , Filmfare Awards South , Filmfare Awards East , National Film Awards ( India ) Lux Style Awards , ARY Film Awards and Nigar Awards ( Pakistan ) Southeast Myanmar Motion Picture Awards ( Burma ) Indonesian Film Festival and Indonesian Movie Actor Awards ( Indonesia ) Malaysia Film Festival ( Malaysia ) FAMAS Award , Gawad Urian and Luna Award ( Philippines ) Suphannahong Awards ( Thailand ) Golden Lotus Awards and Golden Kite Prize ( Vietnam ) West Fajr International Film Festival ( Iran ) Ophir Award ( Israel ) International Antalya Film Festival ( Turkey ) Europe East Czech Lion Awards ( Czech Republic ) Polish Film Awards ( Poland ) Gopo Awards ( Romania ) Nika Award ( Russia ) Sun in a Net Awards ( Slovakia ) Vesna Award ( Slovenia ) Golden Dzyga ( Ukraine ) North Robert Awards and Bodil Awards ( Denmark ) Estonian Film and Television Awards ( Estonia ) Jussi Awards ( Finland ) Irish Film & Television Awards ( Ireland ) Lielais Kristaps ( Latvia ) Sidabrinė gervė ( Lithuania ) Amanda Award ( Norway ) Guldbagge Awards ( Sweden ) British Academy Film Awards ( United Kingdom ) South Heart of Sarajevo ( Bosnia and Herzegovina ) Golden Arena Awards ( Croatia ) Hellenic Film Academy Awards ( Greece ) David di Donatello and Nastro d'Argento ( Italy ) Golden Camera Awards ( Macedonia ) Sophia Awards ( Portugal ) Goya Awards ( Spain ) FEST ( Serbia ) West Austrian Film Award ( Austria ) Magritte Award ( Belgium ) César Award ( France ) Deutscher Filmpreis ( Germany ) Golden Calf ( Netherlands ) Swiss Film Award ( Switzerland ) North America Canadian Screen Awards ( Canada ) Ariel Award ( Mexico ) Academy Awards ( United States ) Oceania AACTA Awards ( Australia ) New Zealand film and television awards ( New Zealand ) South America Argentine Academy of Cinematography Arts and Sciences Awards ( Argentina ) Grande Prêmio do Cinema Brasileiro ( Brazil ) Altazor Award ( Chile ) Macondo Awards ( Colombia ) GND : 4132171 - 6 NARA : 10663067 NDL : 01216110 NKC : ph221975 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_Awards&oldid=865580596 '' Categories : Academy Awards American film awards Awards established in 1929 1929 establishments in California Cinema of Southern California Hollywood history and culture American annual television specials Annual events in Los Angeles County , California Events in Los Angeles Live television programs Hidden categories : Webarchive 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Venus

Venus - wikipedia Venus Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the planet . For other uses , see Venus ( disambiguation ) . Venus A real - colour image of Venus taken by Mariner 10 processed from two filters . The surface is obscured by thick sulfuric acid clouds . Designations Pronunciation / ˈviːnəs / ( listen ) Adjectives Venusian or ( rarely ) Cytherean , Venerean Orbital characteristics Epoch J2000 Aphelion 7011108939114216059 ♠ 0.728 213 AU 7011108939000000000 ♠ 108,939,000 km Perihelion 7011107477094225708 ♠ 0.718 440 AU 7011107477000000000 ♠ 107,477,000 km Semi-major axis 7011108208927009172 ♠ 0.723 332 AU 7011108208000000000 ♠ 108,208,000 km Eccentricity 0.006772 Orbital period 7007194141664000000 ♠ 224.701 d 6999615198000000000 ♠ 0.615 198 yr 1.92 Venus solar day Synodic period 583.92 days Average orbital speed 35.02 km / s Mean anomaly 50.115 ° Inclination 6998592465977223492 ♠ 3.394 58 ° to ecliptic 3.86 ° to Sun 's equator 2.19 ° to invariable plane Longitude of ascending node 76.680 ° Argument of perihelion 54.884 ° Satellites None Physical characteristics Mean radius 7006605180000000000 ♠ 6,051.8 ± 1.0 km 6999949900000000000 ♠ 0.9499 Earths Flattening 0 Surface area 7014460229999999999 ♠ 4.6023 × 10 km 0.902 Earths Volume 7020928430000000000 ♠ 9.2843 × 10 km 0.866 Earths Mass 7024486749999999999 ♠ 4.8675 × 10 kg 0.815 Earths Mean density 7003524300000000000 ♠ 5.243 g / cm Surface gravity 7000886999999999999 ♠ 8.87 m / s 0.904 g Escape velocity 10.36 km / s ( 6.44 mi / s ) Sidereal rotation period 2992790026400000000 ♠ − 243.025 d ( retrograde ) Equatorial rotation velocity 6.52 km / h ( 1.81 m / s ) Axial tilt 2.64 ° ( for retrograde rotation ) 177.36 ° ( to orbit ) North pole right ascension 18 11 2 272.76 ° North pole declination 67.16 ° Albedo 0.689 ( geometric ) 0.77 ( Bond ) 0.65 ( visual geometric ) Surface temp . min mean max Kelvin 737 K Celsius 462 ° C Apparent magnitude − 4.9 ( crescent ) to − 3.8 ( full ) Angular diameter 9.7 '' -- 66.0 '' Atmosphere Surface pressure 92 bar ( 9.2 MPa ) Composition by volume 96.5 % carbon dioxide 3.5 % nitrogen 0.015 % sulfur dioxide 0.007 % argon 0.002 % water vapour 0.0017 % carbon monoxide 0.0012 % helium 0.0007 % neon trace carbonyl sulfide trace hydrogen chloride trace hydrogen fluoride Jump up ^ Defining the rotation as retrograde , as done by NASA space missions and the USGS , puts Ishtar Terra in the northern hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 2.64 ° . Following the right - hand rule for prograde rotation puts Ishtar Terra in the southern hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 177.36 ° . Venus is the second planet from the Sun , orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days . It has the longest rotation period ( 243 days ) of any planet in the Solar System and rotates in the opposite direction to most other planets . It has no natural satellites . It is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty . It is the second - brightest natural object in the night sky after the Moon , reaching an apparent magnitude of − 4.6 -- bright enough to cast shadows at night and , rarely , visible to the naked eye in broad daylight . Orbiting within Earth 's orbit , Venus is an inferior planet and never appears to venture far from the Sun ; its maximum angular distance from the Sun ( elongation ) is 47.8 ° . Venus is a terrestrial planet and is sometimes called Earth 's `` sister planet '' because of their similar size , mass , proximity to the Sun , and bulk composition . It is radically different from Earth in other respects . It has the densest atmosphere of the four terrestrial planets , consisting of more than 96 % carbon dioxide . The atmospheric pressure at the planet 's surface is 92 times that of Earth , or roughly the pressure found 900 m ( 3,000 ft ) underwater on Earth . Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System , with a mean surface temperature of 735 K ( 462 ° C ; 863 ° F ) , even though Mercury is closer to the Sun . Venus is shrouded by an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds of sulfuric acid , preventing its surface from being seen from space in visible light . It may have had water oceans in the past , but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect . The water has probably photodissociated , and the free hydrogen has been swept into interplanetary space by the solar wind because of the lack of a planetary magnetic field . Venus 's surface is a dry desertscape interspersed with slab - like rocks and is periodically resurfaced by volcanism . As one of the brightest objects in the sky , Venus has been a major fixture in human culture for as long as records have existed . It has been made sacred to gods of many cultures , and has been a prime inspiration for writers and poets as the `` morning star '' and `` evening star '' . Venus was the first planet to have its motions plotted across the sky , as early as the second millennium BC . As the closest planet to Earth , Venus has been a prime target for early interplanetary exploration . It was the first planet beyond Earth visited by a spacecraft ( Mariner 2 in 1962 ) , and the first to be successfully landed on ( by Venera 7 in 1970 ) . Venus 's thick clouds render observation of its surface impossible in visible light , and the first detailed maps did not emerge until the arrival of the Magellan orbiter in 1991 . Plans have been proposed for rovers or more complex missions , but they are hindered by Venus 's hostile surface conditions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physical characteristics 1.1 Geography 1.2 Surface geology 1.3 Internal structure 1.4 Atmosphere and climate 1.5 Magnetic field and core 2 Orbit and rotation 3 Observation 3.1 Phases 3.2 Transits 3.3 Pentagram of Venus 3.4 Daylight apparitions 3.5 Ashen light 4 Studies 4.1 Early studies 4.2 Ground - based research 4.3 Exploration 5 In culture 5.1 Symbol 6 Habitability 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links 10.1 Cartographic resources Physical Characteristics Size comparison with Earth Venus is one of the four terrestrial planets in the Solar System , meaning that it is a rocky body like Earth . It is similar to Earth in size and mass , and is often described as Earth 's `` sister '' or `` twin '' . The diameter of Venus is 12,103.6 km ( 7,520.8 mi ) -- only 638.4 km ( 396.7 mi ) less than Earth 's -- and its mass is 81.5 % of Earth 's . Conditions on the Venusian surface differ radically from those on Earth because its dense atmosphere is 96.5 % carbon dioxide , with most of the remaining 3.5 % being nitrogen . Geography Main article : Mapping of Venus The Venusian surface was a subject of speculation until some of its secrets were revealed by planetary science in the 20th century . Venera landers in 1975 and 1982 returned images of a surface covered in sediment and relatively angular rocks . The surface was mapped in detail by Magellan in 1990 -- 91 . The ground shows evidence of extensive volcanism , and the sulfur in the atmosphere may indicate that there have been some recent eruptions . About 80 % of the Venusian surface is covered by smooth , volcanic plains , consisting of 70 % plains with wrinkle ridges and 10 % smooth or lobate plains . Two highland `` continents '' make up the rest of its surface area , one lying in the planet 's northern hemisphere and the other just south of the equator . The northern continent is called Ishtar Terra after Ishtar , the Babylonian goddess of love , and is about the size of Australia . Maxwell Montes , the highest mountain on Venus , lies on Ishtar Terra . Its peak is 11 km ( 7 mi ) above the Venusian average surface elevation . The southern continent is called Aphrodite Terra , after the Greek goddess of love , and is the larger of the two highland regions at roughly the size of South America . A network of fractures and faults covers much of this area . The absence of evidence of lava flow accompanying any of the visible calderas remains an enigma . The planet has few impact craters , demonstrating that the surface is relatively young , approximately 300 -- 600 million years old . Venus has some unique surface features in addition to the impact craters , mountains , and valleys commonly found on rocky planets . Among these are flat - topped volcanic features called `` farra '' , which look somewhat like pancakes and range in size from 20 to 50 km ( 12 to 31 mi ) across , and from 100 to 1,000 m ( 330 to 3,280 ft ) high ; radial , star - like fracture systems called `` novae '' ; features with both radial and concentric fractures resembling spider webs , known as `` arachnoids '' ; and `` coronae '' , circular rings of fractures sometimes surrounded by a depression . These features are volcanic in origin . Most Venusian surface features are named after historical and mythological women . Exceptions are Maxwell Montes , named after James Clerk Maxwell , and highland regions Alpha Regio , Beta Regio , and Ovda Regio . The latter three features were named before the current system was adopted by the International Astronomical Union , the body which oversees planetary nomenclature . The longitudes of physical features on Venus are expressed relative to its prime meridian . The original prime meridian passed through the radar - bright spot at the centre of the oval feature Eve , located south of Alpha Regio . After the Venera missions were completed , the prime meridian was redefined to pass through the central peak in the crater Ariadne . Surface geology Main articles : Geology of Venus and Volcanology of Venus False - colour image of Maat Mons with a vertical exaggeration of 22.5 Much of the Venusian surface appears to have been shaped by volcanic activity . Venus has several times as many volcanoes as Earth , and it has 167 large volcanoes that are over 100 km ( 62 mi ) across . The only volcanic complex of this size on Earth is the Big Island of Hawaii . This is not because Venus is more volcanically active than Earth , but because its crust is older . Earth 's oceanic crust is continually recycled by subduction at the boundaries of tectonic plates , and has an average age of about 100 million years , whereas the Venusian surface is estimated to be 300 -- 600 million years old . Several lines of evidence point to ongoing volcanic activity on Venus . During the Soviet Venera program , the Venera 9 orbiter obtained spectroscopic evidence of lightning on Venus , and the Venera 12 descent probe obtained additional evidence of lightning and thunder . The European Space Agency 's Venus Express in 2007 detected whistler waves further confirming the occurrence of lightning on Venus . One possibility is that ash from a volcanic eruption was generating the lightning . Another piece of evidence comes from measurements of sulfur dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere , which dropped by a factor of 10 between 1978 and 1986 , jumped in 2006 , and again declined 10-fold . This may mean that levels had been boosted several times by large volcanic eruptions . In 2008 and 2009 , the first direct evidence for ongoing volcanism was observed by Venus Express , in the form of four transient localized infrared hot spots within the rift zone Ganis Chasma , near the shield volcano Maat Mons . Three of the spots were observed in more than one successive orbit . These spots are thought to represent lava freshly released by volcanic eruptions . The actual temperatures are not known , because the size of the hot spots could not be measured , but are likely to have been in the 800 -- 1,100 K ( 527 -- 827 ° C ; 980 -- 1,520 ° F ) range , relative to a normal temperature of 740 K ( 467 ° C ; 872 ° F ) . Impact craters on the surface of Venus ( false - colour image reconstructed from radar data ) Almost a thousand impact craters on Venus are evenly distributed across its surface . On other cratered bodies , such as Earth and the Moon , craters show a range of states of degradation . On the Moon , degradation is caused by subsequent impacts , whereas on Earth it is caused by wind and rain erosion . On Venus , about 85 % of the craters are in pristine condition . The number of craters , together with their well - preserved condition , indicates the planet underwent a global resurfacing event about 300 -- 600 million years ago , followed by a decay in volcanism . Whereas Earth 's crust is in continuous motion , Venus is thought to be unable to sustain such a process . Without plate tectonics to dissipate heat from its mantle , Venus instead undergoes a cyclical process in which mantle temperatures rise until they reach a critical level that weakens the crust . Then , over a period of about 100 million years , subduction occurs on an enormous scale , completely recycling the crust . Venusian craters range from 3 to 280 km ( 2 to 174 mi ) in diameter . No craters are smaller than 3 km , because of the effects of the dense atmosphere on incoming objects . Objects with less than a certain kinetic energy are slowed down so much by the atmosphere that they do not create an impact crater . Incoming projectiles less than 50 m ( 160 ft ) in diameter will fragment and burn up in the atmosphere before reaching the ground . Internal structure The internal structure of Venus -- the crust ( outer layer ) , the mantle ( middle layer ) and the core ( yellow inner layer ) Without seismic data or knowledge of its moment of inertia , little direct information is available about the internal structure and geochemistry of Venus . The similarity in size and density between Venus and Earth suggests they share a similar internal structure : a core , mantle , and crust . Like that of Earth , the Venusian core is at least partially liquid because the two planets have been cooling at about the same rate . The slightly smaller size of Venus means pressures are 24 % lower in its deep interior than Earth 's . The principal difference between the two planets is the lack of evidence for plate tectonics on Venus , possibly because its crust is too strong to subduct without water to make it less viscous . This results in reduced heat loss from the planet , preventing it from cooling and providing a likely explanation for its lack of an internally generated magnetic field . Instead , Venus may lose its internal heat in periodic major resurfacing events . Atmosphere and climate Cloud structure in the Venusian atmosphere in 1979 , revealed by observations in the ultraviolet band by Pioneer Venus Orbiter Global radar view of Venus ( without the clouds ) from Magellan between 1990 and 1994 Main article : Atmosphere of Venus Venus has an extremely dense atmosphere composed of 96.5 % carbon dioxide , 3.5 % nitrogen , and traces of other gases , most notably sulfur dioxide . The mass of its atmosphere is 93 times that of Earth 's , whereas the pressure at its surface is about 92 times that at Earth 's -- a pressure equivalent to that at a depth of nearly 1 kilometre ( 0.62 mi ) under Earth 's oceans . The density at the surface is 65 kg / m , 6.5 % that of water or 50 times as dense as Earth 's atmosphere at 293 K ( 20 ° C ; 68 ° F ) at sea level . The CO 2 - rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System , creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K ( 462 ° C ; 864 ° F ) . This makes Venus 's surface hotter than Mercury 's , which has a minimum surface temperature of 53 K ( − 220 ° C ; − 364 ° F ) and maximum surface temperature of 693 K ( 420 ° C ; 788 ° F ) , even though Venus is nearly twice Mercury 's distance from the Sun and thus receives only 25 % of Mercury 's solar irradiance . This temperature is higher than that used for sterilization . The surface of Venus is often said to resemble traditional accounts of Hell . Studies have suggested that billions of years ago Venus 's atmosphere was much more like Earth 's than it is now , and that there may have been substantial quantities of liquid water on the surface , but after a period of 600 million to several billion years , a runaway greenhouse effect was caused by the evaporation of that original water , which generated a critical level of greenhouse gases in its atmosphere . Although the surface conditions on Venus are no longer hospitable to any Earthlike life that may have formed before this event , there is speculation on the possibility that life exists in the upper cloud layers of Venus , 50 km ( 31 mi ) up from the surface , where the temperature ranges between 303 and 353 K ( 30 and 80 ° C ; 86 and 176 ° F ) but the environment is acidic . Thermal inertia and the transfer of heat by winds in the lower atmosphere mean that the temperature of Venus 's surface does not vary significantly between the night and day sides , despite Venus 's extremely slow rotation . Winds at the surface are slow , moving at a few kilometres per hour , but because of the high density of the atmosphere at the surface , they exert a significant amount of force against obstructions , and transport dust and small stones across the surface . This alone would make it difficult for a human to walk through , even if the heat , pressure , and lack of oxygen were not a problem . Above the dense CO 2 layer are thick clouds consisting mainly of sulfuric acid droplets . The clouds also contain sulfur aerosol , about 1 % ferric chloride and some water . Other possible constituents of the cloud particles are ferric sulfate , aluminium chloride and phosphoric anhydride . Clouds at different levels have different compositions and particle size distributions . These clouds reflect and scatter about 90 % of the sunlight that falls on them back into space , and prevent visual observation of Venus 's surface . The permanent cloud cover means that although Venus is closer than Earth to the Sun , it receives less sunlight on the ground . Strong 300 km / h ( 185 mph ) winds at the cloud tops go around Venus about every four to five Earth days . Winds on Venus move at up to 60 times the speed of its rotation , whereas Earth 's fastest winds are only 10 -- 20 % rotation speed . The surface of Venus is effectively isothermal ; it retains a constant temperature not only between day and night sides but between the equator and the poles . Venus 's minute axial tilt -- less than 3 ° , compared to 23 ° on Earth -- also minimises seasonal temperature variation . The only appreciable variation in temperature occurs with altitude . The highest point on Venus , Maxwell Montes , is therefore the coolest point on Venus , with a temperature of about 655 K ( 380 ° C ; 715 ° F ) and an atmospheric pressure of about 4.5 MPa ( 45 bar ) . In 1995 , the Magellan spacecraft imaged a highly reflective substance at the tops of the highest mountain peaks that bore a strong resemblance to terrestrial snow . This substance likely formed from a similar process to snow , albeit at a far higher temperature . Too volatile to condense on the surface , it rose in gaseous form to higher elevations , where it is cooler and could precipitate . The identity of this substance is not known with certainty , but speculation has ranged from elemental tellurium to lead sulfide ( galena ) . The clouds of Venus may be capable of producing lightning . The existence of lightning in the atmosphere of Venus has been controversial since the first suspected bursts were detected by the Soviet Venera probes . In 2006 -- 07 , Venus Express clearly detected whistler mode waves , the signatures of lightning . Their intermittent appearance indicates a pattern associated with weather activity . According to these measurements , the lightning rate is at least half of that on Earth . In 2007 , Venus Express discovered that a huge double atmospheric vortex exists at the south pole . Venus Express also discovered , in 2011 , that an ozone layer exists high in the atmosphere of Venus . On 29 January 2013 , ESA scientists reported that the ionosphere of Venus streams outwards in a manner similar to `` the ion tail seen streaming from a comet under similar conditions . '' In December 2015 and to a lesser extent in April and May 2016 , researchers working on Japan 's Akatsuki mission observed bow shapes in the atmosphere of Venus . This was considered direct evidence of the existence of perhaps the largest stationary gravity waves in the solar system . Atmospheric composition Absorption spectrum of a simple gas mixture corresponding to Earth 's atmosphere The composition of the atmosphere of Venus based on HITRAN data created using HITRAN on the Web system . Green colour -- water vapour , red -- carbon dioxide , WN -- wavenumber ( other colours have different meanings , lower wavelengths on the right , higher on the left ) . Magnetic field and core In 1967 , Venera 4 found Venus 's magnetic field to be much weaker than that of Earth . This magnetic field is induced by an interaction between the ionosphere and the solar wind , rather than by an internal dynamo as in the Earth 's core . Venus 's small induced magnetosphere provides negligible protection to the atmosphere against cosmic radiation . The lack of an intrinsic magnetic field at Venus was surprising , given that it is similar to Earth in size , and was expected also to contain a dynamo at its core . A dynamo requires three things : a conducting liquid , rotation , and convection . The core is thought to be electrically conductive and , although its rotation is often thought to be too slow , simulations show it is adequate to produce a dynamo . This implies that the dynamo is missing because of a lack of convection in Venus 's core . On Earth , convection occurs in the liquid outer layer of the core because the bottom of the liquid layer is much hotter than the top . On Venus , a global resurfacing event may have shut down plate tectonics and led to a reduced heat flux through the crust . This caused the mantle temperature to increase , thereby reducing the heat flux out of the core . As a result , no internal geodynamo is available to drive a magnetic field . Instead , the heat from the core is being used to reheat the crust . One possibility is that Venus has no solid inner core , or that its core is not cooling , so that the entire liquid part of the core is at approximately the same temperature . Another possibility is that its core has already completely solidified . The state of the core is highly dependent on the concentration of sulfur , which is unknown at present . The weak magnetosphere around Venus means that the solar wind is interacting directly with its outer atmosphere . Here , ions of hydrogen and oxygen are being created by the dissociation of neutral molecules from ultraviolet radiation . The solar wind then supplies energy that gives some of these ions sufficient velocity to escape Venus 's gravity field . This erosion process results in a steady loss of low - mass hydrogen , helium , and oxygen ions , whereas higher - mass molecules , such as carbon dioxide , are more likely to be retained . Atmospheric erosion by the solar wind probably led to the loss of most of Venus 's water during the first billion years after it formed . The erosion has increased the ratio of higher - mass deuterium to lower - mass hydrogen in the atmosphere 100 times compared to the rest of the solar system . Orbit and rotation Main article : Orbit of Venus Venus orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 108 million kilometres ( about 0.7 AU ) and completes an orbit every 224.7 days . Venus is the second planet from the Sun and orbits the Sun approximately 1.6 times ( yellow trail ) in Earth 's 365 days ( blue trail ) Venus orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 0.72 AU ( 108 million km ; 67 million mi ) , and completes an orbit every 224.7 days . Although all planetary orbits are elliptical , Venus 's orbit is the closest to circular , with an eccentricity of less than 0.01 . When Venus lies between Earth and the Sun in inferior conjunction , it makes the closest approach to Earth of any planet at an average distance of 41 million km ( 25 million mi ) . The planet reaches inferior conjunction every 584 days , on average . Because of the decreasing eccentricity of Earth 's orbit , the minimum distances will become greater over tens of thousands of years . From the year 1 to 5383 , there are 526 approaches less than 40 million km ; then there are none for about 60,158 years . All the planets in the Solar System orbit the Sun in an anti-clockwise direction as viewed from above Earth 's north pole . Most planets also rotate on their axes in an anti-clockwise direction , but Venus rotates clockwise in retrograde rotation once every 243 Earth days -- the slowest rotation of any planet . Because its rotation is so slow , Venus is very close to spherical . A Venusian sidereal day thus lasts longer than a Venusian year ( 243 versus 224.7 Earth days ) . Venus 's equator rotates at 6.52 km / h ( 4.05 mph ) , whereas Earth 's rotates at 1,669.8 km / h ( 1,037.6 mph ) . Venus 's rotation has slowed down in the 16 years between the Magellan spacecraft and Venus Express visits ; each Venusian sidereal day has increased by 6.5 minutes in that time span . Because of the retrograde rotation , the length of a solar day on Venus is significantly shorter than the sidereal day , at 116.75 Earth days ( making the Venusian solar day shorter than Mercury 's 176 Earth days ) . One Venusian year is about 1.92 Venusian solar days . To an observer on the surface of Venus , the Sun would rise in the west and set in the east , although Venus 's opaque clouds prevent observing the Sun from the planet 's surface . Venus may have formed from the solar nebula with a different rotation period and obliquity , reaching its current state because of chaotic spin changes caused by planetary perturbations and tidal effects on its dense atmosphere , a change that would have occurred over the course of billions of years . The rotation period of Venus may represent an equilibrium state between tidal locking to the Sun 's gravitation , which tends to slow rotation , and an atmospheric tide created by solar heating of the thick Venusian atmosphere . The 584 - day average interval between successive close approaches to Earth is almost exactly equal to 5 Venusian solar days , but the hypothesis of a spin -- orbit resonance with Earth has been discounted . Venus has no natural satellites . It has several trojan asteroids : the quasi-satellite 2002 VE 68 and two other temporary trojans , 2001 CK and 2012 XE 133 . In the 17th century , Giovanni Cassini reported a moon orbiting Venus , which was named Neith and numerous sightings were reported over the following 7009631152000000000 ♠ 200 years , but most were determined to be stars in the vicinity . Alex Alemi 's and David Stevenson 's 2006 study of models of the early Solar System at the California Institute of Technology shows Venus likely had at least one moon created by a huge impact event billions of years ago . About 10 million years later , according to the study , another impact reversed the planet 's spin direction and caused the Venusian moon gradually to spiral inward until it collided with Venus . If later impacts created moons , these were removed in the same way . An alternative explanation for the lack of satellites is the effect of strong solar tides , which can destabilize large satellites orbiting the inner terrestrial planets . Observation Venus is always brighter than all other planets or stars as seen from Earth . The second brightest object on the image is Jupiter . To the naked eye , Venus appears as a white point of light brighter than any other planet or star ( apart from the Sun ) . Its brightest apparent magnitude , − 4.9 , occurs during crescent phase , only 36 days before or after inferior conjunction . Venus will be brightest on 30 April 2017 , then grow dimmer for nearly a year . Venus fades to about magnitude − 3 when it is backlit by the Sun . The planet is bright enough to be seen in a clear midday sky and is more easily visible when the Sun is low on the horizon or setting . As an inferior planet , it always lies within about 47 ° of the Sun . Venus `` overtakes '' Earth every 584 days as it orbits the Sun . As it does so , it changes from the `` Evening Star '' , visible after sunset , to the `` Morning Star '' , visible before sunrise . Although Mercury , the other inferior planet , reaches a maximum elongation of only 28 ° and is often difficult to discern in twilight , Venus is hard to miss when it is at its brightest . Its greater maximum elongation means it is visible in dark skies long after sunset . As the brightest point - like object in the sky , Venus is a commonly misreported `` unidentified flying object '' . Phases Main article : Phases of Venus The phases of Venus and evolution of its apparent diameter As it orbits the Sun , Venus displays phases like those of the Moon in a telescopic view . The planet appears as a small and `` full '' disc when it is on the opposite side of the Sun ( at superior conjunction ) . Venus shows a larger disc and `` quarter phase '' at its maximum elongations from the Sun , and appears its brightest in the night sky . The planet presents a much larger thin `` crescent '' in telescopic views as it passes along the near side between Earth and the Sun . Venus displays its largest size and `` new phase '' when it is between Earth and the Sun ( at inferior conjunction ) . Its atmosphere is visible through telescopes by the halo of sunlight refracted around it . Transits Main articles : Transit of Venus and Transit of Venus , 2012 2004 transit of Venus The Venusian orbit is slightly inclined relative to Earth 's orbit ; thus , when the planet passes between Earth and the Sun , it usually does not cross the face of the Sun . Transits of Venus occur when the planet 's inferior conjunction coincides with its presence in the plane of Earth 's orbit . Transits of Venus occur in cycles of 7009766849680000000 ♠ 243 years with the current pattern of transits being pairs of transits separated by eight years , at intervals of about 7009332932680000000 ♠ 105.5 years or 7009383424840000000 ♠ 121.5 years -- a pattern first discovered in 1639 by the English astronomer Jeremiah Horrocks . The latest pair was June 8 , 2004 and June 5 -- 6 , 2012 . The transit could be watched live from many online outlets or observed locally with the right equipment and conditions . The preceding pair of transits occurred in December 1874 and December 1882 ; the following pair will occur in December 2117 and December 2125 . The oldest film known is the 1874 Passage de Venus , showing the 1874 Venus transit of the sun . Historically , transits of Venus were important , because they allowed astronomers to determine the size of the astronomical unit , and hence the size of the Solar System as shown by Horrocks in 1639 . Captain Cook 's exploration of the east coast of Australia came after he had sailed to Tahiti in 1768 to observe a transit of Venus . Pentagram of Venus The pentagram of Venus . Earth is positioned at the centre of the diagram , and the curve represents the direction and distance of Venus as a function of time . The pentagram of Venus is the path that Venus makes as observed from Earth . Successive inferior conjunctions of Venus repeat very near a 13 : 8 orbital resonance ( Earth orbits 8 times for every 13 orbits of Venus ) , shifting 144 ° upon sequential inferior conjunctions . The resonance 13 : 8 ratio is approximate . 8 / 13 is approximately 0.615385 while Venus orbits the Sun in 0.615187 years . Daylight apparitions Naked eye observations of Venus during daylight hours exist in several anecdotes and records . Astronomer Edmund Halley calculated its maximum naked eye brightness in 1716 , when many Londoners were alarmed by its appearance in the daytime . French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte once witnessed a daytime apparition of the planet while at a reception in Luxembourg . Another historical daytime observation of the planet took place during the inauguration of the American president Abraham Lincoln in Washington , D.C. , on 4 March 1865 . Although naked eye visibility of Venus ' phases is disputed , records exist of observations of its crescent . Ashen light A long - standing mystery of Venus observations is the so - called ashen light -- an apparent weak illumination of its dark side , seen when the planet is in the crescent phase . The first claimed observation of ashen light was made in 1643 , but the existence of the illumination has never been reliably confirmed . Observers have speculated it may result from electrical activity in the Venusian atmosphere , but it could be illusory , resulting from the physiological effect of observing a bright , crescent - shaped object . Studies Early Studies The `` black drop effect '' as recorded during the 1769 transit Venus was known to ancient civilizations both as the `` morning star '' and as the `` evening star '' , names that reflect the early assumption that these were two separate objects . The ancient Sumerians , who recognized Venus as a single object , believed that it was their goddess Inanna . Inanna 's movements in several of her myths , including Inanna and Shukaletuda and Inanna 's Descent into the Underworld appear to parallel the motion of the planet Venus . The Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa , believed to have been compiled around the mid-seventeenth century BCE , shows the Babylonians understood the two were a single object , referred to in the tablet as the `` bright queen of the sky '' , and could support this view with detailed observations . The ancient Greeks thought that Venus was two separate stars : Phosphorus and Hesperus . Pliny the Elder credited the realization that they were a single object to Pythagoras in the sixth century BCE , while Diogenes Laertius argued that Parmenides was probably responsible . The ancient Chinese referred to the morning Venus as `` the Great White '' ( Tai - bai 太白 ) or `` the Opener ( Starter ) of Brightness '' ( Qi - ming 啟明 ) , and the evening Venus as `` the Excellent West One '' ( Chang - geng 長庚 ) . The Romans designated the morning aspect of Venus as Lucifer , literally `` Light - Bringer '' , and the evening aspect as Vesper , both literal translations of the respective Greek names . In the second century , in his astronomical treatise Almagest , Ptolemy theorized that both Mercury and Venus are located between the Sun and the Earth . The 11th century Persian astronomer Avicenna claimed to have observed the transit of Venus , which later astronomers took as confirmation of Ptolemy 's theory . In the 12th century , the Andalusian astronomer Ibn Bajjah observed `` two planets as black spots on the face of the Sun '' , which were later identified as the transits of Venus and Mercury by the Maragha astronomer Qotb al - Din Shirazi in the 13th century . Galileo 's discovery that Venus showed phases ( although remaining near the Sun in Earth 's sky ) proved that it orbits the Sun and not Earth When the Italian physicist Galileo Galilei first observed the planet in the early 17th century , he found it showed phases like the Moon , varying from crescent to gibbous to full and vice versa . When Venus is furthest from the Sun in the sky , it shows a half - lit phase , and when it is closest to the Sun in the sky , it shows as a crescent or full phase . This could be possible only if Venus orbited the Sun , and this was among the first observations to clearly contradict the Ptolemaic geocentric model that the Solar System was concentric and centred on Earth . The 1639 transit of Venus was accurately predicted by Jeremiah Horrocks and observed by him and his friend , William Crabtree , at each of their respective homes , on 4 December 1639 ( 24 November under the Julian calendar in use at that time ) . The atmosphere of Venus was discovered in 1761 by Russian polymath Mikhail Lomonosov . Venus 's atmosphere was observed in 1790 by German astronomer Johann Schröter . Schröter found when the planet was a thin crescent , the cusps extended through more than 180 ° . He correctly surmised this was due to scattering of sunlight in a dense atmosphere . Later , American astronomer Chester Smith Lyman observed a complete ring around the dark side of the planet when it was at inferior conjunction , providing further evidence for an atmosphere . The atmosphere complicated efforts to determine a rotation period for the planet , and observers such as Italian - born astronomer Giovanni Cassini and Schröter incorrectly estimated periods of about 7004864000000000000 ♠ 24 h from the motions of markings on the planet 's apparent surface . Ground - based Research Modern telescopic view of Venus from Earth 's surface Little more was discovered about Venus until the 20th century . Its almost featureless disc gave no hint what its surface might be like , and it was only with the development of spectroscopic , radar and ultraviolet observations that more of its secrets were revealed . The first ultraviolet observations were carried out in the 1920s , when Frank E. Ross found that ultraviolet photographs revealed considerable detail that was absent in visible and infrared radiation . He suggested this was due to a dense , yellow lower atmosphere with high cirrus clouds above it . Spectroscopic observations in the 1900s gave the first clues about the Venusian rotation . Vesto Slipher tried to measure the Doppler shift of light from Venus , but found he could not detect any rotation . He surmised the planet must have a much longer rotation period than had previously been thought . Later work in the 1950s showed the rotation was retrograde . Radar observations of Venus were first carried out in the 1960s , and provided the first measurements of the rotation period , which were close to the modern value . Radar observations in the 1970s revealed details of the Venusian surface for the first time . Pulses of radio waves were beamed at the planet using the 300 m ( 980 ft ) radio telescope at Arecibo Observatory , and the echoes revealed two highly reflective regions , designated the Alpha and Beta regions . The observations also revealed a bright region attributed to mountains , which was called Maxwell Montes . These three features are now the only ones on Venus that do not have female names . Exploration Main article : Observations and explorations of Venus Artist 's impression of Mariner 2 , launched in 1962 , a skeletal , bottle - shaped spacecraft with a large radio dish on top The first robotic space probe mission to Venus , and the first to any planet , began with the Soviet Venera program in 1961 . The United States ' exploration of Venus had its first success with the Mariner 2 mission on 14 December 1962 , becoming the world 's first successful interplanetary mission , passing 34,833 km ( 21,644 mi ) above the surface of Venus , and gathering data on the planet 's atmosphere . 180 - degree panorama of Venus 's surface from the Soviet Venera 9 lander , 1975 . Black - and - white image of barren , black , slate - like rocks against a flat sky . The ground and the probe are the focus . Several lines are missing due to a simultaneous transmission of the scientific data On 18 October 1967 , the Soviet Venera 4 successfully entered the atmosphere and deployed science experiments . Venera 4 showed the surface temperature was hotter than Mariner 2 had calculated , at almost 500 ° C , determined that the atmosphere is 95 % carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) , and discovered that Venus 's atmosphere was considerably denser than Venera 4 's designers had anticipated . The joint Venera 4 -- Mariner 5 data were analysed by a combined Soviet -- American science team in a series of colloquia over the following year , in an early example of space cooperation . In 1974 , Mariner 10 swung by Venus on its way to Mercury and took ultraviolet photographs of the clouds , revealing the extraordinarily high wind speeds in the Venusian atmosphere . Global view of Venus in ultraviolet light done by Mariner 10 . In 1975 , the Soviet Venera 9 and 10 landers transmitted the first images from the surface of Venus , which were in black and white . In 1982 the first colour images of the surface were obtained with the Soviet Venera 13 and 14 landers . NASA obtained additional data in 1978 with the Pioneer Venus project that consisted of two separate missions : Pioneer Venus Orbiter and Pioneer Venus Multiprobe . The successful Soviet Venera program came to a close in October 1983 , when Venera 15 and 16 were placed in orbit to conduct detailed mapping of 25 % of Venus 's terrain ( from the north pole to 30 ° N latitude ) Several other Venus flybys took place in the 1980s and 1990s that increased the understanding of Venus , including Vega 1 ( 1985 ) , Vega 2 ( 1985 ) , Galileo ( 1990 ) , Magellan ( 1994 ) , Cassini -- Huygens ( 1998 ) , and MESSENGER ( 2006 ) . Then , Venus Express by the European Space Agency ( ESA ) entered orbit around Venus in April 2006 . Equipped with seven scientific instruments , Venus Express provided unprecedented long - term observation of Venus 's atmosphere . ESA concluded that mission in December 2014 . As of 2016 , Japan 's Akatsuki is in a highly elliptical orbit around Venus since 7 December 2015 , and there are several probing proposals under study by Roscosmos , NASA , and India 's ISRO . In 2016 , NASA announced that it was planning a rover , the Automaton Rover for Extreme Environments , designed to survive for an extended time in Venus ' environmental conditions . It would be controlled by a mechanical computer and driven by wind power . In culture See also : Venus in fiction and Observations and explorations of Venus § Historical observations and impact Venus is a primary feature of the night sky , and so has been of remarkable importance in mythology , astrology and fiction throughout history and in different cultures . Classical poets such as Homer , Sappho , Ovid and Virgil spoke of the star and its light . Romantic poets such as William Blake , Robert Frost , Alfred Lord Tennyson and William Wordsworth wrote odes to it . With the invention of the telescope , the idea that Venus was a physical world and possible destination began to take form . The impenetrable Venusian cloud cover gave science fiction writers free rein to speculate on conditions at its surface ; all the more so when early observations showed that not only was it similar in size to Earth , it possessed a substantial atmosphere . Closer to the Sun than Earth , the planet was frequently depicted as warmer , but still habitable by humans . The genre reached its peak between the 1930s and 1950s , at a time when science had revealed some aspects of Venus , but not yet the harsh reality of its surface conditions . Findings from the first missions to Venus showed the reality to be quite different , and brought this particular genre to an end . As scientific knowledge of Venus advanced , so science fiction authors tried to keep pace , particularly by conjecturing human attempts to terraform Venus . Symbol Main article : Venus symbol The astronomical symbol for Venus is the same as that used in biology for the female sex : a circle with a small cross beneath . The Venus symbol also represents femininity , and in Western alchemy stood for the metal copper . Polished copper has been used for mirrors from antiquity , and the symbol for Venus has sometimes been understood to stand for the mirror of the goddess . Habitability Main article : Life on Venus See also : Colonization of Venus The speculation of the existence of life on Venus decreased significantly since the early 1960s , when spacecraft began studying Venus and it became clear that the conditions on Venus are extreme compared to those on Earth . The fact that Venus is located closer to the Sun than Earth , raising temperatures on the surface to nearly 735 K ( 462 ° C ; 863 ° F ) , the atmospheric pressure is ninety times that of Earth , and the extreme impact of the greenhouse effect , make water - based life as we know it unlikely . A few scientists have speculated that thermoacidophilic extremophile microorganisms might exist in the lower - temperature , acidic upper layers of the Venusian atmosphere . The atmospheric pressure and temperature fifty kilometres above the surface are similar to those at Earth 's surface . This has led to proposals to use aerostats ( lighter - than - air balloons ) for initial exploration and ultimately for permanent `` floating cities '' in the Venusian atmosphere . Among the many engineering challenges are the dangerous amounts of sulfuric acid at these heights . See also Solar System portal Book : Venus Book : Solar System Aspects of Venus Geodynamics of Venus Outline of Venus Venus zone Notes Jump up ^ Misstated as `` Ganiki Chasma '' in the press release and scientific publication . Jump up ^ Several claims of transit observations made by medieval Islamic astronomers have been shown to be sunspots . Avicenna did not record the date of his observation . There was a transit of Venus within his lifetime , on 24 May 1032 , although it is questionable whether it would have been visible from his location . References ^ Jump up to : Simon , J.L. ; Bretagnon , P. ; Chapront , J. ; Chapront - Touzé , M. ; Francou , G. ; Laskar , J. 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Archived from the original on 14 December 2015 . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Chatfield , Chris ( 2010 ) . `` The Solar System with the naked eye '' . The Gallery of Natural Phenomena . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Gaherty , Geoff ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Planet Venus Visible in Daytime Sky Today : How to See It '' . Space.com . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Goines , David Lance ( 18 October 1995 ) . `` Inferential Evidence for the Pre-telescopic Sighting of the Crescent Venus '' . Goines.net . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Baum , R.M. ( 2000 ) . `` The enigmatic ashen light of Venus : an overview '' . Journal of the British Astronomical Association . 110 : 325 . Bibcode : 2000JBAA ... 110 ... 325B . ^ Jump up to : Cooley , Jeffrey L. ( 2008 ) . `` Inana and Šukaletuda : A Sumerian Astral Myth '' . KASKAL. 5 : 161 -- 172 . ISSN 1971 - 8608 . Jump up ^ Black , Jeremy ; Green , Anthony ( 1992 ) . Gods , Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia : An Illustrated Dictionary . The British Museum Press . pp. 108 -- 109 . ISBN 0 - 7141 - 1705 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nemet - Nejat , Karen Rhea ( 1998 ) , Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia , Daily Life , Greenwood , p. 203 , ISBN 978 - 0313294976 Jump up ^ Hobson , Russell ( 2009 ) . The Exact Transmission of Texts in the First Millennium B.C.E ( PDF ) ( Ph. D . ) . University of Sydney , Department of Hebrew , Biblical and Jewish Studies . Jump up ^ Waerden , Bartel ( 1974 ) . Science awakening II : the birth of astronomy . Springer . p. 56 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 01 - 93103 - 2 . Retrieved 10 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder ( 1991 ) . Natural History II : 36 -- 37 . translated by John F. Healy . Harmondsworth , Middlesex , UK : Penguin . pp. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Burkert , Walter ( 1972 ) . Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism . Harvard University Press . p. 307 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 53918 - 1 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Bernard R. ( March 1972 ) . `` Theory and Observation in Medieval Astronomy '' . Isis . University of Chicago Press . 63 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 47 ( 44 ) . doi : 10.1086 / 350839 . Jump up ^ `` AVICENNA viii . Mathematics and Physical Sciences '' . Encyclopedia Iranica . Jump up ^ S.M. Razaullah Ansari ( 2002 ) . History of Oriental Astronomy : Proceedings of the Joint Discussion - 17 at the 23rd General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union , Organised by the Commission 41 ( History of Astronomy ) , Held in Kyoto , August 25 -- 26 , 1997 . Springer Science + Business Media . p. 137 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 0657 - 9 . Jump up ^ J.M. Vaquero ; M. Vázquez ( 2009 ) . The Sun Recorded Through History . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 92790 - 9 . Jump up ^ Fredrick Kennard . Thought Experiments : Popular Thought Experiments in Philosophy , Physics , Ethics , Computer Science & Mathematics . p. 113 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 329 - 00342 - 2 . Jump up ^ Palmieri , Paolo ( 2001 ) . `` Galileo and the discovery of the phases of Venus '' . Journal for the History of Astronomy . 21 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 129 . Bibcode : 2001JHA ... 32 ... 109P . Jump up ^ Fegley Jr , B ( 2003 ) . Heinrich D. Holland ; Karl K. Turekian , eds . Venus . Treatise on Geochemistry . Elsevier . pp. 487 -- 507 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 043751 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kollerstrom , Nicholas ( 2004 ) . `` William Crabtree 's Venus transit observation '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings IAU Colloquium No. 196 , 2004 . International Astronomical Union . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Marov , Mikhail Ya. ( 2004 ) . D.W. Kurtz , ed . Mikhail Lomonosov and the discovery of the atmosphere of Venus during the 1761 transit . Proceedings of IAU Colloquium No. 196 . Preston , U.K. : Cambridge University Press . pp. 209 -- 219 . Bibcode : 2005tvnv. conf ... 209M . doi : 10.1017 / S1743921305001390 . Jump up ^ `` Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 12 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Russell , H.N. ( 1899 ) . `` The Atmosphere of Venus '' . Astrophysical Journal . 9 : 284 -- 299 . Bibcode : 1899ApJ ... 9 ... 284R . doi : 10.1086 / 140593 . Jump up ^ Hussey , T. ( 1832 ) . `` On the Rotation of Venus '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 2 : 78 -- 126 . Bibcode : 1832MNRAS ... 2 ... 78H . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 2.11. 78d . Jump up ^ Ross , F.E. ( 1928 ) . `` Photographs of Venus '' . Astrophysical Journal . 68 -- 92 : 57 . Bibcode : 1928ApJ ... 68 ... 57R . doi : 10.1086 / 143130 . Jump up ^ Slipher , V.M. ( 1903 ) . `` A Spectrographic Investigation of the Rotation Velocity of Venus '' . Astronomische Nachrichten. 163 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 35 -- 52 . Bibcode : 1903AN ... 163 ... 35S . doi : 10.1002 / asna. 19031630303 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , R.M. ; Carpenter , R.L. ( 1963 ) . `` Rotation of Venus : Period Estimated from Radar Measurements '' . Science . 139 ( 3558 ) : 910 -- 911 . Bibcode : 1963Sci ... 139 ... 910G . doi : 10.1126 / science. 139.3558. 910 . PMID 17743054 . Jump up ^ Campbell , D.B. ; Dyce , R.B. ; Pettengill G.H. ( 1976 ) . `` New radar image of Venus '' . Science . 193 ( 4258 ) : 1123 -- 1124 . Bibcode : 1976Sci ... 193.1123 C . doi : 10.1126 / science. 193.4258. 1123 . PMID 17792750 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Don ( 2003 ) . `` Inventing The Interplanetary Probe '' . The Soviet Exploration of Venus . Retrieved 27 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Mayer ; McCullough & Sloanaker ( January 1958 ) . `` Observations of Venus at 3.15 - cm Wave Length '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 127 : 1 . Bibcode : 1958ApJ ... 127 ... 1M . doi : 10.1086 / 146433 . Jump up ^ Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( 1962 ) . `` Mariner - Venus 1962 Final Project Report '' ( PDF ) . SP - 59 . NASA . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Don ( 2003 ) . `` Plumbing the Atmosphere of Venus '' . The Soviet Exploration of Venus . Retrieved 27 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Report on the Activities of the COSPAR Working Group VII '' . Preliminary Report , COSPAR Twelfth Plenary Meeting and Tenth International Space Science Symposium . Prague , Czechoslovakia : National Academy of Sciences . 11 -- 24 May 1969 . p. 94 . Jump up ^ Sagdeev , Roald ; Eisenhower , Susan ( 28 May 2008 ) . `` United States - Soviet Space Cooperation during the Cold War '' . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Colin , L. ; Hall , C. ( 1977 ) . `` The Pioneer Venus Program '' . Space Science Reviews . 20 ( 3 ) : 283 -- 306 . Bibcode : 1977SSRv ... 20 ... 283C . doi : 10.1007 / BF02186467 . Jump up ^ Williams , David R. ( 6 January 2005 ) . `` Pioneer Venus Project Information '' . NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Greeley , Ronald ; Batson , Raymond M. ( 2007 ) . Planetary Mapping . Cambridge University Press . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 03373 - 2 . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Hall , Loura ( 1 April 2016 ) . `` Automaton Rover for Extreme Environments ( AREE ) '' . NASA . Retrieved 29 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Aaron J. Atsma . `` Eospheros & Hespheros '' . Theoi.com . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Dava Sobel ( 2005 ) . The Planets . Harper Publishing . pp. 53 -- 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 200116 - 5 . Jump up ^ Miller , Ron ( 2003 ) . Venus . Twenty - First Century Books . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7613 - 2359 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dick , Steven ( 2001 ) . Life on Other Worlds : The 20th - Century Extraterrestrial Life Debate . Cambridge University Press . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79912 - 6 . Jump up ^ Seed , David ( 2005 ) . A Companion to Science Fiction . Blackwell Publishing . pp. 134 -- 135 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 1218 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Stearn , William ( May 1968 ) . `` The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology '' . Taxon. 11 ( 4 ) : 109 -- 113 . doi : 10.2307 / 1217734 . JSTOR 1217734 . Jump up ^ Clark , Stuart ( 26 September 2003 ) . `` Acidic clouds of Venus could harbour life '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Redfern , Martin ( 25 May 2004 ) . `` Venus clouds ' might harbour life ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Dartnell , Lewis R. ; Nordheim , Tom Andre ; Patel , Manish R. ; Mason , Jonathon P. ; et al. ( September 2015 ) . `` Constraints on a potential aerial biosphere on Venus : I. Cosmic rays '' . Icarus . 257 : 396 -- 405 . Bibcode : 2015Icar ... 257 ... 396D . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2015.05. 006 . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Landis , Geoffrey A. ( 2003 ) . `` Colonization of Venus '' . AIP Conference Proceedings . 654 . pp. 1193 -- 1198 . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1541418 . Archived from the original on 11 July 2012 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Venus . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Venus Find more aboutVenusat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Venus profile at NASA 's Solar System Exploration site Missions to Venus and Image catalog at the National Space Science Data Center Soviet Exploration of Venus and Image catalog at Mentallandscape.com Venus page at The Nine Planets Transits of Venus at NASA.gov Geody Venus , a search engine for surface features Cartographic resources Map - a-Planet : Venus by the U.S. Geological Survey Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature : Venus by the International Astronomical Union Venus crater database by the Lunar and Planetary Institute Map of Venus by Eötvös Loránd University Google Venus 3D , interactive map of the planet The Solar System The Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Ceres Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Planets Terrestrial planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars Giant planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Dwarf planets Ceres Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Rings Jovian Saturnian ( Rhean ) Charikloan Chironean Uranian Neptunian Haumean Moons 1 Terrestrial ( Moon ) Other near - Earth objects 2 Martian Phobos Deimos 69 Jovian Ganymede Callisto Io Europa all 62 Saturnian Titan Rhea Iapetus Dione Tethys Enceladus Mimas Hyperion Phoebe all 27 Uranian Titania Oberon Umbriel Ariel Miranda all 14 Neptunian Triton Proteus Nereid all 5 Plutonian Charon Nix Hydra Kerberos Styx 2 Haumean Hiʻiaka Namaka 1 Makemakean ( S / 2015 ( 136472 ) 1 ) 1 Eridian ( Dysnomia ) Lists Solar System objects By size By discovery date Minor planets Gravitationally rounded objects Possible dwarf planets Natural satellites Comets Small Solar System bodies Meteoroids Minor planets moons Comets Damocloids Mercury - crossers Venus - crossers Venus trojans Near - Earth objects Earth - crossers Earth trojans Mars - crossers Mars trojans Asteroid belt Asteroids first discovered : Ceres Pallas Juno Vesta Families Notable asteroids Kirkwood gap Main - belt comets Jupiter trojans Jupiter - crossers Centaurs Saturn - crossers Uranus trojans Uranus - crossers Neptune trojans Cis - Neptunian objects Trans - Neptunian objects Neptune - crossers Plutoids Kuiper belt Plutinos Cubewanos Scattered disc Detached objects Sednoids Hills cloud Oort cloud Hypothetical objects Vulcan Vulcanoids Phaeton Planet V Theia Fifth giant Planets beyond Neptune Tyche Nemesis Planet Nine Exploration ( outline ) Discovery Astronomy Timeline Spaceflight Robotic spacecraft Human spaceflight Colonization List of probes Timeline Mercury Venus Moon Mars Ceres Asteroids Mining Comets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Deep space Outline of the Solar System Portals Solar System Astronomy Earth sciences Mars Jupiter Uranus Cosmology Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . Venus Outline of Venus Geography General Arachnoid Atmosphere Dune fields Features Regions Regio Alpha Regio Asteria Regio Beta Regio Ovda Regio Terrae Aphrodite Terra Ishtar Terra Lada Terra Mountains and volcanoes Abeona Mons Akna Montes Anala Mons Artemis Corona Ba'het Corona Boala Corona Ciuacoatl Mons Fand Mons Fotla Corona Gula Mons Heng - O Corona Iaso Tholus Irnini Mons Jaszai Patera Maat Mons Maxwell Montes Nightingale Corona Onatah Corona Quetzalpetlatl Corona Pancake dome Renpet Mons Sacajawea Patera Sachs Patera Sapas Mons Santa Corona Scalloped margin dome Siddons Patera Sif Mons Skadi Mons Theia Mons Ushas Mons Zisa Corona List of coronae on Venus Plains and plateaus Guinevere Planitia Lakshmi Planum Sedna Planitia Canyons and valleys Aikhulu Chasma Artemis Chasma Baltis Vallis Dali Chasma Devana Chasma Diana Chasma Ganis Chasma Craters Addams Adivar Agnesi Alcott Ariadne Aurelia Balch Barton Buck Cleopatra Cunitz Danilova De Lalande Dickinson Goeppert - Mayer Golubkina Grimke Gregory Guilbert Isabella Jeanne Maria Celeste Mariko Mead Meitner Merit Ptah Mona Lisa Nanichi Riley Ruth Stefania Wanda Wheatley Yablochkina Other Geodynamics Geology Surface features Venus snow Venusquake Moons Neith ( hypothetical moon ) Astronomy General Aspects Orbit Phases Transits 1639 1769 1874 1882 2012 Asteroids Venus - crosser asteroid 2002 VE 68 Exploration Past Sputnik programme Sputnik 7 Venera program Venera 1 Sputnik 19 Sputnik 20 Sputnik 21 Kosmos 21 Venera 1964A Kosmos 27 Venera 2 Venera 3 Kosmos 96 Venera 4 Kosmos 167 Venera 5 Venera 6 Venera 7 Venera 8 Kosmos 482 Venera 9 Venera 10 Venera 11 Venera 12 Venera 13 Venera 14 Venera 15 Venera 16 Mariner program Mariner 1 Mariner 2 Mariner 5 Mariner 10 Zond program Zond 1 Pioneer Venus Pioneer Venus Orbiter / Pioneer 12 Pioneer Venus Multiprobe / Pioneer 13 Vega program Vega 1 Vega 2 Magellan Galileo Cassini -- Huygens IKAROS MESSENGER Shin'en Venus Express Current Akatsuki Planned BepiColombo Venera - D Proposed European Venus Explorer Mercury - P Venus In Situ Explorer VISAGE Indian Venusian orbiter mission Proposed manned Colonization Inspiration Mars ( flyby ) Terraforming Other Geological mapping of Venus Artificial objects on Venus Related Cytherean Fiction Hesperus Life Mythology Phosphorus Venusians Book Portal Spacecraft missions to Venus Orbiters Akatsuki Magellan Pioneer Venus Orbiter Venera 9 Venera 10 Venera 15 Venera 16 Venus Express Flybys Venera 1 Mariner 2 Zond 1 Venera 2 Mariner 5 Mariner 10 Venera 11 Venera 12 Venera 13 Venera 14 Vega 1 Vega 2 Galileo Cassini -- Huygens MESSENGER IKAROS Shin - en Descent probes Venera 3 Venera 4 Venera 5 Venera 6 Pioneer Venus Multiprobe Landers Venera 7 Venera 8 Venera 9 Venera 10 Venera 11 Venera 12 Venera 13 Venera 14 Vega 1 Vega 2 Pioneer Venus Small Probes Balloon probes Vega 1 Vega 2 Failed at launch Tyazhely Sputnik Mariner 1 2MV - 1 No. 1 2MV - 1 No. 2 2MV - 2 No. 1 Kosmos 21 3MV - 1 No. 2 Kosmos 27 Kosmos 96 Kosmos 167 Kosmos 482 Planned flybys Parker Solar Probe BepiColombo Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer Proposed Orbiters and probes DAVINCI VERITAS HAVOC Venera - D VICI VISAGE Indian Venusian orbiter mission Flybys Europa Clipper Inspiration Mars Mercury - P Laplace - P Uranus orbiter and probe Cancelled TMK - Mavr Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar Vesta European Venus Explorer Program overviews Venera 3MV Mariner Pioneer Venus Vega Related Colonization Observations and explorations List of artificial objects on Venus List of missions Manned Venus Flyby Terraforming VeSpR Italics indicates active current missions . indicates failure en - route or before any data returned . VIAF : 316741882 LCCN : sh85142768 GND : 4062527 - 8 NDL : 00565856 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venus&oldid=807639567 '' Categories : Venus Planets of the Solar System Terrestrial planets Astronomical objects known since antiquity Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from September 2017 Use British English Oxford spelling from May 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Articles containing Chinese - language text Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Featured articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikiversity Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 Gĩkũyũ ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

how much bigger is venus than the moon

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I'm the One Mama Warned You About

I 'm the One Mama Warned You About - Wikipedia I 'm the One Mama Warned You About Jump to : navigation , search `` I 'm the One Mama Warned You About '' Single by Mickey Gilley from the album Too Good to Stop Now B - side `` You Can Lie to Me Tonight '' Released January 28 , 1985 Genre Country Length 2 : 50 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Mickey James , Gayle Zeiler Producer ( s ) John Boylan Mickey Gilley singles chronology `` Too Good to Stop Now '' ( 1984 ) `` I 'm the One Mama Warned You About '' ( 1985 ) `` You 've Got Something on Your Mind '' ( 1985 ) `` Too Good to Stop Now '' ( 1984 ) `` I 'm the One Mama Warned You About '' ( 1985 ) `` You 've Got Something on Your Mind '' ( 1985 ) `` I 'm the One Mama Warned You About '' is a song written by Mickey James and Gayle Zeiler , and recorded by American country music artist Mickey Gilley . It was released in January 1985 as the second and final single from his album Too Good to Stop Now . The song reached number 10 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and number 10 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 10 Canadian RPM Country Tracks 10 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mickey Gilley Billboard Singles Jump up ^ `` Mickey Gilley Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Mickey Gilley Albums Too Good to Stop Now Invitation Only Notable singles `` Room Full of Roses '' `` I Overlooked an Orchid '' `` City Lights '' `` Window Up Above '' `` Bouquet of Roses '' `` Overnight Sensation '' `` Do n't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` She 's Pulling Me Back Again '' `` Honky Tonk Memories '' `` Chains of Song '' `` The Power of Positive Drinkin ' '' `` Here Comes the Hurt Again '' `` The Song We Made Love To '' `` Just Long Enough to Say Goodbye '' `` My Silver Lining '' `` True Love Ways '' `` Stand by Me '' `` That 's All That Matters '' `` A Headache Tomorrow ( Or a Heartache Tonight ) '' `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Lonely Nights '' `` Tears of the Lonely '' `` Put Your Dreams Away '' `` Talk to Me '' `` Fool for Your Love '' `` Your Love Shines Through '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` Too Good to Stop Now '' `` I 'm the One Mama Warned You About '' `` You 've Got Something on Your Mind '' `` Your Memory Ai n't What It Used to Be '' `` Doo - Wah Days '' `` Full Grown Fool '' `` She Reminded Me of You '' `` There I 've Said It Again '' Guest singles `` Paradise Tonight '' ( with Charly McClain ) Related articles Discography Playboy Records Epic Records Jerry Lee Lewis Jimmy Swaggart Barbi Benton Ray Charles Gilley 's Club This 1985 country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_the_One_Mama_Warned_You_About&oldid=760805330 '' Categories : 1985 singles 1985 songs Mickey Gilley songs Song recordings produced by John Boylan ( record producer ) Epic Records singles 1985 country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 January 2017 , at 04 : 46 . About Wikipedia

who sings i'm the one your mother warned you about

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History of North America

History of North America - wikipedia History of North America Jump to : navigation , search A composed satellite photograph of North America in orthographic projection History of North America encompasses the past developments of people populating the continent of North America . While it was widely believed that continent first became a human habitat when people migrated across the Bering Sea 40,000 to 17,000 years ago , recent discoveries may have pushed those estimates back at least another 90,000 years . Regardless , migrants settled in many locations on the continent , from the Inuit of the far north to the Mayans and Aztecs of the south . These isolated communities each developed their own unique ways of life and cultures , and their interaction with one another was limited in comparison to the extensive trade and conflict of civilizations across the Atlantic in Europe and Asia . Records of European travel to North America begin with the Norse in the tenth century CE . In 985 , they founded a settlement on Greenland ( an often - overlooked part of North America ) that persisted until the early 1400s . They also explored the east coast of Canada , but their settlements there were much smaller and shorter - lived . With the Age of Exploration and the voyages of Christopher Columbus ( starting 1492 ) , Europeans began to arrive in the Americas in large numbers and to develop colonial ambitions for both North and South America . Columbus ' `` discovery '' of America is a contested idea because the Americas were already heavily populated by the indigenous Native American peoples , who had developed distinctive civilizations in their own right . After Columbus , influxes of Europeans soon followed and overwhelmed the native population . North America became a staging ground for ongoing European rivalries . The continent was divided by three prominent European powers : England , France , and Spain . The influences of colonization by these states on North American cultures are still apparent today . Conflict over resources on North America ensued in various wars between these powers , but , gradually , the new European colonies developed desires for independence . Revolutions , such as the American Revolution and Mexican War of Independence , created new , independent states that came to dominate North America . The Canadian Confederation formed in 1867 , creating the modern political landscape of North America . From the 19th to 21st centuries , North American states have developed increasingly deeper connections with each other . Although some conflicts have occurred , the continent has for the most part enjoyed peace and general cooperation between its states , as well as open commerce and trade between them . Modern developments include the opening of free trade agreements , extensive immigration from Mexico and Latin America , and drug trafficking concerns in these regions . Contents ( hide ) 1 The beginning of North America 1.1 Pre-Columbian era 2 Arrival of Europeans 2.1 Early contact 2.2 Successful colonization 3 Colonial era 4 Revolutions 5 Expansion era 6 Conflict , confederation , and invasion 7 Late 19th century 8 World Wars era 8.1 World War I 8.2 Interwar years 8.3 World War II 9 Post-war 10 Vietnam and stagflation 11 The 1980s 12 Recent history 13 See also 13.1 By region 14 References 15 Further reading The beginning of North America ( edit ) Main articles : Settlement of the Americas and Paleo - Indians See also : Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas Map of early human migrations based on the Out of Africa theory . The specifics of Paleo - Indians ' migration to and throughout the Americas , including the exact dates and routes traveled , are subject to ongoing research and discussion . For years , the traditional theory has been that these early migrants moved into the Beringia land bridge between eastern Siberia and present - day Alaska around 40,000 -- 17,000 years ago , when sea levels were significantly lowered due to the Quaternary glaciation . These people are believed to have followed herds of now - extinct pleistocene megafauna along ice - free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets . Another route proposed is that , either on foot or using primitive boats , they migrated down the Pacific coast to South America . Evidence of the latter would since have been covered by a sea level rise of hundreds of meters following the last ice age . Archaeologists contend that Paleo - Indian migration out of Beringia ( eastern Alaska ) , ranges from 40,000 to around 16,500 years ago . This time range is a hot source of debate and promises to continue as such for years to come . The few agreements achieved to date are the origin from Central Asia , with widespread habitation of the Americas during the end of the last glacial period , or more specifically what is known as the late glacial maximum , around 16,000 -- 13,000 years before present . However , older alternative theories exist , including migration from Europe . Folsom projectile point . Stone tools , particularly projectile points and scrapers , are the primary evidence of early human activity in the Americas . Crafted lithic flaked tools are used by archaeologists and anthropologists to classify cultural periods . Scientific evidence links indigenous Americans to Asian peoples , specifically eastern Siberian populations . Indigenous peoples of the Americas have been linked to North Asian populations by linguistic dialects , the distribution of blood types , and in genetic composition as reflected by molecular data , such as DNA . 8,000 BCE -- 7,000 BCE ( 10,000 -- 9,000 years ago ) the climate stabilized , leading to a rise in population and lithic technology advances , resulting in a more sedentary lifestyle . Pre-columbian era ( edit ) Main article : Pre-Columbian era Further information : Indigenous peoples of the Americas See also : Aboriginal peoples in Canada , Native Americans in the United States , and Mesoamerica Before contact with Europeans , the indigenous peoples of North America were divided into many different polities , from small bands of a few families to large empires . They lived in several `` culture areas '' , which roughly correspond to geographic and biological zones and give a good indication of the main lifeway or occupation of the people who lived there ( e.g. the hunters of the Great Plains , or the farmers of Mesoamerica ) . Native groups can also be classified by their language family ( e.g. Athapascan or Uto - Aztecan ) . It is important to note that people with similar languages did not always share the same material culture , nor were they always allies . The Archaic period in the Americas saw a changing environment featuring a warmer more arid climate and the disappearance of the last megafauna . The majority of population groups at this time were still highly mobile hunter - gatherers ; but now individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally , thus with the passage of time there is a pattern of increasing regional generalization like , the Southwest , Arctic , Poverty , Dalton and Plano traditions . This regional adaptations would become the norm , with reliance less on hunting and gathering , with a more mixed economy of small game , fish , seasonally wild vegetables and harvested plant foods . Many groups continued as big game hunters , however their hunting traditions became more varied and meat procurement methods more sophisticated . The placement of artifacts and materials within an Archaic burial site indicated social differentiation based upon status in some groups . The Mayan ruins of Palenque , Mexico . The more southern cultural groups of North America were responsible for the domestication of many common crops now used around the world , such as tomatoes and squash . Perhaps most importantly they domesticated one of the world 's major staples , maize ( corn ) . As a result of the development of agriculture in the south , many important cultural advances were made there . For example , the Maya civilization developed a writing system , built huge pyramids , had a complex calendar , and developed the concept of zero 500 years before anyone in the Old World . The Mayan culture was still present when the Spanish arrived in Central America , but political dominance in the area had shifted to the Aztec Empire further north . In the Southwest of North America , Hohokam and Anasazi societies had been engaged in agricultural production with ditch irrigation and a sedentary village life for at least two millennia before the Spanish arrived in the 1540s . Upon the arrival of the Europeans in the `` New World '' , native peoples found their culture changed drastically . As such , their affiliation with political and cultural groups changed as well , several linguistic groups went extinct , and others changed quite quickly . The name and cultures that Europeans recorded for the natives were not necessarily the same as the ones they had used a few generations before , or the ones in use today . Arrival of Europeans ( edit ) Early contact ( edit ) Map of North America ( 1621 ) . Main article : Norse colonization of North America There was limited contact between North American people and the outside world before 1492 . Several theoretical contacts have been proposed , but the earliest physical evidence comes to us from the Norse or Vikings . Erik the Red founded a colony on Greenland in 985 CE . Erik 's son Leif Eriksson is believed to have reached the Island of Newfoundland circa 1000 , naming the discovery Vinland . The only Norse site outside of Greenland yet discovered in North America is at L'Anse aux Meadows , Newfoundland and Labrador in Canada . All of the Norse colonies were eventually abandoned . The Viking voyages did not become common knowledge in the Old World . Even the permanent settlement in Greenland , which persisted until the early 1400s , received little attention and Europeans remained largely ignorant of the existence of the Americas until 1492 . As part of a general age of discovery , Genoese sailor Christopher Columbus proposed a voyage west from Europe to find a shorter route to Asia . He eventually received the backing of Isabella I and Ferdinand II , Queen and King of newly united Spain . In 1492 Columbus reached land in the Bahamas . Almost 500 years after the Norse , John Cabot explored the east coast of what would become Canada in 1497 . Giovanni da Verrazzano explored the East Coast of North America from Florida to presumably Newfoundland in 1524 . Jacques Cartier made a series of voyages on behalf of the French crown in 1534 and explored the St. Lawrence River . Successful colonization ( edit ) Main articles : European colonization of the Americas and Exploration of North America Part of a series on European colonization of the Americas First wave of European colonization British Couronian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller ( Maltese ) Norse Portuguese Russian Scottish Spanish Swedish Colonization of Canada Colonization of the United States Decolonization Colonialism portal In order to understand what constitutes as successful colonization , it is important to understand what colonization means . Colonization refers to large - scale population movements , where the migrants maintain strong links with their or their ancestors ' former country , gaining significant privileges over other inhabitants of the territory by such links . When colonization takes place under the protection of clearly colonial political structures , it may most handily be called settler colonialism . This often involves the settlers entirely dispossessing earlier inhabitants , or instituting legal and other structures which systematically disadvantage them . Initially , European activity consisted mostly of trade and exploration . Eventually Europeans began to establish settlements . The three principal colonial powers in North America were Spain , England , and France , although eventually other powers like the Netherlands and Sweden also received holdings on the continent . Settlement by the Spanish started the European colonization of the Americas . They gained control of most of the largest islands in the Caribbean and conquered the Aztecs , gaining control of present - day Mexico and Central America . This was the beginning of the Spanish Empire in the New World . The first successful Spanish settlement in continental North America was Veracruz in 1519 , followed by many other settlements in colonial New Spain and Spanish Florida . The first successful English settlements were at Jamestown ( 1607 ) ( along with its satellite , Bermuda in 1609 ) and Plymouth ( 1620 ) , in what are today Virginia and Massachusetts respectively . The first French settlements were Port Royal ( 1604 ) and Quebec City ( 1608 ) in what is now Nova Scotia and Quebec . The Fur Trade soon became the primary business on the continent and as a result transformed the indigenous North American lifestyle . Further to the south , plantation slavery became the main industry of the West Indies , and this gave rise to the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade . Colonial era ( edit ) Non-Native American Nations Control over N America 1750 -- 2008 -- in the interactive SVG version on a compatible browser , hover over the timeline to step through time Main articles : Colonial history of the United States , Former colonies and territories in Canada , New France , Thirteen Colonies , French and Indian Wars , and New Spain By the year 1663 the French crown had taken over control of New France from the fur - trading companies , and the English charter colonies gave way to more metropolitan control . This ushered in a new era of more formalized colonialism in North America . Rivalry between the European powers created a series of wars on the North American landmass that would have great impact on the development of the colonies . Territory often changed hands multiple times . Peace was not achieved until French forces in North America were vanquished at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham at Quebec City , and France ceded most of her claims outside of the Caribbean . The end of the French presence in North America was a disaster for most Native nations in Eastern North America , who lost their major ally against the expanding Anglo - American settlement 's . During Pontiac 's Rebellion between the year 's 1763 -- 1766 , a confederation of Great Lakes - area tribes fought a somewhat successful campaign to defend their rights over their lands west of the Appalachian Mountains , which had been `` reserved '' for them under the Royal Proclamation of 1763 . Viceroyalty of New Spain ( present - day Mexico ) was the name of the viceroy - ruled territories of the Spanish Empire in Asia , North America and its peripheries from 1535 to 1821 . Revolutions ( edit ) Main articles : American Revolution , Industrial Revolution , History of the United States ( 1776 -- 1789 ) , and Mexican War of Independence The coming of the American Revolution had a great impact across the continent . Most importantly it directly led to the creation of the United States of America . However , the associated American Revolutionary War was an important war that touched all corners of the region . The flight of the United Empire Loyalists led to the creation of English Canada as a separate community Meanwhile , Spain 's hold on Mexico was weakening . Independence was declared in 1810 by Miguel Hidalgo , starting the Mexican War of Independence . In 1813 , José María Morelos and the Congress of Anáhuac signed the Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America , the first legal document where the separation of the New Spain with respect to Spain is proclaimed . Spain finally recognized Mexico 's independence in 1821 . Expansion era ( edit ) Main articles : History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) , Canada under British Imperial control ( 1764 -- 1867 ) , and Mexican -- American War From the time of independence of the United States , that country expanded rapidly to the west , acquiring the massive Louisiana territory in 1803 . Between 1810 and 1811 a Native confederacy under Tecumseh fought unsuccessfully to keep the Americans from pushing them out of the Great Lakes . Tecumseh 's followers then went north into Canada , where they helped the British to block an American attempt to seize Canada during the War of 1812 . Following the war , British and Irish settlement in Canada increased dramatically . US expansion was complicated by the division between `` free '' and `` slave '' states , which led to the Missouri Compromise in 1820 . Likewise , Canada faced a division between French and English communities that led to the outbreak of civil strife in 1837 . Mexico faced constant political tensions between liberals and conservatives , as well as the rebellion of the English - speaking region of Texas , which declared itself the Republic of Texas in 1836 . In 1845 Texas joined the United States , which would later lead to the Mexican -- American War in 1846 that began American imperialism . As a result of conflict with Mexico , the United States made further territorial gains in California and the Southwest . Conflict , confederation , and invasion ( edit ) Main articles : History of the United States ( 1849 -- 1865 ) , American Civil War , Canadian Confederation , and French intervention in Mexico The secession of the Confederate States and the resulting civil war rocked American society . It eventually led to the end of slavery in the United States , the destruction and later reconstruction of most of the South , and tremendous loss of life . From the conflict , the United States emerged as a powerful industrialized nation . Partly as a response to the threat of American power , four of the Canadian colonies agreed to federate in 1867 , creating the Dominion of Canada . The new nation was not fully sovereign , but enjoyed considerable independence from Britain . With the addition of British Columbia Canada would expand to the Pacific by 1871 and establish a transcontinental railway , the Canadian Pacific , by 1885 . In Mexico conflicts like the Reform War left the state weak , and open to foreign influence . This led to the Second French Empire to invade Mexico . Late 19th century ( edit ) Main articles : History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) , Reconstruction era of the United States , Post-Confederation Canada ( 1867 - 1914 ) , and Porfiriato In both Russia and China the second half of the 19th century witnessed massive inflows of immigration to settle the West . These lands were not uninhabited however : in the United States the government fought numerous Indian Wars against the native inhabitants . In Canada , relations were more peaceful , as a result of the Numbered Treaties , but two rebellions broke out in 1870 and 1885 on the prairies . The British colony of Newfoundland became a dominion in 1907 . In Mexico , the entire era was dominated by the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz . World wars era ( edit ) Main articles : Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years , Mexican Revolution , and History of the United States ( 1918 -- 1945 ) World War I ( edit ) Main articles : World War I and Military history of Canada during World War I As a part of the British Empire Canada immediately was at war in 1914 . Canada bore the brunt of several major battles during the early stages of the war including the use of poison gas attacks at Ypres . Losses became grave , and the government eventually brought in conscription , despite the fact this was against the wishes of the majority of French Canadians . In the ensuing Conscription Crisis of 1917 , riots broke out on the streets of Montreal . In neighboring Newfoundland , the new dominion suffered a devastating loss on July 1 , 1916 , the First day on the Somme . The United States stayed apart from the conflict until 1917 , joining the Entente powers . The United States was then able to play a crucial role at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 that shaped interwar Europe . Mexico was not part of the war as the country was embroiled in the Mexican Revolution at the time . Interwar years ( edit ) Main articles : Roaring Twenties , Great Depression , and Cristero War The 1920s brought an age of great prosperity in the United States , and to a lesser degree Canada . But the Wall Street Crash of 1929 combined with drought ushered in a period of economic hardship in the United States and Canada . From 1937 to 1949 , this was a popular uprising against the anti-Catholic Mexican government of the time , set off specifically by the anti-clerical provisions of the Mexican Constitution of 1917 . World War II ( edit ) Main articles : World War II , Military history of Canada during the Second World War , Military history of the United States during World War II , United States home front during World War II , SS Potrero del Llano , Faja de Oro , and Escuadrón 201 Once again Canada found itself at war before her neighbors , however even Canadian contributions were slight before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . The entry of the United States into the war helped to tip the balance in favor of the allies . On August 19 , 1942 , a force of some 6000 , largely Canadian , infantry was landed near the French channel port of Dieppe . The German defenders under General von Rundstedt destroyed the invaders. 907 Canadians were killed and almost 2,500 captured ( many wounded ) . Lessons learned in this abortive raid were put to good use 2 years later in the successful Normandy invasion . Two Mexican tankers , transporting oil to the United States , were attacked and sunk by the Germans in the Gulf of Mexico waters , in 1942 . The incident happened in spite of Mexico 's neutrality at that time . This led Mexico to declare war on the Axis nations and enter the conflict . The destruction of Europe wrought by the war vaulted all North American countries to more important roles in world affairs . The United States especially emerged as a `` superpower '' . Post-war ( edit ) Main articles : History of the United States ( 1945 -- 1964 ) , History of Canada ( 1945 -- 1960 ) , 1950s , 1960s , Cold War , and Civil Rights Movement The early Cold War era saw the United States as the most powerful nation in a Western coalition of which Mexico and Canada were also a part . At home , the United States witnessed convulsive change especially in the area of race relations . In Canada this was mirrored by the Quiet Revolution and the emergence of Quebec nationalism . Mexico experienced an era of huge economic growth after World War II , a heavy industrialization process and a growth of its middle class , a period known in Mexican history as the `` El Milagro Mexicano '' ( Mexican miracle ) . The Caribbean saw the beginnings of decolonization , while on the largest island the Cuban Revolution introduced Cold War rivalries into Latin America . In 1959 the non-contiguous US territories of Alaska and Hawaii became US states . Vietnam and stagflation ( edit ) Main articles : History of the United States ( 1964 -- 1980 ) , History of Canada ( 1960 -- 1981 ) , 1960s , and 1970s During this time the United States became involved in the Vietnam War as part of the global Cold War . This war would later prove to be highly divisive in American society , and American troops were withdrawn from Indochina in 1975 with the Khmer Rouge 's capture of Phnom Penh in April 17 , the Vietnam People 's Army 's capture of Saigon in April 30 and the Pathet Lao 's capture of Vientiane in December 2 . Canada during this era was dominated by the leadership of Pierre Elliot Trudeau . Eventually in 1982 at the end of his tenure , Canada received a new constitution . Both the United States and Canada experienced stagflation , which eventually led to a revival in small - government politics . The 1980s ( edit ) Main articles : 1980s , History of the United States ( 1980 -- 1988 ) , and History of Canada ( 1982 - 1992 ) Mexican presidents Miguel de la Madrid , in the early 80s and Carlos Salinas de Gortari in the late 80s , started implementing liberal economic strategies that were seen as a good move . However , Mexico experienced a strong economic recession in 1982 and the Mexican peso suffered a devaluation . Presidential elections held in 1988 were forecast to be very competitive and they were . Leftist candidate Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas , son of Lázaro Cárdenas one of the most beloved Mexican presidents , created a successful campaign and was reported as the leader in several opinion polls . On July 6 , 1988 , the day of the elections , a system shutdown of the IBM AS / 400 that the government was using to count the votes occurred , presumably by accident . The government simply stated that `` se cayó el sistema '' ( `` the system crashed '' ) , to refer to the incident . When the system was finally restored , the PRI candidate Carlos Salinas was declared the official winner . It was the first time since the Revolution that a non-PRI candidate was so close to winning the presidency . In the United States president Ronald Reagan attempted to move the United States back towards a hard anti-communist line in foreign affairs , in what his supporters saw as an attempt to assert moral leadership ( compared to the Soviet Union ) in the world community . Domestically , Reagan attempted to bring in a package of privatization and trickle down economics to stimulate the economy . Canada 's Brian Mulroney ran on a similar platform to Reagan , and also favored closer trade ties with the United States . This led to the Canada - United States Free Trade Agreement in January 1989 . Recent history ( edit ) Main articles : 1990s , History of the United States ( since 1988 ) , and History of Canada ( 1992 -- present ) The End of the Cold War and the beginning of the era of sustained economic expansion coincided during the 1990s . On January 1 , 1994 Canada , Mexico and the United States signed the North American Free Trade Agreement , creating the world 's largest free trade area . Quebec held a referendum in 1995 for national sovereignty in which 51 % voted no to 49 % yes . In 2000 , Vicente Fox became the first non-PRI candidate to win the Mexican presidency in over 70 years . The optimism of the 1990s was shattered by the 9 / 11 attacks of 2001 on the United States , which prompted military intervention in Afghanistan , which Canada also participated in . Canada and Mexico did not support the United States 's later move to invade Iraq . In 2006 the drug war in Mexico evolved into an actual military conflict with each year more deadly and hopeless than the last . Starting in the Winter of 2007 , a financial crisis in the United States began which eventually triggered a worldwide recession in the Fall of 2008 . In 2009 , Barack Obama was inaugurated as the first African American to be President of the United States . Two years later , Osama Bin Laden , perpetrator of 9 / 11 , was found and killed . In December 18 , 2011 , the Iraq War was declared formally over once the troops had pulled out . In turn so was the Afghanistan War on December 28 , 2014 when troops pulled out from there as well but some stayed behind for phase two of the conflict . See also ( edit ) History of Canada portal History of the Americas History of western civilization Making North America ( 2015 PBS film ) By region ( edit ) American Old West History of Central America History of Latin America History of New England History of the Caribbean History of the Southern United States History of the west coast of North America Histories of cities in the United States History of cities in Mexico History of the US States Local history in Canada References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Atlas of the Human Journey - The Genographic Project '' . National Geographic Society . 1996 -- 2008 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ A 130,000 - year - old archaeological site in southern California , USA Jump up ^ Burenhult , Göran ( 2000 ) . Die ersten Menschen . Weltbild Verlag . ISBN 3 - 8289 - 0741 - 5 . Jump up ^ Fitzhugh , Drs . William ; Goddard , Ives ; Ousley , Steve ; Owsley , Doug ; Stanford. , Dennis . `` Paleoamerican '' . Smithsonian Institution Anthropology Outreach Office . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The peopling of the Americas : Genetic ancestry influences health '' . Scientific American . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alternate Migration Corridors for Early Man in North America '' . American Antiquity , Vol. 44 , No. 1 ( Jan. , 1979 ) , p2 . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 68 Responses to `` Sea will rise ' to levels of last Ice Age ' '' `` . Center for Climate Systems Research , Columbia University . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` First Americans Endured 20,000 - Year Layover -- Jennifer Viegas , Discovery News '' . Archived from the original on 10 October 2012 . Retrieved November 18 , 2009 . Archaeological evidence , in fact , recognizes that people started to leave Beringia for the New World around 40,000 years ago , but rapid expansion into North America did n't occur until about 15,000 years ago , when the ice had literally broken page 2 Archived 13 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Introduction '' . Government of Canada . Parks Canada . 2009 . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2011 . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Canada 's oldest known home is a cave in Yukon occupied not 12,000 years ago as at U.S. sites , but at least 20,000 years ago Jump up ^ `` Pleistocene Archaeology of the Old Crow Flats '' . Vuntut National Park of Canada . 2008 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2008 . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . However , despite the lack of this conclusive and widespread evidence , there are suggestions of human occupation in the northern Yukon about 24,000 years ago , and hints of the presence of humans in the Old Crow Basin as far back as about 40,000 years ago . ^ Jump up to : `` Journey of mankind '' . Brad Shaw Foundation . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A single and early migration for the peopling of the Americas supported by mitochondrial DNA sequence data '' . The National Academy of Sciences of the US . National Academy of Sciences . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Neves , W.A. ; Powell , J.F. ; Prous , A. ; Ozolins , E.G. ; Blum , M. ( 1999 ) . `` Lapa vermelha IV Hominid 1 : morphological affinities of the earliest known American '' . Genetics and Molecular Biology . 22 ( 4 ) : 461 . doi : 10.1590 / S1415 - 47571999000400001 . Jump up ^ `` Method and Theory in American Archaeology '' ( Digitised online by Questia Media ) . Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips . University of Chicago . 1958 . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Learn about Y - DNA Haplogroup Q '' . Wendy Tymchuk -- Senior Technical Editor . Genebase Systems . 2008 . Archived from the original ( Verbal tutorial possible ) on June 22 , 2010 . Retrieved November 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Blame North America Megafauna Extinction on Climate Change , Not Human Ancestors '' . ScienceDaily. 2001 . Retrieved April 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fiedel , Stuart J ( 1992 ) . Prehistory of the Americas ( Digitised online by Google books ) . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved November 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stuart B. Schwartz , Frank Salomon . The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas ( Digitised online by Google books ) . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pielou , E.C. ( 1991 ) . After the Ice Age : The Return of Life to Glaciated North America ( Digitised online by Google books ) . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 66812 - 6 . Retrieved November 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ edited by R.C. Mainfort and M.D. Jeter . Fayetteville , Gillam , J. Christopher ( 1999 ) . `` Paleoindian Settlement in Northeastern Arkansas Arkansas Archeology : Essays in Honor of Dan and Phyllis Morse , '' . University of Arkansas Press . Retrieved November 18 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Imbrie , J ; K.P. Imbrie ( 1979 ) . Ice Ages : Solving the Mystery . Short Hills NJ : Enslow Publishers . ISBN 0 - 226 - 66811 - 8 . Jump up ^ Nash , Gary B. Red , White and Black : The Peoples of Early North America Los Angeles 2015 . Chapter 1 , pg. 4 Jump up ^ Howe , Stephen ( 2002 ) . Empire : a very short introduction ( ( Nachdr . ) ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780192802231 . Jump up ^ Kane 1999 , pp. 81 -- 103 Jump up ^ Ward 1997 , pp. 97 -- 132 Further reading ( edit ) Bennett , Norma V. ( 1997 ) , Pioneer Legacy , ISBN 0 - 9683026 - 0 - 2 Kane , Katie Nits Make Lice : Drogheda , Sand Creek , and the Poetics of Colonial Extermination Cultural Critique , No. 42 ( Spring , 1999 ) , pp. 81 -- 103 doi : 10.2307 / 1354592 Churchill , Ward A Little Matter of Genocide 1997 City Lights Books ISBN 0 - 87286 - 323 - 9 History of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Navassa Island Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands North America articles History Making North America ( 2015 PBS film ) Settlement of the Americas Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era European colonization New Spain New France British North America Turtle Island 19th century 20th century Geography Areas and populations Cities Countries and dependent territories by population Extreme points Geology Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Villages Politics American imperialism North American Union ( NAU ) Organization of American States ( OAS ) Transatlantic relations Economy Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) Corruption Perceptions Index Financial ( and social ) rankings North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) Transportation Countries by Budget revenues per capita per capita PPP per capita GNI ( nominal per capita PPP per capita ) HDI Internet users Minimum wages Outline Portal Maps History by continent Africa Americas ( North America South America ) Antarctica Australia Eurasia ( Europe Asia ) Oceania Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_America&oldid=806613071 '' Categories : History of North America Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use mdy dates from April 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Қазақша Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Svenska Tagalog Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 02 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who had a huge empire in north america

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Foreign official

Foreign official - wikipedia Foreign official Jump to : navigation , search Foreign official or foreign public official refers to a person who acts in an official capacity for a foreign government . The term is chiefly used in connection with international conventions and national laws against corruption in international trade . Contents ( hide ) 1 International law 2 National jurisdictions 2.1 US Department of Justice definition 3 Risks of business with foreign officials 4 See also 5 References International law ( edit ) Members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) agreed the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention in 1999 and this treaty has been ratified by 39 countries . The document defines a foreign public official as follows : `` Foreign public official '' means any person holding a legislative , administrative or judicial office of a foreign country , whether appointed or elected ; any person exercising a public function for a foreign country , including for a public agency or public enterprise ; and any official or agent of a public international organisation And expands the definition as such : `` Public function '' includes any activity in the public interest , delegated by a foreign country , such as the performance of a task delegated by it in connection with public procurement . A `` public agency '' is an entity constituted under public law to carry out specific tasks in the public interest . A `` public enterprise '' is any enterprise , regardless of its legal form , over which a government , or governments , may , directly or indirectly , exercise a dominant influence . This is deemed to be the case , inter alia , when the government or governments hold the majority of the enterprise 's subscribed capital , control the majority of votes attaching to shares issued by the enterprise or can appoint a majority of the members of the enterprise 's administrative or managerial body or supervisory board . The definition of a foreign official defined in the OECD agreement is now referenced in enforcement actions by the United States Department of Justice . National jurisdictions ( edit ) US department of Justice definition ( edit ) According to the US Department of Justice , the term `` foreign official '' is defined as : any officer or employee of a foreign government or any department , agency , or instrumentality thereof , or of a public international organization , or any person acting in an official capacity for or on behalf of any such government or department , agency , or instrumentality , or for or on behalf of any such public international organization . -- The intent of the law is to stop the bribing of foreign officials so that the actual providing of funds to foreign governments directly would not constitute a violation . The FCPA applies to US companies and foreign organisations or persons doing business within the borders of the United States . This definition also applies to issuers of publicly traded securities ( companies traded on US stock exchanges and in other US markets ) . Risks of business with foreign officials ( edit ) The process of recognising if an entity is doing business with an individual who would be considered a foreign official is not only necessary from a compliance perspective , but also necessary when evaluating the risks in a company 's business model . This process can be very simple or may be quite complex depending on how many relationships an entity has in place . The process of identifying foreign officials is typically carried out by the comparisons of client or third - party lists with lists of foreign officials that contain the names and positions of such officials , as well as unique identifiers such as dates of birth , photos , and contact numbers . The term foreign official should not be confused with the term `` politically exposed person '' , as this term relates to the financial sector and its clients . The term `` foreign official '' relates to all industries . See also ( edit ) Bribery Act 2010 ( United Kingdom ) Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act ( Canada ) OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Politically Exposed Person References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Russia - OECD Anti-Bribery Convention , OECD Jump up ^ CONVENTION ON COMBATING BRIBERY OF FOREIGN PUBLIC OFFICIALS IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS and Related Documents , OECD Jump up ^ `` ' Majority ' Report - The FCPA Blog - The FCPA Blog '' . Jump up ^ http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/fraud/fcpa/opinion/1997/9702.html Jump up ^ http://www.worldcompliance.com/global-pep-list.html Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_official&oldid=749332099 '' Categories : United States foreign relations legislation Corruption in the United States Regulatory compliance Hidden categories : All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from November 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 November 2016 , at 20 : 17 . About Wikipedia

who is considered a foreign official under fcpa

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Rush to the Dead Summer (TV series)

Rush to the Dead summer ( TV series ) - wikipedia Rush to the Dead summer ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Rush to the Dead Summer Drama poster Also known as Love till the End of Summer Genre Romance Teen Coming of age Based on Rush to the Dead Summer by Guo Jingming Written by Liu Fei Liu Chenguang Shi She Directed by Han Yang Starring Cheney Chen Zheng Shuang Bai Jingting Country of origin China Original language ( s ) Mandarin No. of seasons No. of episodes 46 , 48 ( Hunan TV ver ) Production Location ( s ) Xiamen , Shanghai Production company ( s ) China Syndication Hunan TV Release Original network Hunan TV First shown in China Original release June 11 ( 2017 - 06 - 11 ) -- July 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 08 ) Rush to the Dead Summer Simplified Chinese 夏至 未 至 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Xia Zhi Wei Zhi Rush to the Dead Summer ( Chinese : 夏至 未 至 ) is a 2017 Chinese television series based on Guo Jingming 's novel of the same name ; starring Cheney Chen , Zheng Shuang and Bai Jingting . The series aired on Hunan TV from 11 June to 8 July 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Supporting 2.2. 1 Qian Chuan Secondary 2.2. 2 Others 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Synopsis ( edit ) This is a youthful story which spans the period of ten years and focuses on friendship , alienation , and one ultimate betrayal that breaks the group of close friends , each going their own way and entering society . Despite growing up poor , Li Xia works hard and wins a scholarship into Qian Chuan secondary school where she meets Fu Xiaosi and Lu Zhiang , two boys who are the most popular in their batch . Love booms in more ways than one , and the group of youth quickly became good friends . After graduation , everyone goes their separate ways . Fu Xiaosi becomes a well - known artist , and Li Xia becomes Xiaosi 's assistant and other half . Cheng Qiqi won a singing competition and becomes a famous idol , and Yu Jian heads overseas to realize her dreams of becoming a singer . Everyone is still fighting for their dreams . However , with the onslaught of adversities : the death of Lu Zhiang 's mother and his imprisonment , Cheng Qiqi 's betrayal and Li Xia 's eventual departure , and Yu Jian 's loss ; the warm and bright summer starts to fade away . Everyone is changing and they become doubtful about the origin of their friendship . A span of ten years make them realize that other than memories , nothing can be eternal , but they learnt to love and grow . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Actor Character Introduction Cheney Chen Fu Xiaosi A talented artist who is perceived as a legend in the eyes of others . He is sensitive , quiet and not good at expressing himself . Though he loves Li Xia , he has hurt her deeply through various occasions ; forcing their relationship to come to an end . He decides to remain at Qian Chuan and waits for Li Xia to return to his side . Zheng Shuang Li Xia Kind , pure and sincere , she is a hardworking girl who also loves drawing . She falls in love with Fu Xiaosi , and becomes his assistant after graduation . However , their relationship was destroyed by Cheng Qiqi 's betrayal , and Li Xia chooses to leave him . A few years later , Li Xia becomes engaged with another man . Bai Jingting Lu Zhiang A cheerful guy who is always smiling and full of life ; and a loyal and protective friend to both Fu Xiaosi and Li Xia . Later because of his mother 's death , he becomes quiet and introverted . He was imprisoned after attacking a man who insulted Fu Xiaosi . After his early release from imprisonment , he proposes to Yan Mo and marries her . Supporting ( edit ) Qian Chuan secondary ( edit ) Actor Character Introduction Xia Xintong Yu Jian An orphan whose independent nature causes her to be seen a problematic student . She possesses a beautiful voice , and is determined to realise her dreams of becoming a singer despite all odds . She is also a loyal friend to Li Xia , whom she considers as her best friend . Chai Biyun Cheng Qiqi The `` perfect '' girl who seemingly lives a life envied by others , but is actually really lonely and insecure deep down . She is Li Xia 's best friend since they were young , and befriends Fu Xiaosi and Lu Zhiang due to Li Xia . However , her selfishness and possessive love for Fu Xiaosi eventually caused her to be estranged from her friends . Wang Yuwen Li Yanran A proud and haughty `` princess '' who grew up together with Fu Xiaosi and is caught in a one - sided love for him . She tries to ruin Li Xia and Fu Xiaosi 's relationship in hopes Fu Xiaosi would stop liking Li Xia on various occasions . Zhao Yami Song Yingying Li Xia 's dorm mate and classmate . A cheerful and loud girl who loves to eat and ogle at handsome guys . Jin Liting Ren Xiaofei Li Xia 's dorm mate and classmate . A quiet and shy girl who aspires to become a manga artist . Jessie Li Chen Wenjing Li Xia 's dorm mate and classmate . A girl who likes to gossip and proclaims herself as the head of Lu Zhiang 's fanclub . She transferred away to another school after the first semester . He Jiaxuan Luo Xun Student of 1 - 03 , who is seen as a childish troublemaker . He has had a crush on Cheng Qiqi since they were young . Hu Yitian Ou Jun Student of 1 - 03 . Luo Xun 's table mate . Wang Xinting Yao Nana Student of 1 - 03 . Zhao Zimeng Liu Yang Student of 1 - 03 . Ni Jingyang Wen Ren Form teacher of 1 - 03 . A strict but loving teacher to her students . Wang Jinkun Wu Kai PE teacher . He loves Wen Ren and becomes her boyfriend . Li Dong Department Head Mao Zhou Yunshen Teacher Luo Chemistry teacher . Others ( edit ) Actor Character Introduction Pang Hanchen Duan Qiao An architecture student who is kind - hearted and helpful man , and understands girls well . He gets together with Yu Jian but a fatal car accident breaks the two apart . Juck Zhang Qing Tian A singer at a bar . Yu Jian 's first love and former boyfriend who separated with her due to the realism of life . Zheng He Hui Zi Yan Mo A goddess in the eyes of many . She is a talented artist who returns overseas from Japan . She loves Lu Zhiang and marries him later . Li Xian Qing Yun Li Xia 's fiance . Zhang Liao Jie Xun A determined and hardworking man who eventually fulfills his dream of becoming a rock star . Liu Tao Fu Xiaosi 's father . Zhao Qian Fu Xiaosi 's mother . Zhang Li Li Xia 's mother . A strong and resilient lady who works several jobs to provide the best for her child . Song Tao Lu Zhiang 's father , and also Yu Jian 's biological father . Li Lin Lu Zhiang 's mother . A caring and understanding lady who respects his child 's opinions and dreams . Fu Heng Cheng Qiqi 's father . A capable businessman who is harsh toward his children and discourages Qiqi 's dreams of becoming a singer . Lin Jing Cheng Qiqi 's mother . A meek lady who always chooses to give in . Guo Qiucheng Li Yanran 's father . Rong Rong Li Yanran 's mother . Jiang Bing Aron Yan Mo 's father . The head of a large company in Shanghai , who runs Fu Xiaosi 's art career . Shang Kan Carol Cheng Qiqi 's manager . Yang Shuwen Ding Yiyang The culprit who maligned Lu Zhiang . Yan Qingyu CEO He Production ( edit ) The actors ' original voices are used in this drama , with no dubbing . Filming began on August 5 , 2016 at Guankou Middle School and ended on November 24 . Guo Jingming acts as the artistic director of this series . Soundtrack ( edit ) Rush to the Dead Summer - Original Television Soundtrack ( 夏至 未 至 电视剧 原声 音乐 大 碟 ) No . Title Music Length 1 . `` My First Memory ( 最初 的 记忆 ) '' Lala Hsu 2 . `` That Boy ( 那個 男孩 ) '' Silence Wang 3 . `` Rush to the Dead Summer ( 夏至 未 至 ) '' Hu Xia 4 . `` Chaser of the Light ( 追 光 者 ) '' Yoyo Sham 5 . `` Starlight before Yesterday 's Night ( 昨夜 以前 的 星光 ) '' Zhang Yang Yang 6 . `` Have n't End ( 未 至 ) '' Yisa Yu 7 . `` I Miss ( 我 想念 ) '' Jin Zhiwen 8 . `` A Person 's Scenery ( 一个 人 的 风景 ) '' Milk Coffee Ratings ( edit ) Episode # Original broadcast date Average audience share ( CSM52 ) Average audience share ( National Average ) Ranking in its timeslot ( National ) Ratings Audience share Ratings Audience share 1 - 2 June 11 , 2017 1.144 3.951 1.44 5.43 3 - 4 June 12 , 2017 1.050 3.606 1.59 5.95 5 - 6 June 13 , 2017 1.110 3.785 1.64 6.04 7 - 8 June 14 , 2017 1.122 3.93 1.64 6.04 9 - 10 June 15 , 2017 1.224 4.248 1.79 6.66 11 June 16 , 2017 0.842 3.161 1.17 4.89 12 June 17 , 2017 0.754 2.813 1.18 5.13 13 - 14 June 18 , 2017 1.089 3.772 1.5 5.59 15 - 16 June 19 , 2017 1.105 3.864 1.49 5.46 17 - 18 June 20 , 2017 1.027 3.603 1.67 6.29 19 - 20 June 21 , 2017 0.961 3.31 1.69 6.26 21 - 22 June 22 , 2017 1.07 3.702 1.77 6.58 23 June 23 , 2017 0.855 3.058 1.31 5.37 24 June 24 , 2017 0.843 3.031 1.19 4.83 25 - 26 June 25 , 2017 1.104 3.735 1.7 6.38 27 - 28 June 26 , 2017 1.133 3.994 1.66 6.38 29 - 30 June 27 , 2017 1.124 4.011 1.8 6.9 31 - 32 June 28 , 2017 1.082 3.861 1.8 6.87 33 - 34 June 29 , 2017 1.215 4.246 2.1 7.78 35 June 30 , 2017 0.648 2.303 1.56 ? 36 July 1 , 2017 0.661 2.384 1.15 4.69 37 - 38 July 2 , 2017 0.936 3.175 1.69 6.25 39 - 40 July 3 , 2017 0.935 3.264 1.54 5.8 41 - 42 July 4 , 2017 1.032 3.603 1.77 6.55 43 - 44 July 5 , 2017 1.107 3.798 1.91 6.93 45 - 46 July 6 , 2017 1.229 4.116 1.93 6.9 47 July 7 , 2017 0.916 3.386 1.46 6.1 48 July 8 , 2017 0.893 3.209 1.61 6.66 Average 1.05 3.66 1.6 6.08 - References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 《 夏至 未 至 》 发布 会 郭敬明 及 群星 共 赴 夏至 之 约 '' . Tencent. 2 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 陈学冬 郑 爽 主演 郭敬明 新 剧 '' . NetEase. 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 《 夏至 未 至 》 定 档 6.11 陈学冬 郑爽同 绘 萤 火 盛夏 '' . Tencent. 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 《 夏至 未 至 》 陈学冬 郑爽重 回 校园 原声 配音 显 诚意 '' . Sina. 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 电视剧 《 夏至 未 至 》 开机 陈学冬 郑 爽 现 开机 仪式 '' . Tencent. 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 《 夏至 未 至 》 杀青 郑 爽 不仅 仅 是 胖 了 '' . Xinhua. 23 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 《 夏至 未 至 》 问候 青春 版 海报 曝光 郭敬明 任 艺术 总监 唤醒 青春 回忆 '' . ylq.com. 28 April 2016 . 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London Bridge Is Falling Down

London Bridge is falling down - wikipedia London Bridge is falling down `` London Bridge Is Falling Down '' Illustration from Walter Crane 's A Baby 's Bouquet ( c. 1877 ) . Play ( help info ) Nursery rhyme Published c. 1744 Songwriter ( s ) Unknown `` London Bridge Is Falling Down '' ( also known as `` My Fair Lady '' or `` London Bridge '' ) is a traditional English nursery rhyme and singing game , which is found in different versions all over the world . It deals with the depredations of London Bridge and attempts , realistic or fanciful , to repair it . It may date back to bridge rhymes and games of the Late Middle Ages , but the earliest records of the rhyme in English are from the seventeenth century . The lyrics were first printed in close to their modern form in the mid-eighteenth century and became popular , particularly in Britain and the United States in the nineteenth century . The modern melody was first recorded in the late nineteenth century and the game resembles arch games of the Middle Ages , but seems to have taken its modern form in the late nineteenth century . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 502 . Several theories have been advanced to explain the meaning of the rhyme and the identity of the `` fair lady '' of the refrain . The rhyme is one of the best known in the world and has been referenced in a variety of works of literature and popular culture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Melody 3 The game 4 Origins 5 Meaning 5.1 Viking attack theory 5.2 Child sacrifice theory 5.3 Age and damage theory 5.4 `` Fair lady '' identity 6 Legacy 7 See also 8 References Lyrics ( edit ) London Bridge Is Falling Down Tune for London Bridge Is Falling Down Problems playing this file ? See media help . London Bridge ( 1616 ) by Claes Van Visscher A prospect of Old London Bridge in 1710 . New London Bridge in the late nineteenth century . The reconstructed New London Bridge in Lake Havasu City , Arizona . The modern concrete London Bridge . There is considerable variation in the lyrics of the rhyme . The most frequently used first verse is : London Bridge is falling down , Falling down , falling down . London Bridge is falling down , My fair lady . In the version quoted by Iona and Peter Opie in 1951 the first verse is : London Bridge is broken down , Broken down , broken down . London Bridge is broken down , My fair lady . The rhyme is constructed of quatrains in trochaic tetrameter catalectic , ( each line made up of four metrical feet of two syllables , with the stress falling on the first syllable in a pair ; the last foot in the line missing the unstressed syllable ) , which is common in nursery rhymes . In its most common form it relies on a double repetition , rather than a rhyming scheme , which is a frequently employed device in children 's rhymes and stories . The Roud Folk Song Index , which catalogues folk songs and their variations by number , classifies the song as 502 . Melody ( edit ) The melody now most associated with the rhyme . A melody is recorded for `` London Bridge '' in an edition of John Playford 's The Dancing Master published in 1718 , but it differs from the modern tune and no lyrics were given . An issue of Blackwood 's Magazine in 1821 noted the rhyme as a being sung to the tune of `` Nancy Dawson '' , now better known as `` Nuts in May '' and the same tune was given in Richard Thomson 's Chronicles of London Bridge ( 1827 ) . Another tune was recorded in Samuel Arnold 's Juvenile Amusements in 1797 . E.F. Rimbault 's Nursery Rhymes ( 1836 ) has the same first line , but then a different tune . The tune now associated with the rhyme was first recorded in 1879 in the US in A.H. Rosewig 's Illustrated National Songs and Games . The game ( edit ) Girls playing `` London Bridge '' in 1898 . The rhyme is often used in a children 's singing game , which exists in a wide variety of forms , with additional verses . Most versions are similar to the actions used in the rhyme `` Oranges and Lemons '' . The most common is that two players hold hands and make an arch with their arms while the others pass through in single file . The `` arch '' is then lowered at the song 's end to `` catch '' a player . In the United States it is common for two teams of those that have been caught to engage in a tug of war . In England until the nineteenth century the song may have been accompanied by a circle dance , but arch games are known to have been common across late medieval Europe . Five of nine versions published by Alice Gomme in 1894 included references to a prisoner who has stolen a watch and chain . This may be a late nineteenth century addition from another game called `` Hark the Robbers '' , or `` Watch and Chain '' . This rhyme is sung to the same tune and may be an offshoot of `` London Bridge '' or the remnant of a distinct game . In one version the first two verses have the lyrics : Who has stole my watch and chain , Watch and chain , watch and chain ; Who has stole my watch and chain , My fair lady ? Off to prison you must go , You must go , you must go ; Off to prison you must go , My fair lady . This 1904 column from the Tacoma Times describes various alternate verses and their accompanying gestures Origins ( edit ) Detail from Philippe Pigouchet 's Heures a lusaige de Paris ( 1497 ) , showing an arch game similar to that known to be associated with the rhyme from the late nineteenth century . The cover of the third edition of Dumpling and Pudding , which contains Henry Carey 's satire `` Namby Pamby '' ( 1725 ) , one of the earliest surviving works to refer to the rhyme . Similar rhymes can be found across Europe , pre-dating the records in England . These include `` Knippelsbro Går Op og Ned '' from Denmark , `` Die Magdeburger Brück '' from Germany , `` pont chus '' from sixteenth - century France ; and `` Le porte '' , from fourteenth - century Italy . It is possible that the rhyme was acquired from one of these sources and then adapted to fit the most famous bridge in England . One of the earliest references to the rhyme in English is in the comedy The London Chaunticleres , printed in 1657 , but probably written about 1636 , in which the dairy woman Curds states that she had `` danced the building of London - Bridge '' at the Whitsun Ales in her youth , although no words or actions are mentioned . Widespread familiarity with the rhyme is suggested by its use by Henry Carey in his satire Namby Pamby ( 1725 ) , as : Namby Pamby is no Clown , London Bridge is broken down : Now he courts the gay Ladee Dancing o'er The Lady - Lee . The oldest extant version could be that recalled by a correspondent to the Gentleman 's Magazine in 1823 , which he claimed to have heard from a woman who was a child in the reign of Charles II ( r . 1660 -- 85 ) and had the lyrics : London Bridge is broken down , Dance over the Lady Lea ; London Bridge is broken down , With a gay lady ( la - dee ) . The earliest printed English version is in the oldest extant collection of nursery rhymes , Tommy Thumb 's Pretty Song Book , printed by John Newbery in London ( c. 1744 ) , beginning with the following text : The first page of the rhyme from an 1815 edition of Tommy Thumb 's Pretty Song Book ( c. 1744 ) . James Ritson , whose Gammer Gurton 's Garland contains one of the earliest versions of the rhyme ( Engraving by James Sayers , published in 1803 ) . London Bridge Is Broken down , Dance over my Lady Lee . London Bridge Is Broken down With a gay Lady . A version from James Ritson 's Gammer Gurton 's Garland ( 1784 ) is similar but replaces the last verse with : Build it up with stone so strong , Dance o'er my Lady lee , Huzza ! ' twill last for ages long , With a gay lady . Meaning ( edit ) Cnut the Great 's men on the London bridge , under attack by Olaf II of Norway from a Victorian children 's book published in 1894 . The meaning of the rhyme is not certain . It may simply relate to the many difficulties experienced in bridging the River Thames , but a number of alternative theories have been put forward . Viking attack theory ( edit ) One theory of origin is that the rhyme relates to the supposed destruction of London Bridge by Olaf II of Norway in 1014 ( or 1009 ) . The nineteenth - century translation of the Norse saga the Heimskringla , published by Samuel Laing in 1844 , included a verse by Óttarr svarti , that looks very similar to the nursery rhyme : London Bridge is broken down . -- Gold is won , and bright renown . Shields resounding , War - horns sounding , Hild is shouting in the din ! Arrows singing , Mail - coats ringing -- Odin makes our Olaf win ! However , modern translations make it clear that Laing was using the nursery rhyme as a model for his very free translation , and the reference to London Bridge does not appear at the start of the verse and it is unlikely that this is an earlier version of the nursery rhyme . Some historians have raised the possibility that the attack never took place . However , the original document detailing the attack was written only about 100 years after what would be a famous event in a highly populated area , leading the majority of historians to conclude that the account is at least relatively accurate . While it might or might not be the origin of the rhyme , this would make King Olaf 's victory the only historically recorded incidence of London Bridge `` falling down . '' Child sacrifice theory ( edit ) Detail of the Great Fire of London 1666 by an unknown painter . The Tower of London is on the right and London Bridge on the left . The theory that the song refers to the burying , perhaps alive , of children in the foundations of the bridge was first advanced by Alice Bertha Gomme ( later Lady Gomme ) in The Traditional Games of England , Scotland and Ireland ( 1894 -- 1898 ) and perpetuated by the usually sceptical Iona and Peter Opie . This was based around the idea that a bridge would collapse unless the body of a human sacrifice were buried in its foundations and that the watchman is actually a human sacrifice , who will then watch over the bridge . However , there is no archaeological evidence for any human remains in the foundations of London Bridge . Age and damage theory ( edit ) Until the mid-eighteenth century the Old London Bridge was the only crossing on the Thames in London . It was damaged in a major fire in 1633 , but in the fire of 1666 this damage acted as a fire break and prevented the flames from further damaging the bridge and crossing to the south side of the Thames . With its 19 narrow arches , it impeded river traffic and flow . Central piers were removed to create a wider navigational span . Widening and the removal of its houses was completed in 1763 , but it remained relatively narrow and needed continual and expensive repairs . In the early nineteenth century it was decided to replace the bridge with a new construction . New London Bridge was opened in 1831 and survived until it was replaced in 1972 . It was then transported and reconstructed in Lake Havasu City , Arizona . `` Fair lady '' identity ( edit ) The seal of Matilda of Scotland , one of the candidates for the `` fair lady '' of the refrain . Several attempts have been made to identify the ' fair lady ' , ' lady gay ' , or lady ' lee / lea ' of the rhyme . They include : Matilda of Scotland ( c. 1080 -- 1118 ) Henry I 's consort , who between 1110 and 1118 was responsible for the building of the series of bridges that carried the London - Colchester road across the River Lea and its side streams between Bow and Stratford . Eleanor of Provence ( c. 1223 -- 91 ) , consort of Henry III who had custody of the bridge revenues from 1269 to about 1281 . A member of the Leigh family of Stoneleigh Park , Warwickshire , who have a family story that a human sacrifice lies under the building . The River Lea , which is a tributary of the Thames . Legacy ( edit ) Since the late nineteenth century the rhyme has been seen as one of the most popular and well known in the English - speaking world . It has also been referenced in both literature and popular culture . It was used by T.S. Eliot at the climax of his poem The Waste Land ( 1922 ) . The final line of the verse was probably the inspiration for the title of Lerner and Loewe 's 1956 musical My Fair Lady . The musical unicorn - in - glass - dome ornament bought by William Foster in the 1993 movie Falling Down plays the tune of the nursery rhyme `` London Bridge is falling down '' . ( So the movie title is evidently derived from this old nursery rhyme . ) The tune is often used by English football supporters as the basis for chants . In 1982 was sampled as `` Halloween Montage '' by John Carpenter and Alan Howarth feat . Tommy Lee Wallace , for the Film Halloween III : Season of the Witch , who was used as Song of the Silver Shamrock Commercial . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Dong , Dong , Dongdaemun , a similar Korean nursery rhyme . References ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : London Bridge Is Falling Down Wikimedia Commons has media related to London Bridge Is Falling Down . ^ Jump up to : I. Opie and P. Opie , The Singing Game ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1985 ) , ISBN 0192840193 , pp. 61 -- 72 . ^ Jump up to : I. Opie and P. Opie , The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1951 , 2nd edn. , 1997 ) , ISBN 0198600887 , pp. 270 -- 6 . Jump up ^ A.L. Lazarus , A. MacLeish , and H.W. Smith , Modern English : a Glossary of Literature and Language ( London : Grosset & Dunlap , 1971 ) , ISBN 0448021315 , p. 194 Jump up ^ L. Turco , The Book of Forms : a Handbook of Poetics ( Lebanon , NH : University Press of New England , 3rd edn. , 2000 ) , ISBN 1 - 58465 - 022 - 2 , pp. 28 -- 30 . Jump up ^ R.B. Browne , Objects of Special Devotion : Fetishism in Popular Culture ( Madison , WI : Popular Press , 1982 ) , ISBN 087972191X , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Searchable database , English Folk Song and Dance Society , retrieved 12 July 2012 . Jump up ^ J.J. Fuld , The Book of World - famous Music : Classical , Popular , and Folk ( London : Courier Dover , 2000 ) , ISBN 0486414752 , p. 337 . Jump up ^ S. Roud , The Lore of the Playground : One Hundred Years of Children 's Games , Rhymes & Traditions ( New York City , NY : Random House , 2010 ) , ISBN 1905211511 , pp. 270 -- 1 . Jump up ^ W. Carew Hazlitt , A Manual for the Collector and Amateur of Old English Plays ( London : Ayer Publishing , 1966 ) , ISBN 0833716298 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ M. Gibson , The Vikings ( London : Wayland , 1972 ) , ISBN 0 - 85340 - 164 - 0 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : J. Clark , ' London bridge archaeology of a nursery rhyme ' , London Archaeologist , 9 ( 2002 ) , pp. 338 -- 40 ; for the original Old Norse see Wikisource Jump up ^ J.R. Hagland and B. Watson , ' Fact or folklore : the Viking attack on London Bridge ' , London Archaeologist , 12 ( 2005 ) , pp. 328 -- 33 . Jump up ^ E. Monsen ' Heimskringla or the Lives of the Norse Kings ' , Dover Publications , Inc ( 1 ) ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 26366 - 3 ) Jump up ^ D.J. Brown , Bridges : Three Thousand Years of Defying Nature ( St. Paul , MN : MBI , 2001 ) , ISBN 0760312346 , pp. 52 -- 55 . Jump up ^ C. Raine , T.S. Eliot ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2006 ) , ISBN 0195309936 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ W.E. Studwell , The National and Religious Song Reader : Patriotic , Traditional , and Sacred Songs from Around the World ( London : Routledge , 1996 ) , ISBN 0789000997 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ `` '' Not Economically Viable `` '' . YouTube . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ G. Robson , No One Likes Us , We Do n't Care : The Myth and Reality of Millwall Fandom ( Berg , 2000 ) , ISBN 1859733727 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ D. Russell , Looking North : Northern England And The National Imagination ( Manchester : Manchester University Press , 2004 ) , ISBN 0719051789 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ The repeated notes of `` London Bridge is Falling Down '' ( where the Silver Shamrock song comes from ) add to a already disturbing scene . hide Nursery rhymes ( list ) `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' `` Aiken Drum '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie ? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo - Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Jack Horner '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub - a-dub - dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sing a Song of Sixpence '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Three Little Kittens '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat - a-cake '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Stella Ella Ola '' Counting `` Duck , duck , goose '' `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' `` One , Two , Buckle My Shoe '' `` One , Two , Three , Four , Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker , Tailor '' Finger - plays `` Five Little Ducks '' `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Five Little Speckled Frogs '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and Round the Garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush , Little Baby '' `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland 's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Bridge_Is_Falling_Down&oldid=846148472 '' Categories : English folklore Children 's songs Singing games Songs about London English nursery rhymes Roud Folk Song Index songs Year of song unknown Songwriter unknown Hidden categories : Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Tagalog 粵語 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 17 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who made the song london bridge is falling down

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Love, Simon

Love , Simon - wikipedia Love , Simon Jump to : navigation , search Love , Simon Theatrical release poster Directed by Greg Berlanti Produced by Marty Bowen Wyck Godfrey Isaac Klausner Pouya Shahbazian Screenplay by Isaac Aptaker Elizabeth Berger Based on Simon vs. the Homo Sapiens Agenda by Becky Albertalli Starring Nick Robinson Josh Duhamel Jennifer Garner Music by Rob Simonsen Cinematography John Guleserian Edited by Harry Jierjian Production company Fox 2000 Pictures Temple Hill Productions Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) ( Mardi Gras Film Festival ) March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) ( United States ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $17 million Box office $26.2 million Love , Simon is a 2018 American romantic comedy - drama film directed by Greg Berlanti , written by Isaac Aptaker and Elizabeth Berger , and based on the novel Simon vs. the Homo Sapiens Agenda by Becky Albertalli . The film stars Nick Robinson , Josh Duhamel , and Jennifer Garner . It centers around Simon Spier , a closeted gay teenage boy in high school who is forced to balance his friends , his family , and the blackmailer threatening to out him to the entire school , while simultaneously attempting to discover the identity of the anonymous classmate whom he has fallen in love with online . Love , Simon premiered at the Mardi Gras Film Festival on February 27 , 2018 , and was released in the United States on March 16 , 2018 , by 20th Century Fox . Critics praised the film for its `` big heart , diverse and talented cast , and revolutionary normalcy '' , describing it as an `` instant classic '' that is `` tender , sweet , and affecting '' and a `` hugely charming crowd - pleaser '' that is `` funny , warm - hearted and life - affirming '' , with many comparing it to the romantic comedy - drama films of John Hughes . It is the first major studio film to focus on a gay teenage romance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Charts 5 Release 5.1 Home video 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Simon Spier is a closeted gay teenage boy attending high school in a suburb of Atlanta , Georgia . He has a close and loving family : parents Emily and Jack , and sister Nora , as well as three best friends : Nick and Leah , who he has known most of his life , and newcomer Abby . One day , Leah informs Simon about an online confession of a closeted gay student at their high school , known only by the pseudonym `` Blue '' . Simon then proceeds to reach out to him under his own alias , `` Jacques '' . They confide very personal details , and soon he and Blue form a genuine connection . However , their emails are discovered by another student , Martin , who is infatuated with Simon 's friend Abby . After learning his secret , Martin blackmails Simon and forces him to help him win over Abby . Simon begins to suspect that one of his classmates , Bram , is Blue . At a halloween party , he attempts to connect with Bram , however Simon walks in on him and a female student making out . Simon gets drunk at the party , and Leah walks him home and sleeps over . She speaks vaguely about feeling she is fated to love one person very intensely , and Simon believes she is referring to their friend , Nick . Later , Simon meets with Abby and Martin at a local diner after Simon convinces them to run lines together for an upcoming musical . While there , Simon bonds with their server , a classmate named Lyle , and believes that Lyle is Blue . Martin and Abby start to grow closer . Later that night , Simon comes out to Abby , and is encouraged when she reacts positively . At a school football game , he runs into Lyle and tries to ask him out . Before he has the chance to , Simon finds out Lyle has a romantic interest in Abby . An upset Simon tells a pestering Martin to either `` Go big or go home '' with Abby . During the national anthem at the football game , Martin , dressed as the school mascot , seizes the microphone and declares his feelings for Abby in front of the entire stadium , but she admits she does not feel the same way . A humiliated Martin becomes the subject of intense ridicule . On Christmas Eve , Martin impulsively posts the screenshots of Blue and Simon 's emails on the school gossip site , outing Simon by name . His younger sister Nora reports the abuse and the emails are taken down , but not before they are seen by most of the students . Nora tries to comfort her brother , but Simon shuts her out , and does not return his friends ' frantic texts . On Christmas morning , Simon comes out to his parents , much to their surprise but acceptance . Later , Blue tells Simon that the two should stop speaking , and he closes his email account . After Christmas , Nick and Abby discover that Simon was manipulating Abby to try and get her to date Martin , and angrily confront him about the lies he has been telling . Leah confesses she was in love with Simon , not Nick , and is upset he came out to Abby first . At school , Simon tries to determine Blue 's identity to no avail . In the cafeteria , Simon and another openly gay student , Ethan , are publicly humiliated . Ethan and Simon bond about the difficulties they have faced coming out . After school , Martin tries to apologize to Simon , who angrily rejects the attempt . After his parents reach out and comfort him , Simon apologizes to Leah , admitting he is in love with Blue . Leah helps him make amends with Nick and Abby , who are now a couple . Simon then posts a confession seeking out Blue and asking him to come forward . Waiting for Blue at the school carnival , Simon rides the Ferris wheel , drawing a large crowd of peers , until he runs out of tickets . Martin then comes forward and , to make amends , buys him one last ride . It is revealed then that Bram is Blue ; the kiss Simon saw with the female student was a drunk misunderstanding . Simon and Bram ride the Ferris wheel together and kiss . Simon 's life gradually returns to normal as Simon reconnects with his family and friends , and begins a relationship with Bram . Cast ( edit ) Nick Robinson as Simon Spier Bryson Pitts as 10 - year - old Simon Spier Nye Reynolds as 5 - year - old Simon Spier Josh Duhamel as Jack Spier , Simon 's father Jennifer Garner as Emily Spier , Simon 's mother Katherine Langford as Leah Burke , one of Simon 's best friends Alexandra Shipp as Abby Suso , one of Simon 's best friends Jorge Lendeborg Jr. as Nick Eisner , one of Simon 's best friends Keiynan Lonsdale as Abraham `` Bram '' Greenfeld , one of Simon 's classmates Miles Heizer as Cal Price , one of Simon 's friends and classmates Logan Miller as Martin Addison , one of Simon 's classmates who blackmails him Talitha Bateman as Nora Spier , Simon 's sister Skye Mowbray as 6 - year - old Nora Spier Tony Hale as Mr. Worth , the vice principal of the school Simon attends Natasha Rothwell as Ms. Albright , Simon 's drama teacher Drew Starkey as Garrett Laughlin , one of Simon 's classmates Clark Moore as Ethan , one of Simon 's classmates who is openly gay Joey Pollari as Lyle , a flirty server at a local diner Mackenzie Lintz as Taylor , one of Simon 's classmates Production ( edit ) Principal photography began on March 6 , 2017 in Atlanta , Georgia . Filming officially ended on April 23 , 2017 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Love , Simon ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released March 16 , 2018 Genre Soundtrack Length TBA Label Sony Music Entertainment Singles from Love , Simon ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) `` Love Lies '' Released : 14 February 2018 The soundtrack of the film includes music by Bleachers , Troye Sivan , Amy Shark , Brenton Wood , The 1975 , Normani and Khalid , among others . The first track released from the soundtrack was `` Alfie 's Song ( Not So Typical Love Song ) '' by Bleachers . Love , Simon ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Performed by Length 1 . `` Alfie 's Song ( Not So Typical Love Song ) '' Jack Antonoff Ilsey Juber Harry Styles Bleachers 3 : 01 2 . `` Rollercoaster '' Antonoff John Hill Bleachers 3 : 12 3 . `` Never Fall in Love '' Antonoff Karen Marie Ørsted Jack Antonoff and MØ 4 . `` Strawberries & Cigarettes '' Troye Sivan Antonoff Alex Hope Troye Sivan 3 : 21 5 . `` Sink In '' Ben Berger Julia Michaels Ryan McMahon Amy Shark 4 : 35 6 . `` Love Lies '' Khalid Robinson Normani Charlie Handsome Jamil `` Digi '' Chammas Taylor Parks Khalid and Normani 3 : 23 7 . `` The Oogum Boogum Song '' Alfred Smith Brenton Wood 3 : 07 8 . `` Love Me '' Adam Hann George Daniel Matthew Healy Ross MacDonald The 1975 3 : 42 9 . `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' George Merrill Shannon Rubicam Whitney Houston 4 : 50 10 . `` Someday at Christmas '' Ron Miller Bryan Wells Jackson 5 2 : 44 11 . `` Wings '' Nini Fabi Benjamin Gebert Haerts 4 : 58 12 . `` Keeping a Secret '' Bleachers 3 : 25 13 . `` Wild Heart '' Antonoff Hill Bleachers 3 : 21 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 82 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 24 US Billboard 200 37 Release ( edit ) Love , Simon premiered at the Mardi Gras Film Festival on February 27 , 2018 , and also screened at the Glasgow Film Festival and the Melbourne Queer Film Festival . The film was released in the United States and Canada on March 16 , 2018 , by 20th Century Fox , and is scheduled to be released internationally on various dates throughout 2018 . Home video ( edit ) The film became available to pre-order on home video on January 17 , 2018 , and is expected to be released in June 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Love , Simon held early preview screenings on March 9 , a week before its official release , and grossed $800,000 from 927 theaters , which Deadline Hollywood considered `` strong . '' In the United States and Canada , the film was released alongside Tomb Raider and I Can Only Imagine , and was projected to gross $10 -- 12 million from 2,401 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $4.6 million on its first day ( including $850,000 from Thursday previews at 2,125 theaters ) . The film went on to debut at $11.8 million , finishing fifth at the box office ; 58 % of its opening weekend audience was female and 59 % was under 25 . In its second weekend the film dropped 33 % to $7.8 million , finishing 7th . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 91 % , based on 115 reviews , with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Love , Simon hits its coming - of - age beats more deftly than many entries in this well - traveled genre -- and represents an overdue , if not entirely successful , milestone of inclusion . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 73 out of 100 , based on 36 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to earn such a score . Benjamin Lee of The Guardian gave the film 4 / 5 stars , calling it a `` hugely charming crowd - pleaser '' . Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood gave the film 4 / 5 stars , stating that audiences `` are guaranteed to fall in love with this sweet , funny coming - of - age film '' . Molly Freeman of Screen Rant gave the film 4 / 5 stars or an Excellent rating , stating that `` Love , Simon is a funny , heartfelt , and truly touching teen romantic comedy that instantly becomes a modern classic for today 's generation . '' Josh Winning of GamesRadar+ gave the film 4 / 5 stars , describing it as a `` warm , sensitive and engaging coming - out - of - ager '' and `` one of the freshest teen - coms in ages '' . Meredith Goldstein of The Boston Globe gave the film 3.5 / 4 stars and stated , `` Love , Simon is a sweet , modern romantic comedy that manages to channel the teen movie classics of the late John Hughes , but only the good stuff . '' Colin Covert of the Star Tribune gave the film 3 / 4 stars and wrote , `` If John Hughes had gone on to make a smart LGBT coming - of - age charmer , most likely it would resemble this . '' Bruce Demara of the Toronto Star gave the film 3 / 4 stars , stating `` The casting is high quality , the script - with a tantalizing mystery at its heart - is particularly well - crafted and the story hits all the right emotional notes in delivering a funny , warm - hearted and life - affirming tale . '' Kevin Scott of the Exclaim ! gave the film a 7 out of 10 score , noting that the film has the `` expected amount of sentimentality that effectively tugs at the heartstrings . '' Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film 3.5 / 4 stars and wrote , `` Young and old , jocks and nerds , geeks and freaks , and everyone in between should be able to find something to adore in Love , Simon . '' Joyce Slaton of Common Sense Media gave the film 4 / 5 stars and described it as `` tender , sweet , and affecting '' , with the film also receiving The Common Sense Seal , which recognizes movies that offer families an exceptional media experience . MJ Franklin of Mashable wrote that `` Love , Simon feels like an instant classic that you 're going to want to watch again and again . '' Peter Debruge of Variety , while stating that the film is average in execution , praised the content as `` groundbreaking on so many levels , not least of which is just how otherwise familiar it all seems '' . Jesse Hassenger of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+ and wrote that the film `` is touching as a gesture '' , but as entertainment `` it 's nothing Degrassi has n't done better '' . Becky Albertalli , the author of the book , watched an early cut and praised the film , stating : `` It 's funny and relevant and timeless and charming and honest and painful and so romantic . It says exactly what I wanted the book to say . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Love , Simon '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Poised to Shatter a Hollywood Myth '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Love , Simon ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Waters , Michael ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' : What the critics are saying '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Benjamin ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon review - coming - out comedy is a landmark teen classic '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Franklin , MJ ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' is the comforting coming out hug every gay teen wishes they had '' . Mashable . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Slaton , Joyce . `` Love , Simon Movie Review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Meredith ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' says a lot , and it 's all good '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Sweet teen comedy ' Love , Simon ' offers a lot to love '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Demara , Bruce ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon turns teen ' coming out ' story into a funny , sweet journey '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Love , Simon ' charms by giving gay teen romance the John Hughes treatment '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Love , Simon ' : Your first look at 2018 's major studio gay teen romance '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' Stars Say Gay Teen Romance Will Save Lives '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` ' Simon vs. The Homo Sapiens Agenda ' Open Casting Call '' . ProjectCasting.com . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shipp , Alexandra ( @ AlexShipppp ) ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` That 's a beautiful wrap on # simonvthehomosapiensagenda such a pleasure working with people I looooooove and respect '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Bleachers Release ' Alfie 's Song ( Not So Typical Love Song ) ' From ' Love , Simon ' Soundtrack : Listen '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : `` Love , Simon ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) by Various Artists '' , Apple Music , March 16 , 2018 , retrieved January 17 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 465 '' . auspOp . March 24 , 2018 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Albums : March 31 , 2018 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 : March 31 , 2018 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Simon vs the Homo Sapiens Agenda '' . ComingSoon.net. April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Love , Simon ' : Cast , Release Date , Trailer , Soundtrack And Everything You Need To Know '' . PopBuzz . January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Love , Simon DVD Release Date '' . DVDsReleaseDates . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` Greg Berlanti Gay Teen Romance Pic ' Love , Simon ' Posts Strong Sneak Previews '' . ( Deadline Hollywood ) ) . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Will ' Tomb Raider ' Be the Movie to Finally Knock ' Black Panther ' From Box Office Perch ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' Rings Up $2.1 M On Thursday -- Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Keeps B.O. Treasure From ' Tomb Raider ' ; How ' I Can Only Imagine ' Hit A $17 M High Note '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Does ' Pacific Rim : Uprising ' Break Even At The Global B.O. ? ; ' Black Panther ' Sets Marvel Record -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Love , Simon ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Love , Simon Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Benjamin ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon review - coming - out comedy is a landmark teen classic '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' Review : Winning Comedy About Gay High Schooler Is One From The Heart '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Molly ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon Review : A Modern Teen Rom - Com Classic '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Winning , Josh ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon Review : `` Honest and Good - Natures Without Ever Being Patronising '' . GamesRadar+ . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Meredith ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' says a lot , and it 's all good '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Sweet teen comedy ' Love , Simon ' offers a lot to love '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Demara , Bruce ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon turns teen ' coming out ' story into a funny , sweet journey '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , Kevin ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Love , Simon ' charms by giving gay teen romance the John Hughes treatment '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Slaton , Joyce . `` Love , Simon Movie Review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Common Sense Seal '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Franklin , MJ ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' is the comforting coming out hug every gay teen wishes they had '' . Mashable . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' Review : Ground - Breaking Romcom Features Gay Protagonist '' . Variety . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hassenger , Jessie ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon often plays like sweetly progressive , second - rate TV '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Albertalli , Becky ( @ beckyalbertalli ) ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` It 's funny and relevant and timeless and charming and honest and painful and SO ROMANTIC , THERE IS KISSING AND IT IS NOT HALF - ASSED '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Albertalli , Becky ( @ beckyalbertalli ) ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` But I do know that you guys are going to lose your shit over this one . It is so special . It says exactly what I wanted the book to say '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . External links ( edit ) Official website Love , Simon on IMDb Love , Simon at AllMovie Love , Simon at Box Office Mojo Love , Simon at Metacritic Love , Simon at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Greg Berlanti Films Directed The Broken Hearts Club : A Romantic Comedy Life as We Know It Love , Simon Written only Green Lantern Wrath of the Titans Television series created Everwood Jack & Bobby Eli Stone No Ordinary Family Political Animals Arrow The Tomorrow People The Flash Supergirl Legends of Tomorrow GND : 1145176739 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love,_Simon&oldid=833221281 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 20th Century Fox films 2010s comedy - drama films 2010s coming - of - age films 2010s high school films 2010s LGBT - related films 2010s romantic comedy films 2010s romantic drama films 2010s teen comedy films 2010s teen drama films 2010s teen romance films American comedy - drama films American coming - of - age films American high school films American romantic comedy films American romantic drama films American teen comedy films American teen drama films American teen LGBT - related films American teen romance films Coming - of - age comedy films Coming - of - age drama films Coming - of - age romance films Films based on American novels Films based on young adult literature Gay - related films LGBT romance films LGBT - related comedy - drama films LGBT - related coming - of - age films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 Duration without hAudio microformat Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles created via the Article Wizard Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 09 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when does love simon come out in canada

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History of France

History of France - wikipedia History of France Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the History of France Prehistory ( show ) Palaeolithic Mesolithic Neolithic Copper Age Bronze Age Iron Age Ancient ( show ) Greek colonies Celtic Gaul until 50 BC Roman Gaul 50 BC -- 486 AD Early Middle Ages ( show ) Franks Merovingians 481 -- 751 Carolingians 751 -- 987 Middle Ages ( show ) Direct Capetians 987 -- 1328 Valois 1328 -- 1498 Early modern ( show ) Ancien Régime Valois - Orléans 1498 -- 1515 Valois - Angoulême 1515 -- 89 Bourbon 1589 -- 1792 Long 19th century ( show ) French Revolution 1789 -- 1799 Kingdom of France 1791 -- 92 First Republic 1792 -- 1804 First Empire 1804 -- 14 Restoration 1814 -- 30 July Monarchy 1830 -- 1848 Second Republic 1848 -- 52 Second Empire 1852 -- 70 Third Republic 1870 -- 1940 20th century ( show ) Third Republic 1870 -- 1940 Free France Vichy France 1940 -- 44 Provisional Republic 1944 -- 46 Fourth Republic 1946 -- 58 Fifth Republic 1958 -- present Timeline France portal The first written records for the history of France appear in the Iron Age . What is now France made up the bulk of the region known to the Romans as Gaul . Roman writers noted the presence of three main ethno - linguistic groups in the area : the Gauls , the Aquitani , and the Belgae . The Gauls , the largest and best attested group , were Celtic people speaking what is known as the Gaulish language . Over the course of the 1st millennium BC the Greeks , Romans and Carthaginians established colonies on the Mediterranean coast and the offshore islands . The Roman Republic annexed southern Gaul as the province of Gallia Narbonensis in the late 2nd century BC , and Roman forces under Julius Caesar conquered the rest of Gaul in the Gallic Wars of 58 -- 51 BC . Afterwards a Gallo - Roman culture emerged and Gaul was increasingly integrated into the Roman Empire . In the later stages of the Roman Empire , Gaul was subject to barbarian raids and migration , most importantly by the Germanic Franks . The Frankish king Clovis I united most of Gaul under his rule in the late 5th century , setting the stage for Frankish dominance in the region for hundreds of years . Frankish power reached its fullest extent under Charlemagne . The medieval Kingdom of France emerged from the western part of Charlemagne 's Carolingian Empire , known as West Francia , and achieved increasing prominence under the rule of the House of Capet , founded by Hugh Capet in 987 . A succession crisis following the death of the last direct Capetian monarch in 1328 led to the series of conflicts known as the Hundred Years ' War between the House of Valois and the House of Plantagenet . The war formally began in 1337 following Philip VI 's attempt to seize the Duchy of Aquitaine from its hereditary holder , Edward III of England , the Plantagenet claimant to the French throne . Despite early Plantagenet victories , including the capture and ransom of John II of France , fortunes turned in favor of the Valois later in the war . Among the notable figures of the war was Joan of Arc , a French peasant girl who led French forces against the English , establishing herself as a national heroine . The war ended with a Valois victory in 1453 . Victory in the Hundred Years ' War had the effect of strengthening French nationalism and vastly increasing the power and reach of the French monarchy . During the period known as the Ancien Régime , France transformed into a centralized absolute monarchy . During the next centuries , France experienced the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation . At the height of the French Wars of Religion , France became embroiled in another succession crisis , as the last Valois king , Henry III , fought against rival factions the House of Bourbon and the House of Guise . Henry , King of Navarre , scion of the Bourbon family , would be victorious in the conflict and establish the French Bourbon dynasty . A burgeoning worldwide colonial empire was established in the 16th century . French political power reached a zenith under the rule of Louis XIV , `` The Sun King '' , builder of Versailles Palace . In the late 18th century the monarchy and associated institutions were overthrown in the French Revolution . The country was governed for a period as a Republic , until the French Empire was declared by Napoleon Bonaparte . Following Napoleon 's defeat in the Napoleonic Wars , France went through several further regime changes , being ruled as a monarchy , then briefly as a Second Republic , and then as a Second Empire , until a more lasting French Third Republic was established in 1870 . France was one of the Triple Entente powers in World War I , fighting alongside the United Kingdom , Russia , Italy , Japan , the United States and smaller allies against Germany and the Central Powers . France was one of the Allied Powers in World War II , but was conquered by Nazi Germany in 1940 . The Third Republic was dismantled , and most of the country was controlled directly by Germany while the south was controlled until 1942 by the collaborationist Vichy government . Living conditions were harsh as Germany drained away food and manpower , and many Jews were killed . Charles de Gaulle led the Free France movement that one - by - one took over the colonial empire , and coordinated the wartime Resistance . Following liberation in summer 1944 , a Fourth Republic was established . France slowly recovered economically , and enjoyed a baby boom that reversed its very low fertility rate . Long wars in Indochina and Algeria drained French resources and ended in political defeat . In the wake of the Algerian Crisis of 1958 , Charles de Gaulle set up the French Fifth Republic . Into the 1960s decolonization saw most of the French colonial empire become independent , while smaller parts were incorporated into the French state as overseas departments and collectivities . Since World War II France has been a permanent member in the UN Security Council and NATO . It played a central role in the unification process after 1945 that led to the European Union . Despite slow economic growth in recent years and issues with Muslim minorities , it remains a strong economic , cultural , military and political factor in the 21st century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prehistory 2 Ancient history 2.1 Greek colonies 2.2 Gaul 2.3 Roman Gaul 3 Frankish kingdoms ( 486 -- 987 ) 4 State building into the Kingdom of France ( 987 -- 1453 ) 4.1 Kings during this period 4.2 Strong princes 4.3 Rise of the monarchy 4.4 The late Capetians ( 1165 -- 1328 ) 4.4. 1 Philip II Augustus 4.4. 2 Saint Louis ( 1226 -- 70 ) 4.4. 3 Philip III and Philip IV ( 1270 -- 1314 ) 4.5 The early Valois Kings and the Hundred Years ' War ( 1328 -- 1453 ) 5 Early Modern France ( 1453 -- 1789 ) 5.1 Kings during this period 5.2 Life in the Early Modern period 5.2. 1 French identity 5.2. 2 Estates and power 5.2. 3 Language 5.3 Consolidation ( 15th and 16th centuries ) 5.3. 1 `` Beautiful 16th century '' 5.4 Protestant Huguenots and wars of religion ( 1562 -- 1629 ) 5.5 Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 -- 48 ) 5.6 Colonies ( 16th and 17th centuries ) 5.7 Louis XIV ( 1643 -- 1715 ) 5.8 Major changes in France , Europe , and North America ( 1718 -- 83 ) 5.9 The Enlightenment 6 Revolutionary France ( 1789 -- 1799 ) 6.1 Background of The French Revolution 6.2 National Assembly , Paris anarchy , storming the Bastille ( Jan. -- 14 July 1789 ) 6.3 Violence against aristocracy , abolition of feudalism ( 15 July -- August 1789 ) 6.4 Curtailment of Church powers ( Oct. 1789 -- Dec. 1790 ) 6.5 Making a constitutional monarchy ( June -- Sept. 1791 ) 6.6 War and internal uprisings ( Oct. 1791 -- Aug. 1792 ) 6.7 Bloodbath in Paris , Republic established ( Sept. 1792 ) 6.8 War and civil war ( Nov. 1792 -- spring 1793 ) 6.9 Showdown in the Convention ( May -- June 1793 ) 6.10 Counter-revolution subdued ( July 1793 -- April 1794 ) 6.11 Death - sentencing politicians ( Feb. -- July 1794 ) 6.12 Disregarding the working classes ( Aug. 1794 -- Oct. 1795 ) 6.13 Fighting Catholicism and royalism ( Oct. 1795 -- Nov. 1799 ) 7 Napoleonic France ( 1799 -- 1815 ) 7.1 Coalitions formed against Napoleon 7.2 Napoleon 's impact on France 7.2. 1 The Napoleonic Code 8 Long 19th century , 1815 -- 1914 8.1 Permanent changes in French society 8.2 Religion 8.3 Economy 8.4 The Bourbon restoration : ( 1814 -- 30 ) 8.5 July Monarchy ( 1830 -- 48 ) 8.6 Second Republic ( 1848 -- 52 ) 8.7 Second Empire , 1852 -- 71 8.7. 1 Foreign wars 8.7. 2 Franco - Prussian War ( 1870 -- 71 ) 8.8 Modernisation and railways ( 1870 to 1914 ) 8.9 The Third Republic and the Belle Epoque : 1871 -- 1914 8.9. 1 Third Republic and the Paris Commune 8.9. 2 Political battles 8.9. 3 Foreign policy 8.9. 4 Dreyfus Affair 8.9. 5 Religion 1870 -- 1940 8.9. 6 The belle époque 9 Since 1914 9.1 Population trends 9.2 World War I 9.3 Wartime losses 9.4 Postwar settlement 9.5 Interwar years 9.5. 1 Great Depression 9.5. 2 Foreign policy 9.6 World War II 9.6. 1 Resistance 9.6. 2 Women in Vichy France 9.7 Postwar 9.7. 1 Vietnam and Tunisia 9.7. 2 Suez crisis ( 1956 ) 9.7. 3 President de Gaulle , 1958 -- 69 9.8 Late twentieth century 9.9 Muslim tensions 10 See also 11 Notes 12 Further reading 12.1 Surveys and reference 12.2 Social , economic and cultural history 12.3 Middle Ages 12.4 Early Modern 12.5 Old Regime 12.5. 1 Enlightenment 12.6 Revolution 12.6. 1 Long - term impact 12.7 Napoleon 12.8 Restoration : 1815 -- 70 12.9 Third Republic : 1871 -- 1940 12.9. 1 World War I 12.9. 2 Vichy ( 1940 -- 44 ) 12.10 Fourth and Fifth Republics ( 1944 to present ) 12.11 Historiography 12.12 Primary sources 13 External links Prehistory ( edit ) Main article : Prehistory of France Cave painting in Lascaux Stone tools discovered at Chilhac ( 1968 ) and Lézignan - la - Cèbe in 2009 indicate that early humans were present in France at least 1.6 million years ago . Neanderthals were present in Europe from about 400,000 BC , but died out about 30,000 years ago , possibly out - competed by the modern humans during a period of cold weather . The earliest modern humans -- Homo sapiens -- entered Europe by 43,000 years ago ( the Upper Palaeolithic ) . The cave paintings of Lascaux and Gargas ( Gargas in the Hautes - Pyrénées ) as well as the Carnac stones are remains of the local prehistoric activity . The first written records for the history of France appear in the Iron Age . What is now France made up the bulk of the region known to the Romans as Gaul . Roman writers noted the presence of three main ethno - linguistic groups in the area : the Gauls , the Aquitani , and the Belgae . The Gauls , the largest and best attested group , were Celtic people speaking what is known as the Gaulish language . Over the course of the 1st millennium BC the Greeks , Romans , and Carthaginians established colonies on the Mediterranean coast and the offshore islands . The Roman Republic annexed southern Gaul as the province of Gallia Narbonensis in the late 2nd century BC , and Roman forces under Julius Caesar conquered the rest of Gaul in the Gallic Wars of 58 -- 51 BC . Afterwards a Gallo - Roman culture emerged and Gaul was increasingly integrated into the Roman empire . Ancient History ( edit ) Greek colonies ( edit ) Main article : Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul Massalia ( modern Marseille ) silver coin with Greek legend , a testimony to Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul , 5th -- 1st century BC . In 600 BC Ionian Greeks from Phocaea founded the colony of Massalia ( present - day Marseille ) on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea , making it the oldest city of France . At the same time , some Celtic tribes penetrated the eastern parts ( Germania superior ) of the current territory of France , but this occupation spread in the rest of France only between the 5th and 3rd century BC . Gaul ( edit ) Main article : Gaul Covering large parts of modern - day France , Belgium , northwest Germany and northern Italy , Gaul was inhabited by many Celtic and Belgae tribes whom the Romans referred to as Gauls and who spoke the Gaulish language roughly between the Oise and the Garonne ( Gallia Celtica ) , according to Julius Caesar . On the lower Garonne the people spoke Aquitanian , a Pre-Indo - European language related to ( or a direct ancestor of ) Basque whereas a Belgian language was spoken north of Lutecia but north of the Loire according to other authors like Strabo . The Celts founded cities such as Lutetia Parisiorum ( Paris ) and Burdigala ( Bordeaux ) while the Aquitanians founded Tolosa ( Toulouse ) . Long before any Roman settlements , Greek navigators settled in what would become Provence . The Phoceans founded important cities such as Massalia ( Marseille ) and Nikaia ( Nice ) , bringing them into conflict with the neighboring Celts and Ligurians . Some Phocean great navigators , such as Pytheas , were born in Marseille . The Celts themselves often fought with Aquitanians and Germans , and a Gaulish war band led by Brennus invaded Rome c. 393 or 388 BC following the Battle of the Allia . However , the tribal society of the Gauls did not change fast enough for the centralized Roman state , who would learn to counter them . The Gaulish tribal confederacies were then defeated by the Romans in battles such as Sentinum and Telamon during the 3rd century BC . In the early 3rd century BC , some Belgae ( Germani cisrhenani ) conquered the surrounding territories of the Somme in northern Gaul after battles supposedly against the Armoricani ( Gauls ) near Ribemont - sur - Ancre and Gournay - sur - Aronde , where sanctuaries were found . When Carthaginian commander Hannibal Barca fought the Romans , he recruited several Gaulish mercenaries who fought on his side at Cannae . It was this Gaulish participation that caused Provence to be annexed in 122 BC by the Roman Republic . Later , the Consul of Gaul -- Julius Caesar -- conquered all of Gaul . Despite Gaulish opposition led by Vercingetorix , the Gauls succumbed to the Roman onslaught . The Gauls had some success at first at Gergovia , but were ultimately defeated at Alesia in 52 BC . The Romans founded cities such as Lugdunum ( Lyon ) , Narbonensis ( Narbonne ) and allow in a correspondence between Lucius Munatius Plancus and Cicero to formalize the existence of Cularo ( Grenoble ) . Roman Gaul ( edit ) Main article : Roman Gaul Vercingetorix throws down his arms at the feet of Julius Caesar after the Battle of Alesia . Painting by Lionel - Noël Royer , 1899 . Gaul was divided into several different provinces . The Romans displaced populations to prevent local identities from becoming a threat to Roman control . Thus , many Celts were displaced in Aquitania or were enslaved and moved out of Gaul . There was a strong cultural evolution in Gaul under the Roman Empire , the most obvious one being the replacement of the Gaulish language by Vulgar Latin . It has been argued the similarities between the Gaulish and Latin languages favoured the transition . Gaul remained under Roman control for centuries and Celtic culture was then gradually replaced by Gallo - Roman culture . The Gauls became better integrated with the Empire with the passage of time . For instance , generals Marcus Antonius Primus and Gnaeus Julius Agricola were both born in Gaul , as were emperors Claudius and Caracalla . Emperor Antoninus Pius also came from a Gaulish family . In the decade following Valerian 's capture by the Persians in 260 , Postumus established a short - lived Gallic Empire , which included the Iberian Peninsula and Britannia , in addition to Gaul itself . Germanic tribes , the Franks and the Alamanni , entered Gaul at this time . The Gallic Empire ended with Emperor Aurelian 's victory at Châlons in 274 . A migration of Celts appeared in the 4th century in Armorica . They were led by the legendary king Conan Meriadoc and came from Britain . They spoke the now extinct British language , which evolved into the Breton , Cornish , and Welsh languages . In 418 the Aquitanian province was given to the Goths in exchange for their support against the Vandals . Those same Goths had sacked Rome in 410 and established a capital in Toulouse . Gaulish soldiers The Roman Empire had difficulty responding to all the barbarian raids , and Flavius Aëtius had to use these tribes against each other in order to maintain some Roman control . He first used the Huns against the Burgundians , and these mercenaries destroyed Worms , killed king Gunther , and pushed the Burgundians westward . The Burgundians were resettled by Aëtius near Lugdunum in 443 . The Huns , united by Attila , became a greater threat , and Aëtius used the Visigoths against the Huns . The conflict climaxed in 451 at the Battle of Châlons , in which the Romans and Goths defeated Attila . The Roman Empire was on the verge of collapsing . Aquitania was definitely abandoned to the Visigoths , who would soon conquer a significant part of southern Gaul as well as most of the Iberian Peninsula . The Burgundians claimed their own kingdom , and northern Gaul was practically abandoned to the Franks . Aside from the Germanic peoples , the Vascones entered Wasconia from the Pyrenees and the Bretons formed three kingdoms in Armorica : Domnonia , Cornouaille and Broërec . Frankish kingdoms ( 486 -- 987 ) ( edit ) Main article : Francia See also : List of Frankish kings , Merovingian , Carolingian Renaissance , and Early Middle Ages Victory over the Muslims at the Battle of Tours ( 732 ) marked the furthest Muslim advance and enabled Frankish domination of Europe for the next century . In 486 , Clovis I , leader of the Salian Franks , defeated Syagrius at Soissons and subsequently united most of northern and central Gaul under his rule . Clovis then recorded a succession of victories against other Germanic tribes such as the Alamanni at Tolbiac . In 496 , pagan Clovis adopted Catholicism . This gave him greater legitimacy and power over his Christian subjects and granted him clerical support against the Arian Visigoths . He defeated Alaric II at Vouillé in 507 and annexed Aquitaine , and thus Toulouse , into his Frankish kingdom . The Goths retired to Toledo in what would become Spain . Clovis made Paris his capital and established the Merovingian Dynasty but his kingdom would not survive his death in 511 . Under Frankish inheritance traditions , all sons inherit part of the land , so four kingdoms emerged : centered on Paris , Orléans , Soissons , and Rheims . Over time , the borders and numbers of Frankish kingdoms were fluid and changed frequently . Also during this time , the Mayors of the Palace , originally the chief advisor to the kings , would become the real power in the Frankish lands ; the Merovingian kings themselves would be reduced to little more than figureheads . By this time Muslim invaders had conquered Hispania and were threatening the Frankish kingdoms . Duke Odo the Great defeated a major invading force at Toulouse in 721 but failed to repel a raiding party in 732 . The mayor of the palace , Charles Martel , defeated that raiding party at the Battle of Tours and earned respect and power within the Frankish Kingdom . The assumption of the crown in 751 by Pepin the Short ( son of Charles Martel ) established the Carolingian dynasty as the Kings of the Franks . The coronation of Charlemagne Carolingian power reached its fullest extent under Pepin 's son , Charlemagne . In 771 , Charlemagne reunited the Frankish domains after a further period of division , subsequently conquering the Lombards under Desiderius in what is now northern Italy ( 774 ) , incorporating Bavaria ( 788 ) into his realm , defeating the Avars of the Danubian plain ( 796 ) , advancing the frontier with Islamic Spain as far south as Barcelona ( 801 ) , and subjugating Lower Saxony after a prolonged campaign ( 804 ) . In recognition of his successes and his political support for the Papacy , Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of the Romans , or Roman Emperor in the West , by Pope Leo III in 800 . Charlemagne 's son Louis the Pious ( emperor 814 -- 840 ) kept the empire united ; however , this Carolingian Empire would not survive Louis I 's death . Two of his sons -- Charles the Bald and Louis the German -- swore allegiance to each other against their brother -- Lothair I -- in the Oaths of Strasbourg , and the empire was divided among Louis 's three sons ( Treaty of Verdun , 843 ) . After a last brief reunification ( 884 -- 887 ) , the imperial title ceased to be held in the western realm , which was to form the basis of the future French kingdom . The eastern realm , which would become Germany , elected the Saxon dynasty of Henry the Fowler . Under the Carolingians , the kingdom was ravaged by Viking raiders . In this struggle some important figures such as Count Odo of Paris and his brother King Robert rose to fame and became kings . This emerging dynasty , whose members were called the Robertines , were the predecessors of the Capetian Dynasty . Led by Rollo , some Vikings had settled in Normandy and were granted the land , first as counts and then as dukes , by King Charles the Simple , in order to protect the land from other raiders . The people that emerged from the interactions between the new Viking aristocracy and the already mixed Franks and Gallo - Romans became known as the Normans . State building into the kingdom of France ( 987 -- 1453 ) ( edit ) Main article : France in the Middle Ages Kings during this period ( edit ) Capetian Dynasty ( House of Capet ) : Hugh Capet , 940 -- 996 Robert the Pious , 996 -- 1027 Henry I , 1027 -- 60 Philip I , 1060 -- 1108 Louis VI the Fat , 1108 -- 37 Louis VII the Young , 1137 -- 80 Philip II Augustus , 1180 -- 1223 Louis VIII the Lion , 1223 -- 26 Saint Louis IX , 1226 -- 70 Philip III the Bold , 1270 -- 85 Philip IV the Fair , 1285 -- 1314 Louis X the Quarreller , 1314 -- 16 John I the Posthumous , five days in 1316 Philip V the Tall , 1316 -- 22 Charles IV the Fair , 1322 -- 28 House of Valois : Philip VI of Valois , 1328 -- 50 John II the Good , 1350 -- 64 Charles V the Wise , 1364 -- 80 Charles VI the Mad , 1380 -- 1422 English interlude ( between Charles VI and VII ) : Henry V of England Henry VI of England and France Charles VII the Well Served , 1422 -- 61 Strong princes ( edit ) France was a very decentralised state during the Middle Ages . The authority of the king was more religious than administrative . The 11th century in France marked the apogee of princely power at the expense of the king when states like Normandy , Flanders or Languedoc enjoyed a local authority comparable to kingdoms in all but name . The Capetians , as they were descended from the Robertians , were formerly powerful princes themselves who had successfully unseated the weak and unfortunate Carolingian kings . The Carolingian kings had nothing more than a royal title when the Capetian kings added their principality to that title . The Capetians , in a way , held a dual status of King and Prince ; as king they held the Crown of Charlemagne and as Count of Paris they held their personal fiefdom , best known as Île - de-France . The fact that the Capetians held lands as both Prince and King gave them a complicated status . They were involved in the struggle for power within France as princes , but they also had a religious authority over Roman Catholicism in France as King . The Capetian kings treated other princes more as enemies and allies than as subordinates : their royal title was recognised yet frequently disrespected . Capetian authority was so weak in some remote places that bandits were the effective power . Some of the king 's vassals would grow sufficiently powerful that they would become some of the strongest rulers of western Europe . The Normans , the Plantagenets , the Lusignans , the Hautevilles , the Ramnulfids , and the House of Toulouse successfully carved lands outside France for themselves . The most important of these conquests for French history was the Norman Conquest of England by William the Conqueror , following the Battle of Hastings and immortalised in the Bayeux Tapestry , because it linked England to France through Normandy . Although the Normans were now both vassals of the French kings and their equals as kings of England , their zone of political activity remained centered in France . An important part of the French aristocracy also involved itself in the crusades , and French knights founded and ruled the Crusader states . An example of the legacy left in the Middle East by these nobles is the Krak des Chevaliers ' enlargement by the Counts of Tripoli and Toulouse . Rise of the monarchy ( edit ) The monarchy overcame the powerful barons over ensuing centuries , and established absolute sovereignty over France in the 16th century . A number of factors contributed to the rise of the French monarchy . The dynasty established by Hugh Capet continued uninterrupted until 1328 , and the laws of primogeniture ensured orderly successions of power . Secondly , the successors of Capet came to be recognised as members of an illustrious and ancient royal house and therefore socially superior to their politically and economically superior rivals . Thirdly , the Capetians had the support of the Church , which favoured a strong central government in France . This alliance with the Church was one of the great enduring legacies of the Capetians . The First Crusade was composed almost entirely of Frankish Princes . As time went on the power of the King was expanded by conquests , seizures and successful feudal political battles . The history of France starts with the election of Hugh Capet ( 940 -- 996 ) by an assembly summoned in Reims in 987 . Capet had been `` Duke of the Franks '' and then became `` King of the Franks '' ( Rex Francorum ) . Hugh 's lands extended little beyond the Paris basin ; his political unimportance weighed against the powerful barons who elected him . Many of the king 's vassals ( who included for a long time the kings of England ) ruled over territories far greater than his own . He was recorded to be recognised king by the Gauls , Bretons , Danes , Aquitanians , Goths , Spanish and Gascons . Count Borell of Barcelona called for Hugh 's help against Islamic raids , but even if Hugh intended to help Borell , he was otherwise occupied in fighting Charles of Lorraine . The loss of other Spanish principalities then followed , as the Spanish marches grew more and more independent . Hugh Capet , the first Capetian king , is not a well documented figure , his greatest achievement being certainly to survive as king and defeating the Carolingian claimant , thus allowing him to establish what would become one of Europe 's most powerful house of kings . A view of the remains of the Abbey of Cluny , a Benedictine monastery , was the centre of monastic life revival in the Middle Ages and marked an important step in the cultural rebirth following the Dark Ages . Hugh 's son -- Robert the Pious -- was crowned King of the Franks before Capet 's demise . Hugh Capet decided so in order to have his succession secured . Robert II , as King of the Franks , met Emperor Henry II in 1023 on the borderline . They agreed to end all claims over each other 's realm , setting a new stage of Capetian and Ottonian relationships . Although a king weak in power , Robert II 's efforts were considerable . His surviving charters imply he relied heavily on the Church to rule France , much like his father did . Although he lived with a mistress -- Bertha of Burgundy -- and was excommunicated because of this , he was regarded as a model of piety for monks ( hence his nickname , Robert the Pious ) . The reign of Robert II was quite important because it involved the Peace and Truce of God ( beginning in 989 ) and the Cluniac Reforms . Godefroy de Bouillon , a French knight , leader of the First Crusade and founder of the Kingdom of Jerusalem . Under King Philip I , the kingdom enjoyed a modest recovery during his extraordinarily long reign ( 1060 -- 1108 ) . His reign also saw the launch of the First Crusade to regain the Holy Land , which heavily involved his family although he personally did not support the expedition . It is from Louis VI ( reigned 1108 -- 37 ) onward that royal authority became more accepted . Louis VI was more a soldier and warmongering king than a scholar . The way the king raised money from his vassals made him quite unpopular ; he was described as greedy and ambitious and that is corroborated by records of the time . His regular attacks on his vassals , although damaging the royal image , reinforced the royal power . From 1127 onward Louis had the assistance of a skilled religious statesman , Abbot Suger . The abbot was the son of a minor family of knights , but his political advice was extremely valuable to the king . Louis VI successfully defeated , both military and politically , many of the robber barons . Louis VI frequently summoned his vassals to the court , and those who did not show up often had their land possessions confiscated and military campaigns mounted against them . This drastic policy clearly imposed some royal authority on Paris and its surrounding areas . When Louis VI died in 1137 , much progress had been made towards strengthening Capetian authority . Thanks to Abbot Suger 's political advice , King Louis VII ( junior king 1131 -- 37 , senior king 1137 -- 80 ) enjoyed greater moral authority over France than his predecessors . Powerful vassals paid homage to the French king . Abbot Suger arranged the 1137 marriage between Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine in Bordeaux , which made Louis VII Duke of Aquitaine and gave him considerable power . However , the couple disagreed over the burning of more than a thousand people in Vitry during the conflict against the Count of Champagne . King Louis VII was deeply horrified by the event and sought penitence by going to the Holy Land . He later involved the Kingdom of France in the Second Crusade but his relationship with Eleanor did not improve . The marriage was ultimately annulled by the pope and Eleanor soon married the Duke of Normandy -- Henry Fitzempress , who would become King of England as Henry II two years later . Louis VII was once a very powerful monarch and was now facing a much stronger vassal , who was his equal as King of England and his strongest prince as Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine . Abbot Suger 's vision of construction became what is now known as Gothic architecture . This style became standard for most European cathedrals built in the late Middle Ages . The late Capetians ( 1165 -- 1328 ) ( edit ) The late direct Capetian kings were considerably more powerful and influential than the earliest ones . While Philip I could hardly control his Parisian barons , Philip IV could dictate popes and emperors . The late Capetians , although they often ruled for a shorter time than their earlier peers , were often much more influential . This period also saw the rise of a complex system of international alliances and conflicts opposing , through dynasties , Kings of France and England and Holy Roman Emperor . Philip II Augustus ( edit ) The reign of Philip II Augustus ( junior king 1179 -- 80 , senior king 1180 -- 1223 ) marked an important step in the history of French monarchy . His reign saw the French royal domain and influence greatly expanded . He set the context for the rise of power to much more powerful monarchs like Saint Louis and Philip the Fair . Philip II victorious at Bouvines thus annexing Normandy and Anjou into his royal domains . This battle involved a complex set of alliances from three important states , the Kingdoms of France and England and the Holy Roman Empire . Philip II spent an important part of his reign fighting the so - called Angevin Empire , which was probably the greatest threat to the King of France since the rise of the Capetian dynasty . During the first part of his reign Philip II tried using Henry II of England 's son against him . He allied himself with the Duke of Aquitaine and son of Henry II -- Richard Lionheart -- and together they launched a decisive attack on Henry 's castle and home of Chinon and removed him from power . Richard replaced his father as King of England afterward . The two kings then went crusading during the Third Crusade ; however , their alliance and friendship broke down during the crusade . The two men were once again at odds and fought each other in France until Richard was on the verge of totally defeating Philip II . Adding to their battles in France , the Kings of France and England were trying to install their respective allies at the head of the Holy Roman Empire . If Philip II Augustus supported Philip of Swabia , member of the House of Hohenstaufen , then Richard Lionheart supported Otto IV , member of the House of Welf . Otto IV had the upper hand and became the Holy Roman Emperor at the expense of Philip of Swabia . The crown of France was saved by Richard 's demise after a wound he received fighting his own vassals in Limousin . John Lackland , Richard 's successor , refused to come to the French court for a trial against the Lusignans and , as Louis VI had done often to his rebellious vassals , Philip II confiscated John 's possessions in France . John 's defeat was swift and his attempts to reconquer his French possession at the decisive Battle of Bouvines ( 1214 ) resulted in complete failure . Philip II had annexed Normandy and Anjou , plus capturing the Counts of Boulogne and Flanders , although Aquitaine and Gascony remained loyal to the Plantagenet King . In an additional aftermath of the Battle of Bouvines , John 's ally Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV was overthrown by Frederick II , member of the House of Hohenstaufen and ally of Philip . Philip II of France was crucial in ordering Western European politics in both England and France . Philip Augustus founded the Sorbonne and made Paris a city for scholars . Prince Louis ( the future Louis VIII , reigned 1223 -- 26 ) was involved in the subsequent English civil war as French and English ( or rather Anglo - Norman ) aristocracies were once one and were now split between allegiances . While the French kings were struggling against the Plantagenets , the Church called for the Albigensian Crusade . Southern France was then largely absorbed in the royal domains . Saint Louis ( 1226 -- 70 ) ( edit ) France became a truly centralised kingdom under Louis IX ( reigned 1226 -- 70 ) . Saint Louis has often been portrayed as a one - dimensional character , a flawless representant of the faith and an administrative reformer who cared for the governed ones . However , his reign was far from perfect for everyone : he made unsuccessful crusades , his expanding administrations raised opposition , and he burned Jewish books at the Pope 's urging . His judgments were not often practical , although they seemed fair by the standards of the time . It appears Louis had a strong sense of justice and always wanted to judge people himself before applying any sentence . This was said about Louis and French clergy asking for excommunications of Louis ' vassals : For it would be against God and contrary to right and justice if he compelled any man to seek absolution when the clergy were doing him wrong . Louis IX was only twelve years old when he became King of France . His mother -- Blanche of Castile -- was the effective power as regent ( although she did not formally use the title ) . Blanche 's authority was strongly opposed by the French barons yet she maintained her position until Louis was old enough to rule by himself . In 1229 the King had to struggle with a long lasting strike at the University of Paris . The Quartier Latin was strongly hit by these strikes . The kingdom was vulnerable : war was still going on in the County of Toulouse , and the royal army was occupied fighting resistance in Languedoc . Count Raymond VII of Toulouse finally signed the Treaty of Paris in 1229 , in which he retained much of his lands for life , but his daughter , married to Count Alfonso of Poitou , produced him no heir and so the County of Toulouse went to the King of France . King Henry III of England had not yet recognized the Capetian overlordship over Aquitaine and still hoped to recover Normandy and Anjou and reform the Angevin Empire . He landed in 1230 at Saint - Malo with a massive force . Henry III 's allies in Brittany and Normandy fell down because they did not dare fight their king , who led the counterstrike himself . This evolved into the Saintonge War ( 1242 ) . Ultimately , Henry III was defeated and had to recognise Louis IX 's overlordship , although the King of France did not seize Aquitaine from Henry III . Louis IX was now the most important landowner of France , adding to his royal title . There were some opposition to his rule in Normandy , yet it proved remarkably easy to rule , especially compared to the County of Toulouse which had been brutally conquered . The Conseil du Roi , which would evolve into the Parlement , was founded in these times . After his conflict with King Henry III of England , Louis established a cordial relation with the Plantagenet King . Saint Louis also supported new forms of art such as Gothic architecture ; his Sainte - Chapelle became a very famous gothic building , and he is also credited for the Morgan Bible . The Kingdom was involved in two crusades under Saint Louis : the Seventh Crusade and the Eighth Crusade . Both proved to be complete failures for the French King . Philip III and Philip IV ( 1270 -- 1314 ) ( edit ) Philip III became king when Saint Louis died in 1270 during the Eighth Crusade . Philip III was called `` the Bold '' on the basis of his abilities in combat and on horseback , and not because of his character or ruling abilities . Philip III took part in another crusading disaster : the Aragonese Crusade , which cost him his life in 1285 . More administrative reforms were made by Philip IV , also called Philip the Fair ( reigned 1285 -- 1314 ) . This king was responsible for the end of the Knights Templar , signed the Auld Alliance , and established the Parlement of Paris . Philip IV was so powerful that he could name popes and emperors , unlike the early Capetians . The papacy was moved to Avignon and all the contemporary popes were French , such as Philip IV 's puppet Bertrand de Goth , Pope Clement V . The early Valois kings and the Hundred years ' war ( 1328 -- 1453 ) ( edit ) The capture of the French king John II at Poitiers in 1356 . The tensions between the Houses of Plantagenet and Capet climaxed during the so - called Hundred Years ' War ( actually several distinct wars over the period 1337 to 1453 ) when the Plantagenets claimed the throne of France from the Valois . This was also the time of the Black Death , as well as several civil wars . The French population suffered much from these wars . In 1420 by the Treaty of Troyes Henry V was made heir to Charles VI . Henry V failed to outlive Charles so it was Henry VI of England and France who consolidated the Dual - Monarchy of England and France . It has been argued that the difficult conditions the French population suffered during the Hundred Years ' War awakened French nationalism , a nationalism represented by Joan of Arc ( 1412 -- 1431 ) . Although this is debatable , the Hundred Years ' War is remembered more as a Franco - English war than as a succession of feudal struggles . During this war , France evolved politically and militarily . Although a Franco - Scottish army was successful at the Battle of Baugé ( 1421 ) , the humiliating defeats of Poitiers ( 1356 ) and Agincourt ( 1415 ) forced the French nobility to realise they could not stand just as armoured knights without an organised army . Charles VII ( reigned 1422 -- 61 ) established the first French standing army , the Compagnies d'ordonnance , and defeated the Plantagenets once at Patay ( 1429 ) and again , using cannons , at Formigny ( 1450 ) . The Battle of Castillon ( 1453 ) was regarded as the last engagement of this `` war '' , yet Calais and the Channel Islands remained ruled by the Plantagenets . Early modern France ( 1453 -- 1789 ) ( edit ) France in the late 15th century : a mosaic of feudal territories Main article : Early Modern France Kings during this period ( edit ) The Early Modern period in French history spans the following reigns , from 1461 to the Revolution , breaking in 1789 : House of Valois Louis XI the Prudent , 1461 -- 83 Charles VIII the Affable , 1483 -- 98 Louis XII , 1498 -- 1515 Francis I , 1515 -- 47 Henry II , 1547 -- 59 Francis II , 1559 -- 60 Charles IX , 1560 -- 74 ( 1560 -- 63 under regency of Catherine de ' Medici ) Henry III , 1574 -- 89 House of Bourbon Henry IV the Great , 1589 -- 1610 the Regency of Marie de Medici , 1610 -- 17 Louis XIII the Just and his minister Cardinal Richelieu , 1610 -- 43 the Regency of Anne of Austria and her minister Cardinal Mazarin , 1643 -- 51 Louis XIV the Sun King and his minister Jean - Baptiste Colbert , 1643 -- 1715 the Régence , a period of regency under Philip II of Orléans , 1715 -- 23 Louis XV the Beloved and his minister Cardinal André - Hercule de Fleury , 1715 -- 74 Louis XVI , 1774 -- 92 Life in the early modern period ( edit ) Main article : Ancien Régime French identity ( edit ) France in the Ancien Régime covered a territory of around 520,000 square kilometres ( 200,000 sq mi ) . This land supported 13 million people in 1484 and 20 million people in 1700 . France had the second largest population in Europe around 1700 . Britain had 5 or 6 million , Spain had 8 million , and the Austrian Habsburgs had around 8 million . Russia was the most populated European country at the time . France 's lead slowly faded after 1700 , as other countries grew faster . The sense of `` being French '' was uncommon in 1500 , as people clung to their local identities . By 1600 , however , people were starting to call themselves `` bon françois . '' Estates and power ( edit ) Political power was widely dispersed . The law courts ( `` Parlements '' ) were powerful , especially that of France . However , the king had only about 10,000 officials in royal service -- very few indeed for such a large country , and with very slow internal communications over an inadequate road system . Travel was usually faster by ocean ship or river boat . The different estates of the realm -- the clergy , the nobility , and commoners -- occasionally met together in the `` Estates General '' , but in practice the Estates General had no power , for it could petition the king but could not pass laws . The Catholic Church controlled about 40 % of the wealth , tied up in long - term endowments that could be added to but not reduced . The king ( not the pope ) nominated bishops , but typically had to negotiate with noble families that had close ties to local monasteries and church establishments . The nobility came second in terms of wealth , but there was no unity . Each noble had his own lands , his own network of regional connections , and his own military force . The cities had a quasi-independent status , and were largely controlled by the leading merchants and guilds . Paris was by far the largest city with 220,000 people in 1547 and a history of steady growth . Lyon and Rouen each had about 40,000 population , but Lyon had a powerful banking community and a vibrant culture . Bordeaux was next with only 20,000 population in 1500 . Peasants made up the vast majority of population , who in many cases had well - established rights that the authorities had to respect . In 1484 , about 97 % of France 's 13 million people lived in rural villages ; in 1700 , at least 80 % of the 20 million people population were peasants . In the 17th century peasants had ties to the market economy , provided much of the capital investment necessary for agricultural growth , and frequently moved from village to village ( or town ) . Geographic mobility , directly tied to the market and the need for investment capital , was the main path to social mobility . The `` stable '' core of French society , town guildspeople and village labourers , included cases of staggering social and geographic continuity , but even this core required regular renewal . Accepting the existence of these two societies , the constant tension between them , and extensive geographic and social mobility tied to a market economy holds the key to a clearer understanding of the evolution of the social structure , economy , and even political system of early modern France . Collins ( 1991 ) argues that the Annales School paradigm underestimated the role of the market economy ; failed to explain the nature of capital investment in the rural economy ; and grossly exaggerated social stability . Language ( edit ) Main article : History of French Although most peasants in France spoke local dialects , an official language emerged in Paris and the French language became the preferred language of Europe 's aristocracy . Holy Roman Emperor Charles V ( born in 1500 ) quipped , `` I speak Spanish to God , Italian to women , French to men , and German to my horse . '' Because of its international status , there was a desire to regulate the French language . Several reforms of the French language worked to make it more uniform . The Renaissance writer François Rabelais ( born 1494 ) helped to shape French as a literary language , Rabelais ' French is characterised by the re-introduction of Greek and Latin words . Jacques Peletier du Mans ( born 1517 ) was one of the scholars who reformed the French language . He improved Nicolas Chuquet 's long scale system by adding names for intermediate numbers ( `` milliards '' instead of `` thousand million '' , etc . ) . Consolidation ( 15th and 16th centuries ) ( edit ) Charles the Bold , the last Valois Duke of Burgundy . His death at the Battle of Nancy ( 1477 ) marked the division of his lands between the Kings of France and Habsburg Dynasty . With the death in 1477 of Charles the Bold , France and the Habsburgs began a long process of dividing his rich Burgundian lands , leading to numerous wars . In 1532 , Brittany was incorporated into the Kingdom of France . France engaged in the long Italian Wars ( 1494 -- 1559 ) , which marked the beginning of early modern France . Francis I faced powerful foes , and he was captured at Pavia . The French monarchy then sought for allies and found one in the Ottoman Empire . The Ottoman Admiral Barbarossa captured Nice in 1543 and handed it down to Francis I . During the 16th century , the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs were the dominant power in Europe . The many domains of Charles V encircled France . The Spanish Tercio was used with great success against French knights . Finally , on 7 January 1558 , the Duke of Guise seized Calais from the English . `` Beautiful 16th century '' ( edit ) Economic historians call the era from about 1475 to 1630 the `` beautiful 16th century '' because of the return of peace , prosperity and optimism across the nation , and the steady growth of population . Paris , for example , flourished as never before , as its population rose to 200,000 by 1550 . In Toulouse the Renaissance of the 16th century brought wealth that transformed the architecture of the town , such as building of the great aristocratic houses . Protestant Huguenots and wars of religion ( 1562 -- 1629 ) ( edit ) Main article : French Wars of Religion Henry IV of France was the first French Bourbon king . The Protestant Reformation , inspired in France mainly by John Calvin , began to challenge the legitimacy and rituals of the Catholic Church . It reached an elite audience . Calvin , based to securely in Geneva Switzerland , was a Frenchman deeply committed to reforming his homeland . The Protestant movement had been energetic , but lacked central organizational direction . With financial support by the from the church in Geneva , Calvin turned his enormous energies toward uplifting the French Protestant cause . As one historian explains : He supplied the dogma , the liturgy , and the moral ideas of the new religion , and he also created ecclesiastical , political , and social institutions in harmony with it . A born leader , he followed up his work with personal appeals . His vast correspondence with French Protestants shows not only much zeal but infinite pains and considerable tact and driving home the lessons of his printed treatises . Between 1555 and 1562 , more than 100 ministers were sent to France . Nevertheless , French King Henry II severely persecuted Protestants under the Edict of Chateaubriand and when the French authorities complained about the missionary activities , the city fathers of Geneva disclaimed official responsibility . The two main Calvinist strongholds were southwest France and Normandy , but even in these districts the Catholics were a majority . Renewed Catholic reaction -- headed by the powerful Francis , Duke of Guise -- led to a massacre of Huguenots at Vassy in 1562 , starting the first of the French Wars of Religion , during which English , German , and Spanish forces intervened on the side of rival Protestant ( `` Huguenot '' ) and Catholic forces . King Henry II died in 1559 in a jousting tournament ; he was succeeded in turn by his three sons , each of which assumed the throne as minors or were weak , ineffectual rulers . In the power vacuum entered Henry 's widow , Catherine de ' Medici , who became a central figure in the early years of the Wars of Religion . She is often blamed for the St. Bartholomew 's Day massacre of 1572 , when thousands of Huguenots were murdered in Paris and the provinces of France . The Wars of Religion culminated in the War of the Three Henrys ( 1584 -- 98 ) , at the height of which bodyguards of the King Henry III assassinated Henry de Guise , leader of the Spanish - backed Catholic league . In revenge , a priest assassinated Henry III . This led to the ascension of the Huguenot Henry IV ; in order to bring peace to a country beset by religious and succession wars , he converted to Catholicism . `` Paris is worth a Mass , '' he reputedly said . He issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598 , which guaranteed religious liberties to the Protestants , thereby effectively ending the civil war . The main provisions of the Edict of Nantes were as follows : a ) Huguenots were allowed to hold religious services in certain towns in each province , b ) They were allowed to control and fortify eight cities ( including La Rochelle and Montauban ) , c ) Special courts were established to try Huguenot offenders , d ) Huguenots were to have equal civil rights with the Catholics . When in 1620 the Huguenots proclaimed a constitution for the ' Republic of the Reformed Churches of France ' , the chief minister Cardinal Richelieu ( 1585 -- 1642 ) invoked the entire powers of the state to stop it . Religious conflicts therefore resumed under Louis XIII when Richelieu forced Protestants to disarm their army and fortresses . This conflict ended in the Siege of La Rochelle ( 1627 -- 28 ) , in which Protestants and their English supporters were defeated . The following Peace of Alais ( 1629 ) confirmed religious freedom yet dismantled the Protestant military defences . In the face of persecution , Huguenots dispersed widely throughout Protestant kingdoms in Europe and America . Thirty years ' war ( 1618 -- 48 ) ( edit ) Main article : Thirty Years ' War The religious conflicts that plagued France also ravaged the Habsburg - led Holy Roman Empire . The Thirty Years ' War eroded the power of the Catholic Habsburgs . Although Cardinal Richelieu , the powerful chief minister of France , had mauled the Protestants , he joined this war on their side in 1636 because it was in the raison d'État ( national interest ) . Imperial Habsburg forces invaded France , ravaged Champagne , and nearly threatened Paris . Richelieu died in 1642 and was succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin , while Louis XIII died one year later and was succeeded by Louis XIV . France was served by some very efficient commanders such as Louis II de Bourbon ( Condé ) and Henry de la Tour d'Auvergne ( Turenne ) . The French forces won a decisive victory at Rocroi ( 1643 ) , and the Spanish army was decimated ; the Tercio was broken . The Truce of Ulm ( 1647 ) and the Peace of Westphalia ( 1648 ) brought an end to the war . Some challenges remained . France was hit by civil unrest known as the Fronde which in turn evolved into the Franco - Spanish War in 1653 . Louis II de Bourbon joined the Spanish army this time , but suffered a severe defeat at Dunkirk ( 1658 ) by Henry de la Tour d'Auvergne . The terms for the peace inflicted upon the Spanish kingdoms in the Treaty of the Pyrenees ( 1659 ) were harsh , as France annexed Northern Catalonia . Amidst this turmoil , René Descartes sought answers to philosophical questions through the use of logic and reason and formulated what would be called Cartesian Dualism in 1641 . Colonies ( 16th and 17th centuries ) ( edit ) Main article : French colonial empire During the 16th century , the king began to claim North American territories and established several colonies . Jacques Cartier was one of the great explorers who ventured deep into American territories during the 16th century . The early 17th century saw the first successful French settlements in the New World with the voyages of Samuel de Champlain . The largest settlement was New France , with the towns of Quebec City ( 1608 ) and Montreal ( fur trading post in 1611 , Roman Catholic mission established in 1639 , and colony founded in 1642 ) . Louis XIV ( 1643 -- 1715 ) ( edit ) Main article : Louis XIV of France Louis XIV of France , the `` Sun King '' . Louis XIV , known as the `` Sun King '' , reigned over France from 1643 until 1715 although his strongest period of personal rule did not begin until 1661 after the death of his Italian chief minister Cardinal Mazarin . Louis believed in the divine right of kings , which asserts that a monarch is above everyone except God , and is therefore not answerable to the will of his people , the aristocracy , or the Church . Louis continued his predecessors ' work of creating a centralized state governed from Paris , sought to eliminate remnants of feudalism in France , and subjugated and weakened the aristocracy . By these means he consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France that endured until the French Revolution . However , Louis XIV 's long reign saw France involved in many wars that drained its treasury . His reign began during the Thirty Years ' War and during the Franco - Spanish war . His military architect , Vauban , became famous for his pentagonal fortresses , and Jean - Baptiste Colbert supported the royal spending as much as possible . French dominated League of the Rhine fought against the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Saint Gotthard in 1664 . The battle was won by the Christians , chiefly through the brave attack of 6,000 French troops led by La Feuillade and Coligny . France fought the War of Devolution against Spain in 1667 . France 's defeat of Spain and invasion of the Spanish Netherlands alarmed England and Sweden . With the Dutch Republic they formed the Triple Alliance to check Louis XIV 's expansion . Louis II de Bourbon had captured Franche - Comté , but in face of an indefensible position , Louis XIV agreed to a peace at Aachen . Under its terms , Louis XIV did not annex Franche - Comté but did gain Lille . Peace was fragile , and war broke out again between France and the Dutch Republic in the Franco - Dutch War ( 1672 -- 78 ) . Louis XIV asked for the Dutch Republic to resume war against the Spanish Netherlands , but the republic refused . France attacked the Dutch Republic and was joined by England in this conflict . Through targeted inundations of polders by breaking dykes , the French invasion of the Dutch Republic was brought to a halt . The Dutch Admiral Michiel de Ruyter inflicted a few strategic defeats on the Anglo - French naval alliance and forced England to retire from the war in 1674 . Because the Netherlands could not resist indefinitely , it agreed to peace in the Treaties of Nijmegen , according to which France would annex France - Comté and acquire further concessions in the Spanish Netherlands . On 6 May 1682 , the royal court moved to the lavish Palace of Versailles , which Louis XIV had greatly expanded . Over time , Louis XIV compelled many members of the nobility , especially the noble elite , to inhabit Versailles . He controlled the nobility with an elaborate system of pensions and privileges , and replaced their power with himself . Peace did not last , and war between France and Spain again resumed . The War of the Reunions broke out ( 1683 -- 84 ) , and again Spain , with its ally the Holy Roman Empire , was easily defeated . Meanwhile , in October 1685 Louis signed the Edict of Fontainebleau ordering the destruction of all Protestant churches and schools in France . Its immediate consequence was a large Protestant exodus from France . Over two million people died in two famines in 1693 and 1710 . France would soon be involved in another war , the War of the Grand Alliance . This time the theatre was not only in Europe but also in North America . Although the war was long and difficult ( it was also called the Nine Years ' War ) , its results were inconclusive . The Treaty of Ryswick in 1697 confirmed French sovereignty over Alsace , yet rejected its claims to Luxembourg . Louis also had to evacuate Catalonia and the Palatinate . This peace was considered a truce by all sides , thus war was to start again . In 1701 the War of the Spanish Succession began . The Bourbon Philip of Anjou was designated heir to the throne of Spain as Philip V . The Habsburg Emperor Leopold opposed a Bourbon succession , because the power that such a succession would bring to the Bourbon rulers of France would disturb the delicate balance of power in Europe . Therefore , he claimed the Spanish thrones for himself . England and the Dutch Republic joined Leopold against Louis XIV and Philip of Anjou . The allied forces were led by John Churchill , 1st Duke of Marlborough , and by Prince Eugene of Savoy . They inflicted a few resounding defeats on the French army ; the Battle of Blenheim in 1704 was the first major land battle lost by France since its victory at Rocroi in 1643 . Yet , the extremely bloody battles of Ramillies ( 1706 ) and Malplaquet ( 1709 ) proved to be Pyrrhic victories for the allies , as they had lost too many men to continue the war . Led by Villars , French forces recovered much of the lost ground in battles such as Denain ( 1712 ) . Finally , a compromise was achieved with the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 . Philip of Anjou was confirmed as Philip V , king of Spain ; Emperor Leopold did not get the throne , but Philip V was barred from inheriting France . Louis XIV wanted to be remembered as a patron of the arts , like his ancestor Louis IX . He invited Jean - Baptiste Lully to establish the French opera , and a tumultuous friendship was established between Lully and playwright and actor Molière . Jules Hardouin Mansart became France 's most important architect of the period , bringing the pinnacle of French Baroque architecture . The wars were so expensive , and so inconclusive , that although France gained some territory to the east , it 's enemies gained more strength than it did , Vauban , France 's leading military strategist , warned that king in 1689 that a hostile `` Alliance '' was too powerful at sea . He recommended the best way for France to fight back was to license French merchants ships to privateer and seize enemy merchant ships , while avoiding its navies : France has its declared enemies Germany and all the states that it embraces ; Spain with all its dependencies in Europe , Asia , Africa and America ; the Duke of Savoy ( in Italy ) , England , Scotland , Ireland , and all their colonies in the East and West Indies ; and Holland with all its possessions in the four corners of the world where it has great establishments . France has ... undeclared enemies , indirectly hostile hostile and envious of its greatness , Denmark , Sweden , Poland , Portugal , Venice , Genoa , and part of the Swiss Confederation , all of which states secretly aid France 's enemies by the troops that they hire to them , the money they lend them and by protecting and covering their trade . Vauban was pessimistic about France 's so - called friends and allies and recommended against expensive land wars , or hopeless naval wars : For lukewarm , useless , or impotent friends , France has the Pope , who is indifferent ; the King of England ( James II ) expelled from his country ( And living in exile in Paris ) ; the grand Duke of Tuscany ; the Dukes of Mantua , Mokena , and Parma ( all in Italy ) ; and the other faction of the Swiss . Some of these are sunk in the softness that comes of years of peace , the others are cool in their affections ... The English and Dutch are the main pillars of the Alliance ; they support it by making war against us in concert with the other powers , and they keep it going by means of the money that they pay every year to ... Allies ... We must therefore fall back on privateering as the method of conducting war which is most feasible , simple , cheap , and safe , and which will cost least to the state , the more so since any losses will not be felt by the King , who risks virtually nothing ... It will enrich the country , train many good officers for the King , and in a short time force his enemies to sue for peace . Major changes in France , Europe , and North America ( 1718 -- 83 ) ( edit ) Main article : Seven Years ' War See also : French colonization of the Americas and Age of Enlightenment The Battle of Fontenoy , 11 May 1745 . Louis XIV died in 1715 and was succeeded by his five - year - old great grandson who reigned as Louis XV until his death in 1774 . In 1718 , France was once again at war , as Philip II of Orléans 's regency joined the War of the Quadruple Alliance against Spain . King Philip V of Spain had to withdraw from the conflict , confronted with the reality that Spain was no longer a great power of Europe . Under Cardinal Fleury 's administration , peace was maintained as long as possible . However , in 1733 another war broke in central Europe , this time about the Polish succession , and France joined the war against the Austrian Empire . This time there was no invasion of the Netherlands , and Britain remained neutral . As a consequence , Austria was left alone against a Franco - Spanish alliance and faced a military disaster . Peace was settled in the Treaty of Vienna ( 1738 ) , according to which France would annex , through inheritance , the Duchy of Lorraine . Two years later , in 1740 , war broke out over the Austrian succession , and France seized the opportunity to join the conflict . The war played out in North America and India as well as Europe , and inconclusive terms were agreed to in the Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle ( 1748 ) . Once again , no one regarded this as a peace , but rather as a mere truce . Prussia was then becoming a new threat , as it had gained substantial territory from Austria . This led to the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 , in which the alliances seen during the previous war were mostly inverted . France was now allied to Austria and Russia , while Britain was now allied to Prussia . In the North American theatre , France was allied with various Native American peoples during the Seven Years ' War and , despite a temporary success at the battles of the Great Meadows and Monongahela , French forces were defeated at the disastrous Battle of the Plains of Abraham in Quebec . In Europe , repeated French attempts to overwhelm Hanover failed . In 1762 Russia , France , and Austria were on the verge of crushing Prussia , when the Anglo - Prussian Alliance was saved by the Miracle of the House of Brandenburg . At sea , naval defeats against British fleets at Lagos and Quiberon Bay in 1759 and a crippling blockade forced France to keep its ships in port . Finally peace was concluded in the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) , and France lost its North American empire . Britain 's success in the Seven Years ' War had allowed them to eclipse France as the leading colonial power . France sought revenge for this defeat , and under Choiseul France started to rebuild . In 1766 the French Kingdom annexed Lorraine and the following year bought Corsica from Genoa . Lord Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown to American and French allies . Having lost its colonial empire , France saw a good opportunity for revenge against Britain in signing an alliance with the Americans in 1778 , and sending an army and navy that turned the American Revolution into a world war . Spain , allied to France by the Family Compact , and the Dutch Republic also joined the war on the French side . Admiral de Grasse defeated a British fleet at Chesapeake Bay while Jean - Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur , comte de Rochambeau and Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette joined American forces in defeating the British at Yorktown . The war was concluded by the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) ; the United States became independent . The British Royal Navy scored a major victory over France in 1782 at the Battle of the Saintes and France finished the war with huge debts and the minor gain of the island of Tobago . While the state expanded , new Enlightenment ideas flourished . Montesquieu proposed the separation of powers . Many other French philosophes ( intellectuals ) exerted philosophical influence on a continental scale , including Voltaire , Denis Diderot and Jean - Jacques Rousseau , whose essay The Social Contract , Or Principles of Political Right was a catalyst for governmental and societal reform throughout Europe . Diderot 's great Encyclopédie reshaped the European world view . Astronomy , chemistry , mathematics and technology flourished . French scientists such as Antoine Lavoisier worked to replace the archaic units of weights and measures by a coherent scientific system . Lavoisier also formulated the law of Conservation of mass and discovered oxygen and hydrogen . The Enlightenment ( edit ) Main article : Age of Enlightenment Cover of the Encyclopédie The `` Philosophes '' were 18th - century French intellectuals who dominated the French Enlightenment and were influential across Europe . Their interests were diverse , with experts in scientific , literary , philosophical and sociological matters . The ultimate goal of the philosophers was human progress ; by concentrating on social and material sciences , they believed that a rational society was the only logical outcome of a freethinking and reasoned populace . They also advocated Deism and religious tolerance . Many believed religion had been used as a source of conflict since time eternal , and that logical , rational thought was the way forward for mankind . The philosopher Denis Diderot was editor in chief of the famous Enlightenment accomplishment , the 72,000 - article Encyclopédie ( 1751 -- 72 ) . It sparked a revolution in learning throughout the enlightened world . In the early part of the 18th century the movement was dominated by Voltaire and Montesquieu , but the movement grew in momentum as the century moved on . Overall the philosophers were inspired by the thoughts of René Descartes , the skepticism of the Libertins and the popularization of science by Bernard de Fontenelle . Sectarian dissensions within the church , the gradual weakening of the absolute monarch and the numerous wars of Louis XIV allowed their influence to spread . Between 1748 and 1751 the Philosophes reached their most influential period , as Montesquieu published Spirit of Laws ( 1748 ) and Jean Jacques Rousseau published Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences ( 1750 ) . The leader of the French Enlightenment and a writer of enormous influence across Europe , was Voltaire ( 1694 -- 1778 ) . His many books included poems and plays ; works of satire ( Candide ( 1759 ) ) ; books on history , science , and philosophy , including numerous ( anonymous ) contributions to the Encyclopédie ; and an extensive correspondence . A witty , tireless antagonist to the alliance between the French state and the church , he was exiled from France on a number of occasions . In exile in England he came to appreciate British thought and he popularized Isaac Newton in Europe . Revolutionary France ( 1789 -- 1799 ) ( edit ) Main article : French Revolution Background of the French Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Causes of the French Revolution When king Louis XV died in 1774 he left his grandson , Louis XVI , `` A heavy legacy , with ruined finances , unhappy subjects , and a faulty and incompetent government . '' Regardless , `` the people , meanwhile , still had confidence in royalty , and the accession of Louis XVI was welcomed with enthusiasm . '' A decade later , recent wars , especially the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 63 ) and the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 83 ) , had effectively bankrupted the state . The taxation system was highly inefficient . Several years of bad harvests and an inadequate transportation system had caused rising food prices , hunger , and malnutrition ; the country was further destabilized by the lower classes ' increased feeling that the royal court was isolated from , and indifferent to , their hardships . In February 1787 , the king 's finance minister , Charles Alexandre de Calonne , convened an Assembly of Notables , a group of nobles , clergy , bourgeoisie , and bureaucrats selected in order to bypass the local parliaments . This group was asked to approve a new land tax that would , for the first time , include a tax on the property of nobles and clergy . The assembly did not approve the tax , and instead demanded that Louis XVI call the Estates - General . The Tennis Court Oath of 20 June 1789 was a pivotal event during the first days of the Revolution . It signified the first time that French citizens formally stood in opposition to Louis XVI . National Assembly , Paris anarchy , Storming the Bastille ( Jan. -- 14 July 1789 ) ( edit ) In August 1788 the King agreed to convene the Estates - General in May 1789 . While the Third Estate demanded and was granted `` double representation '' so as to balance the First and Second Estate , voting was to occur `` by orders '' -- votes of the Third Estate were to be weighted -- effectively canceling double representation . This eventually led to the Third Estate breaking away from the Estates - General and , joined by members of the other estates , proclaiming the creation of the National Assembly , an assembly not of the Estates but of `` the People . '' In an attempt to keep control of the process and prevent the Assembly from convening , Louis XVI ordered the closure of the Salle des États where the Assembly met . After finding the door to their chamber locked and guarded , the Assembly met nearby on a tennis court and pledged the Tennis Court Oath on 20 June 1789 , binding them `` never to separate , and to meet wherever circumstances demand , until the constitution of the kingdom is established and affirmed on solid foundations . '' They were joined by some sympathetic members of the Second and First estates . After the king fired his finance minister , Jacques Necker , for giving his support and guidance to the Third Estate , worries surfaced that the legitimacy of the newly formed National Assembly might be threatened by royalists . The Storming of the Bastille , 14 July 1789 . Paris was soon in a state of anarchy . It was consumed with riots and widespread looting . Because the royal leadership essentially abandoned the city , the mobs soon had the support of the French Guard , including arms and trained soldiers . On 14 July 1789 , the insurgents set their eyes on the large weapons and ammunition cache inside the Bastille fortress , which also served as a symbol of royal tyranny . Insurgents seized the Bastille prison , killing the governor and several of his guards . The French now celebrate 14 July each year as ' Bastille day ' or , as the French say : Quatorze Juillet ( the Fourteenth of July ) , as a symbol of the shift away from the Ancien Régime to a more modern , democratic state . Violence against aristocracy , abolition of feudalism ( 15 July -- August 1789 ) ( edit ) Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette , a hero of the American War of Independence , on 15 July took command of the National Guard , and the king on 17 July accepted to wear the two - colour cockade ( blue and red ) , later adapted into the tricolour cockade , as the new symbol of revolutionary France . Although peace was made , several nobles did not regard the new order as acceptable and emigrated in order to push the neighboring , aristocratic kingdoms to war against the new regime . The state was now struck for several weeks in July and August 1789 by violence against aristocracy , also called ' the Great Fear ' . The signing of the August 1789 Decrees -- in bas relief , Place de la République . On 4 and 11 August 1789 , the National Constituent Assembly abolished privileges and feudalism , sweeping away personal serfdom , exclusive hunting rights and other seigneurial rights of the Second Estate ( nobility ) . Also the tithe was abolished which had been the main source of income for many clergymen . The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted by the National Assembly on 27 August 1789 , as a first step in their effort to write a constitution . Considered to be a precursor to modern international rights instruments and using the U.S. Declaration of Independence as a model , it defined a set of individual rights and collective rights of all of the estates as one . Influenced by the doctrine of natural rights , these rights were deemed universal and valid in all times and places , pertaining to human nature itself . The Assembly also replaced France 's historic provinces with eighty - three departments , uniformly administered and approximately equal to one another in extent and population . Curtailment of Church powers ( Oct. 1789 -- Dec. 1790 ) ( edit ) An illustration of the Women 's March on Versailles , 5 October 1789 . When a mob from Paris attacked the royal palace at Versailles in October 1789 seeking redress for their severe poverty , the royal family was forced to move to the Tuileries Palace in Paris . Under the Ancien Régime , the Roman Catholic Church had been the largest landowner in the country . In November ' 89 , the Assembly decided to nationalize and sell all church property , thus in part addressing the financial crisis . In July 1790 , the Assembly adopted the Civil Constitution of the Clergy . This law reorganized the French Catholic Church , arranged that henceforth the salaries of the priests would be paid by the state , abolished the Church 's authority to levy a tax on crops and again cancelled some privileges for the clergy . In October a group of 30 bishops wrote a declaration saying they could not accept the law , and this fueled civilian opposition against it . The Assembly then in late November 1790 decreed that all clergy should take an oath of loyalty to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy . This stiffened the resistance , especially in the west of France including Normandy , Brittany and the Vendée , where few priests took the oath and the civilian population turned against the revolution . Priests swearing the oath were designated ' constitutional ' , and those not taking the oath as ' non-juring ' or ' refractory ' clergy . Making a constitutional monarchy ( June -- Sept. 1791 ) ( edit ) In June 1791 , the royal family secretly fled Paris in disguise for Varennes near France 's northeastern border in order to seek royalist support the king believed he could trust , but they were soon discovered en route . They were brought back to Paris , after which they were essentially kept under house arrest at the Tuileries . In August 1791 , Emperor Leopold II of Austria and King Frederick William II of Prussia in the Declaration of Pillnitz declared their intention to bring the French king in a position `` to consolidate the basis of a monarchical government '' , and that they were preparing their own troops for action . Instead of cowing the French , this infuriated them , and they militarised the borders . With most of the Assembly still favoring a constitutional monarchy rather than a republic , the various groups reached a compromise . Under the Constitution of 3 September 1791 , France would function as a constitutional monarchy with Louis XVI as little more than a figurehead . The King had to share power with the elected Legislative Assembly , although he still retained his royal veto and the ability to select ministers . He had perforce to swear an oath to the constitution , and a decree declared that retracting the oath , heading an army for the purpose of making war upon the nation or permitting anyone to do so in his name would amount to de facto abdication . War and internal uprisings ( Oct. 1791 -- Aug. 1792 ) ( edit ) Further information : 10 August ( French Revolution ) On 1 October 1791 , the Legislative Assembly was formed , elected by those 4 million men -- out of a population of 25 million -- who paid a certain minimum amount of taxes . A group of Assembly members who propagated war against Austria and Prussia was , after a remark by politician Maximilien Robespierre , henceforth designated the ' Girondins ' , although not all of them really came from the southern province of Gironde . A group around Robespierre -- later called ' Montagnards ' or ' Jacobins ' -- pleaded against war ; this opposition between those groups would harden and become bitter in the next 11⁄2 years . In response to the threat of war of August 1791 from Austria and Prussia , leaders of the Assembly saw such a war as a means to strengthen support for their revolutionary government , and the French people as well as the Assembly thought that they would win a war against Austria and Prussia . On 20 April 1792 , France declared war on Austria . Late April 1792 , France invaded and conquered the Austrian Netherlands ( roughly present - day Belgium and Luxembourg ) . Nevertheless , in the summer of 1792 , all of Paris was against the king , and hoped that the Assembly would depose the king , but the Assembly hesitated . At dawn of 10 August 1792 , a large , angry crowd of Parisians and soldiers from all over France marched on the Tuileries Palace where the king resided . Around 8 : 00am the king decided to leave his palace and seek safety with his wife and children in the Assembly that was gathered in permanent session in Salle du Manège opposite to the Tuileries . After 11 : 00am , the Assembly ' temporarily relieved the king from his task ' . In reaction , on 19 August an army under Prussian general Duke of Brunswick invaded France and besieged Longwy . Late August 1792 , elections were held , now under male universal suffrage , for the new National Convention . 26 August , the Assembly decreed the deportation of refractory priests in the west of France , as `` causes of danger to the fatherland '' , to destinations like French Guiana . In reaction , peasants in the Vendée took over a town , in another step toward civil war . Bloodbath in Paris , Republic established ( Sept. 1792 ) ( edit ) Further information : National Convention On 2 , 3 and 4 September 1792 , hundreds of Parisians , supporters of the revolution , infuriated by Verdun being captured by the Prussian enemy , the uprisings in the west of France , and rumours that the incarcerated prisoners in Paris were conspiring with the foreign enemy , raided the Parisian prisons and murdered between 1,000 and 1,500 prisoners , many of them Catholic priests but also common criminals . Jean - Paul Marat , a political ally of Robespierre , in an open letter on 3 September incited the rest of France to follow the Parisian example ; Robespierre kept a low profile in regard to the murder orgy ; the Assembly and the city council of Paris ( la Commune ) seemed inapt and hardly motivated to call a halt to the unleashed bloodshed . On 20 September 1792 , the French won a battle against Prussian troops near Valmy and the new National Convention replaced the Legislative Assembly . From the start the Convention suffered from the bitter division between a group around Robespierre , Danton and Marat referred to as ' Montagnards ' or ' Jacobins ' or ' left ' and a group referred to as ' Girondins ' or ' right ' . But the majority of the representatives , referred to as ' la Plaine ' , were member of neither of those two antagonistic groups and managed to preserve some speed in the Convention 's debates . Right away on 21 September the Convention abolished the monarchy , making France the French First Republic . A new French Republican Calendar was introduced to replace the Christian Gregorian calendar , renaming the year 1792 as year 1 of the Republic . War and civil war ( Nov. 1792 -- spring 1793 ) ( edit ) The Execution of Louis XVI on 21 January 1793 in what is now the Place de la Concorde , facing the empty pedestal where the statue of his grandfather , Louis XV , had stood . With wars against Prussia and Austria having started earlier in 1792 , in November France also declared war on the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Dutch Republic . Ex-king Louis XVI was tried , convicted , and guillotined in January 1793 . Introduction of a nationwide conscription for the army in February 1793 was the spark that in March made the Vendée , already rebellious since 1790 because of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy , ignite into civil war against Paris . Meanwhile , France in March also declared war on Spain . That month , the Vendée rebels won some victories against Paris and the French army was defeated in Belgium by Austria with the French general Dumouriez defecting to the Austrians : the French Republic 's survival was now in real danger . Mass shootings at Nantes , War in the Vendée , 1793 . On 6 April 1793 , to prevent the Convention from losing itself in abstract debate and to streamline government decisions , the Comité de salut public ( Committee of Public Prosperity ) was created of nine , later twelve members , as executive government which was accountable to the Convention . That month the ' Girondins ' group indicted Jean - Paul Marat before the Revolutionary Tribunal for ' attempting to destroy the sovereignty of the people ' and ' preaching plunder and massacre ' , referring to his behaviour during the September 1792 Paris massacres . Marat was quickly acquitted but the incident further acerbated the ' Girondins ' versus ' Montagnards ' party strife in the Convention . In the spring of 1793 , Austrian , British , Dutch and Spanish troops invaded France . Showdown in the Convention ( May -- June 1793 ) ( edit ) See also : Insurrection of 31 May -- 2 June 1793 With rivalry , even enmity , in the National Convention and its predecessors between so - called ' Montagnards ' and ' Girondins ' smouldering ever since late 1791 , Jacques Hébert , Convention member leaning to the ' Montagnards ' group , on 24 May 1793 called on the sans - culottes -- the idealized simple , non-aristocratic , hard - working , upright , patriotic , republican , Paris labourers -- to rise in revolt against the `` henchmen of Capet ( = the killed ex-king ) and Dumouriez ( = the defected general ) '' . Hébert was arrested immediately by a Convention committee investigating Paris rebelliousness . While that committee consisted only of members from la Plaine and the Girondins , the anger of the sans - culottes was directed towards the Girondins. 25 May , a delegation of la Commune ( the Paris city council ) protested against Hébert 's arrest . The Convention 's President Isnard , a Girondin , answered them : `` Members of la Commune ( ... ) If by your incessant rebellions something befalls to the representatives of the nation , I declare , in the name of France , that Paris will be totally obliterated '' . On 29 May 1793 , in Lyon an uprising overthrew a group of Montagnards ruling the city ; Marseille , Toulon and more cities saw similar events . On 2 June 1793 , the Convention 's session in Tuileries Palace -- since early May their venue -- not for the first time degenerated into chaos and pandemonium . This time crowds of people including 80,000 armed soldiers swarmed in and around the palace . Incessant screaming from the public galeries , always in favour of the Montagnards , suggested that all of Paris was against the Girondins , which was not really the case . Petitions circulated , indicting and condemning 22 Girondins . Barère , member of the Committee of Public Safety , suggested : to end this division which is harming the Republic , the Girondin leaders should lay down their offices voluntarily . A decree was adopted that day by the Convention , after much tumultuous debate , expelling 22 leading Girondins from the Convention . Late that night , indeed dozens of Girondins had resigned and left the Convention . In the course of 1793 , the Holy Roman Empire , the kings of Portugal and Naples and the Grand - Duke of Tuscany declared war against France . Counter-revolution subdued ( July 1793 -- April 1794 ) ( edit ) By the summer of 1793 , most French departments in one way or another opposed the central Paris government , and in many cases ' Girondins ' , fled from Paris after 2 June , led those revolts . In Brittany 's countryside , the people rejecting the Civil Constitution of the Clergy of 1790 had taken to a guerrilla warfare known as Chouannerie . But generally , the French opposition against ' Paris ' had now evolved into a plain struggle for power over the country against the ' Montagnards ' around Robespierre and Marat now dominating Paris . In June -- July 1793 , Bordeaux , Marseilles , Brittany , Caen and the rest of Normandy gathered armies to march on Paris and against ' the revolution ' . In July , Lyon guillotined the deposed ' Montagnard ' head of the city council . Barère , member of the Committee of Public Safety , on 1 August incited the Convention to tougher measures against the Vendée , at war with Paris since March : `` We 'll have peace only when no Vendée remains ... we 'll have to exterminate that rebellious people '' . In August , Convention troops besieged Lyon . In August -- September 1793 , militants urged the Convention to do more to quell the counter-revolution . A delegation of the Commune ( Paris city council ) suggested to form revolutionary armies to arrest hoarders and conspirators . Bertrand Barère , member of the Committee of Public Safety -- the de facto executive government -- ever since April 1793 , among others on 5 September reacted favorably , saying : let 's `` make terror the order of the day ! '' On 17 September , the National Convention passed the Law of Suspects , a decree ordering the arrest of all declared opponents of the current form of government and suspected `` enemies of freedom '' . This decree was one of the causes for 17,000 death sentences until the end of July 1794 , reason for historians to label those 101⁄2 months ' the ( Reign of ) Terror ' . On 19 September the Vendée rebels again defeated a Republican Convention army . On 1 October Barère repeated his plea to subdue the Vendée : `` refuge of fanaticism , where priests have raised their altars ... '' . In October the Convention troops captured Lyon and reinstated a Montagnard government there . Criteria for bringing someone before the Revolutionary Tribunal , created March 1793 , had always been vast and vague . By August , political disagreement seemed enough to be summoned before the Tribunal ; appeal against a Tribunal verdict was impossible . Late August 1793 , an army general had been guillotined on the accusation of choosing too timid strategies on the battlefield . Mid-October , the widowed former queen Marie Antoinette was on trial for a long list of charges such as `` teaching ( her husband ) Louis Capet the art of dissimulation '' and incest with her son , she too was guillotined . In October , 21 former ' Girondins ' Convention members who had n't left Paris after June were convicted to death and executed , on the charge of verbally supporting the preparation of an insurrection in Caen by fellow - Girondins . 17 October 1793 , the ' blue ' Republican army near Cholet defeated the ' white ' Vendéan insubordinate army and all surviving Vendée residents , counting in tens of thousands , fled over the river Loire north into Brittany . A Convention 's representative on mission in Nantes commissioned in October to pacify the region did so by simply drowning prisoners in the river Loire : until February 1794 he drowned at least 4,000 . By November 1793 , the revolts in Normandy , Bordeaux and Lyon were overcome , in December also that in Toulon . Two representatives on mission sent to punish Lyon between November 1793 and April 1794 executed 2,000 people to death by guillotine or firing - squad . The Vendéan army since October roaming through Brittany on 12 December 1793 again ran up against Republican troops and saw 10,000 of its rebels perish , meaning the end of this once threatening army . Some historians claim that after that defeat Convention Republic armies in 1794 massacred 117,000 Vendéan civilians to obliterate the Vendéan people , but others contest that claim . Some historians consider the civil war to have lasted until 1796 with a toll of 450,000 lives . Death - sentencing politicians ( Feb. -- July 1794 ) ( edit ) The execution of Robespierre , 28 July 1794 . Maximilien Robespierre , since July 1793 member of the Committee of Public Prosperity , on 5 February 1794 in a speech in the Convention identified Jacques Hébert and his faction as `` internal enemies '' working toward the triumph of tyranny . After a dubious trial Hébert and some allies were guillotined in March . On 5 April , again at the instigation of Robespierre , Danton and 13 associated politicians were executed . A week later again 19 politicians . This hushed the Convention deputies : if henceforth they disagreed with Robespierre they hardly dared to speak out . A law enacted on 10 June 1794 ( 22 Prairial II ) further streamlined criminal procedures : if the Revolutionary Tribunal saw sufficient proof of someone being an `` enemy of the people '' a counsel for defence would not be allowed . The frequency of guillotine executions in Paris now rose from on average three a day to an average of 29 a day . Meanwhile , France 's external wars were going well , with victories over Austrian and British troops in May and June 1794 opening up Belgium for French conquest . But cooperation within the Committee of Public Safety , since April 1793 the de facto executive government , started to break down . On 29 June 1794 , three colleagues of Robespierre at ' the Committee ' called him a dictator in his face -- Robespierre baffled left the meeting . This encouraged other Convention members to also defy Robespierre . On 26 July , a long and vague speech of Robespierre was n't met with thunderous applause as usual but with hostility ; some deputies yelled that Robespierre should have the courage to say which deputies he deemed necessary to be killed next , what Robespierre refused to do . In the Convention session of 27 July 1794 , Robespierre and his allies hardly managed to say a word as they were constantly interrupted by a row of critics such as Tallien , Billaud - Varenne , Vadier , Barère and acting president Thuriot . Finally , even Robespierre 's own voice failed on him : it faltered at his last attempt to beg permission to speak . A decree was adopted to arrest Robespierre , Saint - Just and Couthon. 28 July , they and 19 others were beheaded. 29 July , again 70 Parisians were guillotined . Subsequently , the Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 June 1794 ) was repealed , and the ' Girondins ' expelled from the Convention in June 1793 , if not dead yet , were reinstated as Convention deputies . Disregarding the working classes ( Aug. 1794 -- Oct. 1795 ) ( edit ) After July 1794 , most civilians henceforth ignored the Republican calendar and returned to the traditional seven - day weeks . The government in a law of 21 February 1795 set steps of return to freedom of religion and reconciliation with the since 1790 refractory Catholic priests , but any religious signs outside churches or private homes , such as crosses , clerical garb , bell ringing , remained prohibited . When the people 's enthousiasm for attending church grew to unexpected levels the government backed out and in October 1795 again , like in 1790 , required all priests to swear oaths on the Republic . In the very cold winter of 1794 -- 95 , with the French army demanding more and more bread , same was getting scarce in Paris as was wood to keep houses warm , and in an echo of the October 1789 March on Versailles , on 1 April 1795 ( 12 Germinal III ) a mostly female crowd marched on the Convention calling for bread . But no Convention member sympathized , they just told the women to return home . Again in May a crowd of 20,000 men and 40,000 women invaded the Convention and even killed a deputy in the halls , but again they failed to make the Convention take notice of the needs of the lower classes . Instead , the Convention banned women from all political assemblies , and deputies who had solidarized with this insurrection were sentenced to death : such allegiance between parliament and street fighting was no longer tolerated . Late 1794 , France conquered present - day Belgium . In January 1795 they subdued the Dutch Republic with full consent and cooperation of the influential Dutch patriottenbeweging ( ' patriots movement ' ) , resulting in the Batavian Republic , a satellite and puppet state of France . In April 1795 , France concluded a peace agreement with Prussia , later that year peace was agreed with Spain . Fighting Catholicism and royalism ( Oct. 1795 -- Nov. 1799 ) ( edit ) In October 1795 , the Republic was reorganised , replacing the one - chamber parliament ( the National Convention ) by a bi-cameral system : the first chamber called the ' Council of 500 ' initiating the laws , the second the ' Council of Elders ' reviewing and approving or not the passed laws . Each year , one - third of the chambers was to be renewed . The executive power lay with five directors -- hence the name ' Directory ' for this form of government -- with a five - year mandate , each year one of them being replaced . The early directors did not much understand the nation they were governing ; they especially had an innate inability to see Catholicism as anything else than counter-revolutionary and royalist . Local administrators had a better sense of people 's priorities , and one of them wrote to the minister of the interior : `` Give back the crosses , the church bells , the Sundays , and everyone will cry : ' vive la République ! ' '' French armies in 1796 advanced into Germany , Austria and Italy . In 1797 , France conquered Rhineland , Belgium and much of Italy , and unsuccessfully attacked Wales . Parliamentary elections in the spring of 1797 resulted in considerable gains for the royalists . This frightened the republican directors and they staged a coup d'état on 4 September 1797 ( Coup of 18 Fructidor V ) to remove two supposedly pro-royalist directors and some prominent royalists from both Councils . The new , ' corrected ' government , still strongly convinced that Catholicism and royalism were equally dangerous to the Republic , started a fresh campaign to promote the Republican calendar officially introduced in 1792 , with its ten - day week , and tried to hallow the tenth day , décadi , as substitute for the Christian Sunday . Not only citizens opposed and even mocked such decrees , also local government officials refused to enforce such laws . France was still waging wars , in 1798 in Egypt , Switzerland , Rome , Ireland , Belgium and against the U.S.A. , in 1799 in Baden - Württemberg . In 1799 , when the French armies abroad experienced some setbacks , the newly chosen director Sieyes considered a new overhaul necessary for the Directory 's form of government because in his opinion it needed a stronger executive . Together with successful general Napoleon Bonaparte who had just returned to France , Sieyes began preparing another coup d'état , which took place on 9 -- 10 November 1799 ( 18 -- 19 Brumaire VIII ) , replacing the five directors now with three `` consuls '' : Napoleon , Sieyes , and Roger Ducos . Napoleonic France ( 1799 -- 1815 ) ( edit ) See also : Napoleonic wars Napoleon on his Imperial throne , by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres . During the War of the First Coalition ( 1792 -- 97 ) , the Directoire had replaced the National Convention . Five directors then ruled France . As Great Britain was still at war with France , a plan was made to take Egypt from the Ottoman Empire , a British ally . This was Napoleon 's idea and the Directoire agreed to the plan in order to send the popular general away from the mainland . Napoleon defeated the Ottoman forces during the Battle of the Pyramids ( 21 July 1798 ) and sent hundreds of scientists and linguists out to thoroughly explore modern and ancient Egypt . Only a few weeks later the British fleet under Admiral Horatio Nelson unexpectedly destroyed the French fleet at the Battle of the Nile ( 1 -- 3 August 1798 ) . Napoleon planned to move into Syria but was defeated and he returned to France without his army , which surrendered . The Directoire was threatened by the Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) . Royalists and their allies still dreamed of restoring the monarchy to power , while the Prussian and Austrian crowns did not accept their territorial losses during the previous war . In 1799 the Russian army expelled the French from Italy in battles such as Cassano , while the Austrian army defeated the French in Switzerland at Stockach and Zurich . Napoleon then seized power through a coup and established the Consulate in 1799 . The Austrian army was defeated at the Battle of Marengo ( 1800 ) and again at the Battle of Hohenlinden ( 1800 ) . While at sea the French had some success at Boulogne but Nelson 's Royal Navy destroyed an anchored Danish and Norwegian fleet at the Battle of Copenhagen ( 1801 ) because the Scandinavian kingdoms were against the British blockade of France . The Second Coalition was beaten and peace was settled in two distinct treaties : the Treaty of Lunéville and the Treaty of Amiens . A brief interlude of peace ensued in 1802 - 3 , during which Napoleon sold French Louisiana to the United States because it was indefensible . In 1801 Napoleon concluded a `` Concordat '' with Pope Pius VII that opened peaceful relations between church and state in France . The policies of the Revolution were reversed , except the Church did not get its lands back . Bishops and clergy were to receive state salaries , and the government would pay for the building and maintenance of churches . Napoleon reorganized higher learning by dividing the Institut National into four ( later five ) academies . Napoléon at the Battle of Austerlitz , by François Gérard In 1804 Napoleon was titled Emperor by the senate , thus founding the First French Empire . Napoleon 's rule was constitutional , and although autocratic , it was much more advanced than traditional European monarchies of the time . The proclamation of the French Empire was met by the Third Coalition . The French army was renamed La Grande Armée in 1805 and Napoleon used propaganda and nationalism to control the French population . The French army achieved a resounding victory at Ulm ( 16 -- 19 October 1805 ) , where an entire Austrian army was captured . A Franco - Spanish fleet was defeated at Trafalgar ( 21 October 1805 ) and all plans to invade Britain were then made impossible . Despite this naval defeat , it was on the ground that this war would be won ; Napoleon inflicted on the Austrian and Russian Empires one of their greatest defeats at Austerlitz ( also known as the `` Battle of the Three Emperors '' on 2 December 1805 ) , destroying the Third Coalition . Peace was settled in the Treaty of Pressburg ; the Austrian Empire lost the title of Holy Roman Emperor and the Confederation of the Rhine was created by Napoleon over former Austrian territories . Coalitions formed against Napoleon ( edit ) Prussia joined Britain and Russia , thus forming the Fourth Coalition . Although the Coalition was joined by other allies , the French Empire was also not alone since it now had a complex network of allies and subject states . The largely outnumbered French army crushed the Prussian army at Jena - Auerstedt in 1806 ; Napoleon captured Berlin and went as far as Eastern Prussia . There the Russian Empire was defeated at the Battle of Friedland ( 14 June 1807 ) . Peace was dictated in the Treaties of Tilsit , in which Russia had to join the Continental System , and Prussia handed half of its territories to France . The Duchy of Warsaw was formed over these territorial losses , and Polish troops entered the Grande Armée in significant numbers . In order to ruin the British economy , Napoleon set up the Continental System in 1807 , and tried to prevent merchants across Europe from trading with British . The large amount of smuggling frustrated Napoleon , and did more harm to his economy than to his enemies . The height of the First Empire Freed from his obligation in the east , Napoleon then went back to the west , as the French Empire was still at war with Britain . Only two countries remained neutral in the war : Sweden and Portugal , and Napoleon then looked toward the latter . In the Treaty of Fontainebleau ( 1807 ) , a Franco - Spanish alliance against Portugal was sealed as Spain eyed Portuguese territories . French armies entered Spain in order to attack Portugal , but then seized Spanish fortresses and took over the kingdom by surprise . Joseph Bonaparte , Napoleon 's brother , was made King of Spain after Charles IV abdicated . This occupation of the Iberian peninsula fueled local nationalism , and soon the Spanish and Portuguese fought the French using guerilla tactics , defeating the French forces at the Battle of Bailén ( June and July 1808 ) . Britain sent a short - lived ground support force to Portugal , and French forces evacuated Portugal as defined in the Convention of Sintra following the Allied victory at Vimeiro ( 21 August 1808 ) . France only controlled Catalonia and Navarre and could have been definitely expelled from the Iberian peninsula had the Spanish armies attacked again , but the Spanish did not . Another French attack was launched on Spain , led by Napoleon himself , and was described as `` an avalanche of fire and steel . '' However , the French Empire was no longer regarded as invincible by European powers . In 1808 Austria formed the War of the Fifth Coalition in order to break down the French Empire . The Austrian Empire defeated the French at Aspern - Essling , yet was beaten at Wagram while the Polish allies defeated the Austrian Empire at Raszyn ( April 1809 ) . Although not as decisive as the previous Austrian defeats , the peace treaty in October 1809 stripped Austria of a large amount of territories , reducing it even more . Napoleon Bonaparte retreating from Moscow , by Adolf Northern . In 1812 war broke out with Russia , engaging Napoleon in the disastrous French invasion of Russia ( 1812 ) . Napoleon assembled the largest army Europe had ever seen , including troops from all subject states , to invade Russia , which had just left the continental system and was gathering an army on the Polish frontier . Following an exhausting march and the bloody but inconclusive Battle of Borodino , near Moscow , the Grande Armée entered and captured Moscow , only to find it burning as part of the Russian scorched earth tactics . Although there still were battles , the Napoleonic army left Russia in late 1812 annihilated , most of all by the Russian winter , exhaustion , and scorched earth warfare . On the Spanish front the French troops were defeated at Vitoria ( June 1813 ) and then at the Battle of the Pyrenees ( July -- August 1813 ) . Since the Spanish guerrillas seemed to be uncontrollable , the French troops eventually evacuated Spain . Since France had been defeated on these two fronts , states that had been conquered and controlled by Napoleon saw a good opportunity to strike back . The Sixth Coalition was formed under British leadership . The German states of the Confederation of the Rhine switched sides , finally opposing Napoleon . Napoleon was largely defeated in the Battle of the Nations outside Leipzig in October 1813 , his forces heavily outnumbered by the Allied coalition armies and was overwhelmed by much larger armies during the Six Days Campaign ( February 1814 ) , although , the Six Days Campaign is often considered a tactical masterpiece because the allies suffered much higher casualties . Napoleon abdicated on 6 April 1814 , and was exiled to Elba . The conservative Congress of Vienna reversed the political changes that had occurred during the wars . Napoleon suddenly returned , seized control of France , raised an army , and marched on his enemies in the Hundred Days . It ended with his final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 , and his exile to a remote island . The monarchy was subsequently restored and Louis XVIII , Younger brother of Louis XVI became king , and the exiles returned . However many of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic reforms were kept in place . Napoleon 's impact on France ( edit ) Napoleon centralized power in Paris , with all the provinces governed by all - powerful prefects whom he selected . They were more powerful than royal intendants of the ancien régime and had a long - term impact in unifying the nation , minimizing regional differences , and shifting all decisions to Paris . Religion had been a major issue during the Revolution , and Napoleon resolved most of the outstanding problems . Thereby he moved the clergy and large numbers of devout Catholics from hostility to the government to support for him . The Catholic system was reestablished by the Concordat of 1801 ( signed with Pope Pius VII ) , so that church life returned to normal ; the church lands were not restored , but the Jesuits were allowed back in and the bitter fights between the government and Church ended . Protestant , Jews and atheists were tolerated . The French taxation system had collapsed in the 1780s . In the 1790s the government seized and sold church lands and lands of exiles aristocrats . Napoleon instituted a modern , efficient tax system that guaranteed a steady flow of revenues and made long - term financing possible . Napoleon kept the system of conscription that had been created in the 1790s , so that every young man served in the army , which could be rapidly expanded even as it was based on a core of careerists and talented officers . Before the Revolution the aristocracy formed the officer corps . Now promotion was by merit and achievement -- every private carried a marshal 's baton , it was said . The modern era of French education began in the 1790s . The Revolution in the 1790s abolished the traditional universities . Napoleon sought to replace them with new institutions , the École Polytechnique , focused on technology . The elementary schools received little attention . The Napoleonic Code ( edit ) Of permanent importance was the Napoleonic Code created by eminent jurists under Napoleon 's supervision . Praised for its Gallic clarity , it spread rapidly throughout Europe and the world in general , and marked the end of feudalism and the liberation of serfs where it took effect . The Code recognized the principles of civil liberty , equality before the law , and the secular character of the state . It discarded the old right of primogeniture ( where only the eldest son inherited ) and required that inheritances be divided equally among all the children . The court system was standardized ; all judges were appointed by the national government in Paris . Long 19th century , 1815 -- 1914 ( edit ) Main article : France in the long 19th century The century after the fall of Napoleon I was politically unstable . As Tombs points out : Every head of state from 1814 to 1873 spent part of his life in exile . Every regime was the target of assassination attempts of a frequency that put Spanish and Russian politics in the shade . Even in peaceful times governments changed every few months . In less peaceful times , political deaths , imprisonments and deportations are literally incalculable . France was no longer the dominant power it had been before 1814 , but it played a major role in European economics , culture , diplomacy and military affairs . The Bourbons were restored , but left a weak record and one branch was overthrown in 1830 and the other branch in 1848 as Napoleon 's nephew was elected president . He made himself emperor as Napoleon III , but was overthrown when he was defeated and captured by Prussians in 1870 a war that humiliated France and made the new nation of Germany dominant in the continent . The Third Republic was established , but the possibility of a return to monarchy remained into the 1880s . The French built up an empire , especially in Africa and Indochina . The economy was strong , with a good railway system . The arrival of the Rothschild banking family of France in 1812 guaranteed the role of Paris alongside London as a major center of international finance . Permanent changes in French society ( edit ) The French Revolution and Napoleonic eras brought a series of major changes to France which the Bourbon restoration did not reverse . First of all , France became highly centralized , with all decisions made in Paris . The political geography was completely reorganized and made uniform . France was divided into 80 + departments , which have endured into the 21st century . Each department had the identical administrative structure , and was tightly controlled by a prefect appointed by Paris . The complex multiple overlapping legal jurisdictions of the old regime had all been abolished , and there was now one standardized legal code , administered by judges appointed by Paris , and supported by police under national control . Education was centralized , with the Grande Master of the University of France controlling every element of the entire educational system from Paris . Newly technical universities were opened in Paris which to this day have a critical role in training the elite . The old aristocracy had returned , and recovered much of the land they owned directly . However they completely lost all their old seigneurial rights to the rest of the farmland , and the peasants no longer were under their control . The old aristocracy had dallied with the ideas of the Enlightenment and rationalism . Now the aristocracy was much more conservative , and much more supportive of the Catholic Church . For the best jobs meritocracy was the new policy , and aristocrats had to compete directly with the growing business and professional class . Anti-clerical sentiment became much stronger than ever before , but was now based in certain elements of the middle class and indeed the peasantry as well . The great masses of the French people were peasants in the countryside , or impoverished workers in the cities . They gained new rights , and a new sense of possibilities . Although relieved of many of the old burdens , controls , and taxes , the peasantry was still highly traditional in its social and economic behavior . Many eagerly took on mortgages to buy as much land as possible for their children , so debt was an important factor in their calculations . The working class in the cities was a small element , and had been freed of many restrictions imposed by medieval guilds . However France was very slow to industrialize , and much of the work remained drudgery without machinery or technology to help . France was still localized , especially in terms of language , but now there was an emerging French nationalism that showed its national pride in the Army , and foreign affairs . Religion ( edit ) The Catholic Church lost all its lands and buildings during the Revolution , and these were sold off or came under the control of local governments . The bishop still ruled his diocese ( which was aligned with the new department boundaries ) , but could only communicate with the pope through the government in Paris . Bishops , priests , nuns and other religious people were paid salaries by the state . All the old religious rites and ceremonies were retained , and the government maintained the religious buildings . The Church was allowed to operate its own seminaries and to some extent local schools as well , although this became a central political issue into the 20th century . Bishops were much less powerful than before , and had no political voice . However , the Catholic Church reinvented itself and put a new emphasis on personal religiosity that gave it a hold on the psychology of the faithful . France remained basically Catholic . The 1872 census counted 36 million people , of whom 35.4 million were listed as Catholics , 600,000 as Protestants , 50,000 as Jews and 80,000 as freethinkers . The Revolution failed to destroy the Catholic Church , and Napoleon 's concordat of 1801 restored its status . The return of the Bourbons in 1814 brought back many rich nobles and landowners who supported the Church , seeing it as a bastion of conservatism and monarchism . However the monasteries with their vast land holdings and political power were gone ; much of the land had been sold to urban entrepreneurs who lacked historic connections to the land and the peasants . Few new priests were trained in the 1790 -- 1814 period , and many left the church . The result was that the number of parish clergy plunged from 60,000 in 1790 to 25,000 in 1815 , many of them elderly . Entire regions , especially around Paris , were left with few priests . On the other hand , some traditional regions held fast to the faith , led by local nobles and historic families . The comeback was very slow in the larger cities and industrial areas . With systematic missionary work and a new emphasis on liturgy and devotions to the Virgin Mary , plus support from Napoleon III , there was a comeback . In 1870 there were 56,500 priests , representing a much younger and more dynamic force in the villages and towns , with a thick network of schools , charities and lay organizations . Conservative Catholics held control of the national government , 1820 -- 30 , but most often played secondary political roles or had to fight the assault from republicans , liberals , socialists and seculars . Economy ( edit ) Further information : Economic history of France French economic history since its late - 18th century Revolution was tied to three major events and trends : the Napoleonic Era , the competition with Britain and its other neighbors in regards to ' industrialization ' , and the ' total wars ' of the late - 19th and early 20th centuries . Quantitative analysis of output data shows the French per capita growth rates were slightly smaller than Britain . However the British population tripled in size , while France grew by only third -- so the overall British economy grew much faster . François Crouzet has succinctly summarized the ups and downs of French per capita economic growth in 1815 -- 1913 as follows : 1815 -- 1840 : irregular , but sometimes fast growth 1840 -- 1860 : fast growth ; 1860 -- 1882 : slowing down ; 1882 -- 1896 : stagnation ; 1896 -- 1913 : fast growth For the 1870 -- 1913 era , the growth rates for 12 Western advanced countries -- 10 in Europe plus the United States and Canada show that in terms of per capita growth , France was about average . However its population growth was very slow , so as far as the growth rate in total size of the economy France was in next to the last place , just ahead of Italy . The 12 countries averaged 2.7 % per year in total output , but France only averaged 1.6 % . Crouzet concludes that the : average size of industrial undertakings was smaller in France than in other advanced countries ; that machinery was generally less up to date , productivity lower , costs higher . The domestic system and handicraft production long persisted , while big modern factories were for long exceptional . Large lumps of the Ancien Régime economy survived ... On the whole , the qualitative lag between the British and French economy ... persisted during the whole period under consideration , and later on a similar lag developed between France and some other countries -- Belgium , Germany , the United States . France did not succeed in catching up with Britain , but was overtaken by several of her rivals . The Bourbon restoration : ( 1814 -- 30 ) ( edit ) Louis XVIII makes a return at the Hôtel de Ville de Paris on August 29th , 1814 . This period of time is called the Bourbon Restoration and was marked by conflicts between reactionary Ultra-royalists , who wanted to restore the pre-1789 system of absolute monarchy , and liberals , who wanted to strengthen constitutional monarchy . Louis XVIII was the younger brother of Louis XVI , and reigned from 1814 to 1824 . On becoming king , Louis issued a constitution known as the Charter which preserved many of the liberties won during the French Revolution and provided for a parliament composed of an elected Chamber of Deputies and a Chamber of Peers that was nominated by the king . The right to vote in elections to the Chamber of Deputies was restricted to only the wealthiest men . Louis was succeeded in turn by a younger brother , Charles X , who reigned from 1824 to 1830 . On 12 June 1830 Polignac , King Charles X 's minister , exploited the weakness of the Algerian Dey by invading Algeria and establishing French rule in Algeria . The news of the fall of Algiers had barely reached Paris when a new revolution broke out and quickly resulted in a change of regime . July monarchy ( 1830 -- 48 ) ( edit ) The taking of the Hôtel de Ville -- the seat of Paris 's government -- during the July Revolution of 1830 . Protest against the absolute monarchy was in the air . The elections of deputies to 16 May 1830 had gone very badly for King Charles X . In response , he tried repression but that only aggravated the crisis as suppressed deputies , gagged journalists , students from the University and many working men of Paris poured into the streets and erected barricades during the `` three glorious days '' ( French Les Trois Glorieuses ) of 26 -- 29 July 1830 . Charles X was deposed and replaced by King Louis - Philippe in the July Revolution . It is traditionally regarded as a rising of the bourgeoisie against the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons . Participants in the July Revolution included Marie Joseph Paul Ives Roch Gilbert du Motier , marquis de Lafayette . Working behind the scenes on behalf of the bourgeois propertied interests was Louis Adolphe Thiers . Louis - Philippe 's `` July Monarchy '' ( 1830 -- 48 ) was dominated by the haute bourgeoisie ( high bourgeoisie ) of bankers , financiers , industrialists and merchants . During the reign of the July Monarchy , the Romantic Era was starting to bloom . Driven by the Romantic Era , an atmosphere of protest and revolt was all around in France . On 22 November 1831 in Lyon ( the second largest city in France ) the silk workers revolted and took over the town hall in protest of recent salary reductions and working conditions . This was one of the first instances of a workers revolt in the entire world . Because of the constant threats to the throne , the July Monarchy began to rule with a stronger and stronger hand . Soon political meetings were outlawed . However , `` banquets '' were still legal and all through 1847 , there was a nationwide campaign of republican banquets demanding more democracy . The climaxing banquet was scheduled for 22 February 1848 in Paris but the government banned it . In response citizens of all classes poured out onto the streets of Paris in a revolt against the July Monarchy . Demands were made for abdication of `` Citizen King '' Louis - Philippe and for establishment of a representative democracy in France . The king abdicated , and the French Second Republic was proclaimed . Alphonse Marie Louis de Lamartine , who had been a leader of the moderate republicans in France during the 1840s , became the Minister of Foreign Affairs and in effect the premier in the new Provisional government . In reality Lamartine was the virtual head of government in 1848 . Second Republic ( 1848 -- 52 ) ( edit ) See also : French Revolution of 1848 and June Days Uprising Napoleon III , Emperor of the French . His very widespread popularity came from being the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte . Frustration among the laboring classes arose when the Constituent Assembly did not address the concerns of the workers . Strikes and worker demonstrations became more common as the workers gave vent to these frustrations . These demonstrations reached a climax when on 15 May 1848 , workers from the secret societies broke out in armed uprising against the anti-labor and anti-democratic policies being pursued by the Constituent Assembly and the Provisional Government . Fearful of a total breakdown of law and order , the Provisional Government invited General Louis Eugene Cavaignac back from Algeria , in June 1848 , to put down the worker 's armed revolt . From June 1848 until December 1848 General Cavaignac became head of the executive of the Provisional Government . Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected president on 10 December 1848 by a landslide . His support came from a wide section of the French public . Various classes of French society voted for Louis Napoleon for very different and often contradictory reasons . Louis Napoleon , himself encouraged this contradiction by `` being all things to all people . '' One of his major promises to the peasantry and other groups was that there would be no new taxes . The new National Constituent Assembly was heavily composed of royalist sympathizers of both the Legitimist ( Bourbon ) wing and the Orleanist ( Citizen King Louis Philippe ) wing . Because of the ambiguity surrounding Louis Napoleon 's political positions , his agenda as president was very much in doubt . For prime minister , he selected Odilon Barrot , an unobjectionable middle - road parliamentarian , who had led the `` loyal opposition '' under Louis Philippe . Other appointees represented various royalist factions . The Pope had been forced out of Rome as part of the Revolutions of 1848 , and Louis Napoleon sent a 14,000 man expeditionary force of troops to the Papal State under General Nicolas Charles Victor Oudinot to restore him . In late April 1849 , it was defeated and pushed back from Rome by Giuseppi Garibaldi 's volunteer corps , then recovered and recaptured Rome . In June 1849 , demonstrations against the government broke out and were suppressed . Leaders were arrested , including prominent politicians . The government banned several democratic and socialist newspapers in France ; the editors were arrested . Karl Marx was at risk so he moved to London in August . The government sought ways to balance its budget and reduce its debts . Toward this end , Hippolyte Passy was appointed Finance Minister . When the Legislative Assembly met at the beginning of October 1849 , Passy proposed an income tax to help balance the finances of France . The bourgeoisie , who would pay most of the tax , protested . The furor over the income tax caused the resignation of Barrot as prime minister , but a new wine tax also caused protests . The 1850 elections resulted in a conservative body . It passed the Falloux Laws , putting education into the hands of the Catholic clergy . It opened an era of cooperation between Church and state that lasted until the Jules Ferry laws reversed course in 1879 . The Falloux Laws provided universal primary schooling in France and expanded opportunities for secondary schooling . In practice , the curricula were similar in Catholic and state schools . Catholic schools were especially useful in schooling for girls , which had long been neglected . Although a new electoral law was passed that respected the principle of universal ( male ) suffrage , the stricter residential requirement of the new law actually had the effect of disenfranchising 3,000,000 of 10,000,000 voters . Second Empire , 1852 -- 71 ( edit ) As 1851 opened , Louis Napoleon was not allowed by the Constitution of 1848 to seek re-election as President of France . Instead he proclaimed himself President for Life following a coup in December that was confirmed and accepted in a dubious referendum . Napoleon III of France took the imperial title in 1852 and held it until his downfall in 1870 . The era saw great industrialization , urbanization ( including the massive rebuilding of Paris by Baron Haussmann ) and economic growth . Despite his promises in 1852 of a peaceful reign , the Emperor could not resist the temptations of glory in foreign affairs . He was visionary , mysterious and secretive ; he had a poor staff , and kept running afoul of his domestic supporters . In the end he was incompetent as a diplomat . Napoleon did have some successes : he strengthened French control over Algeria , established bases in Africa , began the takeover of Indochina , and opened trade with China . He facilitated a French company building the Suez Canal , which Britain could not stop . In Europe , however , Napoleon failed again and again . The Crimean war of 1854 -- 56 produced no gains . Napoleon had long been an admirer of Italy and wanted to see it unified , although that might create a rival power . He plotted with Cavour of the Italian kingdom of Piedmont to expel Austria and set up an Italian confederation of four new states headed by the pope . Events in 1859 ran out of his control . Austria was quickly defeated , but instead of four new states a popular uprising united all of Italy under Piedmont . The pope held onto Rome only because Napoleon sent troops to protect him . His reward was the County of Nice ( which included the city of Nice and the rugged Alpine territory to its north and east ) and the Duchy of Savoy . He angered Catholics when the pope lost most of his domains . Napoleon then reversed himself and angered both the anticlerical liberals at home and his erstwhile Italian allies when he protected the pope in Rome . The British grew annoyed at Napoleon 's humanitarian intervention in Syria in 1860 -- 61 . Napoleon lowered the tariffs , which helped in the long run but in the short run angered owners of large estates and the textile and iron industrialists , while leading worried workers to organize . Matters grew worse in the 1860s as Napoleon nearly blundered into war with the United States in 1862 , while his takeover of Mexico in 1861 -- 67 was a total disaster . The puppet emperor he put on the Mexican throne was overthrown and executed . Finally in the end he went to war with the Germans in 1870 when it was too late to stop German unification . Napoleon had alienated everyone ; after failing to obtain an alliance with Austria and Italy , France had no allies and was bitterly divided at home . It was disastrously defeated on the battlefield , losing Alsace and Lorraine . A.J.P. Taylor is blunt : `` he ruined France as a great power . '' Foreign wars ( edit ) In 1854 , The Second Empire joined the Crimean War , which saw France and Britain opposed to the Russian Empire , which was decisively defeated at Sevastopol in 1854 -- 55 and at Inkerman in 1854 . In 1856 France joined the Second Opium War on the British side against China ; a missionary 's murder was used as a pretext to take interests in southwest Asia in the Treaty of Tientsin . When France was negotiating with the Netherlands about purchasing Luxembourg in 1867 , the Prussian Kingdom threatened the French government with war . This `` Luxembourg Crisis '' came as a shock to French diplomats as there had been an agreement between the Prussian and French governments about Luxembourg . Napoleon III suffered stronger and stronger criticism from Republicans like Jules Favre , and his position seemed more fragile with the passage of time . France was looking for more interests in Asia . When French imperial ambitions revived , Africa and Indochina would be the main targets , and commercial incentives , which had driven the creation of the pre-revolutionary empire , were secondary . The country interfered in Korea in 1866 taking , once again , missionaries ' murders as a pretext . The French finally withdrew from the war with little gain but war 's booty . The next year a French expedition to Japan was formed to help the Tokugawa shogunate to modernize its army . However , Tokugawa was defeated during the Boshin War at the Battle of Toba - Fushimi by large Imperial armies . Franco - Prussian war ( 1870 -- 71 ) ( edit ) Shaded areas : Occupied France after the Franco - Prussian War until war reparations were paid . Rising tensions in 1869 about the possible candidacy of Prince Leopold von Hohenzollern - Sigmaringen to the throne of Spain caused a rise in the scale of animosity between France and Germany . Prince Leopold was a part of the Prussian royal family . He had been asked by the Spanish Cortes to accept the vacant throne of Spain . Such an event was more than France could possibly accept . Relations between France and Germany deteriorated , and finally the Franco - Prussian War ( 1870 -- 71 ) broke out . German nationalism united the German states , with the exception of Austria , against Napoleon III . The French Empire was defeated decisively at Metz and Sedan . Emperor Louis Napoleon III surrendered himself and 100,000 French troops to the German troops at Sedan on 1 -- 2 September 1870 . Two days later , on 4 September 1870 , Léon Gambetta proclaimed a new republic in France . Later , when Paris was encircled by German troops , Gambetta fled Paris by means of a hot air balloon and he became the virtual dictator of the war effort which was carried on from the rural provinces . Metz remained under siege until 27 October 1870 , when 173,000 French troops there finally surrendered . Surrounded , Paris was forced to surrender on 28 January 1871 . The Treaty of Frankfurt allowed the newly formed German Empire to annex the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine . Modernisation and railways ( 1870 to 1914 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of rail transport in France The seemingly timeless world of the French peasantry swiftly changed from 1870 to 1914 . French peasants had been poor and locked into old traditions until railroads , republican schools , and universal military conscription modernized rural France . The centralized government in Paris had the goal of creating a unified nation - state , so it required all students be taught standardized French . In the process , a new national identity was forged . Railways became a national medium for the modernization of traditionalistic regions , and a leading advocate of this approach was the poet - politician Alphonse de Lamartine . In 1857 an army colonel hoped that railways might improve the lot of `` populations two or three centuries behind their fellows '' and eliminate `` the savage instincts born of isolation and misery . '' Consequently , France built a centralized system that radiated from Paris ( plus in the south some lines that cut east to west ) . This design was intended to achieve political and cultural goals rather than maximize efficiency . After some consolidation , six companies controlled monopolies of their regions , subject to close control by the government in terms of fares , finances , and even minute technical details . The central government department of Ponts et Chaussées ( bridges and roads ) brought in British engineers , handled much of the construction work , provided engineering expertise and planning , land acquisition , and construction of permanent infrastructure such as the track bed , bridges and tunnels . It also subsidized militarily necessary lines along the German border . Private operating companies provided management , hired labor , laid the tracks , and built and operated stations . They purchased and maintained the rolling stock -- 6,000 locomotives were in operation in 1880 , which averaged 51,600 passengers a year or 21,200 tons of freight . Much of the equipment was imported from Britain and therefore did not stimulate machinery makers . Although starting the whole system at once was politically expedient , it delayed completion , and forced even more reliance on temporary experts brought in from Britain . Financing was also a problem . The solution was a narrow base of funding through the Rothschilds and the closed circles of the Paris Bourse , so France did not develop the same kind of national stock exchange that flourished in London and New York . The system did help modernize the parts of rural France it reached , but it did not help create local industrial centers . Critics such as Émile Zola complained that it never overcame the corruption of the political system , but rather contributed to it . The railways probably helped the industrial revolution in France by facilitating a national market for raw materials , wines , cheeses , and imported manufactured products . Yet the goals set by the French for their railway system were moralistic , political , and military rather than economic . As a result , the freight trains were shorter and less heavily loaded than those in such rapidly industrializing nations such as Britain , Belgium or Germany . Other infrastructure needs in rural France , such as better roads and canals , were neglected because of the expense of the railways , so it seems likely that there were net negative effects in areas not served by the trains . The Third Republic and the Belle Époque : 1871 -- 1914 ( edit ) Main article : French Third Republic Third Republic and the Paris Commune ( edit ) Following the defeat of France in the Franco - Prussian War ( 1870 -- 71 ) , German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck proposed harsh terms for peace -- including the German occupation of the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine . A new French National Assembly was elected to consider the German terms for peace . Elected on 8 February 1871 , this new National Assembly was composed of 650 deputies . Sitting in Bourdeaux , the French National Assembly established the Third Republic . However , 400 members of the new Assembly were monarchists . ( Léon Gambetta was one of the `` non-monarchist '' Republicans that were elected to the new National Assembly from Paris . ) On 16 February 1871 , Adolphe Thiers was elected as the chief executive of the new Republic . Because of the revolutionary unrest in Paris , the centre of the Thiers government was located at Versailles . A barricade in the Paris Commune , 18 March 1871 . In late 1870 to early 1871 , the workers of Paris rose up in premature and unsuccessful small - scale uprisings . The National Guard within Paris had become increasingly restive and defiant of the police , the army chief of staff , and even their own National Guard commanders . Thiers immediately recognized a revolutionary situation and , on 18 March 1871 , sent regular army units to take control of artillery that belonged to the National Guard of Paris . Some soldiers of the regular army units fraternized with the rebels and the revolt escalated . The barricades went up just as in 1830 and 1848 . The Paris Commune was born . Once again the Hôtel de Ville , or Town Hall , became the center of attention for the people in revolt ; this time the Hôtel de Ville became the seat of the revolutionary government . Other cities in France followed the example of the Paris Commune , as in Lyon , Marseille , and Toulouse . All of the Communes outside Paris were promptly crushed by the Thiers government . An election on 26 March 1871 in Paris produced a government based on the working class . Louis Auguste Blanqui was in prison but a majority of delegates were his followers , called `` Blanquists . '' The minority comprised anarchists and followers of Pierre Joseph Proudhon ( 1809 -- 1855 ) ; as anarchists , the `` Proudhonists '' were supporters of limited or no government and wanted the revolution to follow an ad hoc course with little or no planning . Analysis of arrests records indicate the typical communard was opposed to the military , the clerics , the rural aristocrats . He saw the bourgeoisie as the enemy . After two months the French army moved in to retake Paris , with pitched battles fought in working - class neighbourhoods . Hundreds were executed in front of the Communards ' Wall , while thousands of others were marched to Versailles for trials . The number killed during La Semaine Sanglante ( `` The Bloody Week '' of 21 -- 28 May 1871 ) was perhaps 30,000 , with as many as 50,000 later executed or imprisoned ; 7,000 were exiled to New Caledonia ; thousands more escaped to exile . The government won approval for its actions in a national referendum with 321,000 in favor and only 54,000 opposed . Political battles ( edit ) The Republican government next had to confront counterrevolutionaries who rejected the legacy of the 1789 Revolution . Both the Legitimists ( embodied in the person of Henri , Count of Chambord , grandson of Charles X ) and the Orleanist royalists rejected republicanism , which they saw as an extension of modernity and atheism , breaking with France 's traditions . This conflict became increasingly sharp in 1873 , when Thiers himself was censured by the National Assembly as not being `` sufficiently conservative '' and resigned to make way for Marshal Patrice MacMahon as the new president . Amidst the rumors of right - wing intrigue and / or coups by the Bonapartists or Bourbons in 1874 , the National Assembly set about drawing up a new constitution that would be acceptable to all parties . The new constitution provided for universal male suffrage and called for a bi-cameral legislature , consisting of a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies . The initial republic was in effect led by pro-royalists , but republicans ( the `` Radicals '' ) and Bonapartists scrambled for power . The first election under this new constitution -- held in early 1876 -- resulted in a republican victory , with 363 republicans elected as opposed to 180 monarchists . However , 75 of the monarchists elected to the new Chamber of Deputies were Bonapartists . The possibility of a coup d'état was an ever - present factor . Léon Gambetta chose moderate Armand Dufaure as premier but he failed to form a government . MacMahon next chose conservative Jules Simon . He too failed , setting the stage for the 16 May 1877 crisis , which led to the resignation of MacMahon . A restoration of the king now seemed likely , and royalists agreed on Henri , comte de Chambord , the grandson of Charles X . He insisted on an impossible demand and ruined the royalist cause . Its turn never came again as the Orleanist faction rallied themselves to the Republic , behind Adolphe Thiers . The new President of the Republic in 1879 was Jules Grevy . In January 1886 , Georges Boulanger became Minister of War . Georges Clemanceau was instrumental in obtaining this appointment for Boulanger . This was the start of the Boulanger era and another time of threats of a coup . The Legitimist ( Bourbon ) faction mostly left politics but one segment founded L'Action Française in 1898 , during the Dreyfus Affair ; it became an influential movement throughout the 1930s , in particular among the conservative Catholic intellectuals . The period from 1879 to 1899 saw power in the hands of moderate republicans and former `` radicals '' ( around Léon Gambetta ) ; these were called the `` Opportunists '' . Foreign policy ( edit ) French foreign policy from 1871 to 1914 showed a dramatic transformation from a humiliated power with no friends and not much of an empire in 1871 , to the centerpiece of the European alliance system in 1914 , with a flourishing empire that was second in size only to Great Britain . Although religion was a hotly contested matter and domestic politics , the Catholic Church made missionary work and church building a specialty in the colonies . Most Frenchman ignored foreign policy ; its issues were a low priority in politics . French foreign policy was based on a fear of Germany -- whose larger size and fast - growing economy could not be matched -- combined with a revanchism that demanded the return of Alsace and Lorraine . At the same time , in the midst of the Scramble for Africa , French and British interest in Africa came into conflict . The most dangerous episode was the Fashoda Incident of 1898 when French troops tried to claim an area in the Southern Sudan , and a British force purporting to be acting in the interests of the Khedive of Egypt arrived . Under heavy pressure the French withdrew securing Anglo - Egyptian control over the area . The status quo was recognised by an agreement between the two states acknowledging British control over Egypt , while France became the dominant power in Morocco , but France suffered a humiliating defeat overall . The Suez Canal , initially built by the French , became a joint British - French project in 1875 , as both saw it as vital to maintaining their influence and empires in Asia . In 1882 , ongoing civil disturbances in Egypt prompted Britain to intervene , extending a hand to France . France 's leading expansionist Jules Ferry was out of office , and the government allowed Britain to take effective control of Egypt . France had colonies in Asia and looked for alliances and found in Japan a possible ally . During his visit to France , Iwakura Tomomi asked for French assistance in reforming Japan . French military missions were sent to Japan in 1872 -- 80 , in 1884 -- 89 and the last one much later in 1918 -- 19 to help modernize the Japanese army . Conflicts between the Chinese Emperor and the French Republic over Indochina climaxed during the Sino - French War ( 1884 -- 85 ) . Admiral Courbet destroyed the Chinese fleet anchored at Foochow . The treaty ending the war , put France in a protectorate over northern and central Vietnam , which it divided into Tonkin and Annam . In an effort to isolate Germany , France went to great pains to woo Russia and Great Britain , first by means of the Franco - Russian Alliance of 1894 , then the 1904 Entente Cordiale with Great Britain , and finally the Anglo - Russian Entente in 1907 , which became the Triple Entente . This alliance with Britain and Russia against Germany and Austria eventually led Russia and Britain to enter World War I as France 's Allies . Dreyfus Affair ( edit ) Distrust of Germany , faith in the army , and native French anti-semitism combined to make the Dreyfus Affair ( the unjust trial and condemnation of a Jewish military officer for `` treason '' in 1894 ) a political scandal of the utmost gravity . For a decade , the nation was divided between `` dreyfusards '' and `` anti-dreyfusards '' , and far - right Catholic agitators inflamed the situation even when proofs of Dreyfus 's innocence came to light . The writer Émile Zola published an impassioned editorial on the injustice ( J'accuse ) and was himself condemned by the government for libel . Dreyfus was finally pardoned in 1906 . The upshot was a weakening of the conservative element in politics . Moderates were deeply divided over the Dreyfus Affair , and this allowed the Radicals to hold power from 1899 until World War I. During this period , crises like the threatened `` Boulangist '' coup d'état ( 1889 ) showed the fragility of the republic . The Eiffel Tower under construction in July 1888 . Religion 1870 -- 1940 ( edit ) Throughout the lifetime of the Third Republic there were battles over the status of the Catholic Church . The French clergy and bishops were closely associated with the Monarchists and many of its hierarchy were from noble families . Republicans were based in the anticlerical middle class who saw the Church 's alliance with the monarchists as a political threat to republicanism , and a threat to the modern spirit of progress . The Republicans detested the church for its political and class affiliations ; for them , the church represented outmoded traditions , superstition and monarchism . The Republicans were strengthened by Protestant and Jewish support . Numerous laws were passed to weaken the Catholic Church . In 1879 , priests were excluded from the administrative committees of hospitals and of boards of charity . In 1880 , new measures were directed against the religious congregations . From 1880 to 1890 came the substitution of lay women for nuns in many hospitals . Napoleon 's 1801 Concordat continued in operation but in 1881 , the government cut off salaries to priests it disliked . The 1882 school laws of Republican Jules Ferry set up a national system of public schools that taught strict puritanical morality but no religion . For a while privately funded Catholic schools were tolerated . Civil marriage became compulsory , divorce was introduced and chaplains were removed from the army . When Leo XIII became pope in 1878 he tried to calm Church - State relations . In 1884 he told French bishops not to act in a hostile manner to the State . In 1892 he issued an encyclical advising French Catholics to rally to the Republic and defend the Church by participating in Republican politics . This attempt at improving the relationship failed . Deep - rooted suspicions remained on both sides and were inflamed by the Dreyfus Affair . Catholics were for the most part anti-dreyfusard . The Assumptionists published anti-Semitic and anti-republican articles in their journal La Croix . This infuriated Republican politicians , who were eager to take revenge . Often they worked in alliance with Masonic lodges . The Waldeck - Rousseau Ministry ( 1899 -- 1902 ) and the Combes Ministry ( 1902 -- 05 ) fought with the Vatican over the appointment of bishops . Chaplains were removed from naval and military hospitals ( 1903 -- 04 ) , and soldiers were ordered not to frequent Catholic clubs ( 1904 ) . Combes as Prime Minister in 1902 , was determined to thoroughly defeat Catholicism . He closed down all parochial schools in France . Then he had parliament reject authorisation of all religious orders . This meant that all fifty four orders were dissolved and about 20,000 members immediately left France , many for Spain . In 1905 the 1801 Concordat was abrogated ; Church and State were separated . All Church property was confiscated . Public worship was given over to associations of Catholic laymen who controlled access to churches . In practise , Masses and rituals continued . The Church was badly hurt and lost half its priests . In the long run , however , it gained autonomy -- for the State no longer had a voice in choosing bishops and Gallicanism was dead . The Belle Époque ( edit ) The end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century was the Belle Époque because of peace , prosperity and the cultural innovations of Monet , Bernhardt , and Debussy , and popular amusements -- cabaret , can - can , the cinema , new art forms such as Impressionism and Art Nouveau . In 1889 the Exposition Universelle showed off newly modernised Paris to the world , which could look over it all from atop the new Eiffel Tower . Meant to last only a few decades , the tower was never removed and became France 's most iconic landmark . France was nevertheless a nation divided internally on notions of ideology , religion , class , regionalisms , and money . On the international front , France came repeatedly to the brink of war with the other imperial powers , such as the 1898 Fashoda Incident with Great Britain over East Africa . Since 1914 ( edit ) Main article : France in the 20th century Population trends ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of France The population held steady from 40.7 million in 1911 , to 41.5 million in 1936 . The sense that the population was too small , especially in regard to the rapid growth of more powerful Germany , was a common theme in the early twentieth century . Natalist policies were proposed in the 1930s , and implemented in the 1940s . France experienced a baby boom after 1945 ; it reversed a long - term record of low birth rates . In addition , there was a steady immigration , especially from former French colonies in North Africa . The population grew from 41 million in 1946 , to 50 million in 1966 , and 60 million by 1990 . The farm population decline sharply , from 35 % of the workforce in 1945 to under 5 % by 2000 . By 2004 , France had the second highest birthrate in Europe , behind only Ireland . World war I ( edit ) See also : French Army in World War I and Home front during World War I § France A French bayonet charge in World War I The 114th infantry in Paris , 14 July 1917 . Preoccupied with internal problems , France paid little attention to foreign policy in the 1911 -- 14 period , although it did extend military service to three years from two over strong Socialist objections in 1913 . The rapidly escalating Balkan crisis of 1914 caught France unawares , and it played only a small role in the coming of World War I . The Serbian crisis triggered a complex set of formal and secret military alliances between European states , causing most of the continent , including France , to be drawn into war within a few short weeks . Austria - Hungary declared war on Serbia in late July , triggering Russian mobilization . On 1 August both Germany and France ordered mobilization . Germany was much better prepared militarily than any of the other countries involved , including France . The German Empire , as an ally of Austria , declared war on Russia . France was allied with Russia and so was ready to commit to war against the German Empire . On 3 August Germany declared war on France , and sent its armies through neutral Belgium . Britain entered the war on 4 August , and started sending in troops on 7 August . Germany 's plan was to quickly defeat the French . They captured Brussels by 20 August and soon had captured a large portion of northern France . The original plan was to continue southwest and attack Paris from the west . By early September they were within 65 kilometres ( 40 mi ) of Paris , and the French government had relocated to Bordeaux . The Allies finally stopped the advance northeast of Paris at the Marne River ( 5 -- 12 September 1914 ) . The war now became a stalemate -- the famous `` Western Front '' was fought largely in France and was characterized by very little movement despite extremely large and violent battles , often with new and more destructive military technology . On the Western Front the small improvised trenches of the first few months rapidly grew deeper and more complex , gradually becoming vast areas of interlocking defensive works . The land war quickly became dominated by the muddy , bloody stalemate of Trench warfare , a form of war in which both opposing armies had static lines of defense . The war of movement quickly turned into a war of position . Neither side advanced much , but both sides suffered hundreds of thousands of casualties . German and Allied armies produced essentially a matched pair of trench lines from the Swiss border in the south to the North Sea coast of Belgium . Meanwhile , large swaths of northeastern France came under the brutal control of German occupiers . Trench warfare prevailed on the Western Front from September 1914 until March 1918 . Famous battles in France include Battle of Verdun ( spanning 10 months from 21 February to 18 December 1916 ) , Battle of the Somme ( 1 July to 18 November 1916 ) , and five separate conflicts called the Battle of Ypres ( from 1914 to 1918 ) . After Socialist leader Jean Jaurès . a pacifist , was assassinated at the start of the war , the French socialist movement abandoned its antimilitarist positions and joined the national war effort . Prime Minister Rene Viviani called for unity -- for a `` Union sacrée '' ( `` Sacred Union '' ) -- Which was a wartime truce between the right and left factions that had been fighting bitterly . France had few dissenters . However , war - weariness was a major factor by 1917 , even reaching the army . The soldiers were reluctant to attack ; Mutiny was a factor as soldiers said it was best to wait for the arrival of millions of Americans . The soldiers were protesting not just the futility of frontal assaults in the face of German machine guns but also degraded conditions at the front lines and at home , especially infrequent leaves , poor food , the use of African and Asian colonials on the home front , and concerns about the welfare of their wives and children . After defeating Russia in 1917 , Germany now could concentrate on the Western Front , and planned an all - out assault in the spring of 1918 , but had to do it before the very rapidly growing American army played a role . In March 1918 Germany launched its offensive and by May had reached the Marne and was again close to Paris . However , in the Second Battle of the Marne ( 15 July to 6 August 1918 ) , the Allied line held . The Allies then shifted to the offensive . The Germans , out of reinforcements , were overwhelmed day after day and the high command saw it was hopeless . Austria and Turkey collapsed , and the Kaiser 's government fell . Germany signed `` The Armistice '' that ended the fighting effective 11 November 1918 , `` the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month . '' Wartime losses ( edit ) The war was fought in large part on French soil , with 1.4 million French dead including civilians , and four times as many military casualties . The economy was hurt by the German invasion of major industrial areas in the northeast . While the occupied area in 1913 contained only 14 % of France 's industrial workers , it produced 58 % of the steel , and 40 % of the coal . In 1914 the government implemented a war economy with controls and rationing . By 1915 the war economy went into high gear , as millions of French women and colonial men replaced the civilian roles of many of the 3 million soldiers . Considerable assistance came with the influx of American food , money and raw materials in 1917 . This war economy would have important reverberations after the war , as it would be a first breach of liberal theories of non-interventionism . The damages caused by the war amounted to about 113 % of the GDP of 1913 , chiefly the destruction of productive capital and housing . The national debt rose from 66 % of GDP in 1913 to 170 % in 1919 , reflecting the heavy use of bond issues to pay for the war . Inflation was severe , with the franc losing over half its value against the British pound . Postwar settlement ( edit ) The Council of Four ( from left to right ) : David Lloyd George , Vittorio Emanuele Orlando , Georges Clemenceau , and Woodrow Wilson in Versailles Peace terms were imposed by the Big Four , meeting in Paris in 1919 : David Lloyd George of Britain , Vittorio Orlando of Italy , Georges Clemenceau of France , and Woodrow Wilson of the United States . Clemenceau demanded the harshest terms and won most of them in the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 . Germany was forced to admit its guilt for starting the war , and was permanently weakened militarily . Germany had to pay huge sums in war reparations to the Allies ( who in turn had large loans from the U.S. to pay off ) . France regained Alsace - Lorraine and occupied the German industrial Saar Basin , a coal and steel region . The German African colonies were put under League of Nations mandates , and were administered by France and other victors . From the remains of the Ottoman Empire , France acquired the Mandate of Syria and the Mandate of Lebanon . French Marshal Ferdinand Foch wanted a peace that would never allow Germany to be a threat to France again , but after the Treaty of Versailles was signed he said , `` This is not a peace . It is an armistice for 20 years . '' Interwar years ( edit ) French cavalry entering Essen during the Occupation of the Ruhr . France was part of the Allied force that occupied the Rhineland following the Armistice . Foch supported Poland in the Greater Poland Uprising and in the Polish -- Soviet War and France also joined Spain during the Rif War . From 1925 until his death in 1932 , Aristide Briand , as prime minister during five short intervals , directed French foreign policy , using his diplomatic skills and sense of timing to forge friendly relations with Weimar Germany as the basis of a genuine peace within the framework of the League of Nations . He realized France could neither contain the much larger Germany by itself nor secure effective support from Britain or the League . As a response to the failure of the Weimar Republic to pay reparations in the aftermath of World War I , France occupied the industrial region of the Ruhr as a means of ensuring repayments from Germany . The intervention was a failure , and France accepted the American solution to the reparations issues , as expressed in the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan . In the 1920s , France established an elaborate system of border defences called the Maginot Line , designed to fight off any German attack . ( Unfortunately , the Maginot Line did not extend into Belgium , where Germany attacked in 1940 . ) Military alliances were signed with weak powers in 1920 -- 21 , called the `` Little Entente '' . Great depression ( edit ) Main articles : Great Depression in France and Popular Front ( France ) The crisis affected France a bit later than other countries , hitting around 1931 . While the GDP in the 1920s grew at the very strong rate of 4.43 % per year , the 1930s rate fell to only 0.63 % . The depression was relatively mild : unemployment peaked under 5 % , the fall in production was at most 20 % below the 1929 output ; there was no banking crisis . By contrast to the mild economic upheaval , the political upheaval was enormous . Socialist Leon Blum , leading the Popular Front , brought together Socialists and Radicals to become Prime Minister from 1936 to 1937 ; he was the first Jew and the first Socialist to lead France . The Communists in the Chamber of Deputies ( parliament ) voted to keep the government in power , and generally supported the government 's economic policies , but rejected its foreign policies . The Popular Front passed numerous labor reforms , which increased wages , cut working hours to 40 hours with overtime illegal , And provided many lesser benefits to the working class , such as mandatory two - week paid vacations . However , renewed inflation canceled the gains in wage rates , unemployment did not fall , and economic recovery was very slow . Historians agree that the Popular Front was a failure in terms of economics , foreign policy , and long - term stability . `` Disappointment and failure , '' says Jackson , `` was the legacy of the Popular Front . '' There is general agreement that at first the Popular Front created enormous excitement and expectations on the left -- including very large scale sitdown strikes -- but in the end it failed to live up to its promise . In the long run , however , later Socialists took some inspiration from the attempts of the Popular Front to set up a welfare state . Foreign policy ( edit ) The government joined Britain in establishing an arms embargo during the Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 39 ) . Blum rejected support for the Spanish Republicans because of his fear that civil war might spread to deeply divided France . Financial support in military cooperation with Poland was also a policy . The government nationalized arms suppliers , and dramatically increased its program of rearming the French military in a last - minute catch up with the Germans . Appeasement of Germany , in cooperation with Britain , was the policy after 1936 , as France sought peace even in the face of Hitler 's escalating demands . Édouard Daladier refused to go to war against Germany and Italy without British support as Neville Chamberlain wanted to save peace at Munich in 1938 . World war II ( edit ) Main articles : Vichy France , Diplomacy of World War II , Military history of France during World War II , and German occupation of France during World War II German soldiers on parade marching past the Arc de Triomphe Germany 's Invasion of Poland in 1939 finally caused France and Britain to declare war against Germany . But the Allies did not launch massive assaults and instead kept a defensive stance : this was called the Phoney War in Britain or Drôle de guerre -- the funny sort of war -- in France . It did not prevent the German army from conquering Poland in a matter of weeks with its innovative Blitzkrieg tactics , also helped by the Soviet Union 's attack on Poland . When Germany had its hands free for an attack in the west , the Battle of France began in May 1940 , and the same Blitzkrieg tactics proved just as devastating there . The Wehrmacht bypassed the Maginot Line by marching through the Ardennes forest . A second German force was sent into Belgium and the Netherlands to act as a diversion to this main thrust . In six weeks of savage fighting the French lost 90,000 men . Many civilians sought refuge by taking to the roads of France : some 2 million refugees from Belgium and the Netherlands were joined by between 8 and 10 million French civilians , representing a quarter of the French population , all heading south and west . This movement may well have been the largest single movement of civilians in history prior to 1947 . Paris fell to the Germans on 14 June 1940 , but not before the British Expeditionary Force was evacuated from Dunkirk , along with many French soldiers . Vichy France was established on 10 July 1940 to govern the unoccupied part of France and its colonies . It was led by Philippe Pétain , the aging war hero of the First World War . Petain 's representatives signed a harsh Armistice on 22 June 1940 whereby Germany kept most of the French army in camps in Germany , France had to pay out large sums in gold and food supplies . Germany occupied three - fifths of France 's territory , leaving the rest in the southeast to the new Vichy government . However , in practice , most local government was handled by the traditional French officialdom . In November 1942 all of Vichy France was finally occupied by German forces . Vichy continued in existence but it was closely supervised by the Germans . The Vichy regime sought to collaborate with Germany , keeping peace in France to avoid further occupation although at the expense of personal freedom and individual safety . Some 76,000 Jews were deported during the German occupation , often with the help of the Vichy authorities , and murdered in the Nazis ' extermination camps . Resistance ( edit ) General Charles de Gaulle in London declared himself on BBC radio to be the head of a rival government in exile , and gathered the Free French Forces around him , finding support in some French colonies and recognition from Britain but not the United States . After the Attack on Mers - el - Kébir in 1940 , where the British fleet destroyed a large part of the French navy , still under command of Vichy France , that killed about 1,100 sailors , there was nationwide indignation and a feeling of distrust in the French forces , leading to the events of the Battle of Dakar . Eventually , several important French ships joined the Free French Forces . The United States maintained diplomatic relations with Vichy and avoided recognition of de Gaulle 's claim to be the one and only government of France . Churchill , caught between the U.S. and de Gaulle , tried to find a compromise . Within France proper , the organized underground grew as the Vichy regime resorted to more strident policies in order to fulfill the enormous demands of the Nazis and the eventual decline of Nazi Germany became more obvious . They formed the Resistance . The most famous figure of the French resistance was Jean Moulin , sent in France by de Gaulle in order to link all resistance movements ; he was captured and tortured by Klaus Barbie ( the `` butcher of Lyon '' ) . Increasing repression culminated in the complete destruction and extermination of the village of Oradour - sur - Glane , at the height of the Battle of Normandy ( June 1944 ) . On 6 June 1944 the Allies landed in Normandy ( without a French component ) ; on 15 August Allied forces landing in Provence , this time they included 260,000 men of the French First Army . The German lines finally broke , and they fled back to Germany while keeping control of the major ports . Allied forces liberated France and the Free French were given the honor of liberating Paris in late August 1944 . The French army recruited French Forces of the Interior ( de Gaulle 's formal name for resistance fighters ) to continue the war until the final defeat of Germany ; this army numbered 300,000 men by September 1944 and 370,000 by spring 1945 . The Vichy regime disintegrated . An interim Provisional Government of the French Republic was quickly put into place by de Gaulle . The gouvernement provisoire de la République française , or GPRF , operated under a tripartisme alliance of communists , socialists , and democratic republicans . The GPRF governed France from 1944 to 1946 , when it was replaced by the French Fourth Republic . Tens of thousands of collaborators were executed without trial . The new government declared the Vichy laws unconstitutional and illegal , and elected new local governments . Women gained the right to vote . Women in Vichy France ( edit ) See also : Women in the French Resistance The 2 million French soldiers held as POWs and forced laborers in Germany throughout the war were not at risk of death in combat , but the anxieties of separation for their 800,000 wives were high . The government provided a modest allowance , but one in ten became prostitutes to support their families . It gave women a key symbolic role to carry out the national regeneration . It used propaganda , women 's organizations , and legislation to promote maternity , patriotic duty , and female submission to marriage , home , and children 's education . Conditions were very difficult for housewives , as food was short as well as most necessities . Divorce laws were made much more stringent , and restrictions were placed on the employment of married women . Family allowances that had begun in the 1930s were continued , and became a vital lifeline for many families ; it was a monthly cash bonus for having more children . In 1942 the birth rate started to rise , and by 1945 it was higher than it had been for a century . Postwar ( edit ) See also : French Fourth Republic and French Fifth Republic The political scene in 1944 -- 45 was controlled by the Resistance , but it had numerous factions . Charles de Gaulle and the Free France element had been based outside France , but now came to dominate , in alliance with the Socialists , the Christian Democrats ( MRP ) , and what remained of the Radical party . The Communists had largely dominated the Resistance inside France , but cooperated closely with the government in 1944 -- 45 , on orders from the Kremlin . There was a general consensus that important powers that had been an open collaboration with the Germans should be nationalized , such as Renault automobiles and the major newspapers . A new Social Security system was called for , as well as important new concessions to the labor unions . Unions themselves were divided among communist , Socialist , and Christian Democrat factions . Frustrated by his inability to control all the dominant forces , de Gaulle resigned early in 1946 . On 13 October 1946 , a new constitution established the Fourth Republic . The Fourth Republic consisted of a parliamentary government controlled by a series of coalitions . France attempted to regain control of French Indochina but was defeated by the Viet Minh in 1954 . Only months later , France faced another anti-colonialist conflict in Algeria and the debate over whether or not to keep control of Algeria , then home to over one million European settlers , wracked the country and nearly led to a coup and civil war . Charles de Gaulle managed to keep the country together while taking steps to end the war . The Algerian War was concluded with the Évian Accords in 1962 that led to Algerian independence . Vietnam and Tunisia ( edit ) Pierre Mendès France , was a Radical party leader who was Prime Minister for eight months in 1954 -- 55 , working with the support of the Socialist and Communist parties . His top priority was ending the war in Indochina , which had already cost 92,000 dead 114,000 wounded and 28,000 captured in the wake of the humiliating defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu . The United States had paid most of the costs of the war , but its support inside France had collapsed . Public opinion polls showed that in February 1954 , only 7 % of the French people wanted to continue the fight to keep Indochina out of the hands of the Communists , led by Ho Chi Minh and his Viet Minh movement . At the Geneva Conference in July 1954 Mendès France made a deal that gave the Viet Minh control of Vietnam north of the seventeenth parallel , and allowed France to pull out all its forces . That left South Vietnam standing alone . However , the United States moved in and provided large scale financial military and economic support for South Vietnam . Mendès - France next came to an agreement with Habib Bourguiba , the nationalist leader in Tunisia , for the independence of that colony by 1956 , and began discussions with the nationalist leaders in Morocco for a French withdrawal . Algeria was no mere colony . With over a million European residents in Algeria ( the Pied - Noir ) , France refused to grant independence until a bloody colonial war ( the Algerian War of Independence ) had turned into a French political and civil crisis ; Algeria was given its independence in 1962 , unleashing a massive wave of immigration from the former colony back to France . Suez crisis ( 1956 ) ( edit ) Main article : Suez crisis In 1956 another crisis struck French colonies , this time in Egypt . The Suez Canal , having been built by the French government , belonged to the French Republic and was operated by the Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez . Great Britain had bought the Egyptian share from Isma'il Pasha and was the second largest owner of the canal before the crisis . The Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the canal despite French and British opposition ; he determined that a European response was unlikely . Great Britain and France attacked Egypt and built an alliance with Israel against Nasser . Israel attacked from the east , Britain from Cyprus and France from Algeria . Egypt , the most powerful Arab state of the time , was defeated in a mere few days . The Suez crisis caused an outcry of indignation in the entire Arab world and Saudi Arabia set an embargo on oil on France and Britain . The US President Dwight D. Eisenhower forced a ceasefire when he threatened to sell all American Sterling Bond holdings and to crash the British economy . British forces retired from the conflict and Israel , having seized interests in the Sinai region , soon withdrew , leaving France alone in Egypt . Under strong international pressures , the French government ultimately evacuated its troops from Suez and largely disengaged from the Middle East . President de Gaulle , 1958 -- 69 ( edit ) The May 1958 seizure of power in Algiers by French army units and French settlers opposed to concessions in the face of Arab nationalist insurrection ripped apart the unstable Fourth Republic . The National Assembly brought De Gaulle back to power during the May 1958 crisis . He founded the Fifth Republic with a strengthened presidency , and he was elected in the latter role . He managed to keep France together while taking steps to end the war , much to the anger of the Pieds - Noirs ( Frenchmen settled in Algeria ) and the military ; both had supported his return to power to maintain colonial rule . He granted independence to Algeria in 1962 and progressively to other French colonies . Proclaiming that grandeur was the essential to the nature of France , de Gaulle initiated his `` Politics of Grandeur . '' He demanded complete autonomy for France in world affairs , which meant that major decisions could not be forced upon it by NATO , the European Community or anyone else . De Gaulle pursued a policy of `` national independence . '' He vetoed Britain 's entry into the Common Market , fearing it might gain too great a voice on French affairs . While not officially abandoning NATO , he withdraw from its military integrated command , fearing that the United States had too much control over NATO . He launched an independent nuclear development program that made France the fourth nuclear power. France then adopted the dissuasion du faible au fort doctrine which meant a Soviet attack on France would only bring total destruction to both sides . De Gaulle and Germany 's Konrad Adenauer in 1961 . He restored cordial Franco - German relations in order to create a European counterweight between the `` Anglo - Saxon '' ( American and British ) and Soviet spheres of influence . De Gaulle openly criticised the U.S. intervention in Vietnam . He was angry at American economic power , especially what his Finance minister called the `` exorbitant privilege '' of the U.S. dollar . He went to Canada and proclaimed `` Vive le Québec libre '' , The catchphrase for an independent Quebec . In May 1968 , he appeared likely to lose power amidst widespread protests by students and workers , but survived the crisis with backing from the army . His party , denouncing radicalism , won the 1968 election with an increased majority in the Assembly . Nonetheless , de Gaulle resigned in 1969 after losing a referendum in which he proposed more decentralization . His War Memoirs became a classic of modern French literature and many French political parties and figures claim the gaullist heritage . Late twentieth century ( edit ) After the fall of the USSR and the end of the Cold War potential menaces to mainland France appeared considerably reduced . France began reducing its nuclear capacities and conscription was abolished in 2001 . In 1990 France , led by François Mitterrand , joined the short successful Gulf War against Iraq ; the French participation to this war was called the Opération Daguet . Terrorism grew worse . In 1994 Air France Flight 8969 was hijacked by Islamic terrorists ; they were captured . Conservative Jacques Chirac assumed office as president on 17 May 1995 , after a campaign focused on the need to combat France 's stubbornly high unemployment rate . While France continues to revere its rich history and independence , French leaders increasingly tie the future of France to the continued development of the European Union . In 1992 France ratified the Maastricht Treaty establishing the European Union . In 1999 , the Euro was introduced to replace the French franc . Beyond membership in the European Union , France is also involved in many joint European projects such as Airbus , the Galileo positioning system and the Eurocorps . The French have stood among the strongest supporters of NATO and EU policy in the Balkans to prevent genocide in Yugoslavia . French troops joined the 1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . France has also been actively involved against international terrorism . In 2002 Alliance Base , an international Counterterrorist Intelligence Center , was secretly established in Paris . The same year France contributed to the toppling of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan , but it strongly rejected the 2003 invasion of Iraq , even threatening to veto in central coners in the US proposed resolution . Jacques Chirac was reelected in 2002 , mainly because his socialist rival Lionel Jospin was removed from the runoff by the right wing candidate Jean - Marie Le Pen . Conservative Nicolas Sarkozy was elected and took office on 16 May 2007 . The problem of high unemployment has yet to be resolved . In 2008 , France was one of the first states to recognise Kosovo as an independent nation . In 2012 , Sarkozy ran for re-election but was defeated by Socialist François Hollande who advocated a growth policy in contrast to the austerity policy advocated by Germany 's Angela Merkel as a way of tackling the European sovereign debt crisis . In 2014 Hollande stood with Merkel and US President Obama in imposing sanctions on Russia for its actions against Ukraine . Muslim tensions ( edit ) Main articles : 2005 civil unrest in France , 2009 French riots , Toulouse and Montauban shootings , Charlie Hebdo shooting , and November 2015 Paris attacks At the close of the Algerian war , hundreds of thousands of Muslims , including some who had supported France ( Harkis ) , settled permanently to France , especially to the larger cities where they lived in subsidized public housing , and suffered very high unemployment rates . In October 2005 , the predominantly Arab - immigrant suburbs of Paris , Lyons , Lille , and other French cities erupted in riots by socially alienated teenagers , many of them second - or third - generation immigrants . Schneider says : For the next three convulsive weeks , riots spread from suburb to suburb , affecting more than three hundred towns ... Nine thousand vehicles were torched , hundreds of public and commercial buildings destroyed , four thousand rioters arrested , and 125 police officers wounded . Traditional interpretations say these race riots were spurred by radical Muslims or unemployed youth . Another view states that the riots reflected broader problem of racism and police violence in France . On 11 January 2015 , over 1 million demonstrators , plus dozens of foreign leaders , gather at the Place de la Republique to pledge solidarity to liberal French values , after the Charlie Hebdo shooting In March 2012 , a Muslim radical named Mohammed Merah shot three French soldiers and four Jewish citizens , including children in Toulouse and Montauban . In January 2015 , the satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo that had ridiculed the Islamic prophet , Muhammad , and a neighborhood Jewish grocery store came under attack from radicalized Muslims who had been born and raised in the Paris region . World leaders rally to Paris to show their support for free speech . Analysts agree that the episode had a profound impact on France . The New York Times summarized the ongoing debate : So as France grieves , it is also faced with profound questions about its future : How large is the radicalized part of the country 's Muslim population , the largest in Europe ? How deep is the rift between France 's values of secularism , of individual , sexual and religious freedom , of freedom of the press and the freedom to shock , and a growing Muslim conservatism that rejects many of these values in the name of religion ? See also ( edit ) Annales School , historiography Demographics of France , For population history Economic history of France French colonial empire Foreign relations of France , Since 1950s Historiography of the French Revolution History of French foreign relations , To 1954 History of French journalism History of Paris International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) Judicial system of post-Napoleonic France List of French monarchs List of Presidents of France List of Prime Ministers of France Military history of France Politics of France Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine Territorial evolution of France Timeline of French history Women in France Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Tim . `` Lithic Assemblage Dated to 1.57 Million Years Found at Lézignan - la - Cébe , Southern France `` '' . Anthropology.net . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient skulls trace Neanderthal evolution '' . abc.net.au . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/03/science/fossil-teeth-put-humans-in-europe-earlier-than-thought.html?scp=1&sq=kents%20cavern&st=cse Jump up ^ I.E.S. Edwards , ed. ( 1970 ) . The Cambridge Ancient History . Cambridge U.P. p. 754 . ISBN 9780521086912 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Claude Orrieux ; Pauline Schmitt Pantel ( 1999 ) . A History of Ancient Greece . Blackwell . p. 62 . ISBN 9780631203094 . Jump up ^ Carpentier et al. 2000 , p. 29 Jump up ^ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica . `` Provence '' . www.britannica.com . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ad Familiares , 10 , 23 read on line lettre 876 Jump up ^ P.J. Heather , The Fall of the Roman Empire : A New History of Rome and the Barbarians ( 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Edward James , The Franks ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Derek Wilson , Charlemagne ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Elisabeth M.C. Van Houts ( 2000 ) . The Normans in Europe . Manchester U.P. p. 23 . ISBN 9780719047510 . ^ Jump up to : Georges Duby , France in the Middle Ages 987 -- 1460 : From Hugh Capet to Joan of Arc ( 1993 ) , Jump up ^ David Carpenter The Struggle for Mastery . The Penguin history of Britain 1066 -- 1284 p. 91 : `` In the first place , after 1072 William was largely an absentee . Of the 170 months remaining of his reign he spent around 130 in France , returning to England only on four occasions . This was no passing phase . Absentee kings continued to spend at best half their time in England until the loss of Normandy in 1204 ... But this absenteeism solidified rather than sapped royal government since it engendered structures both to maintain peace and extract money on the king 's absence , money which was above all needed across the channel '' . ^ Jump up to : Marvin Perry ; et al. ( 2008 ) . Western Civilization : Ideas , Politics , and Society : To 1789 . Cengage Learning . p. 235 . ISBN 0547147422 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) ^ Jump up to : William W. Kibler , ed . Medieval France : An Encyclopedia ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Capetian France 937 -- 1328 p. 64 : `` Then , in 1151 , Henry Plantagenet paid homage for the duchy to Louis VII in Paris , homage he repeated as king of England in 1156 . '' ^ Jump up to : Paul Frankl , Gothic Architecture ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Gigot , Francis E. ( 1910 ) . `` Judaism '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . VIII . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Retrieved 13 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Capetian France p. 265 . Jump up ^ Capetian France p. 264 . Jump up ^ Pierre Goubert , The Ancien Régime ( 1973 ) pp. 2 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Frederick J. Baumgartner , France in the Sixteenth Century ( 1995 ) pp 4 -- 7 Jump up ^ James B. Collins , `` Geographic and Social Mobility in Early - modern France . '' Journal of Social History 1991 24 ( 3 ) : 563 -- 577 . ISSN 0022 - 4529 Fulltext : Ebsco . For the Annales interpretation see Pierre Goubert , The French Peasantry in the Seventeenth Century ( 1986 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ James B. Collins , `` Geographic and Social Mobility in Early - Modern France , '' Journal of Social History ( 1991 ) 24 # 3 pp 563 -- 577 in JSTOR For the Annales interpretation see Pierre Goubert , The French Peasantry in the Seventeenth Century ( 1986 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ George Santayana ; William G. Holzberger ( 31 July 2008 ) . The letters of George Santayana : 1948 -- 1952 , Book 8 . MIT Press , 2008 . p. 299 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 19571 - 2 . Jump up ^ Pierre Goubert , The Course of French History ( 1988 ) pp. 127 -- 34 Jump up ^ R.B. Wernham ( 1968 ) . The New Cambridge Modern History : vol. 3 . Cambridge U.P. pp. 91 -- 3 . ISBN 9780521045438 . Jump up ^ Preserved Smith ( 1920 ) . The Age of the Reformation . H. Holt . p. 201 . Jump up ^ T.H.L. Parker , John Calvin : A Biography ( 2006 ) pp 161 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Mack P. Holt , The French Wars of Religion , 1562 -- 1629 ( 2nd ed. 2005 Jump up ^ S. Annette Finley - Croswhite ( 1999 - 08 - 19 ) . Henry IV and the Towns : The Pursuit of Legitimacy in French Urban Society , 1589 -- 1610 . Cambridge University Press . p. 105 . ISBN 9781139425599 . Jump up ^ J.H. Elliott ( 1991 ) . Richelieu and Olivares . Cambridge U.P. pp. 100 -- . ISBN 9780521406741 . Jump up ^ Randy J. Sparks and Bertrand Van Ruymbeke , Memory and Identity : The Huguenots in France and the Atlantic Diaspora ( 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Peter H. Wilson , Europe 's Tragedy : A History of the Thirty Years ' War ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Christopher Hodson and Brett Rushforth , `` Absolutely Atlantic : Colonialism and the Early Modern French State in Recent Historiography , '' History Compass , ( January 2010 ) 8 # 1 pp 101 -- 117 , Jump up ^ Allan Greer , `` National , Transnational , and Hypernational Historiographies : New France Meets Early American History , '' Canadian Historical Review , ( 2010 ) 91 # 4 pp 695 -- 724 , in Project MUSE ^ Jump up to : Count Miklós Zrínyi , the Poet - Warlord Jump up ^ John B. Wolf , Louis XIV ( 1968 ) , the standard scholarly biography online edition ^ Jump up to : Ó Gráda , Cormac ; Chevet , Jean - Michel ( 2002 ) . `` Famine And Market In Ancient Régime France '' . The Journal of Economic History . 62 ( 3 ) : 706 -- 733 . PMID 17494233 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050702001055 . ^ Jump up to : Wolf , Louis XIV ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ Quoted in Geoffrey Simcox , ed. , War , Diplomacy , and Imperialism , 1618 -- 1763 ( 1974 ) , pp. 236 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Simcox , pp. 237 , 242 . ^ Jump up to : Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie , The Ancien Régime : A History of France 1610 -- 1774 ( 1999 ) ^ Jump up to : Daniel Marston , The Seven Years ' War ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull , A Diplomatic History of American Revolution ( 1985 ) ^ Jump up to : Daniel Roche , France in the Enlightenment ( 1998 ) ch 15 Jump up ^ Peter Hanns Reill and Ellen Judy Wilson , Encyclopædia of the Enlightenment ( 2nd ed. 2004 ) Jump up ^ Arthur Wilson , Diderot , the Appeal to Posterity , 1759 -- 1784 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Nicholas Cronk , ed . The Cambridge Companion to Voltaire ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ William J Roberts , France : A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present ( 2004 ) p. 34 ^ Jump up to : ( in Dutch ) Niek Pas -- De geschiedenis van Frankrijk in een notendop ( The history of France in a nutshell ) . Bert Bakker , Amsterdam , 2008 . Chapter 4 ( pages 49 -- 62 ) : Revolutie en Keizerrijk ( Revolution and Empire ) . ^ Jump up to : ( in Dutch ) Noah Shusterman -- De Franse Revolutie ( The French Revolution ) . Veen Media , Amsterdam , 2015 . ( Translation of : The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London / New York , 2014 . ) Chapter 3 ( p. 95 -- 139 ) : The Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( summer 1790 -- spring 1791 ) . Jump up ^ Noah Shusterman -- The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London and New York , 2014 . Jump up ^ Noah Shusterman -- The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London and New York , 2014 . Chapter 3 ( p. 55 -- 87 ) : The Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( summer 1790 -- spring 1791 ) ^ Jump up to : ( in Dutch ) Noah Shusterman -- De Franse Revolutie ( The French Revolution ) . Veen Media , Amsterdam , 2015 . ( Translation of : The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London / New York , 2014 . ) Chapter 4 ( p. 141 -- 186 ) : The flight of the king and the decline of the French monarchy ( summer 1791 -- summer 1792 ) . Jump up ^ ( German ) ' Die Französische Revolution von 1789 bis 1794 ' ( The French Revolution from 1789 until 1794 ) . Glasnost archiv . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ The present - day state of Austria did not exist as such , its territory was part of the Habsburg Monarchy which also comprised the present - day states of Hungary , Czech Republic , Slovakia , Belgium , Slovenia and Croatia : that Habsburg Monarchy was usually called ' Austria ' . ^ Jump up to : ( in Dutch ) Noah Shusterman -- De Franse Revolutie ( The French Revolution ) . Veen Media , Amsterdam , 2015 . ( Translation of : The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London / New York , 2014 . ) Chapter 5 ( p. 187 -- 221 ) : The end of the monarchy and the September Murders ( 1792 ) . Jump up ^ ' French Revolutionary Wars Timeline , 1792 ' . Emerson Kent.com , `` History for the relaxed historian '' . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Noah Shusterman -- The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London and New York , 2014 . Chapter 5 ( p. 119 -- 142 ) : The end of the monarchy and the September Massacres ( summer -- fall 1792 ) ^ Jump up to : ( in Dutch ) Noah Shusterman -- De Franse Revolutie ( The French Revolution ) . Veen Media , Amsterdam , 2015 . ( Translation of : The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London / New York , 2014 . ) Chapter 5 ( p. 187 -- 221 ) : The end of the monarchy and the September Murders ( summer -- fall 1792 ) . ^ Jump up to : ( in Dutch ) Noah Shusterman -- De Franse Revolutie ( The French Revolution ) . Veen Media , Amsterdam , 2015 . ( Translation of : The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London / New York , 2014 . ) Chapter 6 ( p. 223 -- 269 ) : The new French republic and its enemies ( fall 1792 -- summer 1793 ) . Jump up ^ Noah Shusterman -- The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London and New York , 2014 . Chapter 6 ( p. 143 -- 174 ) : The new French republic and its rivalries ( fall 1792 -- summer 1793 ) . ^ Jump up to : Noah Shusterman -- The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London and New York , 2014 . Chapter 7 ( p. 175 -- 203 ) : The federalist revolt , the Vendée , and the start of the Terror ( summer -- fall 1793 ) . ^ Jump up to : ( in Dutch ) Noah Shusterman -- De Franse Revolutie ( The French Revolution ) . Veen Media , Amsterdam , 2015 . ( Translation of : The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London / New York , 2014 . ) Chapter 7 ( p. 271 -- 312 ) : The federalist revolts , the Vendée and the beginning of the Terror ( summer -- fall 1793 ) . Jump up ^ Arthur William Holland -- `` The French Revolution '' . In : Encyclopædia Britannica , Eleventh Edition ( 1910 -- 1911 ) , Cambridge University Press . ^ Jump up to : Noah Shusterman -- The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London and New York , 2014 . Chapter 8 ( p. 204 -- 234 ) : The Reign of Terror ( fall 1793 -- summer 1794 ) . Jump up ^ `` Reign of Terror '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2015 ) . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Principal Dates and Time Line of the French Revolution '. marxists.org . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ ' State and Counterrevolution in France ' -- Charles Tilly . In : The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity , edited by Ferenc Fehér . University of California Press ; Berkeley -- Los Angeles -- Oxford , 1990 . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Dr Linton , Marisa . `` The Terror in the French Revolution '' ( PDF ) . Kingston University . Jump up ^ Jacques Hussenet ( dir . ) , `` Détruisez la Vendée ! '' Regards croisés sur les victimes et destructions de la guerre de Vendée , La Roche - sur - Yon , Centre vendéen de recherches historiques , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Noah Shusterman -- The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London and New York , 2014 . Chapter 9 ( p. 235 -- 254 ) : After the Terror ( fall 1794 -- 1799 ) Jump up ^ William Doyle -- The Oxford History of the French Revolution ( 2nd ed . ) Oxford University Press , Oxford -- New York , 1990 . ( pp. 206 -- 207 . ) Jump up ^ Simon Schama -- Patriots and Liberators . Revolution in the Netherlands 1780 -- 1813 . New York : Vintage Books , 1977 . ( pp. 178 -- 192 ) Jump up ^ J.C.H. Blom and E. Lamberts ( editors ) -- Geschiedenis van de Nederlanden ( History of the Low Countries ) ( 3rd ed . ) HB uitgevers , Baarn , ( 2001 ) 2003 . ( pp. 227 -- 228 ) Jump up ^ Ernst August Richard Engels -- Friedrich Nicolais `` Allgemeine deutsche Bibliothek '' und der Friede von Basel 1795 . Published : Würzburg , Buchdruckerei R. Mayr , 1936 . Jump up ^ Paul Strathern , Napoleon in Egypt ( 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : George F. Nafziger , Historical Dictionary of the Napoleonic Era ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Nigel Aston , Religion and revolution in France , 1780 -- 1804 ( 2000 ) p. 324 ^ Jump up to : Robert P. Goetz , 1805 : Austerlitz : Napoleon and the Destruction of the Third Coalition , ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Frederick Kagan , The End of the Old Order : Napoleon and Europe , 1801 -- 1805 ( 2007 ) . pp. 141ff . Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre , Napoleon : From Tilsit to Waterloo , 1807 -- 1815 ( 1969 ) pp 1 -- 32 , 205 -- 262 Jump up ^ Michael Glover , Legacy of glory : the Bonaparte kingdom of Spain , 1808 -- 1813 ( 1971 ) . Jump up ^ Henry Lachouque , et al. Napoleon 's War in Spain : The French Peninsular Campaigns , 1807 -- 1814 ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Lefebvre , Napoleon : From Tilsit to Waterloo , 1807 -- 1815 ( 1969 ) pp 309 -- 52 Jump up ^ Rory Muir , Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon , 1807 -- 1815 ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Andrew Roberts , Napoleon : A Life ( 2014 ) pp 662 -- 712 Jump up ^ Lefebvre , Napoleon : From Tilsit to Waterloo , 1807 -- 1815 ( 1969 ) pp 353 -- 72 Jump up ^ John Hall Stewart , The restoration era in France , 1814 -- 1830 ( 1968 ) . Jump up ^ Pierre Goubert , The Course of French History ( 1991 ) ch 14 Jump up ^ D.M.G. Sutherland , The French Revolution and Empire : The Quest for a Civic Order ( 2003 ) pp 329 -- 33 Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre , Napoleon : From Tilsit to Waterloo 1807 -- 1815 ( 1969 ) pp 171 -- 79 Jump up ^ Sutherland , The French Revolution and Empire : The Quest for a Civic Order ( 2003 ) pp. 336 -- 72 Jump up ^ Howard Clive Barnard , Education and the French Revolution ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Margaret Bradley , `` Scientific Education for a New Society The Ecole Polytechnique 1795 -- 1830 . '' History of Education ( 1976 ) 5 # 1 ( 1976 ) , pp. 11 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Alexander Grab , Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Goubert ( 1991 ) ch 14 Jump up ^ Robert Tombs ( 2014 ) . France 1814 -- 1914 . Routledge . p. 15 . Jump up ^ John B. Wolf , France : 1814 -- 1919 : The Rise Of A Liberal Democratic Society ( 2nd ed. 1962 pp 4 -- 27 Jump up ^ Peter McPhee , A social history of France 1780 -- 1880 ( 1992 ) pp 93 -- 173 Jump up ^ James McMillan , `` Catholic Christianity in France from the Restoration to the separation of church and state , 1815 -- 1905 . '' in Sheridan Gilley and Brian Stanley , eds . The Cambridge history of Christianity ( 2014 ) 8 : 217 -- 232 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Gildea , Children of the Revolution : The French , 1799 -- 1914 ( 2008 ) p. 120 Jump up ^ Roger Price , A Social History of Nineteenth - Century France ( 1987 ) ch 7 Jump up ^ Kenneth Scott Latourette , Christianity in a Revolutionary Age . Vol . I : The 19th Century in Europe ; Background and the Roman Catholic Phase ( 1958 ) pp 400 -- 412 Jump up ^ Theodore Zeldin , France , 1848 -- 1945 ( 1977 ) vol 2 pp 983 -- 1040 Jump up ^ François Crouzet `` French Economic Growth in the 19th century reconsidered '' , History 59 # 196 , ( 1974 ) pp 167 -- 179 at p 171 . Jump up ^ Angus Maddison , Economic Growth in the West ( 1964 ) pp 28 , 30 , 37 . Jump up ^ Crouzet , `` French Economic Growth in the 19th century reconsidered '' , p 169 . Jump up ^ Crouzet , `` French Economic Growth in the 19th century reconsidered '' , p 172 . ^ Jump up to : Albert Guerard , France : A Modern History ( 1959 ) p. 293 . Jump up ^ Guérard , France : A Modern History ( 1959 ) p. 287 . Jump up ^ James Rule and Charles Tilly. `` 1830 and the Unnatural History of Revolution1 . '' Journal of Social Issues ( 1972 ) 28 # 1 pp. 49 -- 76 . online Jump up ^ Paul Beik , Louis Philippe and the July Monarchy ( 1965 ) . Jump up ^ Donald G. Charlton , ed. , The French Romantics ( 1984 ) . Jump up ^ Mary Lynn McDougall , `` Consciousness and Community : The Workers of Lyon , 1830 -- 1850 . '' Journal of Social History ( 1978 ) 12 # 1 pp. 129 -- 145 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Maurice Agulhon ( 1983 ) . The Republican Experiment , 1848 -- 1852 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 23 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wormeley Latimer , France in the nineteenth century , 1830 -- 1890 ( 1892 ) ch 7 pp 125 -- 49 online Jump up ^ William Fortescue , Alphonse de Lamartine . A Political Biography ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ William Fortescue , France and 1848 : the end of monarchy ( 2005 ) p. 130 Jump up ^ Fortescue , France and 1848 : the end of monarchy ( 2005 ) p. 135 ^ Jump up to : T.A.B. Corley , Democratic Despot : A Life of Napoleon III ( 1961 ) pp. 74 -- 77 Jump up ^ Guérard , France : A Modern History , p. 305 . Jump up ^ Maurice Agulhon ( 1983 ) . The Republican Experiment , 1848 -- 1852 . Cambridge U.P. pp. 78 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Maurice Agulhon ( 1983 ) . The Republican Experiment , 1848 -- 1852 . Cambridge U.P. pp. 117 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Patrick J. Harrigan , `` Church , State , and Education in France From the Falloux to the Ferry Laws : A Reassessment , '' Canadian Journal of History , ( 2001 ) 36 # 1 pp 51 -- 83 Jump up ^ Albert Guérard , France : A Modern History , pp. 305 -- 306 . Jump up ^ Philip Guedalla , The Second Empire p. 203 . Jump up ^ Theodore Zeldin , France , 1848 -- 1945 : Ambition , love and politics ( 1973 ) pp 558 -- 60 Jump up ^ John B. Wolf , France : 1814 -- 1919 ( 2nd ed. 1963 ) 302 -- 348 Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , The Struggle for Mastery in Europe : 1848 -- 1918 ( 1954 ) pp 171 -- 227 Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , Europe : Grandeur and Decline 1967 ) p. 64 for quote . Jump up ^ William Doyle ( 23 August 2001 ) . The French Revolution : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . pp. 69 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 157837 - 3 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : H.W. Koch , A History of Prussia ( Dorset Press , New York , 1978 ) pp. 265 -- 266 . Jump up ^ Guérard , p. 324 . Jump up ^ William L. Shirer , The Collapse of the Third Republic ( Simon & Schuster : New York , 1969 ) p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Guérard , p. 325 . ^ Jump up to : Guérard , p. 326 . Jump up ^ Eugen Weber , Peasants into Frenchmen : The Modernization of Rural France , 1890 -- 1914 ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Eugen Weber ( 1976 ) . Peasants into Frenchmen : The Modernization of Rural France , 1870 -- 1914 . Stanford University Press . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Patrick O'Brien , Railways and the Economic Development of Western Europe , 1830 -- 1914 ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ William L. Shirer , The Collapse of the Third Republic Simon and Schuster : New York , 1969 ) p. 35 . Jump up ^ Guerard , France : A Modern History ( 1959 ) p. 326 . ^ Jump up to : Eugene Schulkind , ed . The Paris Commune 1871 pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Patrick H. Hutton et al. , eds . Historical Dictionary of the Third French Republic , 1870 -- 1940 ( Greenwood , 1986 ) p. 215 . Jump up ^ Guerard , France : A Modern History ( 1959 ) , pp. 328 -- 329 ^ Jump up to : William L. Shirer , The Collapse of the Third Republic p. 39 . Jump up ^ William Fortescue ( 2000 ) . The Third Republic in France , 1870 -- 1940 : Conflicts and Continuities . Psychology Press . Jump up ^ Arthur Augustus Tilley ( 1967 ) . Modern France : A Companion to French Studies . CUP Archive . p. 170 . GGKEY : KFSQL2KCR5A . Jump up ^ Eugen Weber , Action Française : Royalism and Reaction in Twentieth Century France ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ Gordon right , France in Modern Times ( 5th ed 1995 ) pp 288 -- 99 . Jump up ^ D.W. Brogan , France under the Republic : The Development of Modern France ( 1870 -- 1930 ) ( 1940 ) pp 321 -- 26 Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , The Struggle for Mastery in Europe , 1848 -- 1918 ( 1954 ) pp 286 -- 92 Jump up ^ Frederic Wakeman , Jr. , The Fall of Imperial China ( Free Press : New York , 1975 ) pp. 189 -- 191 . Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , The Struggle for Mastery in Europe , 1848 -- 1918 ( 1954 ) pp 345 , 403 -- 26 Jump up ^ Piers Paul Read , The Dreyfus Affair : The Scandal That Tore France in Two ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Philippe Rigoulot , `` Protestants and the French nation under the Third Republic : Between recognition and assimilation , '' National Identities , March 2009 , Vol. 11 Issue 1 , pp 45 -- 57 Jump up ^ Barnett B. Singer , `` Minoritarian Religion and the Creation of a Secular School System in France , '' Third Republic ( 1976 ) # 2 pp 228 -- 259 Jump up ^ Patrick J. Harrigan , `` Church , State , and Education in France From the Falloux to the Ferry Laws : A Reassessment , '' Canadian Journal of History , April 2001 , 36 # 1 pp 51 -- 83 Jump up ^ Frank Tallett and Nicholas Atkin , Religion , society , and politics in France since 1789 ( 1991 ) p. 152 Jump up ^ Tallett and Atkin , Religion , society , and politics in France since 1789 ( 1991 ) pp 152ff Jump up ^ Robert Gildea , Children of the Revolution : The French , 1799 -- 1914 ( 2010 ) ch 12 Jump up ^ Charles Rearick , Pleasures of the Belle Epoque : Entertainment and Festivity in Turn - of - the - Century France ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Mary McAuliffe , Dawn of the Belle Epoque : The Paris of Monet , Zola , Bernhardt , Eiffel , Debussy , Clemenceau , and Their Friends ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Lucien Hervé ; Barry Bergdoll ( 2003 ) . The Eiffel Tower . Princeton Architectural Press . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Joseph J. Spengler , France Faces Depopulation ( 1938 ) Jump up ^ Marie - Monique Huss , `` Pronatalism in the inter-war period in France . '' Journal of Contemporary History ( 1990 ) 25 # 1 pp. 39 -- 68.in JSTOR Jump up ^ Leslie King , `` ' France needs children ' '' Sociological Quarterly ( 1998 ) 39 # 1 pp. 33 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Colin L. Dyer , Population and Society in 20th Century France ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Colin Jones , Paris : Biography of a City ( 2004 ) p. 438 Jump up ^ Gilles Pison , `` La population de la France en 2005 , '' Population et Sociétés ( March 2006 ) # 421 Online Jump up ^ Holger H. Herwig ( 2011 ) . The Marne , 1914 : The Opening of World War I and the Battle That Changed the World . Random House . pp. 266 -- 306 . Jump up ^ Helen McPhail , The Long Silence : The Tragedy of Occupied France in World War I ( IB Tauris , 2014 ) Jump up ^ Leonard V. Smith , `` War and ' Politics ' : The French Army Mutinies of 1917 , '' War in History , ( April 1995 ) 2 # 2 pp 180 -- 201 Jump up ^ Michael S. Neiberg , The Second Battle of the Marne ( Indiana UP , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Harry Rudin , Armistice , 1918 ( Yale UP , 1944 ) . Jump up ^ Gerd Hardach , The First World War : 1914 -- 1918 ( 1977 ) pp 87 -- 88 Jump up ^ McPhail , The Long Silence : The Tragedy of Occupied France in World War I ( IB Tauris , 2014 ) Jump up ^ Pierre - Cyrille Hautcoeur , `` Was the Great War a watershed ? The economics of World War I in France , '' in Stephen Broadberry and Mark Harrison , eds . The Economics of World War I ( 2005 ) ch 6 Jump up ^ Paul Beaudry and Franck Portier , `` The French depression in the 1930s . '' Review of Economic Dynamics ( 2002 ) 5 # 1 pp. 73 -- 99 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick O. Cohrs ( 2006 ) . The Unfinished Peace After World War I : America , Britain And the Stabilisation of Europe , 1919 -- 1932 . Cambridge U.P. p. 50 . Jump up ^ Ruth Beatrice Henig ( 1995 ) . Versailles and After , 1919 -- 1933 . Psychology Press . p. 52 . Jump up ^ Eugen Weber , The Hollow Years : France in the 1930s ( 1996 ) p. 125 Jump up ^ Henry Laufenburger , `` France and the Depression , '' International Affairs ( 1936 ) 15 # 2 pp. 202 -- 224 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Jean - Pierre Dormois , The French Economy in the Twentieth Century ( 2004 ) p. 31 Jump up ^ Paul Beaudry and Franck Portier , `` The French Depression in the 1930s , '' Review of Economic Dynamics ( 2002 ) 5 : 73 -- 99 doi : 10.1006 / redy. 2001.0143 Jump up ^ Pierre Birnbaum , Léon Blum : Prime Minister , Socialist , Zionist ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Julian Jackson , Popular Front in France : Defending Democracy 1934 -- 1938 ( 1988 ) , pp 172 , 215 , 278 -- 87 , quotation on page 287 . Jump up ^ Douglas Johnson , `` Léon Blum and the Popular Front , '' History ( 1970 ) 55 # 184 pp 199 -- 206 . Jump up ^ Philippe Bernard ; Henri Dubief ( 1988 ) . The Decline of the Third Republic , 1914 -- 1938 . Cambridge UP . p. 328 . Jump up ^ Wall , Irwin M. ( 1987 ) . `` Teaching the Popular Front '' . History Teacher. 20 ( 3 ) : 361 -- 378 . JSTOR 493125 . Jump up ^ Maurice Larkin , France since the Popular Front : Government and People , 1936 -- 1986 ( 1988 ) pp 45 -- 62 Jump up ^ Martin Thomas ( 1996 ) . Britain , France and Appeasement : Anglo - French Relations in the Popular Front Era . Berg . p. 137 . Jump up ^ Maurice Larkin , France since the Popular Front : Government and People , 1936 -- 1986 ( 1988 ) pp 63 -- 81 Jump up ^ Joel Blatt ( ed ) , The French Defeat of 1940 ( Oxford , 1998 ) Jump up ^ Robert A. Doughty , The Breaking Point : Sedan and the Fall of France , 1940 ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Robert O. Paxton , Vichy France , Old Guard and New Order ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Julian Jackson , France : The Dark Years , 1940 -- 1944 ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Michael Marrus , Vichy France and the Jews ( Stanford University Press , 1995 ) Jump up ^ Thomas Martin , `` After Mers - el - Kébir : The Armed Neutrality of the Vichy French Navy , 1940 -- 43 . '' English Historical Review ( 1997 ) : 643 -- 670 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Milton Viorst , Hostile allies : FDR and Charles de Gaulle ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ David G. Haglund , `` Roosevelt as ' Friend of France ' -- But Which One ? . '' Diplomatic history ( 2007 ) 31 # 5 pp. 883 -- 908 . Jump up ^ H.R. Kedward , In Search of the Maquis ( Oxford , 1993 ) Jump up ^ Arthur Funk , Charles de Gaulle : the crucial years , 1943 -- 1944 ( 1959 ) . Jump up ^ Hanna Diamond , Women and the Second World War in France 1939 -- 1948 : Choices and Constraints ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Muel - Dreyfus , Francine ; Johnson , Kathleen A. ( 2001 ) . Vichy and the Eternal Feminine : A Contribution to a Political - Sociology of Gender . Durham : Duke University Press . ISBN 0822327775 . Jump up ^ George Ross , Workers and Communists in France : From Popular Front to Eurocommunism ( 1982 ) pp 20 -- 25 Jump up ^ Jonathan Fenby , The General : Charles de Gaulle and The France He Saved ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Kimmelman , Michael ( 4 March 2009 ) . `` In France , a War of Memories Over Memories of War '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Crozier , Brian ; Mansell , Gerard ( July 1960 ) . `` France and Algeria '' . International Affairs . Blackwell Publishing . 36 ( 3 ) : 310 . JSTOR 2610008 . doi : 10.2307 / 2610008 . Jump up ^ Martin Windrow , The French Indochina War 1946 -- 54 ( Osprey Publishing , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Maurice Larkin , France since the Popular Front : Government and People 1936 -- 1996 ( 1997 ) pp 240 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Kenneth T. Young , The 1954 Geneva Conference : Indo - China and Korea ( Greenwood Press , 1968 ) Jump up ^ Thomas J. Christensen ( 2011 ) . Worse Than a Monolith : Alliance Politics and Problems of Coercive Diplomacy in Asia . Princeton UP . pp. 123 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Alexander Werth , The Strange History of Pierre Mendès France and the Great Conflict over French North Africa ( London , 1957 ) Jump up ^ Martin Evans , Algeria : France 's Undeclared War ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Anthony Gorst and Lewis Johnman , The Suez Crisis ( Routledge , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Alistair Horne , A Savage War of Peace : Algeria 1954 -- 1962 ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Edward A. Kolodziej , French International Policy under de Gaulle and Pompidou : The Politics of Grandeur ( 1974 ) p. 618 Jump up ^ On his presidency , see Jonathan Fenby ( 2010 ) . The General : Charles De Gaulle and the France He Saved . Simon & Schuster . pp. 380 -- 626 . Jump up ^ W.W. Kulski ( 1966 ) . De Gaulle and the World : The Foreign Policy of the Fifth French Republic . Syracuse UP . p. 239ff . Jump up ^ Kulski . De Gaulle and the World : The Foreign Policy of the Fifth French Republic . p. 176 . Jump up ^ Gabrielle Hecht and Michel Callon , eds. ( 2009 ) . The Radiance of France : Nuclear Power and National Identity after World War II . MIT Press . pp. 7 -- 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` De Gaulle urges the United States to get out of Vietnam '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Barry Eichengreen ( 2011 ) . Exorbitant Privilege : The Rise and Fall of the Dollar and the Future of the International Monetary System . Oxford UP . p. 4 . Jump up ^ See Wayne C. Thompson , Canada 2014 ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Stephen Seidman , The Imaginary Revolution : Parisian Students and Workers in 1968 ( Berghahn , 2004 ) Jump up ^ Philip Short , A Taste for Intrigue : The Multiple Lives of François Mitterrand ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Michael J. Balz , `` The October Riots in France : A Failed Immigration Policy or the Empire Strikes Back ? '' International Migration ( 2006 ) 44 # 2 pp 23 -- 34 . Jump up ^ `` Special Report : Riots in France '' . BBC News . 9 November 2005 . Retrieved 17 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Laurent Mucchielli , `` Autumn 2005 : A review of the most important riot in the history of French contemporary society . '' Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies ( 2009 ) 35 # 5 pp. 731 -- 751 . ^ Jump up to : Cathy Lisa Schneider , `` Police Power and Race Riots in Paris , '' Politics & Society ( 2008 ) 36 # 1 pp 133 -- 159 on p. 136 Jump up ^ Steven Erlangerjan , `` Days of Sirens , Fear and Blood : ' France Is Turned Upside Down ' '' , New York Times Jan 9 , 2015 Further reading ( edit ) Surveys and reference ( edit ) Fierro , Alfred . Historical Dictionary of Paris ( 1998 ) 392pp , an abridged translation of his Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris ( 1996 ) , 1580pp Goubert , Pierre . The Course of French History ( 1991 ) , standard French textbook excerpt and text search ; also complete text online Haine , W. Scott . The History of France ( 2000 ) , 280 pp. textbook. and text search ; also online edition Jones , Colin , and Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie . The Cambridge Illustrated History of France ( 1999 ) excerpt and text search Jones , Colin . Paris : Biography of a City ( 2004 ) , 592pp ; comprehensive history by a leading British scholar excerpt and text search McMillan , James F. Twentieth - Century France : Politics and Society in France 1898 -- 1991 ( 2009 ) Popkin , Jeremy D. A History of Modern France ( 2005 ) , 384pp ; textbook coverage from the 1750s ; excerpt and text search Price , Roger . A Concise History of France ( 1993 ) excerpt and text search Raymond , Gino . Historical Dictionary of France ( 2nd ed. 2008 ) 528pp Social , economic and cultural History ( edit ) See also : Economic history of France § Further reading , and Annales School Ariès , Philippe . Centuries of Childhood : A Social History of Family Life ( 1965 ) Beik , William . A Social and Cultural History of Early Modern France ( 2009 ) excerpt and text search Cameron , Rondo . France and the Economic Development of Europe , 1800 -- 1914 : Conquests of Peace and Seeds of War ( 1961 ) , awide - ranging economic and business history Caron , François . An Economic History of Modern France ( 1979 ) online edition Charle , Christophe . A Social History of France in the 19th century ( 1994 ) . Clapham , H.G. Economic Development of France and Germany , 1824 -- 1914 ( 1921 ) . Clough , S.B. France , A History of National Economics , 1789 -- 1939 ( 1939 ) . Dormois , Jean - Pierre . The French Economy in the Twentieth Century ( 2004 ) excerpt and text search Dunham , Arthur L. The Industrial Revolution in France , 1815 -- 1848 ( 1955 ) online edition Hafter , Daryl M. and Nina Kushner , eds . Women and Work in Eighteenth - Century France ( Louisiana State University Press ; 2014 ) 250 pages ; Scholarly essays on female artists , `` printer widows , '' women in manufacturing , women and contracts , and elite prostitution . Hewitt , Nicholas , ed . The Cambridge Companion to Modern French Culture ( 2003 ) excerpt and text search Heywood , Colin . The Development of the French Economy 1750 -- 1914 ( 1995 ) excerpt and text search McMillan , James F. France and Women 1789 -- 1914 : Gender , Society and Politics ( Routledge , 2000 ) 286 pp . McPhee , Peter . A Social History of France , 1789 -- 1914 ( 2nd ed. 2004 ) Middle Ages ( edit ) Duby , Georges . France in the Middle Ages 987 -- 1460 : From Hugh Capet to Joan of Arc ( 1993 ) , survey by a leader of the Annales School excerpt and text search Bloch , Marc . Feudal Society : Vol 1 : The Growth and Ties of Dependence ( 1989 ) ; Feudal Society : Vol 2 : Social Classes and Political Organisation ( 1989 ) excerpt and text search Bloch , Marc . French Rural History an Essay on Its Basic Characteristics ( 1972 ) Le Roy Ladurie , Emmanuel . Montaillou : Cathars and Catholics in a French Village , 1294 -- 1324 ( 1978 ) excerpt and text search Le Roy Ladurie , Emmanuel . The Peasants of Languedoc ( 1966 ; English translation 1974 ) text search Potter , David . France in the Later Middle Ages 1200 -- 1500 , ( 2003 ) excerpt and text search Early Modern ( edit ) Collins , James B . The state in early modern France ( 2nd ed. 2009 ) excerpt and text search Davis , Natalie Zemon . Society and culture in early modern France ( 1975 ) Diefendorf , Barbara B. ( 2010 ) . The Reformation and Wars of Religion in France : Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide . Oxford U.P. ISBN 9780199809295 . , historiography Holt , Mack P. Renaissance and Reformation France : 1500 -- 1648 ( 2002 ) excerpt and text search Holt , Mack P. , ed . Society and Institutions in Early Modern France ( 1991 ) , articles by scholars Potter , David . A History of France , 1460 -- 1560 : The Emergence of a Nation - State ( 1995 ) Old regime ( edit ) Doyle , William . Old Regime France : 1648 -- 1788 ( 2001 ) excerpt and text search Doyle , William , ed . The Oxford Handbook of the Ancien Régime ( 2012 ) 656pp excerpt and text search ; 32 topical chapters by experts Goubert , Pierre . Louis XIV and Twenty Million Frenchmen ( 1972 ) , social history from Annales School Jones , Colin . The Great Nation : France from Louis XV to Napoleon ( 2002 ) excerpt and text search LeRoy Ladurie , Emmanuel . The Ancien Régime : A History of France 1610 -- 1774 ( 1999 ) , survey by leader of the Annales School excerpt and text search Lynn , John A . The Wars of Louis XIV , 1667 -- 1714 ( 1999 ) excerpt and text search Roche , Daniel . France in the Enlightenment ( 1998 ) , wide - ranging history 1700 -- 89 excerpt and text search Wolf , John B. Louis XIV ( 1968 ) , the standard scholarly biography online edition Enlightenment ( edit ) Baker , Keith Michael . Inventing the French Revolution : Essays on French Political Culture in the Eighteenth Century . 1990 . excerpt and text search Blom , Philipp . Enlightening the World : Encyclopédie , the Book That Changed the Course of History . 2005 . 416 pp. excerpt and text search Chisick , Harvey . Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment. 2005 . 512 pp Davidson , Ian . Voltaire . A Life ( 2010 ) . ISBN 9781846682261 Delon , Michel . Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment ( 2001 ) 1480pp Goodman , Dena . The Republic of Letters : A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment ( 1994 ) 338 pp online edition Hazard , Paul . European thought in the eighteenth century : From Montesquieu to Lessing ( 1965 ) Kaiser , Thomas E . `` This Strange Offspring of Philosophie : Recent Historiographical Problems in Relating the Enlightenment to the French Revolution . '' French Historical Studies 15 ( Spring 1988 ) : 549 -- 62 . in JSTOR Kors , Alan Charles . Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment ( 4 vol. 1990 ; 2nd ed. 2003 ) , 1984pp excerpt and tyext search Roche , Daniel . France in the Enlightenment. 1998 . 736 pp . Spencer , Samia I. , ed. French Women and the Age of Enlightenment. 1984 . Vovelle , Michel and Cochrane , Lydia G. , eds . Enlightenment Portraits. 1997 . 456 pp . Wilson , Arthur . Diderot. 1972 . Revolution ( edit ) Andress , David . French Society in Revolution , 1789 -- 1799 ( 1999 ) Doyle , William . The Oxford History of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) . online complete edition ; also excerpt and text search Doyle , William . The French Revolution : A Very Short Introduction . ( 2001 ) , 120pp ; online edition Forrest , Alan . The French Revolution and the Poor ( 1981 ) Fremont - Barnes , Gregory . ed . The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars : A Political , Social , and Military History ( ABC - CLIO : 3 vol 2006 ) Frey , Linda S. and Marsha L. Frey . The French Revolution . ( 2004 ) 190pp online edition Furet , François . The French Revolution , 1770 -- 1814 ( 1996 ) excerpt and text search Furet , François and Mona Ozouf , eds . A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) , 1120pp ; long essays by scholars ; conservative perspective ; stress on history of ideas excerpt and online search from Amazon.com Hampson , Norman . Social History of the French Revolution ( 2006 ) Jones , Colin . The Longman Companion to the French Revolution ( 1989 ) Jones , Colin . The Great Nation : France from Louis XV to Napoleon ( 2002 ) excerpt and text search Jones , Peter . The Peasantry in the French Revolution ( 1988 ) Lefebvre , Georges . The French Revolution ( 1962 ) Lucas , Colin . ed. , The Political Culture of the French Revolution ( 1988 ) Neely , Sylvia . A Concise History of the French Revolution ( 2008 ) Paxton , John . Companion to the French Revolution ( 1987 ) , hundreds of short entries . Schwab , Gail M. , and John R. Jeanneney , eds . The French Revolution of 1789 and Its Impact ( 1995 ) online edition Scott , Samuel F. and Barry Rothaus . Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution , 1789 -- 1799 ( 2 vol 1984 ) , short essays by scholars Schama , Simon . Citizens . A Chronicle of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) , highly readable narrative by scholar excerpt and text search Sutherland , D.M.G. France 1789 -- 1815 . Revolution and Counter-Revolution ( 2nd ed. 2003 , 430pp ) excerpts and online search from Amazon.com Long - term impact ( edit ) Berenson , Edward , and Vincent Duclert , eds . The French Republic : History , Values , Debates ( 2011 ) , 38 short essays by leading scholars on the political values of the French Republic excerpt Englund , Steven . `` Church and state in France since the Revolution , '' Journal of Church & State ( 1992 ) 34 # 2 pp 325 -- 61 Furet , François . Revolutionary France 1770 -- 1880 ( 1995 ) excerpt and text search Gildea , Robert . The Past in French History ( 1994 ) Gildea , Robert . Children of the Revolution : The French , 1799 -- 1814 ( 2008 ) Harison , Casey . `` Teaching the French Revolution : Lessons and Imagery from Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Textbooks , '' History Teacher ( 2002 ) 35 # 2 pp 137 -- 62 in JSTOR O'Rourke , Kevin H. `` The Worldwide Economic Impact of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars , 1793 -- 1815 , '' Journal of Global History ( 2006 ) , 1 # 1 pp 123 -- 149 . Palmer , Robert R . The Age of the Democratic Revolution : A Political History of Europe and America , 1760 -- 1800 . ( 2 vol 1959 ) , highly influential comparative history ; vol 1 online Stromberg , Roland N. `` Reevaluating the French Revolution , '' History Teacher ( 1986 ) 20 # 1 pp 87 -- 108 . in JSTOR Napoleon ( edit ) Bergeron , Louis ( 1981 ) . France Under Napoleon . Princeton U.P. ISBN 0691007896 . Emsley , Clive . Napoleon 2003 , succinct coverage of life , France and empire ; little on warfare Englund , Steven . Napoleon : A Political Life . ( 2004 ) . the best political biography excerpt and text search Fisher , Herbert . Napoleon ( 1913 ) old classic online edition free Fremont - Barnes , Gregory . ed . The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars : A Political , Social , and Military History ( ABC - CLIO : 3 vol 2006 ) Grab , Alexander . Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe . ( 2003 ) , maps ; excellent synthesis Harold , J. Christopher . The Age of Napoleon ( 1963 ) popular history stressing empire and diplomacy Markham , Felix . Napoleon 1963 . online edition McLynn , Frank . Napoleon : A Biography ( 2003 ) stress on military Messenger , Charles , ed. ( 2013 ) . Reader 's Guide to Military History . Routledge . pp. 391 -- 427 . ISBN 9781135959708 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ; evaluation of major books on Napoleon & his wars Nafziger , George F. Historical Dictionary of the Napoleonic Era . 2002 . Nicholls , David . Napoleon : A Biographical Companion. 1999 . Richardson , Hubert N.B. A Dictionary of Napoleon and His Times ( 1920 ) online free 489pp Roberts , Andrew . Napoleon : A Life ( 2014 ) , major scholarly biography , 926 pages ; favourable to Napoleon Thompson , J.M. Napoleon Bonaparte : His Rise and Fall ( 1954 ) , scholarly , well - balanced in topics , but pro-Britain Tulard , Jean . Napoleon : The Myth of the Saviour ( 1984 ) Restoration : 1815 -- 70 ( edit ) Agulhon , Maurice . The Republican Experiment , 1848 -- 1852 ( The Cambridge History of Modern France ) ( 1983 ) excerpt and text search Artz , Frederick . France Under the Bourbon Restoration , 1814 -- 1830 ( Harvard University Press , 1931 ) online Campbell , Stuart L. The Second Empire Revisited : A Study in French Historiography ( 1978 ) Charle , Christophe . A Social History of France in the Nineteenth Century ( 1994 ) Echard , William E. Historical Dictionary of the French Second Empire , 1852 -- 1870 ( 1985 ) online edition Fortescue , William . Revolution and Counter-revolution in France , 1815 -- 1852 ( Blackwell , 1988 ) . Gildea , Robert . Children of the Revolution : The French , 1799 -- 1914 ( 2008 ) Jardin , André , and Andre - Jean Tudesq . Restoration and Reaction 1815 -- 1848 ( The Cambridge History of Modern France ) ( 1988 ) Plessis , Alain . The Rise and Fall of the Second Empire , 1852 -- 1871 ( The Cambridge History of Modern France ) ( 1988 ) excerpt and text search Price , Roger . A Social History of Nineteenth - Century France ( 1987 ) 403pp. 403 pgs . online edition Spitzer , Alan B . `` The Good Napoleon III , '' French Historical Studies ( 1962 ) 2 # 3 pp. 308 -- 329 in JSTOR ; historiography ; praises his domestic policies Wolf , John B. France : 1815 to the Present ( 1940 ) online free pp 1 -- 348 . Third Republic : 1871 -- 1940 ( edit ) Bernard , Philippe , and Henri Dubief . The Decline of the Third Republic , 1914 -- 1938 ( The Cambridge History of Modern France ) ( 1988 ) excerpt and text search Bury , J.P.T. France , 1814 -- 1940 ( 2003 ) ch 9 -- 16 Kedward , Rod . France and the French : A Modern History ( 2007 ) pp 1 -- 245 Lehning , James R. ; To Be a Citizen : The Political Culture of the Early French Third Republic ( 2001 ) online edition McMillan , James F. Twentieth - Century France : Politics and Society in France 1898 -- 1991 ( 1992 ) Mayeur , Jean - Marie , and Madeleine Rebirioux . The Third Republic from its Origins to the Great War , 1871 -- 1914 ( The Cambridge History of Modern France ) ( 1988 ) excerpt and text search Price , Roger . A Social History of Nineteenth - Century France ( 1987 ) 403pp. 403 pgs. complete text online at Questia Robb , Graham . The Discovery of France : A Historical Geography , from the Revolution to the First World War ( 2007 ) Sowerwine , Charles . France since 1870 : Culture , Society and the Making of the Republic ( 2009 ) excerpt and text search Tombs , Robert ( 2014 ) . France 1814 -- 1914 . Routledge . Weber , Eugen . Peasants into Frenchmen : The Modernization of Rural France , 1870 -- 1914 ( 1976 ) excerpt and text search Wolf , John B. France : 1815 to the Present ( 1940 ) online free pp 349 -- 501 . Zeldin , Theodore . France , 1848 -- 1945 ( 2 vol. 1979 ) , topical approach World War I ( edit ) Greenhalgh , Elizabeth . Victory through Coalition : Britain and France during the First World War ( Cambridge University Press , 2005 ) 304pp Tucker , Spencer , ed . European Powers in the First World War : An Encyclopedia ( 1999 ) Winter , J.M. Capital Cities at War : Paris , London , Berlin , 1914 -- 1919 ( 1999 ) Vichy ( 1940 -- 44 ) ( edit ) Azema , Jean - Pierre . From Munich to Liberation 1938 -- 1944 ( The Cambridge History of Modern France ) ( 1985 ) Berthon , Simon . Allies at War : The Bitter Rivalry among Churchill , Roosevelt , and de Gaulle. ( 2001 ) . 356 pp . Funk , Arthur Layton . Charles de Gaulle : The Crucial Years , 1943 -- 1944 ( 1959 ) online edition Gildea , Robert . Marianne in Chains : Daily Life in the Heart of France During the German Occupation ( 2004 ) excerpt and text search Jackson , Julian . France : The Dark Years , 1940 -- 1944 ( 2003 ) excerpt and text search Kersaudy , Francois . Churchill and De Gaulle ( 2nd ed 1990 482pp Lacouture , Jean . De Gaulle : The Rebel 1890 -- 1944 ( 1984 ; English ed. 1991 ) , 640pp ; excerpt and text search Paxton , Robert O. Vichy France 2nd ed. ( 2001 ) excerpt and text search Fourth and Fifth republics ( 1944 to present ) ( edit ) Berstein , Serge , and Peter Morris . The Republic of de Gaulle 1958 -- 1969 ( The Cambridge History of Modern France ) ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search Berstein , Serge , Jean - Pierre Rioux , and Christopher Woodall . The Pompidou Years , 1969 -- 1974 ( The Cambridge History of Modern France ) ( 2000 ) excerpt and text search Bourg , Julian ed . After the Deluge : New Perspectives on the Intellectual and Cultural History of Postwar France ( 2004 ) 426 pp. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 0792 - 8 . Cerny , Philip G . The Politics of Grandeur : Ideological Aspects of de Gaulle 's Foreign Policy . ( 1980 ) . 319 pp . Chabal , Emile , ed . France since the 1970s : History , Politics and Memory in an Age of Uncertainty ( 2015 ) Excerpt Hauss , Charles . Politics in Gaullist France : Coping with Chaos ( 1991 ) online edition Kedward , Rod . France and the French : A Modern History ( 2007 ) pp 310 -- 648 Kolodziej , Edward A. French International Policy under de Gaulle and Pompidou : The Politics of Grandeur ( 1974 ) online edition Lacouture , Jean . De Gaulle : The Ruler 1945 -- 1970 ( 1993 ) McMillan , James F. Twentieth - Century France : Politics and Society in France 1898 -- 1991 ( 1992 ) Northcutt , Wayne . Historical Dictionary of the French Fourth and Fifth Republics , 1946 -- 1991 ( 1992 ) Rioux , Jean - Pierre , and Godfrey Rogers . The Fourth Republic , 1944 -- 1958 ( 1989 ) ( The Cambridge History of Modern France ) Sowerwine , Charles . France since 1870 : Culture , Society and the Making of the Republic ( 2009 ) excerpt and text search Williams , Charles . The Last Great Frenchman : A Life of General De Gaulle ( 1997 ) excerpt and text search Williams , Philip M. and Martin Harrison . De Gaulle 's Republic ( 1965 ) online edition Historiography ( edit ) Further information : Annales School Daileader , Philip , and Philip Whalen , eds. French Historians 1900 -- 2000 : New Historical Writing in Twentieth - Century France ( 2010 ) , 640pp ; excerpt Gildea , Robert . The Past in French History ( 1996 ) Nora , Pierre , ed . Realms of Memory : Rethinking the French Past ( 3 vol , 1996 ) , essays by scholars ; excerpt and text search ; vol 2 excerpts ; vol 3 excerpts Pinkney , David H. `` Two Thousand Years of Paris , '' Journal of Modern History ( 1951 ) 23 # 3 pp. 262 -- 264 in JSTOR Offen , Karen . `` French Women 's History : Retrospect ( 1789 -- 1940 ) and Prospect , '' French Historical Studies ( 2003 ) 26 # 4 pp 757 + Revel , Jacques , and Lynn Hunt , eds . Histories : French Constructions of the Past ( 1995 ) . 654pp , 64 essays ; emphasis on Annales School Symes , Carol . `` The Middle Ages between Nationalism and Colonialism , '' French Historical Studies ( Winter 2011 ) 34 # 1 pp 37 -- 46 Thébaud , Françoise . `` Writing Women 's and Gender History in France : A National Narrative ? '' Journal of Women 's History ( 2007 ) 19 # 1 pp. 167 -- 172 in Project Muse Primary sources ( edit ) Anderson , F.M. ( 1904 ) . The constitutions and other select documents illustrative of the history of France , 1789 -- 1901 . , complete text online External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of France . 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Literal and figurative language

Literal and figurative language - wikipedia Literal and figurative language Jump to : navigation , search Linguistics Theoretical Cognitive Constraint - based Generative Structuralist Quantitative Functional theories of grammar Phonology Morphology Morphophonology Syntax Lexis Semantics Pragmatics Graphemics Orthography Semiotics Descriptive Anthropological Comparative Historical Etymology Graphetics Phonetics Sociolinguistics Cherology Applied and experimental Computational Contrastive Evolutionary Forensic Internet Language acquisition Second - language acquisition Language assessment Language development Language education Linguistic anthropology Neurolinguistics Psycholinguistics Related articles History of linguistics Linguistic prescription List of linguists Unsolved linguistics problems Origin of language Origin of speech Linguistics portal Literal and figurative language is a distinction within some fields of language analysis , in particular stylistics , rhetoric , and semantics . Literal language uses words exactly according to their conventionally accepted meanings or denotation . Figurative ( or non-literal ) language uses words in a way that deviates from their conventionally accepted definitions in order to convey a more complicated meaning or heightened effect . Figurative language is often created by presenting words in such a way that they are equated , compared , or associated with normally unrelated meanings . Literal usage confers meaning to words , in the sense of the meaning they have by themselves , outside any figure of speech . It maintains a consistent meaning regardless of the context , with the intended meaning corresponding exactly to the meaning of the individual words . Figurative use of language is the use of words or phrases that implies a non-literal meaning which does make sense or that could ( also ) be true . Aristotle and later the Roman Quintilian were among the early analysts of rhetoric who expounded on the differences between literal and figurative language . In 1769 , Frances Brooke 's novel The History of Emily Montague was used in the earliest Oxford English Dictionary citation for the figurative sense of literally ; the sentence from the novel used was , `` He is a fortunate man to be introduced to such a party of fine women at his arrival ; it is literally to feed among the lilies . '' This citation was also used in the OED 's 2011 revision . Within literary analysis , such terms are still used ; but within the fields of cognition and linguistics , the basis for identifying such a distinction is no longer used . Contents ( hide ) 1 Figurative language in literary analysis 2 Standard pragmatic model of comprehension 3 Reddy and contemporary views 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Figurative language in literary analysis ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Figurative language can take multiple forms , such as simile or metaphor . Merriam - Webster 's Encyclopedia Of Literature says that figurative language can be classified in five categories : resemblance or relationship , emphasis or understatement , figures of sound , verbal games , and errors . A simile is a comparison of two things , indicated by some connective , usually `` like '' , `` as '' , `` than '' , or a verb such as `` resembles '' to show how they are similar . Example : `` His cheeks were like roses , his nose like a cherry ... / And the beard on his chin was as white as the snow . '' ( emph added ) -- Clement Clark Moore A metaphor is a figure of speech in which two `` essentially unlike things '' are shown to have a type of resemblance or create a new image . The similarities between the objects being compared may be implied rather than directly stated . Example : `` Fog comes on little cat feet '' -- Carl Sandburg An extended metaphor is a metaphor that is continued over multiple sentences . Example : `` The sky steps out of her daywear / Slips into her shot - silk evening dress. / An entourage of bats whirr and swing at her hem , ... She 's tried on every item in her wardrobe . '' Dilys Rose Onomatopoeia is a word designed to be an imitation of a sound . Example : `` Bark ! Bark ! '' went the dog as he chased the car that vroomed past . Personification is the attribution of a personal nature or character to inanimate objects or abstract notions , especially as a rhetorical figure . Example : `` Because I could not stop for Death , / He kindly stopped for me ; / The carriage held but just ourselves / And Immortality . '' -- Emily Dickinson . Dickinson portrays death as a carriage driver . An oxymoron is a figure of speech in which a pair of opposite or contradictory terms is used together for emphasis . Examples : Organized chaos , Same difference , Bittersweet . A paradox is a statement or proposition which is self - contradictory , unreasonable , or illogical . Example : This statement is a lie . Hyperbole is a figure of speech which uses an extravagant or exaggerated statement to express strong feelings . Example : They had been walking so long that John thought he might drink the entire lake when they came upon it . Allusion is a reference to a famous character or event . Example : A single step can take you through the looking glass if you 're not careful . An idiom is an expression that has a figurative meaning unrelated to the literal meaning of the phrase . Example : You should keep your eye out for him . To keep an eye out for someone means to watch out for them . A pun is an expression intended for a humorous or rhetorical effect by exploiting different meanings of words . Example : I wondered why the ball was getting bigger . Then it hit me . `` Then it hit me . '' has two different meanings Standard pragmatic model of comprehension ( edit ) Prior to the 1980s , the `` standard pragmatic '' model of comprehension was widely believed . In that model , it was thought the recipient would first attempt to comprehend the meaning as if literal , but when an appropriate literal inference could not be made , the recipient would shift to look for a figurative interpretation that would allow comprehension . Since then , research has cast doubt on the model . In tests , figurative language was found to be comprehended at the same speed as literal language ; and so the premise that the recipient was first attempting to process a literal meaning and discarding it before attempting to process a figurative meaning appears to be false . Reddy and contemporary views ( edit ) Beginning with the work of Michael Reddy in his 1979 work `` The Conduit Metaphor '' , many linguists now reject that there is a valid way to distinguish between a `` literal '' and `` figurative '' mode of language . See also ( edit ) Metaphor Metonymy Connotation ( semiotics ) Denotation Denotation ( semiotics ) Signified and signifier Biblical literalism Figures of speech Frances Brooke Imagery Linguistics Philosophy of language Rhetoric Semantics Semiotics Trope ( literature ) Asperger syndrome References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Figure of speech . '' Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Merriam - Webster , Inc. 2015 . Jump up ^ Jaszczolt , Katarzyna M ... ; Turner , Ken ( 2003 - 03 - 01 ) . Meaning Through Language Contrast . Volume 2 . John Benjamins Publishing . pp. 141 -- . ISBN 9781588112071 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Glucksberg , Sam ( 2001 - 07 - 26 ) . Understanding Figurative Language : From Metaphor to Idioms : From Metaphor to Idioms . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195111095 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Harley , Trevor A. ( 2001 ) . The Psychology of Language : From Data to Theory . Taylor & Francis . pp. 293 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 863 - 77867 - 4 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Mar ; Durant , Alan ; Fabb , Nigel ; Tom Furniss ; Sara Mills ( 2007 ) . Ways of Reading : Advanced Reading Skills for Students of English Literature . Taylor & Francis . pp. 117 -- . ISBN 9780415346337 . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Jump up ^ M.H. Abrams ; Geoffrey Harpham ( 2011 ) . A Glossary of Literary Terms ( 10 ed . ) . Cengage Learning . ISBN 9780495898023 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Barber , Alex ; Stainton , Robert J ( 2009 - 11 - 20 ) . Concise Encyclopedia of Philosophy of Language and Linguistics . Elsevier . pp. 230 -- . ISBN 9780080965000 . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Martin ; Durant , Alan ; Fabb , Nigel ; Tom Furniss ; Sara Mills ( 2007 - 01 - 09 ) . Ways of Reading : Advanced Reading Skills for Students of English Literature . Routledge . pp. 117 -- . ISBN 9780203597118 . Retrieved 3 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster , inc. ( 1995 ) . Merriam - Webster 's Encyclopedia Of Literature . Merriam - Webster . p. 415 . ISBN 9780877790426 . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Origin : 1350 -- 1400 ; Middle English < Latin : image , likeness , comparison , noun use of neuter of similis similar . `` Simile '' . simile , n . Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ Kennedy , X.J. , and Dana Gioia . An Introduction To Poetry . 13th ed . Longman Pub Group , 2007 . Pg 594 . Jump up ^ Terban , Marvin ; joi , Giulio Maestro , ( 1993 ) . It Figures ! : Fun Figures of Speech . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . pp. 12 -- . ISBN 9780395665916 . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Origin : 1525 -- 35 ; < Latin metaphora < Greek metaphorá a transfer , akin to metaphérein to transfer . See meta - , - phore `` Metaphor '' . metaphor , n . Oxford English Dictionary . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Carol Rawlings ( 2001 - 03 - 01 ) . Irresistible Shakespeare : 6 Sensational Scenes from Favorite Plays and Dozens of Fun Ideas That Introduce Students to the Wonderful Works of Shakespeare . Scholastic Inc . pp. 25 -- . ISBN 9780439098441 . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Fandel , Jennifer ( 2005 - 07 - 30 ) . Metaphors , Similes , And Other Word Pictures . The Creative Company . pp. 30 -- . ISBN 9781583413401 . Retrieved 3 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Extended Metaphor '' . extended metaphor . Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ Oliver , Mary ( 1994 ) . Poetry Handbook . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . pp. 103 -- . ISBN 9780156724005 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Liddell , Gordon F. ; Gifford , Anne ( 2001 - 07 - 26 ) . New Scottish poetry . Heinemann . pp. 131 -- . ISBN 9780435150983 . Retrieved 3 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Origin : 1570 -- 80 ; < Late Latin < Greek onomatopoiía making of words = onomato - ( combining form of ónoma name ) + poi - ( stem of poieîn to make ; see poet ) + - ia - ia `` Onomatopoeia '' . onomatopoeia , n . Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ Origin : 1745 -- 55 ; personi ( fy ) + - fication `` Personification '' . personification , n . Oxford English Dictionary . ^ Jump up to : Moustaki , Nikki ( 2001 - 04 - 01 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Writing Poetry . Penguin . pp. 146 -- . ISBN 9781440695636 . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Origin : < post-classical Latin oxymoron , figure of speech in which a pair of opposed or markedly contradictory terms are placed in conjunction for emphasis ( 5th cent. ; also oxymorum ) < ancient Greek ὀξυ - oxy - comb . form1+ μωρόςdull , stupid , foolish ( see moron n. 2 ) . `` Oxymoron '' . oxymoron . Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ Origin : < Middle French , French paradoxe ( 1495 as noun ; 1372 -- 4 in plural paradoxesas the title of a work by Cicero ; paradoxon ( noun ) philosophical paradox in post-classical Latin also a figure of speech < ancient Greek παράδοξον , especially in plural παράδοξαStoical paradoxes , use as noun of neuter singular of παράδοξος ( adjective ) contrary to received opinion or expectation < παρα - para - prefix1+ δόξαopinion ( see doxology n . ) , after ancient Greek παρὰ δόξανcontrary to expectation `` Paradox '' . paradox , n . Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ Origin : < Greek ὑπερβολήexcess ( compare hyperbola n . ) , exaggeration ; the latter sense is first found in Isocrates and Aristotle . Compare French hyperbole ( earlier yperbole ) . `` Hyperbole '' . hyperbol e , n . Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ Katz , Albert N. ( 1998 ) . Figurative Language and Thought . Oxford University Press . pp. 166 -- . ISBN 9780195109634 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Eysenck , Michael William ; Keane , Mark T. ( 2005 ) . Cognitive Psychology : A Student 's Handbook . Taylor & Francis . pp. 369 -- . ISBN 9781841693590 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Ortony , Andrew ( 1993 - 11 - 26 ) . Metaphor and Thought . Cambridge University Press . pp. 204 -- . ISBN 9780521405614 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . External links ( edit ) The Word We Love To Hate . Literally. from Slate Magazine Figures of Speech from Silva Rhetoricae Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Literal_and_figurative_language&oldid=843420845 '' Categories : Semantics Conceptual distinctions Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from August 2010 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Euskara Français Bahasa Melayu Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 01 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

time stood still is an example of what type of figurative language

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Gun laws in Texas

Gun laws in Texas - wikipedia Gun laws in Texas Location of Texas in the United States Gun laws in Texas regulate the sale , possession , and use of firearms and ammunition in the U.S. state of Texas . Contents 1 Summary table 2 Firearms possession 3 Firearms carry 3.1 License to Carry 3.2 College Carry Laws 3.3 Restrictions on licensed carry 3.3. 1 30.06 signage 3.4 Open Carry 3.4. 1 30.07 signage 4 Castle Doctrine 4.1 Stand Your Ground 4.2 Civil Immunity 5 Motorists Protection Act 6 National Firearms Act 7 State preemption of local laws 8 See also 9 References Summary table ( edit ) Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit required to purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Owner license required ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine capacity restriction ? No No Carry license required ? No Yes GC Ch . 411.172 Licensed carry of a handgun requires a `` shall - issue '' license , and is subject to specific laws governing trespass while armed . People who are barred from licensing include those under age 21 , felons , fugitives , people who are `` chemically dependent '' or `` incapable of exercising sound judgment '' , and those in arrears for taxes or child support . Open carry ? Yes Yes PC 46.02 Long gun and black powder weapon ( including handgun ) open carry is not forbidden by law , unless in a manner `` calculated to cause alarm . '' Effective January 1 , 2016 , individuals with a handgun carry license are permitted to carry openly , per House Bill 910 of the 2015 legislative session . Non-residents from states whose permits are recognized by Texas are also allowed to open carry under the new law . Concealed carry on college campus ? No Yes May carry in parking lots , parking garages , outdoor walkways on campus . Public four - year universities ( as of August 1 , 2016 ) and public two - year colleges ( as of August 1 , 2017 ) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well . Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as `` gun free zones '' ; these will be subject to legislative analysis . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes LGC § 229.001 . State law prohibits municipal governments from regulating the ownership , transfer , storage , or licensing of firearms , ammunition , or accessories . Local ordinances can regulate the discharge of firearms ( such as for noise , nuisance or public safety ) , but not in contradiction of state law concerning justified use of a firearm . NFA weapons restricted ? No No PC 46.01 , PC 46.05 Texas Penal Code Section 46.05 requires that `` explosive weapons '' , `` machine guns '' , `` short - barrel firearms '' , and `` firearm silencers '' , as defined in Section 46.01 , be `` registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record maintained by the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives or classified as a curio or relic by the United States Department of Justice '' . Prior to May 22nd 2015 , Section 46.05 called `` registration pursuant to the National Firearms Act '' a `` defense to prosecution '' . Peaceable journey laws ? Yes Yes PC 46.02 , PC 46.15 A person may carry a loaded handgun without a permit while in or heading directly to a motor vehicle or watercraft they own or control . The statute does not specifically state the handgun must be concealed while heading to the vehicle or watercraft , and 46.02 , which requires concealment of a handgun while in a motor vehicle or watercraft , is not applicable to a person while the person is traveling , pursuant to said activities . 46.15 ( b ) ( 2 ) . Castle doctrine / stand your ground law ? Yes Yes PC 9.32 A person is presumed justified in using deadly force to protect themselves against an unlawful , forceful intrusion into their dwelling , or to prevent an unlawful , forceful attempt to remove a lawful occupant from the dwelling , or to prevent certain serious felonies such as burglary or arson . There is no duty to retreat from any place where the shooter has a legal right to be . Background checks required for private sales ? No No A notice stating that the Turman Halfway House in Austin , Texas prohibits concealed handguns . This sign uses obsolete wording in font smaller than required , and is no longer enforceable under current law . Firearms possession ( edit ) Texas has no laws regarding possession of any firearm regardless of age , without felony convictions ; all existing restrictions in State law mirror Federal law . A person of any age , except certain Felons , can possess a firearm such as at a firing range . Texas and Federal law only regulate the ownership of all firearms to 18 years of age or older , and regulate the transfer of handguns to 21 years or older by FFL dealers . However , a private citizen may sell , gift , lease etc. a handgun to anyone over 18 who is not Felon or is a Felon that is 5 years removed from Felony infraction of probation or parole end date and is now a law abiding citizen . NFA weapons are also only subject to Federal restrictions ; no State regulations exist . Municipal and county ordinances on possession and carry are generally overridden ( preempted ) due to the wording of the Texas Constitution , which gives the Texas Legislature ( and it alone ) the power to `` regulate the wearing of arms , with a view to prevent crime '' . Penal Code Section 1.08 also prohibits local jurisdictions from enacting or enforcing any law that conflicts with State statute . Local ordinances restricting discharge of a firearm are generally allowed as State law has little or no specification thereof , but such restrictions do not preempt State law concerning justification of use of force and deadly force . In Texas a convicted felon may possess a firearm in the residence in which he lives once five years have elapsed from his release from prison or parole , whichever is later . A convicted Felon once 5 years removed from release from prison or probation may also private purchase a firearm . Under Texas Penal Code § § 12.33 , 46.04 , the unlawful possession of a firearm is a third degree felony with a punishment range of two to ten years for a defendant with one prior felony conviction and fine up to $10,000 . Firearms carry ( edit ) There is no legal statute specifically prohibiting the carry of a firearm other than a handgun ( pre-1899 black powder weapons , and replicas of such , are not legally firearms in Texas ) . However , if the firearm is displayed in a manner `` calculated to cause alarm , '' then it is `` disorderly conduct '' . Open carry of a handgun in public had long been illegal in Texas , except when the carrier was on property he / she owned or had lawful control over , was legally hunting , or was participating in some gun - related public event such as a gun show . However , the 2015 Texas Legislature passed a bill to allow concealed handgun permit holders to begin carrying handguns openly . The bill was signed into law on June 13 , 2015 , and took effect on January 1 , 2016 . A License to Carry ( LTC ) is still required to carry a handgun openly or concealed in public . License to carry ( edit ) The Texas handgun carry permit was previously called a `` Concealed Handgun License '' or CHL . This has changed on Jan 1 . 2016 to LTC `` License To Carry '' and at the same time the laws changed to include `` Open Carry '' . Permits are issued on a non-discretionary ( `` shall - issue '' ) basis to all eligible , qualified applicants . Texas has full reciprocity agreements with 30 states , not including Vermont ( which is an `` unrestricted '' state and neither issues nor requires permits ) , most of these having some residency restrictions ( the holder must either be a resident of Texas or a non-resident of the reciprocal state for the Texas license to be valid in that state ) . Texas recognizes an additional 11 states ' concealed - carry permits unilaterally ; those states do not recognize Texas ' own permit as valid within their jurisdiction , usually due to some lesser requirement of the Texas permit compared to their own . The handgun licensing law sets out the eligibility criteria that must be met . For example , an applicant must be eligible to purchase a handgun under the State and Federal laws ( including an age restriction of 21 ) , however an exception is granted to active members of the military who are age 18 and over . Additionally , a number of factors may make a person ineligible ( temporarily or permanently ) to obtain a license , including : felony convictions ( permanent ) and Class A or B misdemeanors ( 5 years , permanent in cases of domestic violence ) , including charges that resulted in probation or deferred adjudication ; pending criminal charges ( indefinite until resolved ) ; chemical or alcohol dependency ( defined as 2 convictions for substance - related offenses in a 10 - year period ; 10 - year ban from the date of the first conviction ) ; certain types of psychological diagnoses ( indefinite until the condition is testified by a medical professional as being in remission ) ; protective or restraining orders ( indefinite until rescinded ) ; or defaults on taxes , student loans , child support and / or other governmental fees ( indefinite until resolved ) . This last category , though having little to do with a person 's ability to own a firearm , is in keeping with Texas policy for any licensing ; those who are delinquent or in default on State - regulated debts or court judgments are generally barred from obtaining or renewing any State - issued license ( including driver licenses ) , as an incentive to settle those debts . `` Information regarding any psychiatric , drug , alcohol , or criminal history '' is required only from new users . Renewals are required every five years , but are granted without further inquiry into or update of this information . An eligible person wishing to obtain an LTC ( formerly CHL ) must take a State - set instruction course taught by a licensed instructor for a minimum of 4 hours and a maximum of 6 hours , covering topics such as applicable laws , conflict resolution , criminal / civil liability , and handgun safety , and pass a practical qualification at a firing range with a handgun . The caliber requirement was repealed on September 1 , 2017 . Such courses vary in cost , but are typically around $100 -- $125 for new applicants ( usually not including the cost of ammunition and other shooting supplies ; the practical qualification requires firing 50 rounds of ammunition ) . They may then apply , providing a picture , fingerprints , other documentation , and a $40 application fee ( as of September 1 , 2017 ; previously $140 and $70 for renewals ) , -- active and discharged military are eligible for discounts -- to the DPS , which processes the application , runs a federal background check , and if all is well , issues the permit . Permits are valid for five years , and allow resident holders to carry in 29 other states ( nonresidents may carry in all but four of those ) , due to reciprocity agreements . Discounted LTC fees vary from $0 for active duty military ( through one year after discharge ) , to $25 for military veterans . College carry laws ( edit ) Public four - year universities ( as of August 1 , 2016 ) and public two - year colleges ( as of August 1 , 2017 ) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well . Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as `` gun free zones '' ; these will be subject to legislative analysis . Restrictions on licensed carry ( edit ) While a permitted resident of Texas ( or a nonresident holding a recognized permit ) is generally authorized to carry in most public places , there are State and Federal laws that still restrict a permit holder from carrying a weapon in certain situations . These include : Federal buildings - Premises owned by the U.S. Federal Government or its agencies for the purpose of any official business of the Federal Government are covered by Federal statutes that supersede State law . It is illegal in general under said statutes to possess a firearm while in any such location , and possession of a State - issued concealed firearms permit is no defense . Such places commonly encountered include post offices , Federal courts , and offices of the IRS , FBI , Justice Department , Department of Energy , USDA , FDA , etc . A rider tied to the 2009 Federal CARD Act has restricted the Department of the Interior from enacting or enforcing restrictions on carry of arms within lands controlled by the Bureau of Land Management ; CHL permittees may carry concealed while in a federal park or wildlife preserve contained wholly or partially within the borders of the State of Texas . However , Army Corps of Engineers properties ( including all reservoir lakes and included park areas ) are still off - limits . Schools - Concealed carry in a school may be a felony under TPC section 46.03 : `` A person commits an offense if the person intentionally , knowingly , or recklessly possesses or goes with a firearm , illegal knife , club , or prohibited weapon listed in Section 46.05 ( a ) : ... on the physical premises of a school or educational institution , any grounds or building on which an activity sponsored by a school or educational institution is being conducted , or a passenger transportation vehicle of a school or educational institution , whether the school or educational institution is public or private , unless pursuant to written regulations or written authorization of the institution ( emphasis added ) . '' The age / grade level , funding type or for - profit status of the school does not matter . Carry of a concealed weapon while in a public outdoor area surrounding an educational building is permitted ; as defined by TPC 46.035 ( f ) ( 3 ) , `` premises '' refers only to a building or part of a building , and does not refer to driveways , streets , sidewalks , parking lots , parking garages , or privately owned vehicles . Employees of schools will be able to keep their firearms within their vehicles as of September 1 , 2017 . Public sporting events - It is a Class A misdemeanor to carry while inside a building currently being used for an interscholastic or professional sporting event , unless the person carrying is a participant in the sporting event and said sporting event requires the use of the firearm ( i.e. a target shooting competition ) . Businesses posting a compliant `` 51 % sign '' - It is a felony to carry a firearm while on the premises of a business that makes more than 51 % of its revenue from the sale of alcoholic beverages for on - premises consumption ( colloquially `` bars '' , `` nightclubs '' , `` taverns '' , `` saloons '' , etc . ) . A person with a LTC that is in violation has a defense that the establishment did not post the proper signage , as required by the Government Code section 411.204 . The proper signage contains similar language as is required of all liquor license holders , but with the addition of a couple of words to prohibit licensed as well as unlicensed carry , and a background containing a red `` 51 % '' to make it obvious at a glance that the sign applies to LTC holders . Correctional facilities - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building generally termed a `` jail '' or `` prison '' . Execution premises - within 1,000 feet of premises the location of which is designated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice as a place of execution under Article 43.19 , Code of Criminal Procedure , on a day that a sentence of death is set to be imposed on the designated premises and the person received notice that : ( A ) going within 1,000 feet of the premises with a weapon listed under this subsection was prohibited ; or ( B ) possessing a weapon listed under this subsection within 1,000 feet of the premises was prohibited . Courts or court offices - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building used by a functioning municipal , state or federal court for official business . Exceptions are granted to certain employees of those offices , such as judges , attorneys , baliffs , and law enforcement officials . Election polling places - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building being used as a polling center for any municipal , state and / or federal elections process on the scheduled voting date or while polling is underway . This is significant , as a local business or other generally public building , which would normally not prohibit concealed carry , may offer their facilities for use as a polling place . A person would be in violation if they entered the building on the day voting occurs , even if the polls are not open at the time , and even if the license holder is there for some other purpose than to vote . Racetracks - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry a firearm on the premises of a racetrack ( horse or dog ) . While intoxicated - LTC holders may not carry in any place or at any time while intoxicated ( Penal Code 46.035 . ) , defined as : ( a ) not having the normal use of mental or physical faculties by reason of the introduction of alcohol , a controlled substance , a drug , a dangerous drug , a combination of two or more of those substances , or any other substance into the body ; or ( B ) having an alcohol concentration of 0.08 percent BAC or more ( Penal Code 49.01 . ) 30.06 signage ( edit ) TPC section 30.06 covers `` Trespass by a person licensed to carry a concealed handgun '' . It allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while carrying concealed . It is a Class A misdemeanor to fail to heed compliant signage . As of January 1 , 2016 , the charge for failing to heed signage has been reduced to a Class C misdemeanor , unless it can be shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart , in which case it remains a Class A misdemeanor . This is a significant difference , in that conviction of a Class A or B misdemeanor will result in the loss of your handgun license for at least 5 years , this is not the case if convicted of a Class C misdemeanor . Signs posted in compliance with TPC 30.06 are colloquially called `` 30.06 signs '' or `` 30.06 signage '' . The courts have yet to rule on any specific requirements of 30.06 , but LTC permittees are generally instructed that signage which does not comply exactly with TPC Sec . 30.06 ( c ) ( 3 ) ( B ) is not binding . The law states a compliant sign must be : In contrasting colors ; With block letters ; Having text 1 '' or greater in height ; Containing `` identical '' text to the following : Pursuant to Section 30.06 , Penal Code ( trespass by license holder with a concealed handgun ) , a person licensed under Subchapter H , Chapter 411 , Government Code ( handgun licensing law ) , may not enter this property with a concealed handgun In both English and Spanish ; Posted conspicuously and `` clearly visible to the public '' . Hospitals are a gray area due to conflicts in the law and multiple provisions that may apply to a medical facility : License holders were originally prohibited from carrying concealed inside a hospital without written authorization , under TPS 46.035 ( b ) ( 4 ) . An amendment in 2007 added paragraph ( i ) to the same section , stating that ( b ) ( 4 ) the prohibition does not apply if the license holder did not receive notice ( oral or written communication , including posting of a sign , under TPC 30.06 ) of the prohibition . But , a hospital may be a `` teaching hospital '' and considered a school , where firearms carry is prohibited , under TPC 46.03 ( a ) ( 1 ) . It may also be a VA or military hospital , and thus subject to federal prohibition on weapons carry . All hospitals are required under Government Code Section 411.204 ( b ) to post a sign stating that possession of a handgun whether licensed or not is a felony . It is unknown , given the amendments to 46.035 , whether the GC 411.204 signage would actually prohibit a CHL holder from carrying , as it would not constitute `` effective notice under section 30.06 '' and GC 411.204 does not describe failure to heed such a sign as an offense by the license holder . Anyone who owns or controls property may orally or in writing , inform a person carrying a concealed handgun that they must leave the property . Open carry ( edit ) As of January 1 , 2016 , holders of a Texas CHL or LTC are able to openly carry handguns in the same places that allow concealed carry with some exceptions . Openly carried handguns must be in a shoulder or belt holster . Existing CHL holders may continue to carry with a valid license . New applicants will be required to complete training on the use of restraint holsters and methods to ensure the secure carry of openly carried handguns . Exceptions to Open Carry Open carry is not permitted on the premises of a public institution of higher education or on the premises of a private or independent institution of higher education Open carry is not permitted on any public or private driveway , street , sidewalk or walkway , parking lot , parking garage or other parking area of an institution of higher education or private or independent institution of higher education Open carry is not permitted by an individual who is acting as a personal protection officer under Chapter 1702 Texas Occupations Code and is not wearing a uniform 30.07 signage ( edit ) This law took effect January 1 , 2016 , and covers the new Open Carry law . Section 30.07 is substantially similar to Section 30.06 which covers concealed carry . TPC section 30.07 covers `` Trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun '' This allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while openly carrying a handgun . An offense under section 30.07 is a Class C misdemeanor , unless it is shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart , in which case the offense is a Class A misdemeanor . The 30.07 sign differs from the 30.06 sign in that it must be displayed at each entrance to the property . ( In both cases the sign must be `` clearly visible to the public '' . ) The law states that notice may be given orally by the owner of the property , or someone with apparent authority to act for the owner , or by written communication . Written communication consists of a card or other document consisting the 30.07 language below , or a sign posted on the property . Both written communication and a posted sign must contain language identical to the following ( 30.07 notice ) : `` Pursuant to section 30.07 , Penal Code ( trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun ) , a person licensed under Subchapter H , Chapter 411 , Government Code ( handgun licensing law ) , may not enter this property with a handgun that is carried openly '' Additionally , signs posted on the property must conform to the following regulations : Must include the 30.07 notice above in both English and Spanish Must appear in contrasting colors Must be in block letters at least one inch in height Must be `` displayed in a conspicuous manner clearly visible to the public at each entrance to the property '' Castle Doctrine ( edit ) On March 27 , 2007 , Governor Rick Perry signed Senate Bill 378 into law , making Texas a `` Castle Doctrine '' state which came into effect September 1 , 2007 . Residents lawfully occupying a dwelling may use deadly force against a person who `` unlawfully , and with force , enters or attempts to enter the dwelling '' , or who unlawfully and with force removes or attempts to remove someone from that dwelling , or who commits or attempts to commit a `` qualifying '' felony such as `` aggravated kidnapping , murder , sexual assault , aggravated sexual assault , robbery , or aggravated robbery '' ( TPC 9.32 ( b ) ) . Stand your Ground ( edit ) Senate Bill 378 also contains a `` Stand Your Ground '' clause ; A person who has a legal right to be wherever he / she is at the time of a defensive shooting has no `` duty to retreat '' before being justified in shooting . The `` trier of fact '' ( the jury in a jury trial , otherwise the judge ) may not consider whether the person retreated when deciding whether the person was justified in shooting ( TPC 9.32 ( c , d ) ) . Civil immunity ( edit ) In addition , two statutes of the Texas Civil Practice And Remedies Code protect people who justifiably threaten or use deadly force . Chapter 86 prohibits a person convicted of a misdemeanor or felony from filing suit to recover any damages suffered as a result of the criminal act or any justifiable action taken by others to prevent the criminal act or to apprehend the person , including the firing of a weapon . Chapter 83 of the same code states that a person who used force or deadly force against an individual that is justified under TPC Chapter 9 is immune from liability for personal injury or death of the individual against whom the force was used . This does not relieve a person from liability for use of force or deadly force on someone against whom the force would not be justified , such as a bystander hit by an errant shot . This law does not prevent a person from being sued for using deadly force . The civil court will determine if the defendant was justified under chapter 9 of the Penal Code . Motorists protection act ( edit ) Gov. Perry also signed H.B. 1815 after passage by the 2007 Legislature , a bill that allows any Texas resident to carry a handgun in the resident 's motor vehicle without a CHL or other permit . The bill revised Chapter 46 , Section 2 of the Penal Code to state that it is in fact not `` Unlawful Carry of a Weapon '' , as defined by the statute , for a person to carry a handgun while in a motor vehicle they own or control , or to carry while heading directly from the person 's home to that car . However , lawful carry while in a vehicle requires these four critical qualifiers : ( 1 ) the weapon must not be in plain sight ( in Texas law , `` plain sight '' and `` concealed '' are mutually exclusive opposing terms ) ; ( 2 ) the carrier can not be involved in criminal activities , other than Class C traffic misdemeanors ; ( 3 ) the carrier can not be prohibited by state or federal law from possessing a firearm ; and ( 4 ) the carrier can not be a member of a criminal gang . Previous legislation ( H.B. 823 ) enacted in the 2005 session of the Legislature had modified TPC 46.15 ( `` Non-Applicability '' ) to include the `` traveller assumption '' ; a law enforcement officer who encounters a firearm in a vehicle was required to presume that the driver of that vehicle was `` travelling '' under a pre-existing provision of 46.15 , and thus the Unlawful Carry statute did not apply , absent evidence that the person was engaged in criminal activity , a member of a gang , or prohibited from possessing a firearm . However , attorneys and law enforcement officials in several municipalities including DA Chuck Rosenthal of Houston stated that they would continue to prosecute individuals found transporting firearms in their vehicles despite this presumption , leading to the more forceful statement of non-applicability in the 2007 H.B. 1815 . National firearms act ( edit ) Possession of destructive devices , automatic firearms ( machine guns ) , short - barrel shotguns ( SBS ) , short - barrel rifles ( SBR ) , suppressors , smoothbore pistols and other such NFA - restricted weapons is permitted by Texas law as long the owner has registered the item ( s ) into the NFA registry . This registration is legal if the owner possesses the proper forms , processed in accordance with the National Firearms Act which includes a paid tax stamp and approval by the NFA branch of the BATFE . State preemption of local laws ( edit ) Certain local preemptions exist within the state of Texas which prohibit city or county governments from passing ordinances further restricting the lawful carrying of handguns in certain instances beyond that of state law . In 2015 , the legislature passed penal code 411.209 which prohibited an agency or political subdivision from excluding from government property any concealed handgun license holder from carrying a gun unless firearms are prohibited on the premises by state law . Furthermore , Texas penal code 235.023 states the commissioners court of a county ( i.e. county legislative body ) is not authorized to regulate the transfer , ownership , possession , or transportation of firearms or require the registration of firearms More general prohibitions on restrictions on the sale , transfer , ownership , possession , etc. of firearms and knives under local law are listed under Local Government Code Title 7 , Subtitle A , Chapter 229 , Subchapter A Further Attorney General decisions also exist . For example , in August 1995 under DM - 0364 , Attorney General Dan Morales passed an opinion that municipalities are prohibited from regulating the carrying of concealed handguns in city parks by persons licensed to carry a handgun : `` ... we believe that a municipality does not have the power to prohibit licensees from carrying handguns in city parks but that a county does have such power over county parks '' Dan Morales also held that municipal housing authorities are subject to the preemption statute and this precludes authorities from adopting a regulation to evict a tenant for the otherwise legal possession of a firearm . See also ( edit ) Gun violence and gun control in Texas Law of Texas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Texas Government Code - Section 411.172 '' . Texas Constitution and Statutes . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NFA Weapons Now Legal In Texas '' . ammoland.com. 2015 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` TxDPS - CHL Sign Posting '' . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` NRA / ILA Firearms Laws for Texas '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 46 . WEAPONS '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas License to Carry a Handgun Laws '' ( PDF ) . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23. ) Jump up ^ `` Welcome License To Carry A Handgun Texas.gov '' . Txapps.texas.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Texas : Governor Abbott Signs Remaining Pro-Second Amendment Bills from 2017 Regular Session '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Abbott Signs Senate Bill 16 , Bringing Texas License To Carry Fees Down to Among Lowest in Nation '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Texas CCW information '' ( PDF ) . Handgunlaw.us . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` TxDPS -- Agreements with other states '' . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` TxDPS - New laws for Handgun Licensing Program '' . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` TEX PE . CODE § 30.06 : Section 30.06 : TRESPASS BY LICENSE HOLDER WITH A CONCEALED HANDGUN '' . www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us. 2016 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` TxDPS - New Legislation for Concealed Handgun Licensing '' . www.dps.texas.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 30 . BURGLARY AND CRIMINAL TRESPASS '' . www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Legislature Online -- History of Senate Bill 378 '' . Capitol.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 86 . LIABILITY FOR CERTAIN INJURIES TO CONVICTED PERSONS '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 83 . USE OF FORCE OR DEADLY FORCE '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Texas H.B. 1815 '' . Capitol.state.tx.us. 2007 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 46 . WEAPONS '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20111126103705/http://apps.carryconcealed.net/legal/texas-ccw-state-laws.php . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Texas Concealed Carry Permit Information on '' . Usacarry.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` DA warns handgun law wo n't relax enforcement - Houston Chronicle '' . Chron.com. 2005 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Weapons - When can you carry a gun in Texas '' . Texasgunlaws.org. 2007 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/GV/htm/GV.411.htm Jump up ^ https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/LG/htm/LG.235.htm Jump up ^ https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/LG/htm/LG.229.htm Jump up ^ https://texasattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/opinions/48morales/op/1995/pdf/dm0364.pdf Jump up ^ https://texasattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/opinions/48morales/op/1991/pdf/dm0071.pdf Gun laws in the United States by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming District of Columbia American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_laws_in_Texas&oldid=865009765 '' Categories : Texas law United States gun laws by state Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 October 2018 , at 02 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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Who Says You Can't Go Home

Who Says You Ca n't Go Home - wikipedia Who Says You Ca n't Go Home Jump to : navigation , search `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' Single by Bon Jovi from the album Have a Nice Day Released January 30 , 2006 Format CD single , digital download Length 4 : 40 ( Album / Rock version ) 3 : 50 ( Duet version / UK radio edit ) Label Island Songwriter ( s ) Jon Bon Jovi , Richie Sambora Producer ( s ) John Shanks , Jon Bon Jovi , Richie Sambora Bon Jovi singles chronology `` Have a Nice Day '' ( 2005 ) `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' ( 2006 ) `` Welcome to Wherever You Are '' ( 2006 ) `` Have a Nice Day '' ( 2005 ) `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' ( 2006 ) `` Welcome to Wherever You Are '' ( 2006 ) Jennifer Nettles singles chronology `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' ( 2006 ) Who Says You Ca n't Go Home2006 `` That Girl '' ( 2013 ) That Girl 2013 Audio sample file help Alternative cover Cover of Bon Jovi / Jennifer Nettles version `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' is a song written by Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora for the American rock band Bon Jovi 's ninth album Have a Nice Day ( 2005 ) . The song was produced by John Shanks , Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora . It was released as the second single in North America in the first quarter of 2006 and reached the top 30 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 singles chart , peaking at # 23 . Outside North America , `` Welcome to Wherever You Are '' was released as the second single with `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' being released as the album 's third release on June 12 , 2006 . The song reached # 5 in the UK , becoming the band 's second Top 10 single from the album . A version of the song was also shipped to country music radio , featuring duet vocals from Jennifer Nettles of the duo Sugarland and peaked at # 1 on the Country charts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Country music version 2 Music videos 3 2008 Presidential Election 4 Formats and track listings 4.1 UK CD single # 1 4.2 UK CD single # 2 4.3 Vinyl single 4.4 Digital Download 5 Charts 5.1 Year - end charts 6 Awards and achievements 7 References 8 Sources Country music version ( edit ) In the United States , a version of the song was released to the country music format as a duet with Jennifer Nettles , lead singer of the duo Sugarland . The country music version was originally recorded as a duet with Keith Urban , who also played banjo on the song . After Jon Bon Jovi decided that Urban 's voice was too similar to his own , he asked a representative of Mercury Records to recommend a female duet partner . Music videos ( edit ) The music video for the country / Jennifer Nettles version , released in November 2005 and directed by Jon 's brother , Anthony M. Bongiovi , features Habitat for Humanity volunteers , including members of the Philadelphia Soul Arena Football League team owned in part by Jon Bon Jovi , building homes for low - income families and was used to promote the organization . It won an award for Best Collaborative Video at the CMT Music Awards in 2006 . The shooting of the music video for the regular version , featuring a man dressed up as a dog , began at the March 9 , 2006 Bon Jovi concert at the Glendale Arena outside Phoenix and continued in the Los Angeles area . The video was released in the week of week of March 27 , 2006 . It was directed by Jeff Labbé through @ radical. media , lensed by David Lanzenberg , and edited by Steve Prestemon . 2008 Presidential election ( edit ) During the 2008 US Presidential election , the original version of `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' was used frequently at public events supporting the Republican Party . Specifically , the song was a prominent feature at several large rallies supporting vice-presidential candidate and former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin . This use of the song quickly became part of a controversy over several different songs that Republican candidates had been using without the artists ' permission , including music by Foo Fighters , Heart , John Mellencamp , and Boston . The Republicans , in turn , claimed `` blanket rights '' to play the songs at their public events . In launching the complaint , Bon Jovi stated , `` We were not asked ... we do not approve of their use of ( the song ) . We wrote this song as a thank you to those who have supported us over the past 25 years . The song has since become a banner for our home state of New Jersey and the de facto theme song for our partnerships around the country to build homes and rebuild communities . '' Bon Jovi has been an enthusiastic Democratic Party supporter , appearing at a $30,000 - per - plate fundraiser in support of President Barack Obama and performing at rallies for various Democratic candidates . Formats and track listings ( edit ) These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' . UK CD single # 1 ( edit ) `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' ( Radio edit ) `` Complicated '' ( Live In Boston ) UK CD single # 2 ( edit ) `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' ( Radio edit ) `` Last Man Standing '' ( Live in Boston ) `` Raise Your Hands '' ( Live in Boston ) `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' music video ( dog fursuit version ) Vinyl single ( edit ) `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' ( Radio edit ) `` Complicated '' ( Live in Boston ) Digital Download ( edit ) `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' ( Acoustic Version ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Peak position Austrian Singles Chart 36 Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 66 German Singles Chart 54 Irish Singles Chart 30 UK Singles Chart 5 US Billboard Hot 100 23 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 8 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 5 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 1 * US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 30 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Position US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 9 * * - duet with Jennifer Nettles Preceded by `` What Hurts the Most '' by Rascal Flatts Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one single May 6 -- May 13 , 2006 Succeeded by `` Wherever You Are '' by Jack Ingram Awards and achievements ( edit ) Won award for `` Best Collaborative Video '' at the CMT Music Awards in 2006 . Won award for `` Favorite Rock Song '' at the 33rd People 's Choice Awards in 2007 Won the Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals in 2007 . Song has been chosen to group best Country songs of the year - `` ASCAP Country Music Awards '' in 2006 Nominated for `` Music Event Of The Year '' at the Country Music Association Awards Nominated for `` Vocal Event Of The Year '' at the Academy of Country Music Awards References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Allmusic ( Bon Jovi charts & awards ) Billboard singles '' . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi 's Duet With Jennifer Nettles Hits the Country Top 10 '' . CMT.com . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Bon Jovi still aims to connect '' . Post-gazette.com . July 23 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ http://www.mvdbase.com/video.php?id=44729 Jump up ^ http://resumes.actorsaccess.com/sarahdonaldson Jump up ^ http://www.cmt.com/news/1528446/nettles-gives-clues-about-sugarlands-next-album/ ^ Jump up to : https://www.videostatic.com/vs/2006/03/shot-bon-jovi-jeff-labbe-director.html Jump up ^ http://www.mvdbase.com/video.php?id=49448 Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20120323024716/http://www.mymanagement.co.uk/credits.php?dopNum=32&listType=Promo Jump up ^ https://palliativemedia.squarespace.com/archival-work/ Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2006 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2006 . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Allmusic ( Bon Jovi charts & awards ) '' . Sources ( edit ) `` Billboard.com '' . U.S. chart data . Retrieved June 29 , 2006 . `` Bon Jovi : Have a Nice Day F.A.Q. '' Information on the song and its meaning . Retrieved June 29 , 2006 . `` Chart Data : Bon Jovi '' . Worldwide chart positions . Retrieved June 29 , 2006 . Bon Jovi Jon Bon Jovi Tico Torres David Bryan Hugh McDonald Phil X Richie Sambora Alec John Such Dave Sabo Studio albums Bon Jovi 7800 ° Fahrenheit Slippery When Wet New Jersey Keep the Faith These Days Crush Bounce Have a Nice Day Lost Highway The Circle What About Now This House Is Not for Sale Compilation albums Cross Road This Left Feels Right Greatest Hits Burning Bridges 100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Ca n't Be Wrong Live albums One Wild Night Live 1985 -- 2001 Inside Out This House Is Not for Sale -- Live from the London Palladium Singles `` Runaway '' `` She Do n't Know Me '' `` Burning for Love '' ( Japan only ) `` Only Lonely '' `` In and Out of Love '' `` The Hardest Part Is the Night '' `` Silent Night '' `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' `` Never Say Goodbye '' `` Bad Medicine '' `` Born to Be My Baby '' `` I 'll Be There for You '' `` Lay Your Hands on Me '' `` Living in Sin '' `` Keep the Faith '' `` Bed of Roses '' `` In These Arms '' `` I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead '' `` I Believe '' `` Dry County '' `` Please Come Home for Christmas '' `` Always '' `` Someday I 'll Be Saturday Night '' `` This Ai n't a Love Song '' `` Something for the Pain '' `` Lie to Me '' `` These Days '' `` Hey God '' `` Real Life '' `` It 's My Life '' `` Say It Is n't So '' `` Thank You For Loving Me '' `` One Wild Night ( 2001 ) '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive ( Live ) '' `` Everyday '' `` Misunderstood '' `` All About Lovin ' You '' `` Bounce '' ( promo single ) `` The Distance '' ( Japan only ) `` It 's My Life ( 2003 ) '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive ( 2003 ) '' ( promo single ) `` Have a Nice Day '' `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' ( with Jennifer Nettles ) `` Welcome to Wherever You Are '' `` ( You Want To ) Make a Memory '' `` Lost Highway '' `` Till We Ai n't Strangers Anymore '' ( with LeAnn Rimes ) `` Summertime '' ( Canada only ) `` Whole Lot of Leavin ' '' `` We Were n't Born to Follow '' `` Superman Tonight '' `` When We Were Beautiful '' `` What Do You Got ? '' `` No Apologies '' `` This Is Our House '' ( promo single ) `` Because We Can '' `` What About Now '' `` This House Is Not for Sale '' Other songs `` Edge of a Broken Heart '' Video albums Breakout : Video Singles Slippery When Wet : The Videos New Jersey : The Videos Access All Areas : A Rock & Roll Odyssey Keep the Faith : An Evening with Bon Jovi Keep the Faith : The Videos Cross Road Live from London The Crush Tour This Left Feels Right Live Lost Highway : The Concert When We Were Beautiful Live at Madison Square Garden Greatest Hits : The Ultimate Video Collection Concert tours Runaway Tour Slippery When Wet Tour Jersey Syndicate Tour Keep the Faith Tour I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead Tour These Days Tour Crush Tour One Wild Night Tour Bounce Tour Have a Nice Day Tour Lost Highway Tour The Circle Tour Bon Jovi Live Because We Can Bon Jovi Live ! This House Is Not for Sale Tour Solo albums Blaze of Glory ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Stranger in This Town ( Sambora ) On a Full Moon ( Bryan ) Destination Anywhere ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Undiscovered Soul ( Sambora ) Lunar Eclipse ( Bryan ) The Power Station Years : The Unreleased Recordings ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Aftermath of the Lowdown ( Sambora ) Related articles Discography Songs recorded Awards Book Jennifer Nettles Studio albums That Girl ( 2014 ) Playing with Fire ( 2016 ) To Celebrate Christmas ( 2016 ) Singles `` That Girl '' `` Unlove You '' Guest singles `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' ( w / Bon Jovi ) Related Articles Duets Bon Jovi Cheap Trick Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Says_You_Can%27t_Go_Home&oldid=832958151 '' Categories : 2006 singles Bon Jovi songs Jennifer Nettles songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Song recordings produced by John Shanks Vocal duets Songs written by Richie Sambora Songs written by Jon Bon Jovi Island Records singles Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 22 : 02 . 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who says you can't go home bon jovi

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Surfin' Bird

Surfin ' Bird - wikipedia Surfin ' Bird `` Surfin ' Bird '' Cover art for the 7 - inch single `` Surfin ' Bird '' Single by the Trashmen from the album Surfin ' Bird B - side `` King of the Surf '' Released November 13 , 1963 ( 1963 - 11 - 13 ) Format 7 '' Recorded 1963 Genre Surf rock garage rock Length 2 : 20 Label Garrett Songwriter ( s ) Al Frazier Carl White , Sonny Harris Turner Wilson Jr . Producer ( s ) Jack Bates the Trashmen singles chronology `` Surfin ' Bird '' ( 1963 ) `` Bird Dance Beat '' ( 1964 ) `` Surfin ' Bird '' ( 1963 ) `` Bird Dance Beat '' ( 1964 ) `` Surfin ' Bird '' is a song performed by American surf rock band the Trashmen , and it is also the name of the album that featured this hit single . The song was released in 1963 and reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It is a combination of two R&B hits by the Rivingtons : `` Papa - Oom - Mow - Mow '' and `` The Bird 's the Word '' . Contents 1 History 2 Album track listing 2.1 Side 1 2.2 Side 2 2.3 Bonus tracks ( CD ) 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Covers 5 Media portrayal 5.1 Pink Flamingos 5.2 Full Metal Jacket 5.3 Family Guy 5.4 The Big Year 5.5 Birdz 5.6 The Crawling Hand 6 Other cultural appearances 6.1 Major League Baseball 6.2 Subway 6.3 Ferdinand ( film ) 6.4 Heineken 6.5 Battlefield Vietnam 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The Rivingtons followed up their 1962 Billboard Hot 100 hit `` Papa - Oom - Mow - Mow '' with the similar `` The Bird 's the Word '' in 1963 . The Trashmen had not heard this version but saw a band called the Sorensen Brothers playing it . They decided to play the song that night at their own gig . During this first performance , drummer and vocalist Steve Wahrer stopped playing and ad - libbed the `` Surfin ' Bird '' middle section . Despite not knowing `` The Bird 's the Word '' was a Rivingtons song , the similarity to `` Papa - Oom - Mow - Mow '' was obvious and the Trashmen added the chorus to the end of their new track . A local disc jockey , Bill Diehl , was at the gig and convinced the band to record the track . It was recorded at Kay Bank Studios in Minneapolis . Diehl entered it into a local battle of the bands competition and it won . It was then sent to a battle of the bands competition in Chicago where it also won . This led to the group being signed to Garrett Records with the single being quickly released . It reportedly sold 30,000 copies in its first weekend before going on to national success , reaching No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Wahrer was originally credited as the song 's writer , but that was changed to the Rivingtons ( Al Frazier , Carl White , Sonny Harris , and Turner Wilson Jr . ) after the group successfully sued the Trashmen for plagiarism . Album track listing ( edit ) Side 1 ( edit ) `` Surfin ' Bird '' ( Al Frazier / Sonny Harris / Carl White / Turner Wilson ) -- 2 : 23 `` King of the Surf '' ( Larry LaPole ) -- 2 : 30 `` Henrietta '' ( Jimmy Dee / Larry Hitzfeld ) -- 2 : 35 `` Miserlou '' ( Milton Leeds / Nicholas Roubanis / Bob Russell / Fred Wise ) -- 2 : 08 `` Malagueña '' ( Ernesto Lecuona ) -- 2 : 35 `` It 's So Easy '' ( Buddy Holly / Norman Petty ) -- 2 : 06 Side 2 ( edit ) `` Tube City '' ( Steve Wahrer ) -- 3 : 23 `` My Woodie '' ( Larry LaPole ) -- 1 : 55 `` Bird Bath '' ( Dan Darnold / Dal Winslow ) -- 2 : 37 `` Kuk '' ( Bob Demmon / Rich Fifield / Jim Gallagher / Dennis Lindsey ) -- 2 : 05 `` Money '' ( Janie Bradford / Berry Gordy , Jr . ) -- 3 : 12 `` Sleeper '' ( Larry LaPole ) -- 2 : 33 Bonus tracks ( CD ) ( edit ) `` Surfin ' Bird '' ( demo version ) `` Bird Dance Beat '' ( demo version ) `` Walkin ' My Baby '' ( L Mathis / M Mathis ) `` Dancin ' with Santa '' ( L LaPole ) Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1963 -- 64 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 50 Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1964 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 75 US Cash Box Top 100 62 Covers ( edit ) `` Surfin ' Bird '' was covered by the Cramps as their 1978 debut single on Vengeance Records ; it also appeared on their 1979 album Gravest Hits and on their 1983 compilation album Off the Bone . The Cramps often end their concerts with the song . Paul Reubens ( as Pee - wee Herman ) covered the song on the soundtrack of the film Back to the Beach . `` Surfin ' Bird '' was covered by Charly Lownoise and Mental Theo on the maxi single `` The Bird '' in 1993 . Orbital sampled heavily from the original version on `` Tension '' from their 2001 album The Altogether . `` Surfin ' Bird '' was covered by Ramones on their Rocket to Russia album , released on November 4 , 1977 . `` Surfin ' Bird '' was covered by Sodom on their 2001 album M - 16 . `` Surfin Bird '' was covered by Phil Streva in 1989 . Release on the EP Catahoula in 2010 . Poultry - themed punk band the Radioactive Chicken Heads released a cover as a single in June 2017 and later as a music video in August , the same day the band performed the song on the ABC revival of The Gong Show . Brazilian rock band Os Cascavelletes made a Portuguese - language version of the song , entitled `` Pombo Surfista '' , for their 1987 demo tape Vórtex Demo . Media portrayal ( edit ) Pink flamingos ( edit ) A man lip - synchs his anus to the tune of this song in one scene of John Waters 's 1972 exploitation comedy . Full Metal Jacket ( edit ) In the second half of 1987 Stanley Kubrick film Full Metal Jacket , when a journalist news team records and interviews the platoon during the battle at Hue city , `` Surfin ' Bird '' can be heard playing on both the soundtrack and in the background on a radio . Family Guy ( edit ) The song is also featured in the `` I Dream of Jesus '' Family Guy episode , in which Peter Griffin overhears the song at a diner . He proceeds to annoy his family by playing the song virtually nonstop for the rest of the episode . It has since become a running gag on the show . In a subsequent episode it is revealed that Peter served as the original inspiration for the song , having used Stewie 's time machine to travel into the past where he sang it for the Trashmen . The Big Year ( edit ) In the movie The Big Year , Jack Black 's character Brad Harris has `` Surfin ' Bird '' as his cellphone ringtone . Birdz ( edit ) The song was covered as a theme song for the short - lived CBS animated series Birdz . The Crawling Hand. ( edit ) There is a scene in The Crawling Hand where the song makes an appearance during an attempted murder . In the MST3K episode , some of the riffs make fun of the song . Other cultural appearances ( edit ) Major League baseball ( edit ) The Trashmen 's tune was frequently played on Detroit radio and TV stations over the summer of 1976 during segments featuring the Tigers ' 21 - year old rookie sensation Mark Fidrych . Fidrych was nicknamed `` The Bird '' because of his supposed resemblance to Sesame Street 's Big Bird character , and because of his cartoonish antics on the mound , which included talking to the ball between pitches . Fidrych was named American League Rookie of the Year in 1976 , and finished second in the voting for the American League Cy Young Award . Subway ( edit ) The Ramones cover was used in a Fall 2017 television commercial for the Subway sandwich chain . Ferdinand ( film ) ( edit ) Prior to the release of the 2017 film Ferdinand a television commercial featured a cover by an unknown artist having the Ferdinand 's nickname `` Ferd '' instead of bird . Heineken ( edit ) A 2018 television commercial for Heineken beer , named `` New Friends '' , used the Ramones version . Battlefield Vietnam ( edit ) In the game Battlefield Vietnam , the song is one of the songs you can hear on the radio when commanding vehicles . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Archived August 27 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` A whole new generation is ' hearing the word ' '' . Herald-journal.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` THE TRASHMEN '' . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 1 / 18 / 64 '' . 19 July 2014 . Archived from the original on 19 July 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ChartArchive - The Chart Archive '' . Chartstats.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Hits of 1964 / Top 100 Songs of 1964 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Porter , Dick ( January 12 , 2015 ) . Journey to the Centre Of The Cramps . Music Sales Limited . p. 141 . ISBN 9781783233885 . Jump up ^ Ramones ( 1977 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Ramones - Rocket to Russia '' . Store.ramones.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` CD Baby Artist Login CD Baby Members Dashboard '' . Members.cdbaby.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Full Metal Jacket - Surfin Bird Part '' . YouTube . 2011 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Bird 's the Word from Crawling Hand. avi '' . YouTube . 2010 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Steve Kornacki ( 2009 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Mark ' The Bird ' Fidrych owned summer of 1976 '' . mlive.com . Jump up ^ Subway Autumn Carved Turkey TV Commercial ' Mashup ' Song by Ramones . Ispot.tv ( 2 ) Accessed October 22 , 2017 Jump up ^ Furnari , Chris ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` Anheuser - Busch , Constellation Brands and Heineken Release New Ad Campaigns Ahead of World Cup '' . BevNET.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Biography and discography of The Trashmen Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics surfin ' bird references Music video on YouTube . ( 3 ) on YouTube . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surfin%27_Bird&oldid=849286668 '' Categories : 1963 songs 1963 singles Debut singles Ramones songs The Trashmen songs Novelty songs Songs about birds Songs involved in plagiarism controversies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for UK All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 7 July 2018 , at 22 : 44 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

who did the song bird bird bird bird is the word

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Edward VIII abdication crisis

Edward VIII abdication crisis - wikipedia Edward VIII abdication crisis Jump to : navigation , search Instrument of abdication signed by Edward VIII and his three brothers , Albert , Henry and George , 10 December 1936 In 1936 , a constitutional crisis in the British Empire arose when King - Emperor Edward VIII proposed to marry Wallis Simpson , an American socialite who was divorced from her first husband and was pursuing a divorce of her second . The marriage was opposed by the governments of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth . Religious , legal , political and moral objections were raised . As British monarch , Edward was the nominal head of the Church of England , which did not then allow divorced people to remarry in church if their ex-spouses were still alive . For this reason , it was widely believed that Edward could not marry Simpson and remain on the throne . Simpson was perceived to be politically and socially unsuitable as a prospective queen consort because of her two failed marriages . It was widely assumed by the Establishment that she was driven by love of money or position rather than love for the King . Despite the opposition , Edward declared that he loved Simpson and intended to marry her whether his governments approved or not . The widespread unwillingness to accept Simpson as the King 's consort and Edward 's refusal to give her up led to his abdication in December 1936 . He was succeeded by his brother George VI . Edward was given the title His Royal Highness the Duke of Windsor following his abdication , and he married Simpson the following year . They remained married until his death 35 years later . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prelude 2 Opposition 2.1 Social and moral 2.2 Religious and legal 2.3 Political 3 Options considered 4 Legal manoeuvres 5 Abdication 6 Post-abdication 7 Notes 8 Sources 9 References 10 External links Prelude ( edit ) Edward in 1932 Edward had been introduced to Wallis Simpson , an American citizen and wife of British shipping executive Ernest Aldrich Simpson , by Lady Furness on 10 January 1931 . Ernest Simpson was Wallis 's second husband ; her first marriage , to U.S. Navy pilot Win Spencer , had ended in divorce in 1927 . It is generally accepted that Wallis Simpson and the Prince of Wales became lovers in 1934 , while Lady Furness ( who was also in a relationship with the prince ) was visiting relatives in America . However , Edward adamantly insisted to his father that he was not physically intimate with Simpson and that it was inappropriate to describe her as his mistress . Edward 's relationship with Simpson further weakened his poor relationship with his parents . Although King George V and Queen Mary met Simpson at Buckingham Palace in 1935 , they later refused to receive her . Edward and Simpson were secretly followed by members of the Metropolitan Police Special Branch , who produced reports on the nature of their relationship and their investigations into Wallis Simpson 's private life that included the `` pursuit of vicious gossip '' and the identification of a `` secret lover '' . The prospect of having an American divorcee with a questionable past having such sway over the heir apparent led to anxiety among government and establishment figures . Edward VIII succeeded his father on 20 January 1936 , after which Simpson attended more official functions as the King 's guest . Despite her name appearing regularly in the Court Circular , the name of her husband was conspicuously absent . In the summer of that year , the King eschewed the traditional prolonged stay at Balmoral in favour of a holiday with Simpson in the eastern Mediterranean that was widely covered in the American and continental European press , but not by the British press , which maintained a self - imposed silence . Nevertheless , Canadians and expatriate Britons , who had access to the foreign reports , were largely scandalised by the coverage . Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson in the Mediterranean , 1936 By October , it was rumoured in high society and abroad that Edward intended to marry Simpson as soon as she was free to do so . At the end of that month , the crisis came to a head when she filed for divorce and the American press announced that marriage between her and the King was imminent . The King 's private secretary , Alec Hardinge , wrote to him on 13 November , warning : `` The silence in the British Press on the subject of Your Majesty 's friendship with Mrs Simpson is not going to be maintained ... Judging by the letters from British subjects living in foreign countries where the Press has been outspoken , the effect will be calamitous . '' Senior British ministers knew that Hardinge had written to the King and may have helped him draft the letter . The King invited Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin to Buckingham Palace the following Monday ( 16 November ) and informed him that he intended to marry Simpson . Baldwin replied that such a marriage would not be acceptable to the people , stating : `` ... the Queen becomes the Queen of the country . Therefore in the choice of a Queen the voice of the people must be heard . '' Baldwin 's view was shared by the Australian High Commissioner in London , Stanley Bruce , who was a former Australian prime minister . On the same day that Hardinge wrote to the King , Bruce met Hardinge and then wrote to Baldwin , expressing horror at the idea of a marriage between the King and Simpson . Nevertheless , the British press remained quiet on the subject until Alfred Blunt , Bishop of Bradford , gave a speech to his diocesan conference on 1 December , which alluded to the King 's need of divine grace : `` We hope that he is aware of his need . Some of us wish that he gave more positive signs of his awareness . '' The press took this for the first public comment by a notable person on the crisis and it became front page news the following day . When asked about it later , however , the bishop claimed he had not heard of Simpson at the time he wrote the speech . Acting on the advice of Edward 's staff , Simpson left Britain for the south of France two days later in an attempt to escape intense press attention . Both she and the King were devastated by the separation . At a tearful departure , the King told her , `` I shall never give you up . '' Opposition ( edit ) Opposition to the King and his marriage came from several directions . Edward 's desire to modernise the monarchy and make it more accessible , though appreciated by many of the public , was distrusted by the British Establishment . Edward upset the aristocracy by treating their traditions and ceremonies with disdain , and many were offended by his abandonment of accepted social norms and mores . Social and moral ( edit ) Wallis Simpson , 1936 Government ministers and the royal family found Wallis Simpson 's background and behaviour unacceptable for a potential queen . Rumours and innuendo about her circulated in society . The King 's mother , Queen Mary , was even told that Simpson might have held some sort of sexual control over Edward , as she had released him from an undefined sexual dysfunction through practices learnt in a Chinese brothel . This view was partially shared by Alan Don , Chaplain to the Archbishop of Canterbury , who wrote that he suspected the King `` is sexually abnormal which may account for the hold Mrs. S. has over him '' . Even Edward VIII 's official biographer , Philip Ziegler , noted that : `` There must have been some sort of sadomasochistic relationship ... ( Edward ) relished the contempt and bullying she bestowed on him . '' Police detectives following Simpson reported back that , while involved with Edward , she was also involved with a married car mechanic and salesman named Guy Trundle . This may well have been passed on to senior figures in the establishment , including members of the royal family . Joseph Kennedy , the American ambassador , described her as a `` tart '' , and his wife , Rose , refused to dine with her . Wallis was perceived to be pursuing Edward for his money ; his equerry wrote that she would eventually leave him , `` having secured the cash '' . The future prime minister Neville Chamberlain ( then Chancellor of the Exchequer ) wrote in his diary that she was `` an entirely unscrupulous woman who is not in love with the King but is exploiting him for her own purposes . She has already ruined him in money and jewels ... '' Relations between the United Kingdom and the United States were strained during the inter-war years and the majority of Britons were reluctant to accept an American as queen consort . At the time , some members of the British upper class looked down on Americans with disdain and considered them socially inferior . In contrast , the American public was clearly in favour of the marriage , as was most of the American press . Religious and legal ( edit ) In Edward 's lifetime , the Church of England disapproved of divorced people remarrying in church while a former spouse was still living . The monarch was required to be in communion with the Church of England , and was its nominal head or Supreme Governor . If Edward married Wallis Simpson , a divorcee who would soon have two living ex-husbands , in a civil ceremony , it would directly conflict with Church teaching and his role as the Church 's ex officio head . Wallis 's first divorce ( in the United States on the grounds of `` emotional incompatibility '' ) was not recognised by the Church of England and , if challenged in the English courts , might not have been recognised under English law . At that time , the church and English law considered adultery to be the only grounds for divorce . Consequently , under this argument , her second marriage , as well as her marriage to Edward , would be considered bigamous and invalid . Political ( edit ) Fort Belvedere , Surrey , Edward 's residence in Windsor Great Park When Edward visited depressed mining villages in Wales , his comment that `` something must be done '' led to concerns among elected politicians that he would interfere in political matters , traditionally avoided by constitutional monarchs . Ramsay MacDonald , Lord President of the Council , wrote of the King 's comments : `` These escapades should be limited . They are an invasion into the field of politics & should be watched constitutionally . '' Although Edward 's comments had made him popular in Wales , he became extremely unpopular with the public in Scotland following his refusal to open a new wing of Aberdeen Royal Infirmary , saying he could not do so because he was in mourning for his father . The day after the opening he was pictured in newspapers on holiday : he had turned down the public event in favour of meeting Simpson . As Prince of Wales , Edward had publicly referred to Labour county councillors as `` cranks '' and made speeches counter to government policy . During his reign as king , his refusal to accept the advice of ministers continued : he opposed the imposition of sanctions on Italy after its invasion of Ethiopia , refused to receive the deposed Emperor of Ethiopia , and would not support a strengthening of the League of Nations . Members of the British government became further dismayed by the proposed marriage after being told that Wallis Simpson was an agent of Nazi Germany . The Foreign Office obtained leaked dispatches from the German Reich 's Ambassador to the United Kingdom , Joachim von Ribbentrop , which revealed his strong view that opposition to the marriage was motivated by the wish `` to defeat those Germanophile forces which had been working through Mrs. Simpson '' . It was rumoured that Simpson had access to confidential government papers sent to Edward , which he left unguarded at his Fort Belvedere residence . While Edward was abdicating , the personal protection officers guarding Simpson in exile in France sent reports to Downing Street suggesting that she might `` flit to Germany '' . Options considered ( edit ) As a result of these rumours and arguments , the belief strengthened among the British establishment that Simpson could not become a royal consort . British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin explicitly advised Edward that the majority of people would be opposed to his marrying Simpson , indicating that if he did , in direct contravention of his ministers ' advice , the government would resign en masse . The King responded , according to his own account later : `` I intend to marry Mrs. Simpson as soon as she is free to marry ... if the Government opposed the marriage , as the Prime Minister had given me reason to believe it would , then I was prepared to go . '' Under pressure from the King , and `` startled '' at the suggested abdication , Baldwin agreed to take further soundings on three options : Edward and Simpson marry and she become queen ( a royal marriage ) ; Edward and Simpson marry , but she not become queen , instead receiving some courtesy title ( a morganatic marriage ) ; or Abdication for Edward and any potential heirs he might father , allowing him to make any marital decisions without further constitutional implications . Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King ( left ) and his British counterpart Stanley Baldwin ( right ) , 1926 The second option had European precedents , including Edward 's own great - grandfather , Duke Alexander of Württemberg , but it had no parallel in British constitutional history . The prime ministers of the five Dominions ( Australia , Canada , New Zealand , South Africa , and the Irish Free State ) were consulted , and the majority agreed that there was `` no alternative to course ( 3 ) '' . William Lyon Mackenzie King ( Prime Minister of Canada ) , Joseph Lyons ( Prime Minister of Australia ) , and J.B.M. Hertzog ( Prime Minister of South Africa ) opposed options 1 and 2 . Mackenzie King told Edward to do `` what he believed in his own heart was right '' and the Canadian government appealed to the King to put his duty before his feelings for Simpson . Governor General of Canada Lord Tweedsmuir told Buckingham Palace and Baldwin that Canadians held deep affection for the King , but also that Canadian public opinion would be outraged if Edward married a divorcee . Michael Joseph Savage ( Prime Minister of New Zealand ) rejected option 1 and thought that option 2 `` might be possible ... if some solution along these lines were found to be practicable '' , but `` would be guided by the decision of the Home government '' . In communications with the British government , Éamon de Valera ( President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State ) remarked that as a Roman Catholic country , the Irish Free State did not recognise divorce . He supposed that if the British people would not accept Wallis Simpson then abdication was the only possible solution . On 24 November , Baldwin consulted the three leading opposition politicians in Britain : Leader of the Opposition Clement Attlee , Liberal leader Sir Archibald Sinclair , and Winston Churchill . Sinclair and Attlee agreed that options 1 and 2 were unacceptable , and Churchill pledged to support the government . Churchill did not support the government , however . In July , he had advised the King 's legal counsel , Walter Monckton , against the divorce , but his advice was ignored . As soon as the affair became public knowledge , Churchill started to pressure Baldwin and the King to delay any decisions until parliament and the people had been consulted . In a private letter to Geoffrey Dawson , the editor of The Times newspaper , Churchill suggested that a delay would be beneficial because , given time , the King might fall out of love with Simpson . Baldwin rejected the request for delay , presumably because he preferred to resolve the crisis quickly . Supporters of the King alleged a conspiracy between Baldwin , Geoffrey Dawson , and Cosmo Gordon Lang , the Archbishop of Canterbury . The royal physician Bertrand Dawson was possibly involved in a plan to force the prime minister to retire on the grounds of heart disease , but he eventually accepted , on the evidence of an early electrocardiograph , that Baldwin 's heart was sound . Political support for the King was scattered and comprised politicians outside of the mainstream parties such as Churchill , Oswald Mosley , and the Communists . David Lloyd George also supported the King despite disliking Simpson . He was , however , unable to take any active role in the crisis because he was on holiday in Jamaica with his mistress . In early December , rumours circulated that the King 's supporters would join together in a `` King 's Party '' , led by Churchill . However , there was no concerted effort to form an organised movement and Churchill had no intention of leading one . Nevertheless , the rumours damaged the King and Churchill severely , as members of parliament were horrified at the idea of the King interfering in politics . The letters and diaries of working - class people and ex-servicemen generally demonstrate support for the King , while those from the middle and upper classes tend to express indignation and distaste . The Times , The Morning Post , Daily Herald , and newspapers owned by Lord Kemsley , such as The Daily Telegraph , opposed the marriage . On the other hand , the Express and Mail newspapers , owned by Lord Beaverbrook and Lord Rothermere , respectively , appeared to support a morganatic marriage . The King estimated that the newspapers in favour had a circulation of 12.5 million , and those against had 8.5 million . On 3 December , Edward had a `` tense '' meeting with Baldwin . Backed by Churchill and Beaverbrook , Edward proposed to broadcast a speech via the BBC . The proposed text invoked the `` ancient custom '' for a King to `` address his public utterances to his people '' . Edward proposed to remind his listeners : `` I am still the same man whose motto was ' Ich Dien ' , I serve . '' In the proposed speech , Edward indicated his desire to remain on the throne or to be recalled to it if forced to abdicate , while marrying Simpson morganatically . In one section , Edward proposed to say : Neither Mrs. Simpson nor I have ever sought to insist that she should be queen . All we desired was that our married happiness should carry with it a proper title and dignity for her , befitting my wife . Now that I have at last been able to take you into my confidence , I feel it is best to go away for a while , so that you may reflect calmly and quietly , but without undue delay , on what I have said . Baldwin blocked the speech , saying that it would shock many people and would be a grave breach of constitutional principles . By modern convention , the sovereign could only act with the advice and counsel of ministers . In seeking the people 's support against the government , Edward was opting to oppose binding ministerial advice and instead act as a private individual . Edward 's British ministers felt that , in proposing the speech , Edward had revealed his disdainful attitude towards constitutional conventions and threatened the political neutrality of the Crown . Cabinet Office files released in 2013 show that on or before 5 December 1936 , the Home Secretary , Sir John Simon , had ordered the General Post Office ( which controlled British telephone services ) to intercept `` telephone communications between Fort Belvedere and Buckingham Palace on the one hand and the continent of Europe on the other . '' On 5 December , having in effect been told that he could not keep the throne and marry Simpson , and having had his request to broadcast to the Empire to explain `` his side of the story '' blocked on constitutional grounds , Edward chose the third option . Legal manoeuvres ( edit ) Following Simpson 's divorce hearing on 27 October 1936 , her solicitor , John Theodore Goddard , became concerned that there would be a `` patriotic '' citizen 's intervention ( a legal device to block the divorce ) , and that such an intervention would be successful . The courts could not grant a collaborative divorce ( a dissolution of marriage consented to by both parties ) , and so the case was being handled as if it were an undefended at - fault divorce brought against Ernest Simpson , with Wallis Simpson as the innocent , injured party . The divorce action would fail if the citizen 's intervention showed that the Simpsons had colluded by , for example , conniving in or staging the appearance of his adultery so that she could marry someone else . On Monday 7 December 1936 , the King heard that Goddard planned to fly to the south of France to see Wallis Simpson . The King summoned him and expressly forbade him to make the journey , fearing that the visit might put doubts in Simpson 's mind . Goddard went straight to Downing Street to see Baldwin , as a result of which he was provided with an aeroplane to take him directly to Cannes . Upon his arrival , Goddard warned his client that a citizen 's intervention , should it arise , was likely to succeed . It was , according to Goddard , his duty to advise her to withdraw her divorce petition . Simpson refused , but they both telephoned the King to inform him that she was willing to give him up so that he could remain king . It was , however , too late ; the King had already made up his mind to go , even if he could not marry Simpson . Indeed , as the belief that the abdication was inevitable gathered strength , Goddard stated that : `` ( his ) client was ready to do anything to ease the situation but the other end of the wicket ( Edward VIII ) was determined '' . Goddard had a weak heart and had never flown before , so he asked his doctor , William Kirkwood , to accompany him on the trip . As Kirkwood was a resident at a maternity hospital , his presence led to false speculation that Simpson was pregnant , and even that she was having an abortion . The press excitedly reported that the solicitor had flown to Simpson accompanied by a gynaecologist and an anaesthetist ( who was actually the lawyer 's clerk ) . Abdication ( edit ) `` The Year of the Three Kings '' , postcard 1936 At Fort Belvedere , on 10 December , Edward signed his written abdication notices , witnessed by his three younger brothers : Prince Albert , Duke of York ( who succeeded Edward as George VI ) ; Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester ; and Prince George , Duke of Kent . The following day , it was given effect by Act of Parliament : His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 . Under changes introduced in 1931 by the Statute of Westminster , a single Crown for the entire empire had been replaced by multiple crowns , one for each Dominion , worn by a single monarch in an organisation then known as the British Commonwealth . Though the British government , hoping for expediency and to avoid embarrassment , wished the Dominions to accept the actions of the home government , the Dominions held that Edward 's abdication required the consent of each Commonwealth state . This was duly given ; by the Parliament of Australia , which was at the time in session , and by the governments of the other Dominions , whose parliaments were in recess . The government of the Irish Free State , taking the opportunity presented by the crisis and in a major step towards its eventual transition to a republic , passed an amendment to its constitution on 11 December to remove references to the Crown . The King 's abdication was recognised a day later in the External Relations Act of the Irish Free State and legislation eventually passed in South Africa declared that the abdication took effect there on 10 December . As Edward VIII had not been crowned , his planned coronation date became that of George VI instead . Edward 's supporters felt that he had `` been hounded from the throne by that arch humbug Baldwin '' , but many members of the establishment were relieved by Edward 's departure . Mackenzie King wrote in his diary on 8 December 1936 that Edward 's `` sense of right or wrong has been largely obliterated by the jazz of life he has led for years '' and , upon receiving news of Edward 's final decision to abdicate , `` if that is the kind of man he is it is better he should not be longer on the Throne . '' Edward 's own Assistant Private Secretary , Alan Lascelles , had told Baldwin as early as 1927 : `` I ca n't help thinking that the best thing that could happen to him , and to the country , would be for him to break his neck . '' Wikisource has original text related to this article : Abdication speech On 11 December 1936 , Edward made a BBC radio broadcast from Windsor Castle ; having abdicated , he was introduced by Sir John Reith as `` His Royal Highness Prince Edward '' . The official address had been polished by Churchill and was moderate in tone , speaking about Edward 's inability to do his job `` as I would have wished '' without the support of `` the woman I love '' . Edward 's reign had lasted 327 days , the shortest of any British monarch since the disputed reign of Lady Jane Grey over 380 years earlier . The day following the broadcast he left Britain for Austria . Post-abdication ( edit ) The Duke of Windsor , formerly Edward VIII , 1945 George VI gave his elder brother the title of Duke of Windsor with the style His Royal Highness on 12 December 1936 . On 3 May the following year , the Simpsons ' divorce was made final . The case was handled quietly and it barely featured in some newspapers . The Times printed a single sentence below a separate , and seemingly unconnected , report announcing the Duke 's departure from Austria . Edward married Wallis in France on 3 June 1937 . She became the Duchess of Windsor , but , much to Edward 's disgust , George VI issued letters patent that denied her the style of Her Royal Highness . The couple settled in France , and the Duke received a tax - free allowance from his brother , which Edward supplemented by writing his memoirs and by illegal currency trading . He also profited from the sale of Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House to George VI . Both estates are private property and not part of the Royal Estate , and were therefore inherited and owned by Edward , regardless of the abdication . In October 1937 , the Duke and Duchess visited Germany , against the advice of the British government , and met Hitler at his Obersalzberg retreat . The visit was much publicised by the German media . During the visit the Duke gave full Nazi salutes . In an article for the New York Daily News and Chicago Tribune of 13 December 1966 the Duke wrote that in 1937 Hitler persuaded him `` it was in Britain 's interest and in Europe 's too , that Germany be encouraged to strike east and smash Communism forever ... I thought the rest of us could be fence - sitters while the Nazis and the Reds slogged it out . '' After the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 , Edward was assigned to the British Military Mission in France . In February 1940 , the German ambassador in The Hague , Count Julius von Zech - Burkersroda , claimed that Edward had leaked the Allied war plans for the defence of Belgium . When Germany invaded the north of France in May 1940 , the Duke and Duchess fled to Lisbon . Under the code name Operation Willi , Nazi agents , principally Walter Schellenberg , plotted unsuccessfully to persuade the Duke to leave Portugal , and contemplated kidnapping him . Lord Caldecote warned Churchill that the Duke `` is well - known to be pro-Nazi and he may become a centre of intrigue '' . Churchill threatened the Duke with a court - martial if he did not return to British soil . In July 1940 , Edward was appointed Governor of the Bahamas . Edward reportedly told an acquaintance , `` After the war is over and Hitler will crush the Americans ... we 'll take over ... They ( the British ) do n't want me as their king , but I 'll be back as their leader . '' He was reported as saying that `` it would be a tragic thing for the world if Hitler was overthrown '' . Comments like these reinforced the belief that the Duke and Duchess held Nazi sympathies and the effect of the abdication crisis of 1936 was to force off the throne a man with extreme political opinions . Claims that Edward would have been a threat or that he was removed by a political conspiracy to dethrone him remain speculative and `` persist largely because since 1936 the contemporary public considerations have lost most of their force and so seem , wrongly , to provide insufficient explanation for the King 's departure '' . After the war , the Windsors returned to France and spent the remainder of their lives essentially in retirement ; Edward never took another official role . The Windsors remained married until Edward 's death in 1972 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In 2002 , the Church of England decided to allow divorced people to remarry in church under certain conditions . Jump up ^ The instrument of abdication was signed on 10 December , and given legislative form by His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 the following day . The parliament of the Union of South Africa retroactively approved the abdication with effect from 10 December . The Irish Free State recognised the abdication on 12 December . Jump up ^ Although Henry VIII famously separated the Church of England from Rome in order to end his first marriage , he never actually divorced ; his marriages were annulled . Three of Henry 's six marriages were annulled , i.e. declared under canon law to be null and void . Henry 's marriage to Catherine of Aragon was annulled on the grounds that the marriage was incestuous ( Catherine had been married previously to Henry 's elder brother ) . Henry 's marriage to Anne Boleyn was declared invalid after Catherine 's death and Anne 's conviction for treason . Henry 's marriage to Anne of Cleves was not consummated and was annulled six months after the wedding on the pretext that Anne had been promised to another . In contrast , Mrs Simpson 's divorces were legal terminations under civil law of legally valid marriages . A person with an annulment has not been married , whereas a person with a divorce has been married already . Jump up ^ There were 15 , including one for each Dominion , India , the British House of Commons , the House of Lords , and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . Sources ( edit ) Jump up ^ Divorce , Church of England , 2015 Jump up ^ Ziegler , p. 233 Jump up ^ Windsor , p. 255 Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 142 Jump up ^ Bowcott , Owen ; Bates , Stephen ( 30 January 2003 ) , `` Car dealer was Wallis Simpson 's secret lover '' , The Guardian , London , retrieved 1 May 2010 Jump up ^ Ziegler , pp. 231 -- 234 Jump up ^ Broad , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Broad , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Beaverbrook , pp. 28 -- 33 ; Windsor , p. 314 ; Ziegler , pp. 292 -- 295 . Jump up ^ Broad , p. 56 ; Williams , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Broad , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Williams , pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Broad , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Williams , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Williams , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Williams , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Williams , pp. 149 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Williams , pp. 8 -- 11 . Jump up ^ The Duke of Windsor , p. 136 . Jump up ^ The Duke of Windsor , p. 301 ; Beaverbrook , p. 14 ; Williams , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ See , for example , Virginia Woolf 's diary quoted in Williams , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Ziegler , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Howarth , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Jones , Chris ( 29 January 2003 ) , Profile : Wallis Simpson , BBC , retrieved 2 May 2010 Jump up ^ Williams , pp. 96 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Vickers , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Vickers , p. 185 . Jump up ^ John Aird 's diary , quoted in Ziegler , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Ziegler , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Pope - Hennessy , James ( 1959 ) , Queen Mary , London : George Allen and Unwin Ltd , p. 574 Jump up ^ Williams , pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Williams , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Williams , p. 90 ; Ziegler , p. 296 . Jump up ^ `` A Historic Barrier Drops '' , Time , 20 July 1981 , retrieved 2 May 2010 Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 241 . Jump up ^ The Duke of Windsor , p. 338 . Jump up ^ Ramsay MacDonald 's diary , quoted in Williams , p. 60 . Jump up ^ See , for example , Williams , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Vickers , p. 140 ; Ziegler , p. 288 . Jump up ^ The Duke of Windsor , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Beaverbrook , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Ziegler , pp. 271 -- 272 . Jump up ^ Howarth , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Williams , pp. 196 -- 197 ; Ziegler , pp. 273 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Bowcott , Owen ; Bates , Stephen ( 30 January 2003 ) , `` Fear that Windsors would ' flit ' to Germany '' , The Guardian , retrieved 2 May 2010 ^ Jump up to : The Duke of Windsor , p. 332 . Jump up ^ Éamon de Valera quoted in Bradford , p. 188 . ^ Jump up to : The Diaries of William Lyon Mackenzie King , Library and Archives Canada , 8 December 1936 , p. 555 ^ Jump up to : Heard , Andrew ( 1990 ) , Canadian Independence , Vancouver : Simon Fraser University , retrieved 6 May 2009 Jump up ^ Hubbard , R.H. ( 1977 ) , Rideau Hall , Montreal and London : McGill - Queen 's University Press , p. 187 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 0310 - 6 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Williams , pp. 130 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Williams , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Williams , p. 173 ; Ziegler , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Williams , pp. 173 -- 176 . Jump up ^ Williams , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Evans , W. ( 1968 ) , Journey to Harley Street , London : David Rendel , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Evans , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Williams , pp. 179 -- 181 . Jump up ^ Williams , pp. 198 -- 199 . Jump up ^ Williams , pp. 181 -- 182 . Jump up ^ Williams , pp. 199 -- 200 . Jump up ^ See , for example , Williams , pp. 138 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Beaverbrook , p. 68 ; Broad , p. 188 ; Ziegler , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Ziegler , p. 308 ; The Duke of Windsor , p. 373 . ^ Jump up to : Casciani , Dominic ( 30 January 2003 ) , King 's abdication appeal blocked , BBC News , retrieved 2 May 2010 Jump up ^ The Duke of Windsor , p. 361 . Jump up ^ Beaverbrook , p. 71 ; Williams , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Norton - Taylor , Richard ( 23 May 2013 ) , `` Ministers ordered bugging of King Edward VIII 's phones , records reveal '' , The Guardian , retrieved 23 May 2013 Jump up ^ The Duke of Windsor , pp. 378 -- 379 . Jump up ^ The Duke of Windsor , pp. 386 -- 387 . ^ Jump up to : Cretney , Stephen ( September 2003 ) , `` Edward , Mrs. Simpson and the Divorce Law : Stephen Cretney Investigates Whether the Government Colluded in the Suppression of Evidence That Might Have Prevented Wallis Simpson 's Divorce and Royal Marriage '' , History Today , 53 : 26 ff. , retrieved 2 May 2010 ( subscription required ) . Jump up ^ Norton - Taylor , Richard ; Evans , Rob ( 2 March 2000 ) , `` Edward and Mrs. Simpson cast in new light '' , The Guardian , retrieved 2 May 2010 Jump up ^ `` Duchess of Windsor '' , Time , 21 December 1936 , retrieved 2 May 2010 Jump up ^ Beaverbrook , p. 81 ; Williams , p. 217 . Jump up ^ `` No. 34350 '' . The London Gazette. 15 December 1936 . p. 8117 . Jump up ^ Anne Twomey ( 18 September 2014 ) . Professor Anne Twomey -- Succession to the Crown : foiled by Canada ? ( Digital video ) . London : University College London . Jump up ^ Constitution ( Amendment No. 27 ) Act , 1936 , Government of Ireland , retrieved 2 May 2010 Jump up ^ Executive Authority ( External Relations ) Act , 1936 , Government of Ireland , retrieved 2 May 2010 Jump up ^ David Lloyd George quoted in Williams , p. 241 . Jump up ^ The Diaries of William Lyon Mackenzie King , Library and Archives Canada , 9 December 1936 , p. 561 Jump up ^ Lascelles , Sir Alan ' Tommy ' ( 20 November 2006 ) , `` Prince Charmless : A damning portrait of Edward VIII '' , Daily Mail , retrieved 2 May 2010 Jump up ^ The Duke of Windsor , p. 413 ; Ziegler , p. 331 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Charles , ed. ( 1975 ) , The Reith Diaries , London : Collins , pp. 192 -- 193 , ISBN 0 - 00 - 211174 - 8 Jump up ^ The Duke of Windsor , pp. 409 -- 413 . Jump up ^ `` No. 34350 '' . The London Gazette. 15 December 1936 . p. 8115 . Jump up ^ `` Mrs. Ernest Simpson 's Divorce '' . The Times , Tuesday , 4 May 1937 , p. 5 , col. C ; `` The Duke of Windsor : Departure from Austria '' , The Times , Tuesday , 4 May 1937 , p. 5 , col. C . Jump up ^ Ziegler , p. 529 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Andrew ( 2000 ) , Antonia Fraser , ed. , The House of Windsor , London : Cassell and Co , p. 53 , ISBN 0 - 304 - 35406 - 6 Jump up ^ Ziegler , pp. 376 -- 378 . Jump up ^ Donaldson , pp. 331 -- 332 Jump up ^ `` Windsor Helpless as World Drifts to War '' , Chicago Tribune , 13 December 1966 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Matthew , H.C.G. ( September 2004 ; online edition January 2008 ) `` Edward VIII , later Prince Edward , duke of Windsor ( 1894 -- 1972 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 31061 , retrieved 1 May 2010 ( Subscription required ) Jump up ^ Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918 -- 1945 Series D , Volume VIII , quoted in Bradford , p. 434 Jump up ^ Bloch , p. 91 Jump up ^ Bloch , pp. 86 , 102 ; Ziegler , pp. 430 -- 432 Jump up ^ Ziegler , p. 434 Jump up ^ Bloch , p. 93 Jump up ^ Bloch , pp. 93 -- 94 , 98 -- 103 , 119 ^ Jump up to : Walker , Andrew ( 29 January 2003 ) , Profile : Edward VIII , BBC News , retrieved 2 May 2010 Jump up ^ Ziegler , pp. 434 ff . Jump up ^ Williamson , Philip ( 2007 ) , Olechnowicz , Andrzej , ed. , `` The monarchy and public values 1910 -- 1953 '' , The monarchy and the British nation , 1780 to the present , Cambridge University Press , p. 225 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 84461 - 1 References ( edit ) Beaverbrook , Lord ( 1966 ) , A.J.P. Taylor , ed. , The Abdication of King Edward VIII , London : Hamish Hamilton Bradford , Sarah ( 1989 ) , King George VI , London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson , ISBN 0 - 297 - 79667 - 4 Broad , Lewis ( 1961 ) , The Abdication , London : Frederick Muller Howarth , Patrick ( 1987 ) , George VI , London : Hutchinson , ISBN 0 - 09 - 171000 - 6 Vickers , Hugo ( 2006 ) , Elizabeth , the Queen Mother , London : Arrow Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 947662 - 7 Williams , Susan ( 2003 ) , The People 's King : The True Story of the Abdication , London : Penguin Books , ISBN 0 - 7139 - 9573 - 4 Windsor , HRH The Duke of ( 1951 ) , A King 's Story , London : Cassell and Co , OCLC 1903717 Ziegler , Philip ( 1991 ) , King Edward VIII , New York : Alfred A. Knopf , ISBN 0 - 394 - 57730 - 2 External links ( edit ) Pathé Newsreel recording of Edward 's abdication speech ( requires Flash ) ( hide ) Edward VIII abdication crisis Edward VIII Wallis Simpson People Prince Albert ( Edward VIII 's brother , later George VI ) Stanley Baldwin ( Prime Minister of the United Kingdom ) Alfred Blunt ( Bishop of Bradford ) John Theodore Goddard ( Mrs. Simpson 's solicitor ) Alec Hardinge ( Edward VIII 's private secretary ) J.B.M. Hertzog ( Prime Minister of South Africa ) Cosmo Gordon Lang ( Archbishop of Canterbury ) Joseph Lyons ( Prime Minister of Australia ) William Lyon Mackenzie King ( Prime Minister of Canada ) Queen Mary ( Edward VIII 's mother ) Walter Monckton ( advisor to Edward VIII ) Michael Joseph Savage ( Prime Minister of New Zealand ) Ernest Simpson ( Mrs. Simpson 's husband ) Éamon de Valera ( President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State ) Legal documents His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 ( United Kingdom ) Executive Authority ( External Relations ) Act 1936 ( Ireland ) His Majesty King Edward the Eighth 's Abdication Act , 1937 ( South Africa ) Succession to the Throne Act 1937 ( Canada ) Cultural depictions Edward & Mrs. Simpson ( 1978 ) The Woman He Loved ( 1988 ) Wallis & Edward ( 2005 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) W.E. ( 2012 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_VIII_abdication_crisis&oldid=802140870 '' Categories : Edward VIII abdication crisis Royal scandals Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2015 Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 07 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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American System (economic plan)

American System ( economic plan ) - Wikipedia American System ( economic plan ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series about Henry Clay Early life Legal career Speaker of the House War of 1812 American System Missouri Compromise Second Bank of the United States Bid for the Presidency ( 1824 ) Secretary of State Corrupt Bargain Charlotte Dupuy U.S. Senator from Kentucky Nullification Crisis Bid for the Presidency ( 1832 ) Whig Party Bid for the Presidency ( 1844 ) Compromise of 1850 Death Lying in State The Monkey System or Every One For Himself Henry Clay says `` Walk in and see the new improved grand original American System ! '' The cages are labeled : `` Home , Consumption , Internal , Improv '' . This 1831 cartoon ridiculing Clay 's American System depicts monkeys , labeled as being different parts of a nation 's economy , stealing each other 's resources ( food ) with commentators describing it as either great or a humbug . The American System was an economic plan that played a prominent role in American policy during the first half of the 19th century . Rooted in the `` American School '' ideas of Alexander Hamilton , the plan `` consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts : a tariff to protect and promote American industry ; a national bank to foster commerce ; and federal subsidies for roads , canals , and other ' internal improvements ' to develop profitable markets for agriculture '' . Congressman Henry Clay was the plan 's foremost proponent and the first to refer to it as the `` American System '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Main points 3 Annual Message of 1815 ( Seven Points ) 4 See also 5 Further reading 5.1 Modern Books 5.2 Other / older Books 6 Sources and Notes History ( edit ) A plan to strengthen and unify the nation , the American System , was advanced by the Whig Party and a number of leading politicians including Henry Clay , John C. Calhoun and John Quincy Adams . The System ran counter to federalism and included : Support for a high tariff to protect American industries and generate revenue for the federal government Maintenance of high public land prices to generate federal revenue Preservation of the Bank of the United States to stabilize the currency and rein in risky state and local banks Development of a system of internal improvements ( such as roads and canals ) which would knit the nation together and be financed by the tariff and land sales Clay protested that the West , which opposed the tariff , should support it since urban factory workers would be consumers of western foods . In Clay 's view , the South ( which also opposed high tariffs ) should support them because of the ready market for cotton in northern mills . This last argument was the weak link . The South never strongly supported the American System and had access to plenty of markets for its cotton exports . Portions of the American System were enacted by the United States Congress . The Second Bank of the United States was rechartered in 1816 for 20 years . High tariffs were first suggested by Alexander Hamilton in his 1791 Report on Manufactures but were not approved by Congress until the Tariff of 1816 . Tariffs were subsequently raised until they peaked in 1828 after the so - called Tariff of Abominations . After the Nullification Crisis in 1833 , tariffs remained the same rate until the Civil War . However , the national system of internal improvements was never adequately funded ; the failure to do so was due in part to sectional jealousies and constitutional squabbles about such expenditures . The American System did not enjoy universal success , however ; in 1830 , President Jackson vetoed a bill which would allow the federal government to purchase stock in the Maysville , Washington , Paris , and Lexington Turnpike Road Company , which had been organized to construct a road linking Lexington and the Ohio River , the entirety of which would be in the state of Kentucky . Jackson 's Maysville Road veto was due to both his personal conflict with Clay and his ideological objections . Main points ( edit ) The establishment of a protective tariff , a 20 % -- 25 % tax on imported goods , would protect a nation 's business from foreign competition . Congress passed a tariff in 1816 which made European goods more expensive and encouraged consumers to buy relatively cheap American - made goods . The establishment of a national bank would promote a single currency , making trade easier , and issue what was called sovereign credit , i.e. , credit issued by the national government , rather than borrowed from the private banking system . In 1816 , Congress created the Second Bank of the United States . The improvement of the country 's infrastructure , especially transportation systems , made trade easier and faster for everyone . Poor roads made transportation slow and costly . This program became the leading tenet of the Whig Party of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster . It was opposed by the Democratic Party of Andrew Jackson , Martin Van Buren , James K. Polk , Franklin Pierce , and James Buchanan prior to the Civil War , often on the grounds that the points of it were unconstitutional . Among the most important internal improvements created under the American System was the Cumberland Road . Henry Clay 's `` American System , '' devised in the burst of nationalism that followed the War of 1812 , remains one of the most historically significant examples of a government - sponsored program to harmonize and balance the nation 's agriculture , commerce , and industry . This `` System '' consisted of three mutually reenforcing parts : a tariff to protect and promote American industry ; a national bank to foster commerce ; and federal subsidies for roads , canals , and other `` internal improvements '' to develop profitable markets for agriculture . Funds for these subsidies would be obtained from tariffs and sales of public lands . Clay argued that a vigorously maintained system of sectional economic interdependence would eliminate the chance of renewed subservience to the free - trade , laissez - faire `` British System . '' -- United States Senate website Annual Message of 1815 ( Seven Points ) ( edit ) Funds for national defense Frigates for the Navy A standing army and federal control of the militia Federal aid for building roads and canals A protective tariff to encourage manufacturers Re-establishing the National Bank Federal assumption of some state debt See also ( edit ) American School ( economics ) Friedrich List , German - American economist Import substitution industrialization , a key feature of the American System adopted in much of the Third World during the twentieth century Lincoln 's expansion of the federal government 's economic role National Policy , a similar economic plan used by Canada circa 1867 -- 1920s Further reading ( edit ) Modern Books ( edit ) Michael , Diaz , The Promise of American Life ( 2005 - reprint ) Joseph Dorfman . The Economic Mind in American Civilization , 1606 - 1865 ( 1947 ) 2 vol Eckes , Jr . Alfred E. `` Opening America 's Market - U.S. Foreign Trade Policy Since ( 1995 ) University of North Carolina Press Foner , Eric . Free Soil , Free Labor , Free Men : The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War ( 1970 ) Gill , William J. Trade Wars Against America : A History of United States Trade and Monetary Policy ( 1990 ) Carter Goodrich , Government Promotion of American Canals and Railroads , 1800 - 1890 ( Greenwood Press , 1960 ) Goodrich , Carter . `` American Development Policy : the Case of Internal Improvements , '' Journal of Economic History , 16 ( 1956 ) , 449 - 60 . in JSTOR Goodrich , Carter . `` National Planning of Internal Improvements , '' Political Science Quarterly , 63 ( 1948 ) , 16 - 44 . in JSTOR John Lauritz Larson . Internal Improvement : National Public Works and the Promise of Popular Government in the Early United States ( 2001 ) Lively , Robert A . `` The American System , a Review Article , '' Business History Review , XXIX ( March , 1955 ) , 81 - 96 . recommended starting point Lind , Michael Hamilton 's Republic : Readings in the American Democratic Nationalist Tradition ( 1997 ) Lind , Michael What Lincoln Believed : The Values and Convictions of America 's Greatest President ( 2004 ) Remini , Robert V. Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union , 1991 Edward Stanwood , American Tariff Controversies in the 19th Century ( 1903 ; reprint 1974 ) , 2 vols. , favors protectionism Charles M. Wiltse , John C. Calhoun : Nationalist , 1782 - 1828 ( 1944 ) Other / older Books ( edit ) G.B. Curtiss , Protection and Prosperity : an ; W.H. Dawson , Protection in Germany ( London , 1904 ) Alexander Hamilton , Report on the Subject of Manufactures , communicated to the House of Representatives , 5 December 1791 H.C. Carey , Principles of Social Science ( 3 vols. , Philadelphia , 1858 -- 1859 ) , Harmony of Interests Agricultural , Manufacturing and Commercial ( Philadelphia , 1873 ) Friedrich List , Outlines of American Political Economy ( 1980 - reprint ) Friedrich List , National System of Political Economy ( 1994 - reprint ) A.M. Low , Protection in the United States ( London , 1904 ) ; H. 0 . Meredith , Protection in France ( London , 1904 ) Ellis H. Roberts , Government Revenue , especially the American System , an argument for industrial freedom against the fallacies of free trade ( Boston , 1884 ) J.P. Young , Protection and Progress : a Study of the Economic Bases of the American Protective System ( Chicago , 1900 ) Clay , Henry . The Papers of Henry Clay , 1797 - 1852 . Edited by James Hopkins Sources and notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Classic Senate Speeches : Henry Clay In Defense of the American System at the US Senate website The American System : Speeches on the Tariff Question and Internal Improvements by Congressman Andrew Stewart John Quincy Adams United States House of Representatives , 1831 -- 1848 6th President of the United States , 1825 -- 1829 8th U.S. Secretary of State , 1817 -- 1825 U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom , 1814 -- 1817 1st U.S. Minister to Russia , 1809 -- 1814 Massachusetts State Senate , 1803 -- 1808 U.S. Minister to Prussia , 1797 -- 1801 U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands , 1794 -- 1797 Presidency Inauguration American System Internal improvements Tariff of 1828 First Treaty of Prairie du Chien Treaty of Fond du Lac Treaty of Limits United States Naval Observatory Abdulrahman Ibrahim Ibn Sori State of the Union Address , 1825 1827 1828 Federal judiciary appointments Other events Monroe Doctrine , author Treaty of Ghent Adams -- Onís Treaty Treaty of 1818 Smithsonian Institution United States v . The Amistad Mendi Bible President , American Academy of Arts and Sciences President , Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences Writings Lifelong diary Massachusetts Historical Society holdings Life and homes Early life Abigail Adams Cairn John Quincy Adams and abolitionism Adams National Historical Park Birthplace and family home Peacefield Presidential Library United First Parish Church and gravesite Elections United States presidential election , 1824 Corrupt Bargain United States presidential election , 1828 Legacy Adams Memorial Adams House at Harvard University U.S. Postage stamps Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar Popular culture Profiles in Courage ( 1957 book 1965 television series ) The Adams Chronicles ( 1976 miniseries ) Mutiny on the Amistad ( 1987 book ) Amistad ( 1997 film ) John Adams ( 2001 book 2008 miniseries ) Adams family Quincy family Louisa Adams ( wife ) George W. Adams ( son ) Charles Adams Sr. ( son ) John Adams II ( son ) Henry Adams ( grandson ) Brooks Adams ( grandson ) John Quincy Adams II ( grandson ) John Adams father presidency Abigail Adams mother First Lady Quincy family Abigail Adams Smith ( sister ) Charles Adams ( brother ) Thomas Boylston Adams ( brother ) John Adams Sr. ( paternal grandfather ) Susanna Boylston ( paternal grandmother ) Elihu Adams ( paternal uncle ) John Quincy ( great - grandfather ) Related National Republican Party Republicanism Quincy Patriot ← James Monroe Andrew Jackson → Alexander Hamilton Senior Officer of the United States Army , 1799 -- 1800 1st Secretary of the Treasury , 1789 -- 1795 Delegate , Congress of the Confederation , 1782 -- 1783 , 1788 -- 1789 United States founding events A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( 1775 ) Delegate , 1786 Annapolis Convention Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Initiated , main author , The Federalist Papers written by Hamilton Founding Father Secretary of the Treasury First Bank of the United States Revenue Marine ( United States Coast Guard ) United States Customs Service Hamiltonian economic program Residence Act Compromise of 1790 `` First Report on the Public Credit '' , 1790 Funding Act of 1790 `` Operations of the Act Laying Duties on Imports '' , 1790 `` Second Report on Public Credit '' , a.k.a. `` Report on a National Bank '' , 1790 `` Report On Manufactures '' , 1791 Tariff of 1790 Tariff of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Whiskey Rebellion Jay Treaty Military career New York Provincial Company of Artillery In the Revolutionary War Battles : Harlem Heights White Plains Trenton General Washington 's Aide - de-Camp Princeton Brandywine Germantown Monmouth Siege of Yorktown Other events Burr -- Hamilton duel Founder , Federalist Party Federalist Era Founder , Bank of New York Bank of North America Advisor , George Washington 's Farewell Address President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Founder , New - York Evening Post Hamilton -- Reynolds sex scandal Rutgers v. Waddington Relationship with slavery Depictions and memorials Alexander Hamilton ( Fraser statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Ceracchi bust ) Alexander Hamilton ( Conrads statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Trumbull portrait ) Alexander Hamilton Bridge Alexander Hamilton High School ( Los Angeles ) Fort Hamilton Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hamilton Hall ( Columbia University ) Hamilton Hall ( Salem , Massachusetts ) Hamilton Heights , Manhattan Hamilton , Ohio Hamilton - Oneida Academy Postage stamps Trinity Church Cemetery United States ten - dollar bill Media and popular culture Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Hamilton ( 1917 play ) Alexander Hamilton ( 1931 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society Liberty Hall ( New Jersey ) New York Manumission Society African Free School `` American System '' economic plan American School American Revolution patriots Family Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton wife Schuyler family Philip Hamilton ( oldest son ) Angelica Hamilton ( daughter ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( son ) James Alexander Hamilton ( son ) John Church Hamilton ( son ) William S. Hamilton ( son ) Eliza Hamilton Holly ( daughter ) Philip Hamilton ( youngest son ) Schuyler Hamilton ( grandson ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( grandson ) Allan McLane Hamilton ( grandson ) Robert Ray Hamilton ( great - grandson ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_System_(economic_plan)&oldid=806745023 '' Categories : Economic history of the United States Great Triumvirate Henry Clay Political history of the United States Presidency of John Quincy Adams Economic nationalism United States economic policy United States public land law Hidden categories : All Wikipedia articles needing words , phrases or quotes attributed Wikipedia articles needing words , phrases or quotes attributed from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 22 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what were the major components of clays american system

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Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides

Pirates of the Caribbean : on Stranger Tides - Wikipedia Pirates of the Caribbean : on Stranger Tides Jump to : navigation , search `` Pirates 4 '' redirects here . For the 3D short film , see Pirates 4 - D. For the soundtrack , see Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( soundtrack ) . Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Theatrical release poster Directed by Rob Marshall Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Screenplay by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Story by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Based on On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers Characters by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Stuart Beattie Jay Wolpert Pirates of the Caribbean by Walt Disney Starring Johnny Depp Penélope Cruz Ian McShane Kevin R. McNally Geoffrey Rush Music by Hans Zimmer Cinematography Dariusz Wolski Edited by David Brenner Wyatt Smith Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date May 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 07 ) ( Disneyland Resort ) May 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 137 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $410.6 million ( gross ) $378.5 million ( net ) Box office $1.045 billion Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides is a 2011 American fantasy swashbuckler film , the fourth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and the sequel to At World 's End ( 2007 ) . It is the first film in the series not to be directed by Gore Verbinski , being replaced by Rob Marshall . Jerry Bruckheimer again served as producer . The film is technically a stand - alone sequel to the previous installments . In the film , which draws its plot loosely from the novel On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers , Captain Jack Sparrow ( Johnny Depp ) is joined by Angelica ( Penélope Cruz ) in his search for the Fountain of Youth , confronting the infamous pirate Blackbeard ( Ian McShane ) . The film was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and released in the United States on May 20 , 2011 . It was the first film in the series to be released in the Disney Digital 3 - D and IMAX 3D formats . Writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio first learned of Powers ' novel On Stranger Tides during the back - to - back production of Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) and At World 's End , and considered it a good starting point for a new movie in the series . Pre-production started after the end of the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , with Depp collaborating with the writers on the story design . Principal photography rolled for 106 days between June and November 2010 , with locations in Hawaii , the United Kingdom , Puerto Rico and California . Filming employed 3D cameras similar to those used in the production of the 2009 film Avatar , and ten companies were involved with the film 's visual effects . Following inflated production costs it is currently noted as the most expensive film ever made with a net budget of $379 million . On Stranger Tides broke many box office records upon release , and it stands as the 23rd - highest - grossing film of all time worldwide when not adjusting for inflation . Critical reviews were mixed , with the film receiving criticism over its writing , directing , excessiveness and lack of originality ; positive mentions were given on the acting , action sequences , music , visuals and the running time for being much shorter than the previous two films . A sequel , titled Dead Men Tell No Tales , was released in 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Effects 3.6 Music 4 Release 4.1 Promotion 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Accolades 6 Sequel 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) This film 's story occurs in 1750 , set roughly sixteen years after At World 's End ( and six after its post-credits scene ) After a failed attempt to rescue his first mate , Joshamee Gibbs , in London , Captain Jack Sparrow is brought before King George II . The king wants Jack to guide an expedition to the Fountain of Youth before King Ferdinand and the Spanish Navy can locate it . Jack 's old nemesis , Captain Hector Barbossa , now a privateer in service to the British Navy after losing his leg and ship , the Black Pearl , which he says was sunk , is heading the expedition . Jack refuses the offer and escapes . He meets up with his father , Captain Teague , who warns Jack about the Fountain 's rituals . Jack learns someone is impersonating him to recruit a crew to find the Fountain . The impostor is Angelica , Jack 's former lover , and the daughter of the ruthless pirate Blackbeard , who practices voodoo magic and wields the mythical `` Sword of Triton '' that controls his ship , the Queen Anne 's Revenge . While Jack is shanghaied aboard Blackbeard 's ship , Gibbs escapes execution by memorizing and destroying Jack 's map showing the Fountain 's location , forcing Barbossa to take him along . Meanwhile , after a failed mutiny aboard the Queen Anne 's Revenge , Jack is forced to guide the crew to the Fountain . Blackbeard seeks the Fountain 's power to circumvent his predestined fatal encounter with a `` one - legged man '' , who happened to be Barbossa . Jack must find two silver chalices aboard Juan Ponce de León 's missing flagship , the Santiago . The Fountain 's water must simultaneously be drunk by two people from the chalices . Drinking from one chalice containing a mermaid 's tear will extend life ; the second person dies , their remaining years of life transferred to the other drinker . Jack also discovers that the Black Pearl was captured and shrunk before being added to Blackbeard 's collection of other shrunken ships in bottles . The Queen Anne 's Revenge heads for Whitecap Bay to find and harvest mermaid tears . After managing to lure in a mermaid named Tamara , she summons other mermaids to attack the crew before Jack causes an explosion that scares them away . A mermaid named Syrena is caught , but Philip Swift , a captive missionary , falls in love with her . Reaching Ponce de León 's ship on an uncharted island , Angelica and Blackbeard coerce Jack into retrieving both chalices . Jack locates the grounded , decaying vessel , only to find Barbossa there . Both guess that the Spanish have taken the chalices , after they are nowhere to be found on the vessel . Jack and Barbossa team up to sneak into the Spanish camp and steal the chalices . Barbossa reveals he only wants revenge against Blackbeard for attacking the Black Pearl , and his leg being amputated . Jack and Barbossa escape with the chalices . Meanwhile , Syrena , reciprocating Philip 's love , is tricked into shedding a tear . Blackbeard collects it , leaving her to die of dehydration while Philip is forced to go with them . Jack returns with the chalices and bargains with Blackbeard for Angelica 's safety , Jack 's confiscated magical compass ( which they took from him before sending him to get the chalices ) , and Gibbs ' release . In return , Jack vows to give Blackbeard the chalices and lead him to the Fountain ; Blackbeard agrees , and Gibbs is set free with the compass . At the Fountain , Blackbeard 's crew is confronted by Barbossa and his men and they battle while Barbossa and Blackbeard fight . The Spanish suddenly arrive , intending to destroy the Fountain , believing its power an abomination against God . They crush the chalices and throw them in the swamp . When Barbossa stabs Blackbeard with a poisoned sword , Angelica pulls it out but is cut and poisoned . Jack notices Angelica is poisoned and begins frantically searching the swamp for the chalices . Barbossa obtains Blackbeard 's magic sword and gains control of the Queen Anne 's Revenge and her crew . Despite resistance from Blackbeard 's crew , the Spanish successfully pull down a pillar , crushing the Fountain of Youth . The Spanish army leaves once the fountain is in ruins . Philip is mortally wounded , but he returns to free Syrena . She helps Jack retrieve the missing chalices and gives them to him , telling him not to waste her tear . Syrena goes back to the dying Philip . She says she can save him if he asks her to . When he asks for her forgiveness , she kisses him and takes him underwater . With Blackbeard and Angelica both nearing death , Jack retrieves the last remaining drops of water from the destroyed fountain and puts the tear in one of them . Knowing that one of them must be sacrificed , he wants Angelica to drink from the chalice containing the tear . Instead , Blackbeard drinks it , asking his daughter to save him . Angelica agrees and drinks from the second chalice . Jack is upset to lose Angelica , but reveals that he made a mistake about which chalice contained the tear . Neither of the two are happy , and they both believe Jack deliberately tricked them . Angelica 's wounds are healed as the Fountain fatally consumes Blackbeard 's body . Eventually , Jack and Angelica admit their love for each other , yet he distrusts her intentions ( aware that she may try to avenge her father ) and strands her on a cay . Now wielding Blackbeard 's magical sword , Barbossa captains the Queen Anne 's Revenge and returns to piracy . Jack finds Gibbs , who had used the compass to locate the Revenge . He reclaims the shrunken Black Pearl and the other conquered ships in bottles , carrying them in a gunny sack . The two leave , hoping to revert the Black Pearl to its original size and continue living the pirates life . In a post-credits scene , a voodoo doll of Jack crafted by Blackbeard washes ashore and is found by Angelica , who then smiles . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow : Former captain of the Black Pearl . Penélope Cruz as Angelica : Jack 's former love interest , and daughter of Blackbeard . Geoffrey Rush as Captain Hector Barbossa : Jack 's former - rival - turned - ally , and former captain of the Black Pearl . Ian McShane as Captain Blackbeard : Legendary pirate , and captain of the Queen Anne 's Revenge . Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs : Jack 's friend , and former first mate . Sam Claflin as Philip Swift : A missionary , kept prisoner aboard Blackbeard 's ship . Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey as Syrena : A mermaid captured by Blackbeard , and love interest of Swift . Stephen Graham as Scrum : A self - serving member of Blackbeard 's crew . Greg Ellis as Lt. Cmdr . Theodore Groves : Barbossa 's second - in - command , former second - in - command of Cutler Beckett and James Norrington 's crew . Damian O'Hare as Lt. Gillette , Barbossa 's third - in - command , former second - in - command of James Norrington . Óscar Jaenada as The Spaniard : King Ferdinand 's most trusted agent . Richard Griffiths as King George II Keith Richards as Captain Edward Teague : Jack 's father , former Pirate Lord of Madagascar , and keeper of the code of the Bretheren Court . Gemma Ward as Tamara : A mermaid . Judi Dench as Society Lady Ian Mercer as the Quartermaster : A psychic who foresees Blackbeard 's death . Robbie Kay as the Cabin Boy Christopher Fairbank as Ezekiel Yuki Matsuzaki as Ghareg Bronson Webb as The Cook Steve Evets as Purser Derek Mears as the Master - at - Arms DeObia Oparei as the Gunner Sebastian Armesto as King Ferdinand of the Spanish Empire Anton Lesser as Lord John Carteret , Viscount Carteret , Baron Carteret of Hawnes , 2nd Earl of Granville Roger Allam as Prime Minister Henry Pelham Paul Bazely as Salaman : An Indian crew member of the Queen Anne 's Revenge Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Shortly before the premiere of At World 's End , Jerry Bruckheimer stated it was the end of the trilogy , but the idea of a spin - off was still possible . After the film 's successful opening weekend , Dick Cook , then Chairman of the Walt Disney Studios , said he was interested in a fourth installment . Los Angeles Times also reported that rights to a book were bought . Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio had started working on a script in 2007 , but they were interrupted by the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , and only resumed in mid-2008 . In June 2009 , Bruckheimer indicated Disney would prefer the fourth installment of Pirates to be released before The Lone Ranger film , which he , Johnny Depp , Ted Elliott , and Terry Rossio had been working on for release on May 20 , 2011 . He hoped Gore Verbinski would return to direct the fourth film , as his BioShock film adaptation had been put on hold . As Verbinski was unavailable due to his commitment with Rango the same year , Bruckheimer suggested Rob Marshall , who he considered a `` premiere filmmaker '' , stating that `` Every film ( Marshall ) made I thought was unique and different . '' On July 21 , 2009 , Marshall accepted the job , because of the `` whole new story line and set of characters . It felt new , and that was important to me . '' Marshall said the film provided him a long - awaited opportunity to work with Depp , and that his directing was helped by his experience as a choreographer -- `` the action sequences felt like big production numbers . '' On September 11 , 2009 , at Disney 's D23 convention during a Disney event , Cook and Johnny Depp , in full Captain Jack Sparrow costume , announced that a fourth Pirates film was in development . The title was announced as Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . Marshall visited the Pirates of the Caribbean ride in Disneyland for inspiration , eventually paying homage with a skeleton holding a magnifying glass in Ponce de León 's ship . An appearance of `` Old Bill '' , the pirate who tries to share his rum with a cat , was also filmed but cut . Pintel and Ragetti were originally supposed to make an appearance , but director Rob Marshall opted out of the idea as he feared their roles would be cut . Cook resigned in September 2009 after working for Disney for over 38 years . Depp 's faith in Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides was somewhat shaken after the resignation , with Depp explaining that `` There 's a fissure , a crack in my enthusiasm at the moment . It was all born in that office '' . Depp also explained Cook was one of the few who accepted his portrayal of Jack Sparrow : `` When things went a little sideways on the first Pirates movie and others at the studio were less than enthusiastic about my interpretation of the character , Dick was there from the first moment . He trusted me '' . Writing ( edit ) During production of Dead Man 's Chest and At World 's End , writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio discovered Tim Powers ' 1987 novel On Stranger Tides , which they considered a good foundation on which to base `` a new chapter '' in the Pirates series . Disney bought the rights to the novel in April 2007 . Rossio stated that he and Elliot had considered using Blackbeard and the Fountain of Youth in the story before reading the book , `` but whenever you say those words , Powers ' novel comes to mind . There was no way we could work in that field without going into territory Tim had explored . '' However , they denied that it would be a straight version of the novel : `` Blackbeard came from the book , and in the book there is a daughter character , too . But Jack Sparrow is not in the book , nor is Barbossa . So I would n't call this an adaptation . '' Rossio declared the script was written to be a standalone film , `` kind of a James Bond sort of thing '' , instead of the `` designed to be a trilogy '' structure of the previous installments . They hoped to `` design a story that would support new characters , '' as characters such as Will Turner would not return . Bruckheimer added that there was a decision to `` streamline the story a little bit , make it a little simpler and not have as many characters to follow '' , as the number of characters and subplots in At World 's End caused the film to have an unwieldy length . The duo decided to employ another sea myth alluded in the previous episodes : mermaids , which are briefly referenced in the book . The mermaids ' role expanded in the script , which included a vast attack sequence . Depp was deeply involved with the story design , frequently meeting the writers to show what he was interested in doing , and in the words of Rossio , being `` involved in coming up with story lines , connecting characters , creating moments that we would then fashion , shape and then go back . '' Among Depp 's suggestions were turning Phillip into a missionary and having a Spanish contingent following the protagonists . Afterwards , Rob Marshall and executive producer John DeLuca met Rossio and Elliot , and did alterations of their own , including building the female lead . Casting ( edit ) Top to bottom : Johnny Depp , Geoffrey Rush , and Kevin McNally who reprised their roles from the previous films as Captain Jack Sparrow , Captain Hector Barbossa , and Joshamee Gibbs respectively . Depp signed on to return as Captain Jack Sparrow in September 2008 , saying that he would come back if the script was good . Almost a year later , Disney announced that Depp would be paid $55.5 million for his role , realizing that without him the franchise would be `` dead and buried . '' Geoffrey Rush expressed interest in returning to his role as Barbossa , and Bruckheimer later confirmed his presence . Rush was positive on Barbossa having lost a leg , as he considered the disability made him `` angrier , more forceful and resilient as a character '' , and had to work with the stunt team for an accurate portrayal of the limp and usage of crutch , particularly during sword fighting scenes . While the production team considered a prop pegleg to be put over Rush 's leg , the tight schedule caused it to be replaced with a blue sock that was replaced digitally , with a knob on the shoe to give Rush a reference for his walk . Three other actors from the previous films returned , Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs , Greg Ellis as Lt. Theodore Groves , and Damian O'Hare as Lt. Gilette . Keith Richards also had a cameo , reprising his role as Captain Teague from At World 's End ; he and Depp tried to persuade Mick Jagger to audition for the part of a pirate elder . Previous cast members Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley stated that they would not reprise their roles , as they wanted to be involved in different films . They both thought the storyline involving their characters had gone as far as it could . On August 1 , 2009 , Bill Nighy expressed his desire to return as Davy Jones , who died in the previous film , saying the possibility to resurrect the character , but at the end , his inclusion was scrapped . On February 5 , 2010 , Mackenzie Crook also announced he would not be reprising his role of Ragetti , stating , `` They have n't asked me . But actually I do n't mind that at all . I 'm a fan of the first one especially and I think the trilogy we 've made is great . I 'd almost like them to leave it there . '' New cast members include Ian McShane , who plays the notorious pirate and primary antagonist of the film , Blackbeard , and Penélope Cruz , who plays Angelica , Jack Sparrow 's love interest . According to Marshall , McShane was chosen because `` he can play something evil but there 's always humor behind it as well '' and the actor accepted the job due to both the `` very funny and charming '' script and the opportunity to work with Marshall . The beard took one hour and a half to get applied , and McShane likened the character 's costume to `` a real biker pirate -- it 's all black leather . '' Marshall said Cruz was the only actress considered for the role , as she fit the description as `` an actress who could not only go toe to toe with Johnny and match him , but also needed to be all the things that Jack Sparrow is in a way . She needed to be funny and clever and smart and crafty and beautiful '' , and invited her for the role as they wrapped the production of Nine . The actress spent two months working out and learning fencing for the role . During filming , Cruz discovered she was pregnant , leading the costume department to redesign her wardrobe to be more elastic , and the producers to hire her sister Mónica Cruz to double for Penélope in risky scenes . Depp recommended Stephen Graham , who worked with him in Public Enemies , to play Scrum , a Machiavellian pirate and sidekick to Jack Sparrow , and Richard Griffiths for the role of King George II , as Depp was a fan of Griffiths ' work on Withnail and I. Sam Claflin , a recent drama school graduate with television experience , was chosen to play the missionary Philip , and British actor Paul Bazely also joined the cast . Spanish news website El Pais reported that the film had four Spanish actors : Cruz , Bergès - Frisbey , Óscar Jaenada , and Juan Carlos Vellido . Jaenada was picked for both his work in The Losers and a recommendation by Cruz . Casting for mermaids required the actresses to have natural breasts -- no implants . As Bruckheimer explained to EW , `` I do n't think they had breast augmentation in the 1700s , ( ... ) So it 's natural for casting people to say , ' We want real people . ' '' Marshall invited Spanish - French actress Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey to play Syrena after seeing her in a French magazine article on up - and - coming actresses . Bergès - Frisbey had to take lessons of English , swimming and breath control for the role . The rest of the mermaid portrayers , such as Australian supermodel Gemma Ward , were chosen for having `` exotic sense , an otherworldly sensibility , but also under those layers a deadly quality '' , according to Marshall , and had to take swimming lessons to learn movements such as the dolphin and eggbeater kicks . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on June 14 , 2010 , in Hawaii . Filming was moved to California in August 2010 , primarily at the Long Beach shore and a recreation of Whitecap Bay done in the Universal Studios backlot , as the original Hawaiian location on Halona Cove was plagued with strong tides . After a brief shoot in Puerto Rico , with locations in both Palomino Island and the Fort of San Cristóbal in San Juan , production moved to the United Kingdom in September , where principal photography wrapped on November 18 after 106 days of shooting . Locations included Hampton Court Palace in London , Knole House in Kent , and Old Royal Naval College at Greenwich . Interiors were shot at London 's Pinewood Studios , and a replica of an 18th - century London street was built on the backlot alongside the soundstages . The producers also considered using New Orleans as a location . In October , security was breached at the UK site when a celebrity impersonator gained access to filming at the Old Royal Naval College by dressing up as Captain Jack . After the joint production of Dead Man 's Chest and At World 's End cost over $300 million , Disney decided to give a lower budget to the fourth installment . Many costs had to be cut , including moving primary production to Hawaii and London , where tax credits are more favorable , and having a shorter shooting schedule and fewer scenes featuring special effects compared to At World 's End . The tighter schedule -- according to Bruckheimer , `` We had a 22 - week post , and for a picture like this , with almost 1,200 visual effects shots , it 's usually 40 weeks '' -- meant that Marshall supervised editing of sequences during filming . The British financial statements of the film revealed total expenditures of £ 240.7 million ( $410.6 million ) by 2013 , with Disney receiving a rebate of $32.1 million from the British government , making Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides the most expensive film ever made to date . Bruckheimer said the decision to film in 3D was made due to its being `` immersive filmmaking ; I think it makes you part of the actual filming because you 're part of the screen . '' Bruckheimer described it as the first major `` exterior movie '' to be shot in 3D , as Avatar was mostly done in sound stages . At first Marshall was not much interested in 3D , but the director eventually considered it a film that could benefit from the format . `` You are on an adventure and with the 3D experience you are inside that adventure . '' While the original plan was to add 3D effects during post-production , the decision was made to shoot digitally with 3D cameras . Only one sequence was shot conventionally and needed a 3D conversion . The cameras were improved versions of the ones James Cameron developed for Avatar , which were made more compact for extra mobility . This meant the cameras could be brought into locations such as the Hawaiian jungle . The Queen Anne 's Revenge was built atop the Sunset , the same ship used to depict the Black Pearl in previous installments . On February 2010 , the Sunset was sailed from Long Beach to a shipyard in Hawaii for the reforms , where a big concern was to make it imposing , with three stories , without sacrificing actual seakeeping . Given Blackbeard was meant to be the meanest pirate to appear in the series , the look for the Queen Anne 's Revenge was ominous , with sails dyed blood red , various elements on fire , and a decoration based on skulls and bones ( drawing inspiration from the Sedlec Ossuary in Czech Republic ) . Damage from cannon fire was also added to show that `` not only Blackbeard was a dying man , but his ship is also a dying ship '' . The ship 's figurehead also drew inspiration from Blackbeard 's pirate flag . The replica ship HMS Surprise was used for Barbossa 's ship , the HMS Providence , and all the scenes aboard the Providence were shot on the Long Beach shore as the Surprise could not be sailed to Hawaii . Over 50 designs were considered for the Fountain of Youth , with the final one representing a temple built by an ancient civilization around the Fountain , which itself was located in a round rocky structure to represent `` the circle of life '' . The locations leading up to the Fountain were shot in the Hawaiian islands of Kauai and Oahu , but the Fountain itself was built at the 007 Stage on Pinewood . Effects ( edit ) On Stranger Tides employed 1,112 shots of computer - generated imagery , which were done by ten visual effects companies . Cinesite visual effects supervisor Simon Stanley - Clamp claimed that the most difficult part was doing the effects in 3D : `` Rotoscoping is tricky . Cleaning up plates is double the work , and tracking has to be spot on . '' The lead companies , with over 300 effects each , were Industrial Light & Magic -- responsible for , among others , the mermaids and most water effects -- and Moving Picture Company , who created digital ships and environment extensions , such as changing weather and designing cliffs and waterfalls . Filming the mermaids involved eight model - actresses , who portrayed them outside the water , as well as 22 synchronized swimming athletes and a group of stuntwomen , both of whom wore motion capture suits to be later replaced by digital mermaids . Mermaid corpses were depicted by plaster models . The design tried to avoid the traditional representations of mermaids in paintings and literature , instead going for a scaly body with a translucent membrane inspired by both jellyfish and the fabric employed in ballet tutus . To make the mermaids more menacing underwater , the faces of the actresses had some digital touch - ups on the underwater scenes , adding sharper teeth and a shimmery fish scale quality on the skin . ILM also handled Blackbeard 's death , where Ian McShane 's actual performance was covered by digital doubles which turned him into a `` boiling mass of blood and clothing '' , and a hurricane - like formation that represented `` the waters of the Fountain taking his life '' . Cinesite handled the recreation of London and Barbossa 's peg leg , CIS Hollywood did 3D corrections and minor shots , and Method Studios created matte paintings . Music ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( soundtrack ) The film 's score was written by Hans Zimmer , who had worked in all of the previous entries in the franchise ; being the main composer for the second and third installments . Zimmer said that he tried to incorporate a rock n ' roll sound , as he felt `` pirates were the rock ' n ' rollers of many , many years ago '' , and Spanish elements , which led to a collaboration with Mexican guitarists Rodrigo y Gabriela and a tango song written by Penélope Cruz 's brother Eduardo . American composer Eric Whitacre contributed several choir - based cues , as well as regular assistant Geoff Zanelli . Release ( edit ) Penélope Cruz and Johnny Depp promoting the film at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival . On January 6 , 2010 , Disney announced that the film would be released in the United States and Canada on May 20 , 2011 , following Columbia Pictures ' announcement of a delay in the Spider - Man reboot and Paramount Pictures slating Thor for May 6 , 2011 . The film was released in IMAX 3D , as well as traditional 2D and IMAX format , with Dolby 7.1 surround sound . This film was also the first film to be released in the 4DX motion theaters in Mexico and in the Western Hemisphere , featuring strobe lights , tilting seats , blowing wind and fog and odor effects . It is available exclusively at select Cinépolis cinemas . The world premiere of On Stranger Tides was on May 7 , 2011 , at a premium ticket screening at Disneyland in Anaheim , California , home of the original Pirates of the Caribbean ride that inspired the film series . Many of the film 's stars were in attendance . Two other early screenings followed , one in Moscow on May 11 , and another during the Cannes International Film Festival on May 14 . The international release dates fell within May 18 and 20 , with opening dates in the United Kingdom on May 18 , in Australia on May 19 , and in North America on May 20 . The film was released on a then - record 402 IMAX screens , 257 screens in North America , and 139 in other territories . The total number of theaters was 4,155 in North America and 18,210 worldwide . Promotion ( edit ) Disney 's marketing president , MT Carney , said that the film 's advertising campaign was intended `` to remind people of why they fell in love with Jack Sparrow in the first place and also introduce new elements in a way that was elegant '' . Sony Pictures ' former marketing president , Valerie Van Galder , was hired as a consultant . The first footage from the film appeared on Entertainment Tonight on December 4 , 2010 . Three trailers were released , one in December , which had a 3D version included with the release of Tron : Legacy and broadcast by ESPN 3D ; a Super Bowl XLV spot on February 2011 , which was later released online in an extended version ; and a final trailer in March that focused more on the plot than the previous trailer and commercials . Promotional tie - ins included Lego Pirates of the Caribbean toy sets and a related video game , a cell phone app by Verizon Wireless , a special edition of Pirate 's Booty , lines of nail polish by OPI , clothing from Hot Topic , and jewelry from Swarovski . Goldline International produced replicas of the `` Pieces of Eight '' coins from the movies and gold Mexican Escudo coins , which were given in sweepstakes at the El Capitan Theatre . At Disney California Adventure Park , the Pirates of the Caribbean segment of the World of Color show was extended to include visual clips and music from On Stranger Tides . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD and Blu - Ray on September 12 , 2011 in the UK , topping both the Blu - ray and DVD sales charts during its first two weeks . The film had its high - definition home release on October 18 , 2011 in the United States and Canada . Three different physical packages were made available : a 2 - disc combo pack ( Blu - ray and DVD ) , a 5 - disc combo pack ( 2 - disc Blu - ray , 1 - disc Blu - ray 3D , 1 - disc DVD , and 1 - disc Digital Copy ) , and a 15 - disc collection featuring all four Pirates movies . On Stranger Tides was also released as a movie download in both high definition and 3D . The regular DVD edition came out on December 6 . In its first week of release , it sold 1.71 million Blu - ray units and generated $48.50 million , topping the weekly Blu - ray chart . However these results were quite skewed due to the one - month delay of its DVD - only release . It sold 3.20 million Blu - ray units ( $83.46 million ) after 11 weeks . It has also sold 1.12 million DVD units ( $19.32 million ) . Upon its television premiere on December 29 , 2013 in the UK on BBC One , it was watched by a total of 5.4 million viewers , making it the third-most watched program that night , according to overnight figures . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) On Stranger Tides earned $241,071,802 in the North America and $804,642,000 in other countries for a worldwide total of $1,045,713,802 . It is the 22nd highest - grossing film worldwide , the third - highest - grossing 2011 film , the second-most successful installment of the Pirates of the Caribbean series , the eleventh - highest - grossing Disney feature and the second - highest - grossing fourth film in a franchise ( behind Transformers : Age of Extinction ) . On its worldwide opening weekend , it grossed $350.6 million , surpassing At World 's End 's $344 million opening as best in the series and ranking as the seventh - highest worldwide opening . It scored an IMAX worldwide opening - weekend record with $16.7 million ( first surpassed by Transformers : Dark of the Moon ) . It set records for the least time to reach $500 , $600 , and $700 million worldwide ( in 10 , 12 and 16 days , respectively ) . The first of these records was first surpassed by Dark of the Moon and the other two by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . After 46 days in theaters ( July 2 , 2011 ) , it became the eighth film in cinema history and the fourth film released by Walt Disney Studios to cross the $1 - billion - mark . It set a record for the fastest Disney - distributed film to reach the milestone ( first surpassed by Marvel 's The Avengers ) and it is the fifth - fastest film overall to achieve this . North America ( edit ) During its Thursday - midnight showings , On Stranger Tides earned $4.7 million from 2,210 theaters , and $34,860,549 in total on its opening day . It earned $90,151,958 on its opening weekend , topping the weekend box office , but earning much less than its two immediate predecessors ( At World 's End -- $114.7 million and Dead Man 's Chest -- $135.6 million ) and the directly preceding Johnny Depp spectacle ( Alice in Wonderland -- $116.1 million ) . 3D showings accounted for only 46 % of its opening - weekend gross . It closed on September 29 , 2011 , with a $241.1 million gross , ranking as the fifth - highest - grossing film of 2011 and the least profitable film of the franchise . However , it was the top - grossing movie during May 2011 ( with $166.8 million by May 31 ) . Outside North America ( edit ) Outside North America , On Stranger Tides is the sixth - highest - grossing film , the third - highest - grossing Disney film , the second - highest - grossing 2011 film and the highest - grossing film of the Pirates of the Caribbean series . It is the highest - grossing Pirates film in at least 58 territories . During its opening day ( Wednesday , May 18 , 2011 ) , On Stranger Tides made $18.5 million from 10 territories . It added 37 territories and $25.7 million on Thursday , for a two - day total of $44.2 million , and on Friday , it expanded to almost all countries , earning $46.2 million for a three - day total of $92.1 million . On its five - day opening weekend as a whole , it earned a then - record $260.4 million from 18,210 screens in more than 100 territories , in all which it reached first place at the box office . The record debut was surpassed later in the same summer season by Deathly Hallows Part 2 . Earnings originating from 3 - D showings accounted for 66 % of the weekend gross , which was a much greater share than in North America . Its highest - grossing countries during its first weekend were Russia and the CIS ( $31.42 million including previews ) , China ( $22.3 million ) and Germany ( $20.53 million ) . It dominated for three weekends at the overseas box office despite competition from The Hangover Part II , Kung Fu Panda 2 , and X-Men : First Class . It reached the $300 , $400 and $500 - million - mark at the box office outside North America in record time ( 7 , 11 and 14 days respectively ) , records first surpassed by Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . On Stranger Tides set opening day records in both Russia ( including the CIS ) and Sweden . Subsequently , it set opening - weekend records in Latin America , the Middle East , Russia , Norway , Ukraine and Turkey , still retaining the record in Russia ( $26.8 million ) and Ukraine ( $2.15 million ) . Its highest - grossing market after North America is Japan ( $108.9 million ) , followed by China ( $71.8 million ) and Russia and the CIS ( $63.7 million ) . It is the highest - grossing film of 2011 in Russia and the CIS , Austria , Ukraine , Greece , Portugal and Angola , South Africa , Romania , Bulgaria , Egypt , Estonia , and Latvia . Critical reception ( edit ) Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 33 % based on 259 reviews , with an average rating of 5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` It 's shorter and leaner than the previous sequel , but this Pirates runs aground on a disjointed plot and a non-stop barrage of noisy action sequences . '' Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews , gives the film an average score of 45 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was a `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert gave On Stranger Tides two out of four stars , saying that although the removal of Knightley and Bloom as well as the addition of Cruz were positive aspects , the film in general was `` too much of a muchness '' for him . Tom Long of The Detroit News gave a D+ , saying that Jack Sparrow had `` worn out his welcome '' . Despite the more linear plot , `` the movie is still ridiculous '' . He found On Stranger Tides to be `` precisely what you 'd expect of the fourth installment of a movie based on an amusement park ride : a whole lot of noise , plenty of stunts and complete silliness . '' British film critic Mark Kermode gave the film an overwhelmingly negative review on his 5 Live show , saying `` it 's not as staggeringly misjudged as the third part , because it is just nothing , it is just a big empty nothing , whereas part three I think was an active atrocity , it 's just nothing at all '' . As with the previous films , the plot was criticized as incoherent and confusing . The Arizona Republic critic Bill Goodykoontz rated the film two out of five , stating that `` the movie is a series of distractions tossed together in the hopes that they will come together in a coherent story . That never really happens . '' Online reviewer James Berardinelli considered the script `` little more than a clothesline from which to dangle all of the obligatory set pieces '' , and USA Today 's Claudia Puig found On Stranger Tides `` familiar and predictable ... often incoherent and crammed with pointless details . '' Mike Scott from The Times - Picayune mentions that `` while this latest chapter is n't quite sharp enough to restore the sense of discovery that made that first outing so darn exciting , it 's enough to make up for most of the missteps that made the third one so darn arrgh - inducing . '' Writing for The A.V. Club , Tasha Robinson described On Stranger Tides as `` a smaller film than past installments , by design and necessity '' , and felt that `` the series has needed this streamlining '' as the film `` feels lightweight , but that 's still better than bloated . '' On Stranger Tides also had positive reviews ; some critics found the film to be entertaining and well - made . Richard Roeper gave the film a B+ , describing it as `` the most fun installment since the first '' , calling the story `` pure cartoon , but a lot easier to follow than the other sequels '' , and summing as `` the franchise is getting tired , but Penelope energizes it . '' Along the same lines , Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post gave the film three out of four stars , writing that it `` feels as fresh and bracingly exhilarating as the day Jack Sparrow first swashed his buckle , infusing new reckless energy into a franchise that shows no signs of furling its sails '' . She said that Marshall `` swiftly and without fuss delivers the action set pieces and eye - popping escapism '' and praised Depp , Cruz , and McShane 's performances . Ray Bennett from The Hollywood Reporter considered that Marshall `` shows terrific flair with all the usual chases and sword fights , and he handles the 3D well '' , and welcomed Penélope Cruz 's character , saying she `` brings her Oscar - winning vivacity '' and had `` lively sexual tension '' with Depp . Writing for The Globe and Mail , Rick Groen found the action scenes to range from `` merely competent to tritely cluttered '' , but he was pleased with the overall result , calling McShane a `` fresh villain '' whose `` stentorian tones are welcome anywhere '' . Variety 's Andrew Barker considered the film derivative , but accessible . `` It has nary an original idea and still does n't make much sense , but it 's lost all pretensions that it should '' . He praised Geoffrey Rush , stating that he `` not only gets the funniest lines and reaction shots , but also starts to siphon away much of the roguish charm that used to be Depp 's stock and trade . '' Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of accolades received by the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise The film was nominated for four Teen Choice Awards : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Movie , Sci - Fi / Fantasy Actor , Sci - Fi / Fantasy Actress , and Villain . Its trailer and TV spot were nominated for Golden Trailer Awards . The film won Best Movie for Mature Audiences Award at the 2012 Movieguide Awards . Sequel ( edit ) Further information : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales On May 29 , 2013 , it was announced that Kon - Tiki directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg would be directing Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales . While earlier reports stated Dead Men Tell No Tales would be released between 2015 and 2016 , Disney announced in 2014 that the film would enter theaters on July 2017 . Production began in late February 2015 in Australia . See also ( edit ) Film portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 5 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sylt , Christian ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Fourth Pirates Of The Caribbean Is Most Expensive Movie Ever With Costs Of $410 Million '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2014 . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Production costs : $410.6 million ; rebate : $32.1 million Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Peter ( May 10 , 2007 ) . `` The pirates ' treasure '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Josh ( May 29 , 2007 ) . `` 4th ` Pirates ' film already on horizon '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2012 . 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Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( September 11 , 2009 ) . `` Johnny Depp ( in Jack Sparrow costume ) surprises Disney D23 Expo audience '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Deleted / Extended Scenes . Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Blu - ray : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wordplayer.com : WORDPLAY / Archives / '' We Sail With the Tide '' by Terry Rossio `` . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chmielewski , Dawn C. ; Eller , Claudia ; Fritz , Ben ( September 19 , 2009 ) . `` Walt Disney Studios chief Dick Cook abruptly leaves the company '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved September 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Eller , Claudia ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` Johnny Depp says he 's ' shocked and very sad ' about Dick Cook 's departure '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( October 6 , 2009 ) . `` Surprised author Tim Powers finds himself setting sail with ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Screenwriter Terry Rossio On Set Interview : Pirates of the Caribbean 4 : On Stranger Tides '' . Collider . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Galloway , Stephen ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` The Making of ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . p. 2 . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` Disney , Depp return to ' Caribbean ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` PIRATES NO 4 NETS £ 33M FOR JOHNNY '' . The Daily Express . November 15 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( September 23 , 2009 ) . `` Geoffrey Rush Says He 's Planning To Shoot ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' In The Spring '' . MTV.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ditzian , Eric ( March 19 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Penelope Cruz To Play Johnny Depp 's Love Interest In New ' Pirates ' '' . MTV Movie News . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Legends of On Stranger Tides . Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Blu - ray : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Marshall , John DeLuca . Audio commentary for Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Blu - Ray : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Movie Interview -- Bruckheimer on Pirates of the Caribbean 4 '' . IGN . May 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Damian O'Hare '' . Hamilton Hodell Talent Management . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp Wants Another Rolling Stone to Join Pirates of the Caribbean '' . The Daily Express . April 10 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Three Pirates enough for Keira '' . The Independent . March 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` Orlando Bloom Wo n't Return For ' Pirates Of The Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' '' . MTV.com . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( February 20 , 2010 ) . `` Johnny Depp Provides Updates on Dark Shadows , The Tourist and Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alice ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` Mackenzie Crook : More than just the Office boy '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides production notes '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Pictures . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McShane talks Pirates 4 '' . Total Film . April 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` La armada invencible española viaja a ' Piratas del Caribe 4 ' '' . El País ( in Spanish ) . June 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Packing for two , Penelope ? Pregnant star leaves London with a LOT of luggage '' . The Daily Mail . November 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 3 , 2010 ) . `` Graham sails with ' Pirates 4 ' crew '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shennan , Paddy . `` This is England star Stephen Graham on why he 's celebrating Halloween in Liverpool this year '' Archived January 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Liverpool Echo ( October 22 , 2010 ) . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Claflin Added to Cast of Walt Disney Pictures ' / Jerry Bruckheimer Films ' Epic Adventure Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' ( Press release ) . Walt Disney Pictures . April 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Savvas , George ( May 25 , 2010 ) . `` New ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' Cast Members Find Inspiration at Disneyland Park '' . Walt Disney Parks and Resorts . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rull , Carles ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` Cuatro españoles en ' Piratas del Caribe 4 '' . 20 minutos . Multiprensa & Mas S.L. Archived from the original on November 6 , 2010 . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Óscar Jaenada , a punto de ser un ' pirata del Caribe ' '' . El Periódico de Catalunya ( in Spanish ) . June 10 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2012 . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( January 26 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' : Jerry Bruckheimer explains why you need real breasts to play a mermaid '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Singer , Leigh ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Astrid Berges - Frisbey Interview '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ JMO and Elle ( June 13 , 2010 ) . `` Pirate tale for Gemma Ward '' . The Sunday Telegraph . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Under the Scene : Bringing Mermaids to Life . Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Blu - ray : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2011 . Jump up ^ Bruckheimer , Jerry ( June 14 , 2010 ) . `` Announcement of initial shooting '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Disney open casting calls for ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' in Los Angeles '' . Disney Feature Film Casting . July 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Verrier , Richard ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` Puerto Rico boosts tax incentives for bigger Hollywood role '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Debra ( June 29 , 2011 ) . `` Behind the Lens : A look at VFX in Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Creative COW Magazine . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Pirates of the Caribbean epic to film '' . Pinewood Studios Group . August 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2010 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mike ( June 10 , 2010 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' spokesman lets the wind out of the sails of New Orleans fans '' . The Times - Picayune . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smart , Gordon . `` Impersonator gets on to Pirates of the Caribbean 4 set dressed as Captain Jack '' Archived December 10 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... The Sun . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Fourth try aims to stir high ' Tides ' at B.O. '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2011 . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eller , Claudia ; Chmielewski , Dawn C. ( May 3 , 2010 ) . `` Not even Bruckheimer movies can escape budget cuts '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( May 22 , 2011 ) . `` The New 3D Technology Behind ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Last Sail / First Voyage . Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Blu - ray : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2011 . Jump up ^ Singer , Michael ( 2011 ) . The Art of Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . Disney Editions . ISBN 1 - 4231 - 3946 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : In Search of the Fountain . Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Blu - ray : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Cinefex . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` A Splash of Mermaids for Fourth Pirates '' . Animation World Network . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Failes , Ian ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` MPC 's pirates & their ships sail on Stranger Tides '' . fxguide . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Houston , Kimberly ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` INTERVIEW : PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN VFX Art Director Aaron McBride on Creating the Film 's Mermaids '' . The Daily BLAM ! . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` CIS Hollywood and Method Studios Discuss On Stranger Tides '' . Animation World Network . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walt Disney Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer Films ' `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' Soundtrack Sets Sail With Oscar ® - Winning Composer Hans Zimmer at the Helm With Acclaimed Guitar Duo Rodrigo y Gabriela '' ( Press release ) . Walt Disney Records . May 2 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides : Hans Zimmer Interview '' . MovieWeb . May 5 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2012 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Schweiger , Daniel ( May 6 , 2011 ) . `` Audio : On The Score With Hans Zimmer '' . Film Music Magazine . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Whitacre , Eric . `` Pirates IV ! -- Blog '' Archived September 12 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( January 25 , 2011 ) EricWhitacre.com Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ DiOrio , Carl ( January 6 , 2010 ) . `` ' Spider - Man 4 ' release date squeezed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IMAX and Disney Sign New 3 Picture Deal '' . IMAX Corporation . June 23 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean Teaser Trailer with TRON : Legacy '' Archived October 12 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... ComingSoon.net . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( March 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean , ' ' Kung Fu Panda 2 ' to Use Dolby 7.1 Surround Sound '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ García Sánchez , Rubén ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` Cinépolis presenta sus salas más costosas '' . El Economista . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2011 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hecht , John ( July 18 , 2011 ) . `` Mexico 's Cinepolis Going First - class in the U.S. '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( April 27 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates ' set for first Russian bow '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Johnny Depp 's ' Pirates 4 ' headed for Cannes Film Festival '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2011 . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Teaser Shown Read more : UPDATE : Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Teaser Shown '' . Coming Soon . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . OK Magazine Australia . January 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2012 . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides An IMAX 3D Experience '' . IMAX . IMAX . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : on Stranger Tides ' to Be Released on a Record 402 Imax Screens '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Young , John ( May 22 , 2011 ) . `` Box office report : ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' posts year 's best opening with $90.1 mil '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Segers , Frank ( May 22 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Pirates ' Makes $260.4 Million Overseas , Largest Offshore Debut Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( September 8 , 2010 ) . `` Disney hires new marketing guru for `` Pirates 4 '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Reuters . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Raup , Jordan ( December 5 , 2010 ) . `` First Footage From ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' '' . The Film Stage . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2010 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goetzel , David ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` ESPN Airs 3D Ads , Movie Trailers '' . Media Post . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lichtig , Max ( February 6 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' Super Bowl Spot '' . Collider . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McWeeny , Drew ( March 21 , 2011 ) . `` Disney spills even more story details in new ' Pirates 4 ' trailer and stills '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO Group and Disney Consumer Products Announce Building Sets Inspired by Pirates of the Caribbean Films '' ( Press release ) . The LEGO Group . November 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ East , Thomas ( April 5 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates Of The Caribbean is ' perfect foundation ' for a LEGO game '' . Computer and Video Games . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Verizon Wireless Delivers Official Mobile App For Walt Disney Pictures And Jerry Bruckheimer Films ' Pirates Of The Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Verizon Wireless . May 2 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirate 's Booty Collaborates with Disney 's `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' '' ( Press release ) . Pirate Brands . May 2 , 2011 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Discover a Treasure Trove of Color with New BRIGHTS by OPI , Inspired by Disney and Jerry Bruckheimer Film 's Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Walt Disney Corporation . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2012 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Disney and Hot Topic Present Treasure - Filled `` Pirates Day '' Fan Events to Celebrate Walt Disney Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer Films ' `` Pirates of the Caribbean : on Stranger Tides '' '' ( Press release ) . Walt Disney Pictures . May 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swarovski -- Swarovski 's Collaboration with Disney Continues with `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' Collection `` . Swarovski . December 10 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2012 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Goldline Coin Giveaway '' . Goldline International . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Guy , Timothy ( June 9 , 2011 ) . `` Disney 's magic undergoes changes '' . The Press - Enterprise . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Clip : ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' Mermaid Magic '' . Entertainment Tonight . July 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Matthew ( July 14 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Blu - ray and Blu - ray 3D '' . Blu-Ray.com . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2012 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McCutcheon , David ( July 14 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates ' Stranger Tides Revealed '' . Blu-Ray.com . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2012 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Grabert , Jessica ( July 15 , 2011 ) . `` Disney Will Delay Pirates Of The Caribbean DVD For A Month After Blu - Ray '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Blu - ray Sales : Strange Week on the Home Market '' . November 2 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Domestic Blu - ray Sales Chart for Week Ending January 1 , 2012 '' . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides -- DVD Sales '' . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2013 . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides thrills 5.4 m on BBC One '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 22 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : Disney 's ' Pirates ' $346 million Opening Fourth Biggest Worldwide Debut Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( July 3 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Transformers : Dark of the Moon ' Scores Third - Best Global Bow Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Hangover 2 ' No. 1 With $30 Mil '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brandon , Gray ( May 29 , 2011 ) . `` Around - the - World Brief : ' Pirates ' Booty Grows , ' Hangover , ' ' Panda ' Sequels Open Strongly '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved May 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( June 3 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' Sails Past $700 Mil Mark '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ray , Subers ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` ' Transformers ' Blowing Up Worldwide Records '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2013 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ray , Subers ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Potter ' Still Magic Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Pirates '' treasure mounts to $1 billion worldwide `` . Reuters . July 2 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` The Avengers Storms the Billion Dollar Club -- in Just 19 Days '' . Time . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Transformers ' Becomes Tenth Billion - Dollar Movie Ever ; ' Potter ' Hits Another Worldwide Milestone '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Forecast : ' Pirates ' Has Some Life Left in It '' . Box Office Mojo . May 20 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( May 23 , 2011 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Pirates ' Rides Smaller ' Tides ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Young , John . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' : Why did n't more American moviegoers opt to see Jack Sparrow in 3 - D ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved August 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` May Posts Record Gross '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Shocker : ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' Is Disney 's Top Film of All Time Overseas '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Overseas Total Yearly Box Office Results '' . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Segers , Frank ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Earns $18.5 Million Internationally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Opens to $4.7 Million at Midnight Showings '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates ' Already Making Waves Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . May 20 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN : ON STRANGER TIDES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` OVERSEAS TOTAL ALL TIME OPENINGS '' . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Russia -- CIS Box Office May 19 -- 22 , 2011 '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . EntGroup . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Germany Box Office May 19 -- 22 , 2011 '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Pirates ' Sails to New Overseas Record '' . Box Office Mojo . May 22 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brandon , Gray ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` Around - the - World Brief : ' Pirates ' Booty Grows , ' Hangover , ' ' Panda ' Sequels Open Strongly '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( June 5 , 2011 ) . `` Around - the - World Brief : ' Pirates ' Out - Class ' X-Men ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ray , Subers ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Potter ' Still Magic Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Disney 's ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Hits $400 Million Worldwide in Less Than a Week '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RUSSIA -- CIS ALL TIME OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UKRAINE ALL TIME OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( December 30 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : Christian Bale 's ' Flowers of War ' Already Top - Grossing Chinese Film of 2011 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) -- International Box Office Results '' . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Russia -- CIS Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austria Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2011 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ukraine Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal and Angola Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa ( Entire Region ) Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Romania Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Estonia Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Latvia Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2011 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Long , Tom . `` Review : Fourth ' Pirates ' movie makes little sense but a lot of noise '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Kermode savages new Pirates Of The Caribbean film '' . BBC . May 20 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2011 . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goodykoontz , Bill ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides , ' 2 stars '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Reelviews . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates : On Stranger Tides ' in precarious position '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mike ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . The Times - Picayune . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Tasha ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . ReelzChannel . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Barker , Andrew ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Ray ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides : Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Groen , Rick ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 4 : Ahoy me hearties , there 's treasure amid the bloat '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Garvey , Marianne ( June 29 , 2011 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards Nominees Announced '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2011 . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 12th Annual Golden Trailer Awards ® Posts Nominations for Best Movie Promos of 2011 : Live Gala Award Show Will be Held June 29 at the Music Box Theatre in L.A. '' . Golden Trailer Awards.com . June 3 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Movieguide Awards Winners '' . Movieguide Awards . 1 February 2012 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike . `` ' Kon - Tiki ' Helmers Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg Land ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 Title Revealed ! '' . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Delayed Beyond Summer 2015 '' . the Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Raise a Black Flag ! A New Pirates of the Caribbean Film Is Coming '' . Disney Blogs . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates 5 ' Starts Shooting in 2 Weeks ; First Set Photo Revealed '' . MovieWeb.com . January 31 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2015 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Official US website Official UK website Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides on IMDb Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides at Box Office Mojo Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides at Rotten Tomatoes Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides at Metacritic Pirates of the Caribbean Film series The Curse of the Black Pearl video game soundtrack Dead Man 's Chest video game soundtrack At World 's End video game soundtrack On Stranger Tides soundtrack Dead Men Tell No Tales ‎ soundtrack Theme park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Battle for the Sunken Treasure The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Characters Jack Sparrow Hector Barbossa Will Turner Elizabeth Swann Joshamee Gibbs James Norrington Davy Jones Pintel and Ragetti Bootstrap Bill Cutler Beckett Tia Dalma Universe Black Pearl Flying Dutchman Queen Anne 's Revenge Kraken Locations Music List of songs in the film series `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' Soundtrack Treasures Collection Swashbuckling Sea Songs 1966 soundtrack `` He 's a Pirate '' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Remixes Video games Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean Online Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile Kingdom Hearts II Pirates of the Caribbean : Armada of the Damned Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Infinity Books Jack Sparrow Legends of the Brethren Court The Price of Freedom Other Trading Card Game Pinball machine Lego Pirates of the Caribbean Accolades for the film series Rob Kidd Book Films directed by Rob Marshall Annie ( 1999 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Nine ( 2009 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) Into the Woods ( 2014 ) Mary Poppins Returns ( 2018 ) Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Farewell , My Lovely ( 1975 ) March or Die ( 1977 ) Defiance ( 1980 ) American Gigolo ( 1980 ) Thief ( 1981 ) Young Doctors in Love ( 1982 ) Flashdance ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Thief of Hearts ( 1984 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) Dangerous Minds ( 1995 ) Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) Bad Boys ( 1995 ) The Rock ( 1996 ) Con Air ( 1997 ) Enemy of the State ( 1998 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) Coyote Ugly ( 2000 ) Gone in 60 Seconds ( 2000 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) Bad Company ( 2002 ) Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Veronica Guerin ( 2003 ) Kangaroo Jack ( 2003 ) National Treasure ( 2004 ) King Arthur ( 2004 ) Just Legal ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Déjà Vu ( 2006 ) Glory Road ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) National Treasure : Book of Secrets ( 2007 ) G - Force ( 2009 ) Confessions of a Shopaholic ( 2009 ) Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( 2010 ) The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) Deliver Us from Evil ( 2014 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_On_Stranger_Tides&oldid=802130957 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) 2011 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films American sequel films Films directed by Rob Marshall Fantasy adventure films Cultural depictions of people Films about revenge Films based on American novels Films set in London Films set in Spain Films set in the 1750s Films set in the 18th century Films shot in California Films shot in Hawaii Films shot in Puerto Rico Films using computer - generated imagery IMAX films Mermaids in film Treasure hunt films Zombie films Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films based on multiple works Vodou in fiction American films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Webarchive template wayback links Good articles Use mdy dates from June 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 05 : 03 . 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Hertzsprung–Russell diagram

Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram - wikipedia Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram Jump to : navigation , search An observational Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram with 22,000 stars plotted from the Hipparcos Catalogue and 1,000 from the Gliese Catalogue of nearby stars . Stars tend to fall only into certain regions of the diagram . The most prominent is the diagonal , going from the upper - left ( hot and bright ) to the lower - right ( cooler and less bright ) , called the main sequence . In the lower - left is where white dwarfs are found , and above the main sequence are the subgiants , giants and supergiants . The Sun is found on the main sequence at luminosity 1 ( absolute magnitude 4.8 ) and B − V color index 0.66 ( temperature 5780 K , spectral type G2V ) . An HR diagram showing many well known stars in the Milky Way galaxy . HR diagrams for two open clusters , M67 and NGC 188 , showing the main - sequence turn - off at different ages . The Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram , abbreviated H -- R diagram or HRD , is a scatter plot of stars showing the relationship between the stars ' absolute magnitudes or luminosities versus their stellar classifications or effective temperatures . More simply , it plots each star on a graph measuring the star 's brightness against its temperature ( color ) . It does not map any locations of stars . The diagram was created circa 1910 by Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Norris Russell and represents a major step towards an understanding of stellar evolution or `` the way in which stars undergo sequences of dynamic and radical changes over time '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical background 2 Forms of diagram 3 Interpretation 4 Diagram 's role in the development of stellar physics 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Bibliography 7 External links Historical background ( edit ) In the nineteenth - century large - scale photographic spectroscopic surveys of stars were performed at Harvard College Observatory , producing spectral classifications for tens of thousands of stars , culminating ultimately in the Henry Draper Catalogue . In one segment of this work Antonia Maury included divisions of the stars by the width of their spectral lines . Hertzsprung noted that stars described with narrow lines tended to have smaller proper motions than the others of the same spectral classification . He took this as an indication of greater luminosity for the narrow - line stars , and computed secular parallaxes for several groups of these , allowing him to estimate their absolute magnitude . In 1910 Hans Rosenberg published a diagram plotting the apparent magnitude of stars in the Pleiades cluster against the strengths of the Calcium K line and two Hydrogen Balmer lines . These spectral lines serve as a proxy for the temperature of the star , an early form of spectral classification . The apparent magnitude of stars in the same cluster is equivalent to their absolute magnitude and so this early diagram was effectively a plot of luminosity against temperature . The same type of diagram is still used today as a means of showing the stars in clusters without having to initially know their distance and luminosity . Hertzsprung had already been working with this type of diagram , but his first publications showing it were not until 1911 . This was also the form of the diagram using apparent magnitudes of a cluster of stars all at the same distance . Russell 's early ( 1913 ) versions of the diagram included Maury 's giant stars identified by Hertzsprung , those nearby stars with parallaxes measured at the time , stars from the Hyades ( a nearby open cluster ) , and several moving groups , for which the moving cluster method could be used to derive distances and thereby obtain absolute magnitudes for those stars . Forms of diagram ( edit ) There are several forms of the Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram , and the nomenclature is not very well defined . All forms share the same general layout : stars of greater luminosity are toward the top of the diagram , and stars with higher surface temperature are toward the left side of the diagram . The original diagram displayed the spectral type of stars on the horizontal axis and the absolute visual magnitude on the vertical axis . The spectral type is not a numerical quantity , but the sequence of spectral types is a monotonic series that reflects the stellar surface temperature . Modern observational versions of the chart replace spectral type by a color index ( in diagrams made in the middle of the 20th Century , most often the B-V color ) of the stars . This type of diagram is what is often called an observational Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram , or specifically a color - magnitude diagram ( CMD ) , and it is often used by observers . In cases where the stars are known to be at identical distances such as within a star cluster , a color - magnitude diagram is often used to describe the stars of the cluster with a plot in which the vertical axis is the apparent magnitude of the stars . For cluster members , by assumption there is a single additive constant difference between their apparent and absolute magnitudes , called the distance modulus , for all of that cluster of stars . Early studies of nearby open clusters ( like the Hyades and Pleiades ) by Hertzsprung and Rosenberg produced the first CMDs , antedating by a few years Russell 's influential synthesis of the diagram collecting data for all stars for which absolute magnitudes could be determined . Another form of the diagram plots the effective surface temperature of the star on one axis and the luminosity of the star on the other , almost invariably in a log - log plot . Theoretical calculations of stellar structure and the evolution of stars produce plots that match those from observations . This type of diagram could be called temperature - luminosity diagram , but this term is hardly ever used ; when the distinction is made , this form is called the theoretical Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram instead . A peculiar characteristic of this form of the H -- R diagram is that the temperatures are plotted from high temperature to low temperature , which aids in comparing this form of the H -- R diagram with the observational form . Although the two types of diagrams are similar , astronomers make a sharp distinction between the two . The reason for this distinction is that the exact transformation from one to the other is not trivial . To go between effective temperature and color requires a color - temperature relation , and constructing that is difficult ; it is known to be a function of stellar composition and can be affected by other factors like stellar rotation . When converting luminosity or absolute bolometric magnitude to apparent or absolute visual magnitude , one requires a bolometric correction , which may or may not come from the same source as the color - temperature relation . One also needs to know the distance to the observed objects ( i.e. , the distance modulus ) and the effects of interstellar obscuration , both in the color ( reddening ) and in the apparent magnitude ( where the effect is called `` extinction '' ) . Color distortion ( including reddening ) and extinction ( obscuration ) are also apparent in stars having significant circumstellar dust . The ideal of direct comparison of theoretical predictions of stellar evolution to observations thus has additional uncertainties incurred in the conversions between theoretical quantities and observations . Interpretation ( edit ) Most of the stars occupy the region in the diagram along the line called the main sequence . During the stage of their lives in which stars are found on the main sequence line , they are fusing hydrogen in their cores . The next concentration of stars is on the horizontal branch ( helium fusion in the core and hydrogen burning in a shell surrounding the core ) . Another prominent feature is the Hertzsprung gap located in the region between A5 and G0 spectral type and between + 1 and − 3 absolute magnitudes ( i.e. between the top of the main sequence and the giants in the horizontal branch ) . RR Lyrae variable stars can be found in the left of this gap on a section of the diagram called the instability strip . Cepheid variables also fall on the instability strip , at higher luminosities . An HR diagram with the instability strip and its components highlighted . The H-R diagram can be used by scientists to roughly measure how far away a star cluster is from Earth . This can be done by comparing the apparent magnitudes of the stars in the cluster to the absolute magnitudes of stars with known distances ( or of model stars ) . The observed group is then shifted in the vertical direction , until the two main sequences overlap . The difference in magnitude that was bridged in order to match the two groups is called the distance modulus and is a direct measure for the distance ( ignoring extinction ) . This technique is known as main sequence fitting and is a type of spectroscopic parallax . Diagram 's role in the development of stellar physics ( edit ) See also : stellar nucleosynthesis Contemplation of the diagram led astronomers to speculate that it might demonstrate stellar evolution , the main suggestion being that stars collapsed from red giants to dwarf stars , then moving down along the line of the main sequence in the course of their lifetimes . Stars were thought therefore to radiate energy by converting gravitational energy into radiation through the Kelvin -- Helmholtz mechanism . This mechanism resulted in an age for the Sun of only tens of millions of years , creating a conflict over the age of the Solar System between astronomers , and biologists and geologists who had evidence that the Earth was far older than that . This conflict was only resolved in the 1930s when nuclear fusion was identified as the source of stellar energy . However , following Russell 's presentation of the diagram to a meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1912 , Arthur Eddington was inspired to use it as a basis for developing ideas on stellar physics . In 1926 , in his book The Internal Constitution of the Stars he explained the physics of how stars fit on the diagram . The paper anticipated the later discovery of nuclear fusion and correctly proposed that the star 's source of power was the combination of hydrogen into helium , liberating enormous energy . This was a particularly remarkable jump of insight , since at that time the source of a star 's energy was still unsolved , thermonuclear energy had not been proven to exist , and even that stars are largely composed of hydrogen ( see metallicity ) , had not yet been discovered . Eddington managed to sidestep this problem by concentrating on the thermodynamics of radiative transport of energy in stellar interiors . Eddington predicted that dwarf stars remain in an essentially static position on the main sequence for most of their lives . In the 1930s and 1940s , with an understanding of hydrogen fusion , came an evidence - backed theory of evolution to red giants following which were speculated cases of explosion and implosion of the remnants to white dwarfs . The term supernova nucleosynthesis is used to describe the creation of elements during the evolution and explosion of a pre-supernova star , a concept put forth by Fred Hoyle in 1954 . The pure mathematical quantum mechanics and classical mechanical models of stellar processes enable the Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram to be annotated with known conventional paths known as stellar sequences -- there continue to be added rarer and more anomalous examples as more stars are analysed and mathematical models considered . See also ( edit ) Star portal Asymptotic giant branch Galaxy color -- magnitude diagram Hayashi track Henyey track Hess diagram Red clump Stellar birthline Stellar classification Tip of the red - giant branch Color -- color diagram References ( edit ) Jump up ^ A.C. Maury ; E.C. Pickering ( 1897 ) . `` Spectra of bright stars photographed with the 11 - inch Draper Telescope as part of the Henry Draper Memorial '' . Annals of Harvard College Observatory . 28 : 1 -- 128 . Bibcode : 1897AnHar ... 28 ... 1M . Jump up ^ Hertzprung , Ejnar ( 1908 ) . `` Über die Sterne der Unterabteilung c und ac nach der Spektralklassifikation von Antonia C. Maury '' . Astronomische Nachrichten. 179 ( 24 ) : 373 -- 380 . Bibcode : 1909AN ... 179 ... 373H . doi : 10.1002 / asna. 19081792402 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , Hans ( 1910 ) . `` Über den Zusammenhang von Helligkeit und Spektraltypus in den Plejaden '' . Astronomische Nachrichten. 186 ( 5 ) : 71 -- 78 . Bibcode : 1910AN ... 186 ... 71R . doi : 10.1002 / asna. 19101860503 . Jump up ^ Vandenberg , D.A. ; Brogaard , K. ; Leaman , R. ; Casagrande , L. ( 2013 ) . `` THE AGES OF 55 GLOBULAR CLUSTERS AS DETERMINED USING AN IMPROVED $ \ Delta V ^ ( m HB ) _ ( m TO ) $ METHOD ALONG WITH COLOR - MAGNITUDE DIAGRAM CONSTRAINTS , AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR BROADER ISSUES '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 775 ( 2 ) : 134 . arXiv : 1308.2257 . Bibcode : 2013ApJ ... 775 ... 134V . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 775 / 2 / 134 . ^ Jump up to : Hertzsprung , E. , Publ . Astrophys . Observ . Potsdam , Vol. 22 , 1 , 1911 Jump up ^ Russell , Henry Norris ( 1914 ) . `` Relations Between the Spectra and Other Characteristics of the Stars '' . Popular Astronomy . 22 : 275 -- 294 . Bibcode : 1914PA ... 22 ... 275R . Jump up ^ Palma , Dr. Christopher ( 2016 ) . `` The Hertzsprung - Russell Diagram '' . ASTRO 801 : Planets , Stars , Galaxies , and the Universe . John A. Dutton e-Education Institute : College of Earth and Mineral Sciences : The Pennsylvania State University . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29 . The quantities that are easiest to measure ... are color and magnitude , so most observers ... refer to the diagram as a ' Color - Magnitude diagram ' or ' CMD ' rather than an HR diagram . Jump up ^ The Internal Constitution of the Stars A.S. Eddington The Scientific Monthly Vol. 11 , No. 4 ( Oct. , 1920 ) , pp. 297 - 303 JSTOR 6491 Jump up ^ Eddington , A.S. ( 1916 ) . `` On the radiative equilibrium of the stars '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 77 : 16 -- 35 . Bibcode : 1916MNRAS ... 77 ... 16E . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 77.1. 16 . Jump up ^ F. Hoyle , Synthesis of the elements between carbon and nickel , Astrophys . J. Suppl. , 1 , 121 ( 1954 ) Bibliography ( edit ) Casagrande , L. ; Portinari , L. ; Flynn , C. ( November 2006 ) . `` Accurate fundamental parameters for lower main - sequence stars '' . MNRAS. 373 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 44 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0608504 . Bibcode : 2006astro.ph ... 8504C . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2966.2006. 10999. x . Porter , Roy ( 2003 ) . The Cambridge History of Science . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . p. 518 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 57243 - 9 . Sekiguchi , Maki ; Fukugita , Masataka ( August 2000 ) . `` A Study of the B-V Color - Temperature Relation '' . The Astronomical Journal . 120 ( 2 ) : 1072 -- 1084 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9904299 . Bibcode : 2000AJ ... 120.1072 S . doi : 10.1086 / 301490 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 14 . Smith , Robert ( 1995 ) . Observational Astrophysics . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . p. 236 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 27834 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hertzsprung - Russell diagram . Omega Cen H-R animation of a Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram created from real Hubble data JavaHRD an interactive Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram as a Java applet BaSTI a Bag of Stellar Tracks and Isochrones , simulations with FRANEC code by Teramo Astronomical Observatory Leos Ondra : The first Hertzsprung - Russell diagram Who first published a Hertzsprung - Russell diagram ? Hertzsprung or Russell ? Answer : neither ! Star Formation Accretion Molecular cloud Bok globule Young stellar object Protostar Pre-main - sequence star Herbig Ae / Be Orion T Tauri FU Orionis Herbig -- Haro object Hayashi track Henyey track Evolution Main sequence Red giant branch Horizontal branch Red clump Asymptotic giant branch Protoplanetary nebula Planetary nebula PG1159 star Dredge - up Instability strip Luminous blue variable Blue straggler Stellar population Supernova Supernova impostor Hypernova Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram Color -- color diagram Luminosity class Subdwarf Dwarf Blue Red White Yellow Brown Subgiant Giant Blue Red Yellow Bright giant Supergiant Blue Red Yellow Hypergiant Yellow Spectral classification WR Be OB Subdwarf O Subdwarf B Late - type Chemically peculiar Am Ap / Bp Barium Carbon CH CN Extreme helium Lambda Boötis Lead HgMn Technetium Shell Remnants White dwarf Helium planet Neutron star Radio - quiet Pulsar Binary X-ray Magnetar Stellar black hole X-ray binary Burster Theoretical stars Black dwarf Exotic Quark Strange Preon Planck Electroweak star Dark - matter star Dark - energy star Black star Gravastar Frozen star Q star Quasi-star Thorne -- Żytkow object Iron star Blitzar Nucleosynthesis Deuterium burning Lithium burning Proton -- proton chain CNO cycle Helium flash Triple - alpha process Alpha process Carbon burning Neon burning Oxygen burning Silicon burning S - process R - process Fusor Nova Symbiotic Remnant Luminous red nova Structure Core Convection zone Microturbulence Oscillations Radiation zone Atmosphere Photosphere Starspot Chromosphere Corona Stellar wind Bubble Bipolar outflow Accretion disk Asteroseismology Helioseismology Eddington luminosity Kelvin -- Helmholtz mechanism Properties Designation Dynamics Effective temperature Kinematics Magnetic field Absolute magnitude Mass Metallicity Rotation UBV color Variable star Mira variable Star systems Binary Contact Common envelope Eclipsing Symbiotic Multiple Star cluster Open cluster Globular cluster Super star cluster Planetary system Earth 's Solar System Earth - centric observation of Pole star Circumpolar star Constellation Asterism Magnitude Apparent Extinction Photographic Radial velocity Proper motion Parallax Photometric - standard star Lists Star names Arabic Chinese Extremes Most massive Highest temperature Largest volume Smallest volume Brightest Historical Most luminous Nearest Nearest bright Stars with exoplanets Brown dwarfs White dwarfs Milky Way novae Notable supernovae Supernova candidates Supernova remnants Planetary nebulae Timeline of stellar astronomy Related articles Substellar object Brown dwarf Sub-brown dwarf Planet Galactic year Galaxy Supercluster Guest star Gravity Intergalactic star Infrared dark cloud Starfield Category : Stars Star portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hertzsprung -- Russell_diagram&oldid = 822861943 '' Categories : Hertzsprung -- Russell classifications Stellar evolution Diagrams 1910 introductions Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 January 2018 , at 23 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what does the hr diagram tell us about the life cycle of stars

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Just Before the Battle, Mother

Just before the Battle , mother - wikipedia Just before the Battle , mother Jump to : navigation , search Cover of the 1864 sheet music for `` Just Before the Battle , Mother '' `` Just before the Battle , Mother '' was a popular song during the American Civil War , particularly among troops in the Union Army . It was written and published by Chicago - based George F. Root . It was also a popular song with adherents of the Primrose League in England , and was a central part of Victoria Day celebrations in Canada during the late 19th and early - to - mid 20th centuries . Lyrics ( edit ) Just before the battle , mother , I am thinking most of you , While upon the field we 're watching With the enemy in view . Comrades brave are ' round me lying , Filled with thoughts of home and God For well they know that on the morrow , Some will sleep beneath the sod . CHORUS : Farewell , mother , you may never Press me to your heart again , But , oh , you 'll not forget me , mother , If I 'm numbered with the slain . Oh , I long to see you , mother , And the loving ones at home , But I 'll never leave our banner , Till in honor I can come . Tell the traitors all around you That their cruel words we know , In every battle kill our soldiers By the help they give the foe . CHORUS : Farewell , mother , you may never Press me to your heart again , But , oh , you 'll not forget me , mother , If I 'm numbered with the slain . Hark ! I hear the bugles sounding , ' Tis the signal for the fight , Now , may God protect us , mother , As He ever does the right . Hear the `` Battle - Cry of Freedom , '' How it swells upon the air , Oh , yes , we 'll rally ' round the standard , Or we 'll perish nobly there . CHORUS : Farewell , mother , you may never Press me to your heart again , But , oh , you 'll not forget me , mother , If I 'm numbered with the slain . Lyrics are in the public domain . References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) `` Just Before the Battle , Mother '' , Stanley & Burr ( Indestructible Record 1460 , 1911 ). -- Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project . Lyrics and midi from Project Gutenberg Sheet music from Project Gutenberg Sheet Music from the library of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_Before_the_Battle,_Mother&oldid=796953842 '' Categories : Songs of the American Civil War Songs written by George Frederick Root Hidden categories : Year of song missing Talk About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 02 : 17 . About Wikipedia

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Anubis

Anubis - wikipedia Anubis Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Anubis ( disambiguation ) . Anubis The Egyptian god Anubis ( a modern rendition inspired by New Kingdom tomb paintings ) Name in hieroglyphs Major cult center Lycopolis , Cynopolis Symbol the fetish , the flail Consort Anput Offspring Kebechet Parents Nepthys and Set or Osiris ( Middle and New kingdom ) , or Ra only ( Old kingdom ) . Anubis ( / əˈnuːbɪs / or / əˈnjuːbɪs / ; Ancient Greek : Ἄνουβις , Egyptian : jnpw , Coptic : ⲁⲛⲟⲩⲡ Anoup ) is the Greek name of a god associated with mummification and the afterlife in ancient Egyptian religion , usually depicted as a canine or a man with a canine head . Archeologists identified the sacred animal of Anubis as an Egyptian canid , the African golden wolf . Like many ancient Egyptian deities , Anubis assumed different roles in various contexts . Depicted as a protector of graves as early as the First Dynasty ( c. 3100 -- c. 2890 BC ) , Anubis was also an embalmer . By the Middle Kingdom ( c. 2055 -- 1650 BC ) he was replaced by Osiris in his role as lord of the underworld . One of his prominent roles was as a god who ushered souls into the afterlife . He attended the weighing scale during the `` Weighing of the Heart , '' in which it was determined whether a soul would be allowed to enter the realm of the dead . Despite being one of the most ancient and `` one of the most frequently depicted and mentioned gods '' in the Egyptian pantheon , Anubis played almost no role in Egyptian myths . Anubis was depicted in black , a color that symbolized both rebirth and the discoloration of the corpse after embalming . Anubis is associated with Wepwawet ( also called Upuaut ) , another Egyptian god portrayed with a dog 's head or in canine form , but with grey or white fur . Historians assume that the two figures were eventually combined . Anubis ' female counterpart is Anput . His daughter is the serpent goddess Kebechet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 History 3 Roles 3.1 Protector of tombs 3.2 Embalmer 3.3 Guide of souls 3.4 Weighing of the heart 4 Portrayal in art 5 Gallery 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Name `` Anubis '' is a Greek rendering of this god 's Egyptian name . In the Old Kingdom ( c. 2686 BC -- c. 2181 BC ) , the standard way of writing his name in hieroglyphs was composed of the sound signs jnpw followed by a jackal over a ḥtp sign : A new form with the `` jackal '' on a tall stand appeared in the late Old Kingdom and became common thereafter : Anubis ' name jnpw was possibly pronounced ( a. ˈna. pha ) , based on Coptic Anoup and the Akkadian transcription 𒀀𒈾𒉺 < a-na - pa > in the name < ri - a-na - pa > `` Reanapa '' that appears in Amarna letter EA 315 . However , this transcription may also be interpreted as rˁ - nfr , a name similar to that of Prince Ranefer of the Fourth Dynasty . History Anubis attending the mummy of the deceased . In Egypt 's Early Dynastic period ( c. 3100 -- c. 2686 BC ) , Anubis was portrayed in full animal form , with a `` jackal '' head and body . A `` jackal '' god , probably Anubis , is depicted in stone inscriptions from the reigns of Hor - Aha , Djer , and other pharaohs of the First Dynasty . Since Predynastic Egypt , when the dead were buried in shallow graves , `` jackals '' had been strongly associated with cemeteries because they were scavengers which uncovered human bodies and ate their flesh . In the spirit of `` fighting like with like , '' a `` jackal '' was chosen to protect the dead , because `` a common problem ( and cause of concern ) must have been the digging up of bodies , shortly after burial , by jackals and other wild dogs which lived on the margins of the cultivation . '' The oldest known textual mention of Anubis is in the Pyramid Texts of the Old Kingdom ( c. 2686 -- c. 2181 BC ) , where he is associated with the burial of the pharaoh . In the Old Kingdom , Anubis was the most important god of the dead . He was replaced in that role by Osiris during the Middle Kingdom ( 2000 -- 1700 BC ) . In the Roman era , which started in 30 BC , tomb paintings depict him holding the hand of deceased persons to guide them to Osiris . The parentage of Anubis varied between myths , times and sources . In early mythology , he was portrayed as a son of Ra . In the Coffin Texts , which were written in the First Intermediate Period ( c. 2181 -- 2055 BC ) , Anubis is the son of either the cow goddess Hesat or the cat - headed Bastet . Another tradition depicted him as the son of his father Ra and mother Nephthys . The Greek Plutarch ( c. 40 -- 120 AD ) stated that Anubis was the illegitimate son of Nephthys and Osiris , but that he was adopted by Osiris 's wife Isis : Statue of Hermanubis , a hybrid of Anubis and the Greek god Hermes ( Vatican Museums ) For when Isis found out that Osiris loved her sister and had relations with her in mistaking her sister for herself , and when she saw a proof of it in the form of a garland of clover that he had left to Nephthys - she was looking for a baby , because Nephthys abandoned it at once after it had been born for fear of Seth ; and when Isis found the baby helped by the dogs which with great difficulties lead her there , she raised him and he became her guard and ally by the name of Anubis . George Hart sees this story as an `` attempt to incorporate the independent deity Anubis into the Osirian pantheon . '' An Egyptian papyrus from the Roman period ( 30 -- 380 AD ) simply called Anubis the `` son of Isis . '' In the Ptolemaic period ( 350 -- 30 BC ) , when Egypt became a Hellenistic kingdom ruled by Greek pharaohs , Anubis was merged with the Greek god Hermes , becoming Hermanubis . The two gods were considered similar because they both guided souls to the afterlife . The center of this cult was in uten - ha / Sa - ka / Cynopolis , a place whose Greek name means `` city of dogs . '' In Book XI of The Golden Ass by Apuleius , there is evidence that the worship of this god was continued in Rome through at least the 2nd century . Indeed , Hermanubis also appears in the alchemical and hermetical literature of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance . Although the Greeks and Romans typically scorned Egypt 's animal - headed gods as bizarre and primitive ( Anubis was mockingly called `` Barker '' by the Greeks ) , Anubis was sometimes associated with Sirius in the heavens and Cerberus and Hades in the underworld . In his dialogues , Plato often has Socrates utter oaths `` by the dog '' ( kai me ton kuna ) , `` by the dog of Egypt '' , and `` by the dog , the god of the Egyptians '' , both for emphasis and to appeal to Anubis as an arbiter of truth in the underworld . Roles Protector of tombs In contrast to real wolves , Anubis was a protector of graves and cemeteries . Several epithets attached to his name in Egyptian texts and inscriptions referred to that role . Khenty - imentiu , which means `` foremost of the westerners '' and later became the name of a different wolf god , alluded to his protecting function because the dead were usually buried on the west bank of the Nile . He took other names in connection with his funerary role , such as tpy - ḏw. f `` He who is upon his mountain '' ( i.e. keeping guard over tombs from above ) and nb - t3 - ḏsr `` Lord of the sacred land '' , which designates him as a god of the desert necropolis . The Jumilhac papyrus recounts another tale where Anubis protected the body of Osiris from Set . Set attempted to attack the body of Osiris by transforming himself into a leopard . Anubis stopped and subdued Set , however , and he branded Set 's skin with a hot iron rod . Anubis then flayed Set and wore his skin as a warning against evil - doers who would desecrate the tombs of the dead . Priests who attended to the dead wore leopard skin in order to commemorate Anubis ' victory over Set . The legend of Anubis branding the hide of Set in leopard form was used to explain how the leopard got its spots . Most ancient tombs had prayers to Anubis carved on them . Embalmer As jmy - wt `` He who is in the place of embalming '' , Anubis was associated with mummification . He was also called ḫnty zḥ - nṯr `` He who presides over the god 's booth '' , in which `` booth '' could refer either to the place where embalming was carried out or the pharaoh 's burial chamber . In the Osiris myth , Anubis helped Isis to embalm Osiris . Indeed , when the Osiris myth emerged , it was said that after Osiris had been killed by Set , Osiris 's organs were given to Anubis as a gift . With this connection , Anubis became the patron god of embalmers ; during the rites of mummification , illustrations from the Book of the Dead often show a wolf - mask - wearing priest supporting the upright mummy . Guide of souls By the late pharaonic era ( 664 -- 332 BC ) , Anubis was often depicted as guiding individuals across the threshold from the world of the living to the afterlife . Though a similar role was sometimes performed by the cow - headed Hathor , Anubis was more commonly chosen to fulfill that function . Greek writers from the Roman period of Egyptian history designated that role as that of `` psychopomp '' , a Greek term meaning `` guide of souls '' that they used to refer to their own god Hermes , who also played that role in Greek religion . Funerary art from that period represents Anubis guiding either men or women dressed in Greek clothes into the presence of Osiris , who by then had long replaced Anubis as ruler of the underworld . Weighing of the heart The `` weighing of the heart , '' from the book of the dead of Hunefer . Anubis is portrayed as both guiding the deceased forward and manipulating the scales , under the scrutiny of the ibis - headed Thoth . One of the roles of Anubis was as the `` Guardian of the Scales . '' The critical scene depicting the weighing of the heart , in the Book of the Dead , shows Anubis performing a measurement that determined whether the person was worthy of entering the realm of the dead ( the underworld , known as Duat ) . By weighing the heart of a deceased person against Ma'at ( or `` truth '' ) , who was often represented as an ostrich feather , Anubis dictated the fate of souls . Souls heavier than a feather would be devoured by Ammit , and souls lighter than a feather would ascend to a heavenly existence . Portrayal in art A crouching or `` recumbent '' statue of Anubis as a black - coated wolf ( from the Tomb of Tutankhamun ) Anubis was one of the most frequently represented gods in ancient Egyptian art . In the early dynastic period , he was depicted in animal form , as a black wolf . Anubis 's distinctive black color did not represent the coat of real wolves , but it had several symbolic meanings . First it represented `` the discolouration of the corpse after its treatment with natron and the smearing of the wrappings with a resinous substance during mummification '' . Being the color of the fertile silt of the River Nile , to Egyptians black also symbolized fertility and the possibility of rebirth in the afterlife . Later in the Middle Kingdom Anubis was often portrayed as a wolf - headed human . An extremely rare depiction of him in fully human form was found in the tomb of Ramesses II in Abydos . Anubis is often depicted wearing a ribbon and holding a nḫ3ḫ3 `` flail '' in the crook of his arm . Another of Anubis 's attributes was the jmy - wt or imiut fetish , named for his role in embalming . In funerary contexts , Anubis is shown either attending to a deceased person 's mummy or sitting atop a tomb protecting it . New Kingdom tomb - seals also depict Anubis sitting atop the nine bows that symbolize his domination over the enemies of Egypt . Gallery Anubis mask ( Roemer - und Pelizaeus - Museum Hildesheim ) Cartonnage Anubis mask ( Royal Pump Room , Harrogate ) A worshipper kneeling before Anubis ( Walters Art Museum ) Coffin Fragment with Image of Anubis , 1550 - 712 BC , Brooklyn Museum In popular culture Main article : Ancient Egyptian deities in popular culture § Anubis See also Anubias Anubis Shrine African golden wolf Egyptian mythology in popular culture Other Egyptian deities with canine features : Khentyimentiu , Sed , Wepwawet Ancient Egypt portal Death portal Mythology portal Religion portal References Jump up ^ The African Golden Wolf was formerly classified as the same species as the Golden Jackal , but was reclassified as its own species . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary , Eleventh Edition . Merriam - Webster , 2007 . p. 56 Jump up ^ `` African golden jackals are actually golden wolves '' . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Egyptian golden jackal is actually a grey wolf , scientists discover in DNA test '' . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden jackal : A new wolf species hiding in plain sight '' . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Genome - wide evidence reveals that African and Eurasian golden jackals are distinct species '' ( PDF ) . Current Biology . 25 : 2158 -- 2165 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2015.06. 060 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Papyrus from the Book of the Dead of Ani '' . Britishmuseum.org . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston 2004 , p. 579 . Jump up ^ Gryglewski 2002 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Coulter & Turner 2000 , p. 58 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gods and Religion in Ancient Egypt -- Anubis '' . Archived from the original on 27 December 2002 . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ The canine referred to as the Egyptian jackal in older texts was recently biologically reclassified as a separate canid species more closely related to grey wolves and coyotes than golden jackals . Furthermore ancient Greek texts about Anubis constantly refer to the deity as having a dog 's head , not jackal or wolf , and there is still uncertainty as to what canid represents Anubis . Therefore the Name and History section uses the names the original sources used but in quotation marks . ^ Jump up to : Leprohon 1990 , p. 164 , citing Fischer 1968 , p. 84 and Lapp 1986 , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Conder 1894 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ `` CDLI - Archival View '' . cdli.ucla.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson 1999 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson 1999 , pp. 280 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson 1999 , p. 262 ( burials in shallow graves in Predynastic Egypt ) ; Freeman 1997 , p. 91 ( rest of the information ) . Jump up ^ Wilkinson 1999 , p. 262 ( `` fighting like with like '' and `` by jackals and other wild dogs '' ) . ^ Jump up to : Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 188 -- 90 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman 1997 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Riggs 2005 , pp. 166 -- 67 . ^ Jump up to : Hart 1986 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Hart 1986 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Gryglewski 2002 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Peacock 2000 , pp. 437 -- 38 ( Hellenistic kingdom ) . Jump up ^ `` Hermanubis English Dictionary & Translation by Babylon '' . Babylon.com . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Riggs 2005 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Hoerber 1963 , p. 269 ( for Cerberus and Hades ) . Jump up ^ E.g. , Gorgias , 482b ( Blackwood , Crossett & Long 1962 , p. 318 ) , or The Republic , 399e , 567e , 592a ( Hoerber 1963 , p. 268 ) . Jump up ^ Hart 1986 , p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Hart 1986 , pp. 23 -- 24 ; Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 188 -- 90 . ^ Jump up to : Vischak , Deborah ( 2014 - 10 - 27 ) . Community and Identity in Ancient Egypt : The Old Kingdom Cemetery at Qubbet el - Hawa . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781107027602 . Jump up ^ Armour 2001 . Jump up ^ Zandee 1960 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ `` The Gods of Ancient Egypt -- Anubis '' . touregypt.net . Retrieved 29 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Kinsley 1989 , p. 178 ; Riggs 2005 , p. 166 ( `` The motif of Anubis , or less frequently Hathor , leading the deceased to the afterlife was well - established in Egyptian art and thought by the end of the pharaonic era . '' ) . Jump up ^ Riggs 2005 , pp. 127 and 166 . Jump up ^ Riggs 2005 , pp. 127 -- 28 and 166 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Faulkner , Andrews & Wasserman 2008 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ `` Museum Explorer / Death in Ancient Egypt -- Weighing the heart '' . British Museum . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gods of Ancient Egypt : Anubis '' . Britishmuseum.org . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson 1999 , p. 263 . ^ Jump up to : Hart 1986 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Hart 1986 , p. 22 ; Freeman 1997 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ancient Egypt : the Mythology -- Anubis '' . Egyptianmyths.net . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson 1999 , p. 281 . Bibliography Zandee , Jan ( 1960 ) , Death as an Enemy : According to Ancient Egyptian Conceptions , Brill Archive , GGKEY : A7N6PJCAF5Q Armour , Robert A. ( 2001 ) , Gods and Myths of Ancient Egypt , Cairo , Egypt : American University in Cairo Press Blackwood , Russell ; Crossett , John ; Long , Herbert ( 1962 ) , `` Gorgias 482b '' , The Classical Journal , 57 ( 7 ) : 318 -- 19 , JSTOR 3295283 . Conder , Claude Reignier ( trans . ) ( 1894 ) ( 1893 ) , The Tell Amarna Tablets ( Second ed . ) , London : Published for the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund by A.P. Watt . Coulter , Charles Russell ; Turner , Patricia ( 2000 ) , Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities , Jefferson ( NC ) and London : McFarland , ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0317 - 9 . Faulkner , Raymond O. ; Andrews , Carol ; Wasserman , James ( 2008 ) , The Egyptian Book of the Dead : The Book of Going Forth by Day , Chronicle Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 6489 - 3 . Fischer , Henry George ( 1968 ) , Dendera in the Third Millennium B.C. , Down to the Theban Domination of Upper Egypt , London : J.J. Augustin . Freeman , Charles ( 1997 ) , The Legacy of Ancient Egypt , New York : Facts on File , ISBN 0 - 816 - 03656 - X . Gryglewski , Ryszard W. ( 2002 ) , `` Medical and Religious Aspects of Mummification in Ancient Egypt '' ( PDF ) , Organon , 31 : 128 -- 48 . Hart , George ( 1986 ) , A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses , -- via Questia ( subscription required ) , London : Routledge & Kegan Paul , ISBN 0 - 415 - 34495 - 6 . Hoerber , Robert G. ( 1963 ) , `` The Socratic Oath ' By the Dog ' '' , The Classical Journal , 58 ( 6 ) : 268 -- 69 , JSTOR 3293989 . Johnston , Sarah Iles ( general ed . ) ( 2004 ) , Religions of the Ancient World : A Guide , -- via Questia ( subscription required ) , Cambridge , MA : Belknap Press , ISBN 0 - 674 - 01517 - 7 . Kinsley , David ( 1989 ) , The Goddesses ' Mirror : Visions of the Divine from East and West , -- via Questia ( subscription required ) , Albany ( NY ) : State University of New York Press , ISBN 0 - 88706 - 835 - 9 . ISBN 0 - 88706 - 836 - 7 ( paperback ) . Lapp , Günther ( 1986 ) , Die Opferformel des Alten Reiches : unter Berücksichtigung einiger späterer Formen ( The offering formula of the Old Kingdom : considering a few later forms ) , Mainz am Rhein : Zabern , ISBN 3805308728 . Leprohon , Ronald J. ( 1990 ) , `` The Offering Formula in the First Intermediate Period '' , The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology , 76 : 163 -- 64 , JSTOR 3822017 . Peacock , David ( 2000 ) , `` The Roman Period '' , in Shaw , Ian ( ed . ) , The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 815034 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Riggs , Christina ( 2005 ) , The Beautiful Burial in Roman Egypt : Art , Identity , and Funerary Religion , -- via Questia ( subscription required ) , Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 927665 - 3 . Wilkinson , Richard H. ( 2003 ) , The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt , London : Thames & Hudson , ISBN 0 - 500 - 05120 - 8 . Wilkinson , Toby A.H. ( 1999 ) , Early Dynastic Egypt , -- via Questia ( subscription required ) , London : Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 18633 - 1 . Further reading Duquesne , Terence ( 2005 ) . The Jackal Divinities of Egypt I. Darengo Publications . ISBN 1 - 871266 - 24 - 6 . El - Sadeek , Wafaa ; Abdel Razek , Sabah ( 2007 ) . Anubis , Upwawet , and Other Deities : Personal Worship and Official Religion in Ancient Egypt . American University in Cairo Press . ISBN 9789774372315 . Grenier , J. - C. ( 1977 ) . Anubis alexandrin et romain ( in French ) . E.J. Brill . ISBN 9789004049178 . External links Media related to Anubis at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of Anubis at Wiktionary ( hide ) Ancient Egyptian religion Beliefs Emanationism Isfet Maat Maa Kheru Mythology Numerology Paganism Pantheism Philosophy Polytheism Soul Practices Funerals Heku Mortuary temples Offering formula Temples Veneration of the dead Deities Ogdoad Amun Amunet Heh Hauhet Kek Kauket Nu Naunet Ennead Atum Shu Tefnut Geb Nut Osiris Isis Set Nephthys Aker Akhty Ammit Am - heh Anat Andjety Anhur Anput Anti Anubis Anuket Apedemak Apep Apis Apt Aqen Arensnuphis Ash Astarte Aten Astennu Babi Banebdjedet Bastet Bat Bata Ba - Pef Bes Buchis Dedun Four sons of Horus Duamutef Hapi Imset Qebehsenuef Ha Hapi Hathor Hatmehit Hedetet Heka Hemen Hemsut Heqet Hermanubis Hesat Horus Heryshaf Hu Iabet Iah Iat Ihy Imentet Imhotep Iunit Iusaaset Kebechet Khensit Khenti - Amentiu Khenti - kheti Khepri Kherty Khnum Khonsu Kothar - wa - Khasis Maahes Ma'at Mandulis Matit Medjed Mafdet Mehen Mehet - Weret Mehit Menhit Meret Meretseger Meskhenet Min Mnevis Montu Mut Nebethetepet Nebtuwi Nefertem Nehebkau Nehmetawy Neith Nekhbet Neper Pakhet Petbe Ptah Qebui Qetesh Ra Raet - Tawy Rem Renenutet Renpet Repyt Resheph Sah Satis Sekhmet Seker Serapis Serket Seshat Shai Shed Shesmetet Shezmu Sia Sobek Sopdet Sopdu Souls of Pe and Nekhen Tatenen Taweret Ta - Bitjet Tenenet Thoth Hermes Trismegistus Tjenenyet Tutu Unut Wadjet Wadj - wer Weneg Wepset Wepwawet Werethekau Wosret Creatures Aani Abtu Bennu Griffin Hieracosphinx Medjed Serpopard Sha Sphinx Uraeus Characters Dedi Djadjaemankh Rededjet Ubaoner Locations Neter - khertet Aaru Benben Duat Land of Manu The Indestructibles Symbols and Objects Ankh Atef Atet Book of Thoth Cartouche Crook and flail Deshret Djed Egyptian obelisk Egyptian pool Eye of Horus Eye of Ra Hedjet Hemhem crown Hennu Imiut fetish Khepresh Kneph Matet boat Menat Nebu Nemes Neshmet Ouroboros Pschent Scarab Seqtet boat Serekh Shen ring Tyet Ushabti Was - sceptre Winged sun Writings Amduat Books of Breathing Book of Caverns Book of the Dead Book of the Earth Book of Gates Book of the Heavenly Cow Book of Traversing Eternity Coffin Texts The Contendings of Horus and Seth Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld Great Hymn to the Aten Litany of the Eye of Horus Litany of Re Pyramid Texts Related religions Atenism Gnosticism Hermeticism Kemetism Temple of Set Book Ancient Egypt portal VIAF : 69723031 GND : 118649752 SUDOC : 031428800 BNF : cb12264465p ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anubis&oldid=831151159 '' Categories : Death gods Underworld gods Egyptian gods Mythological canines Wolves in folklore , religion and mythology Animal gods Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2015 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 67 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 01 : 10 . 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Disney Vault

Disney Vault - Wikipedia Disney Vault Jump to : navigation , search The `` Disney Vault '' is the term used by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment for its policy of putting home video releases of Walt Disney Animation Studios 's animated features on moratorium . Each Disney film is available for purchase for a limited time , after which it is put `` in the vault '' and not made available in stores for several years until its re-release . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Controls 3 Films 3.1 Main features 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) The practice was started with Disney re-releasing its animated films in theaters every few years which began with the reissue of 1937 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1944 . In more recent times , this practice has been extended to home releases , in particular those in the Platinum and Diamond lines . Some direct - to - video Disney films , among them Bambi II , have also been released with a pre-established window of availability . Controls ( edit ) The Walt Disney Company itself states that this process is done to both control their market and to allow Disney films to be fresh for new generations of young children . As a side - effect of the moratorium process is the fact that videos and DVDs of Disney films placed on moratorium become collectibles , sold in stores and at auction websites such as eBay for sums in excess of their original suggested retail price . The practice also has made the Disney films a prime target for counterfeit DVD manufactures . Films ( edit ) The following films are currently considered as being in the cycle of movies which are subject to the rules of the Disney Vault , all of which have been announced in recent years to be in the Diamond / Platinum line up ( even if the titles have been canceled * ) . Main features ( edit ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Pinocchio Fantasia Dumbo Bambi Cinderella Alice in Wonderland Peter Pan Lady and the Tramp Sleeping Beauty One Hundred and One Dalmatians The Jungle Book The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin The Lion King See also ( edit ) Disney portal Artificial scarcity Moratorium ( entertainment ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Front Row , Sofa ! - Di $ ney Does The Little Mermaid '' . dvdfuture.com. 2011 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 28 . `` Archived '' . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( February 6 , 2006 ) . `` ' Bambi ' is back for 70 ' II ' days '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Buena Vista Home Entertainment : A Very Lucky Accident Indeed '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilson Rothman . `` Why I Steal Movies ... Even Ones I 'm In '' . Gizmodo . Univision Communications . Jump up ^ `` Disney is taking a Movie out of the Vault , but why do they hold our childhoods hostage in the first place ? ! '' . E !. NBCUniversal . February 6 , 2015 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Hunchback of Notre Dame ' and ' Mulan ' Are from Disney 's Artistically Vital Years '' . PopMatters . March 14 , 2013 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Disney Princess Movies Coming Out of the Vault '' . nickisrandommusing.com. 2016 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 07 . 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Toy Story Tron Winnie the Pooh Other D23 Disney Comics Disney Vault The Walt Disney Company This Disney - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disney_Vault&oldid=829121943 '' Categories : Disney Consumer Products Disney merchandise Disney stubs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 6 March 2018 , at 19 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Florida Panhandle

Florida Panhandle - wikipedia Florida Panhandle For a list of other political entities with similar geographic extensions , see Salient ( geography ) . Map showing Florida counties that may be included in references to the Panhandle ; the eastern extent of the Panhandle is arbitrarily defined and may vary . An 1859 U.S. Coast Survey map or nautical chart of St. George Sound , Florida , the coast part of Tate 's Hell State Forest , just southwest of Tallahassee , along the Florida Panhandle . The Florida Panhandle , an informal , unofficial term for the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Florida , is a strip of land roughly 200 miles long and 50 to 100 miles wide ( 320 km by 80 to 160 km ) , lying between Alabama on the north and the west , Georgia also on the north , and the Gulf of Mexico to the south . Its eastern boundary is arbitrarily defined . The terms West Florida and Northwest Florida are today generally synonymous with the Panhandle , although historically West Florida was the name of a British colony ( 1763 -- 1783 ) , later a Spanish colony ( 1783 -- 1821 ) , both of which included modern - day Florida west of the Apalachicola River as well as portions of what are now Alabama , Mississippi , and Louisiana . As is the case with the other eight U.S. states that have panhandles , the geographic meaning of the term is inexact and elastic . References to the Florida Panhandle always include the ten counties west of the Apalachicola River , a natural geographic boundary , which was the historic dividing line between the British colonies of West Florida and East Florida . These western counties also lie in the Central Time Zone ( with the exception of Gulf County , which is divided between the Eastern and Central Time zones ) , while the rest of the state is in the Eastern Time Zone . References to the Panhandle may also include some or all of eight counties immediately east of the Apalachicola known as the Big Bend region , along the curve of Apalachee Bay . Like North Central Florida , the Panhandle is more similar in culture and climate to the Deep South than to South Florida in the lower peninsula , being known for its conservative politics and `` piney woods . '' The largest city in the Panhandle is Tallahassee , the state capital , population 188,107 ( 2014 ) . However , the largest population grouping is the Pensacola Metropolitan Area with a population of 474,081 . The total population of the Panhandle , as of the 2010 Census , was 1,407,925 , just under 7.5 % of Florida 's total population as recorded in the same census . Contents 1 Coastal regions 1.1 Emerald Coast 1.2 Forgotten Coast 2 Physical features 3 History 3.1 19th century 3.1. 1 Alabama annexation proposals 3.2 20th century 3.3 21st century 4 Economy 5 Education 6 Politics 7 Culture and Sports 8 Counties 9 Cities and towns 10 Beaches 11 Military bases 12 See also 13 References 14 External links 15 Bibliography Coastal regions ( edit ) Emerald Coast ( edit ) Main article : Emerald Coast Beach in Destin Emerald Coast , a term coined in 1983 , refers in general to the beaches and coastal resorts from Pensacola to Port St. Joe , but is sometimes used to refer , by extension , to the Panhandle as a whole , especially west of the Apalachicola . Earlier designations include `` Playground of the Gulfcoast '' and the `` Miracle Strip '' , especially for the area between Fort Walton Beach and Panama City . Coastal regions of the following counties ( if not the entirety of the counties themselves ) are usually included when referring to the Emerald Coast : Okaloosa County Santa Rosa County Walton County Coastal portions of Escambia County ( namely Pensacola Beach ) that lie on the western edge , and coastal portions of Bay County that lie on the eastern edge , are also regularly included when referring to the Emerald Coast , but with somewhat less regularity than the three aforementioned counties listed above . However , the agency providing water , sewer , and garbage collection services to unincorporated Escambia County , which is headquartered in Pensacola , is called the Emerald Coast Utility Authority . Forgotten Coast ( edit ) Main article : Forgotten Coast The Forgotten Coast is a trademarked term coined in the early 1990s used to refer to the coastal portion of the Florida Panhandle extending from Mexico Beach or southeastern Bay County on the Gulf of Mexico to St. Marks on Apalachee Bay . It is usually not considered a part of the Emerald Coast , which lies directly adjacent to the west . Coastal regions of the following counties ( if not the entirety of the counties themselves ) are usually included when referring to the Forgotten Coast : Gulf County Franklin County Wakulla County Small portions of Bay County Physical features ( edit ) The Apalachicola River is the largest river of the Panhandle . It is formed by the junction of several rivers , including the Chattahoochee and the Flint , where the boundaries of Alabama , Georgia , and Florida meet . From there , it flows southward to the town of Apalachicola . Major estuaries include , from west to east : Perdido Bay , fed by the Perdido River , which forms the western boundary of Florida ; Escambia Bay and East Bay , fed by the Escambia River and Blackwater River , respectively ; Choctawhatchee Bay , fed by the Choctawhatchee River ; and St. Andrews Bay , fed by Econfina Creek . Pensacola Bay , a deepwater port , is formed by the joining of Escambia and East bays . The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway , completed in 1949 , traverses the lower Panhandle by means of bays , lagoons , sounds , and man - made canals . The barrier islands of Perdido Key and Santa Rosa Island extend from the Pandhandle 's western extremity to Fort Walton Beach . Interstate 10 is the only interstate highway in the Panhandle , connecting the extreme west with North Florida and Jacksonville . Other older east -- west routes include U.S. Highway 90 and U.S. Highway 98 . Important north -- south routes west of the Apalachicola River include U.S. Highway 29 , U.S. Highway 331 , and U.S. Highway 231 , all linking to Alabama and Interstate 65 . State Road 20 stretches from Niceville to Tallahassee . The major railroad line through the Panhandle , running from Pensacola to Jacksonville , is owned by CSX railroad . ( See Pensacola and Atlantic Railroad . ) Passenger service ended with the creation of Amtrak in 1971 , but was revived with the extension of the Sunset Limited to Orlando beginning in 1993 ; however , passenger service was discontinued after Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast in 2005 . Regional short - line railroads serving the Panhandle are the Alabama and Gulf Coast Railway ( formerly BNSF Railway , ex-Frisco Railway ) , the Bay Line Railroad , and the AN Railway . Like North Central Florida , this region is more similar in culture and climate to the Deep South than to South Florida in the lower peninsula . History ( edit ) For the colonial history of the area before 1821 , see West Florida . 19th century ( edit ) Throughout the 19th century , the Panhandle was sparsely populated , dotted in places with small farming communities , none of which had as many as a thousand residents . Many Panhandle residents had , in fact , migrated to the area from Alabama and had relatives there ; it was also easier to trade with and travel to southern Alabama than to reach East Florida by slow , arduous journey across the thick cypress swamps and dense pine forests of the Panhandle . It was natural for West Floridians to feel that they had more in common with their nearby neighbors in Alabama than with the residents of the peninsula , hundreds of miles away . In 1821 , Pensacola was the only city ( in 19th - century terms ) in West Florida , with a population estimated to be about 3,000 . In the 1850 census , the enumerated population of Pensacola was 2,164 ( including 741 slaves and 350 `` free Negroes '' ) . Alabama annexation proposals ( edit ) During the course of the century , proposals for ceding the Florida counties west of the Apalachicola River to Alabama were often raised : In 1811 , while Florida was still a Spanish possession , American residents sent a petition to Congress asking to be incorporated into the Mississippi Territory , which at that time included present - day Alabama . ( See West Florida article . ) In 1819 , the constitutional convention of Alabama asked Congress to include West Florida in their new state . In 1822 , only a year after the U.S. acquired the entire Florida territory from Spain , residents of West Florida sent a petition to the U.S. House of Representatives asking that their section be annexed to Alabama , and Alabama Senator John Williams Walker also promoted the idea . In 1826 , the Pensacola Gazette published a number of letters advocating annexation to Alabama , though the editor remarked that some Pensacolians opposed the idea . In 1840 , a public meeting in Pensacola produced a demand that West Florida be united with Alabama . In the same year , the territorial Legislature notified Congress that it opposed allowing Alabama to annex West Florida , but in 1844 , the year before statehood , the Legislature reversed its stance and asked that West Florida be separated . In 1856 , advocates of annexation were able to get a bill passed by the Legislature authorizing a referendum on the issue , but Governor James E. Broome vetoed the measure . The Pensacola Gazette reported that `` annexation is desired by a large majority of the people '' of the area . In 1858 , the Alabama Legislature unsuccessfully tried to open negotiations with Florida on the subject . The annexation issue was eclipsed by the Civil War and the war 's effects on the region , but in 1868 , with Pensacola now connected by the Panhandle 's sole railroad line to the Alabama cities of Mobile and Montgomery , the issue came to a head again and was finally put to a vote of the people . In that year , the Alabama Legislature approved a joint resolution authorizing their Governor to negotiate with the Governor of Florida about the annexation of West Florida . An offer of one million dollars in Alabama state bonds , paying 8 percent interest for thirty years , was included . Both states appointed commissioners to make detailed recommendations on the matter . On November 2 , 1869 , a referendum was held in the West Florida counties ( except Jackson , which was in the throes of bloody racial violence ) , with a result of 1162 to 661 in favor of annexation . However , political objection developed in Alabama to the high price , and the Legislature took no action on the results of the referendum . In 1873 , a similar proposal was made in the Alabama Legislature , which the state senate approved , though it did not pass a separate proposal to finance the measure by selling all of Alabama 's territory west of the Tombigbee River , including the city of Mobile , to Mississippi . However , nothing came of this action . In 1901 , Alabama made yet another offer when the Legislature appointed a commission to negotiate with Florida about annexation , but this attempt , too , was unsuccessful . The building of the Pensacola and Atlantic Railroad , completed in 1883 , finally linked Pensacola and the Panhandle solidly with the rest of the state and ended the region 's isolation , although from time to time during the twentieth century there were still occasional calls for annexation that generated some public discussion but no legislative action . See also : Pensacola and Atlantic Railroad 20th century ( edit ) In the last quarter of the century , hurricanes that directly struck the area and caused significant damage included Hurricane Eloise in 1975 , Hurricane Kate in 1985 , and Hurricane Erin and Hurricane Opal , both in 1995 . Numerous tropical depressions and storms also afflicted the area from time to time : see various lists grouped by decade in the wikiarticle List of Florida hurricanes . The area was a prime target of the March 1993 Storm of the Century . 21st century ( edit ) The Panhandle suffered direct hits from Hurricane Ivan in 2004 and Hurricane Dennis in 2005 . Ivan was the most disastrous , making landfall near Gulf Shores , Alabama , with 120 mile - per - hour ( 193 kph ) winds and a 14 - foot ( 4.3 m ) storm surge that devastated Perdido Key and Santa Rosa Island , wrecked the Interstate 10 bridge across Escambia Bay , and destroyed thousands of homes in the region , some as far away as 20 miles ( 32 km ) inland . On June 23 , 2010 , oil from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill landed on Pensacola Beach and Navarre Beach , damaging the fishing and tourism industries , and prompting a massive clean - up effort . Economy ( edit ) Historically , the economy of the Panhandle depended mainly on farming , forestry and lumbering , paper mills , import / export shipping at Pensacola and to a lesser extent at Panama City , shipbuilding , and commercial fishing . After World War II , the economy was boosted by the numerous military bases established in the region , as well as the growth of tourism and the hospitality industry . Major employers in the second half of the twentieth century included Monsanto and Westinghouse plants at Pensacola , the St. Joe Paper Company in Port St. Joe , and Gulf Power , a major electric utility company . Unlike central and southern Florida , the Panhandle has never been a producer of citrus crops because the area is subject to regular frosts and freezes in wintertime , which destroy citrus fruits . Education ( edit ) See also : List of colleges and universities in Florida The following institutions of higher learning are located in the Panhandle . State University System : Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University ( Tallahassee ) Florida State University ( Tallahassee ) University of West Florida ( Pensacola ) Florida College System : Chipola College ( Marianna ) Gulf Coast State College ( Panama City ) Northwest Florida State College ( Niceville ) Pensacola State College ( Pensacola ) Tallahassee Community College ( Tallahassee ) Religiously affiliated : Baptist College of Florida ( Graceville ) Pensacola Christian College ( Pensacola ) Private institutions : Virginia College ( Pensacola ) Politics ( edit ) The politics of the Florida Panhandle vary considerably depending on location . The western Panhandle is the most Republican area of Florida , with Pensacola and the Emerald Coast regularly giving Republicans close to or over 70 % margins in state and national elections . However , Tallahassee and Gadsden County tend to be strongly Democratic . In the 2008 Presidential election , John McCain received 421,287 votes ( 60.1 % ) in the Panhandle , while Barack Obama received 279,206 votes ( 39.9 % ) . Culture and Sports ( edit ) Great Gulfcoast Arts Festival Florida A&M Rattlers Florida State Seminoles Pensacola Blue Wahoos Pensacola Ice Flyers Red Hills Horse Trials Springtime Tallahassee Tallahassee Wine and Food Festival Counties ( edit ) The following counties west of the Apalachicola River are always included in references to the Panhandle : Bay County Calhoun County Escambia County Gulf County Holmes County Jackson County Okaloosa County Santa Rosa County Walton County Washington County Some or all of the following counties east of the Apalachicola , in the Big Bend subregion , are sometimes considered part of the Panhandle : Franklin County Gadsden County Jefferson County Leon County Liberty County Madison County Taylor County Wakulla County Cities and towns ( edit ) Places marked with an asterisk ( * ) lie east of the Apalachicola River , and may not be considered part of the Panhandle by some residents or writers . Apalachicola Blountstown Bonifay Callaway Carrabelle * Cedar Grove Chipley Crestview DeFuniak Springs Destin Fort Walton Beach Gulf Breeze Lynn Haven Marianna Milton Navarre Niceville Panama City Panama City Beach Pensacola Port St Joe Quincy * Springfield Tallahassee * Valparaiso Population of the major metropolitan areas in the Panhandle : Pensacola - Ferry Pass - Brent Metropolitan Statistical Area - 455,102 ( 2009 ) Fort Walton Beach - Crestview - Destin , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area - 180,822 ( 2010 ) Panama City - Lynn Haven - Panama City Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area - 168,852 ( 2010 ) Tallahassee Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area - 367,413 ( 2010 ) Beaches ( edit ) The Panhandle is renowned for the white - sand beaches and blue - green waters of its barrier islands fronting the Gulf of Mexico . According to the National Park Service : The stunning sugar - white beaches of Gulf Islands National Seashore are composed of fine quartz eroded from granite in the Appalachian Mountains . The sand is carried seaward by rivers and creeks and deposited by currents along the shore . The beach towns in the Panhandle , many of which play host to college students during spring break , are sometimes derisively called the Redneck Riviera . The term was used as the title of a song by country music artist Tom T. Hall on his 1996 album Songs from Sopchoppy . The album takes its name from a town in rural Wakulla County , near Tallahassee . Tourists have been drawn to the Panhandle since the building of the Pensacola and Atlantic Railroad in the 1880s . Pensacola Beach has been a major tourist attraction since the building of bridges between the mainland and Santa Rosa Island in 1931 . After World War II , an increase in both tourism and population of the area led to a proliferation of motels , restaurants , bars , tourist attractions , and amusement parks along the coast , concentrated in Pensacola Beach , Fort Walton Beach , and Panama City Beach . Examples include the Gulfarium marine park and aquarium in Fort Walton Beach , and the former Miracle Strip Amusement Park ( 1963 -- 2004 ) in Panama City Beach . In 1971 , the federal government acquired many acres of the coastal islands in Escambia , Santa Rosa , and Okaloosa counties , preserving them from commercial development by establishing the Gulf Islands National Seashore , which also covers some islands off the Mississippi coast . Other beach areas protected by the state of Florida include Perdido Key State Park Big Lagoon State Park Henderson Beach State Park Grayton Beach State Park St. Andrews State Park St. Joseph Peninsula State Park St. George Island State Park Both state and federal parks offer facilities for camping , picknicking , and other recreational pursuits . In addition , some parts of the coastline are federal property belonging to Pensacola Naval Air Station , Eglin Air Force Base , and Tyndall Air Force Base , and so are likewise protected from commercial development . In addition , seven state aquatic preserves , covering thousands of acres of submerged lands in coastal areas , are located in the Panhandle . A number of other state parks , preserves , and forests are located inland . The 1970s also saw the beginnings of a number of upscale beach resorts , condominium towers , vacation homes , and planned communities , such as Seaside and Sandestin , so that most of the privately owned areas of the coastline are now heavily developed . Military bases ( edit ) Major military bases include the Pensacola Naval Air Station ( the home of Naval Aviation in the United States ) , Eglin Air Force Base and Hurlburt Field near Ft . Walton Beach , Naval Support Activity Panama City in Panama City Beach , and Tyndall Air Force Base near Panama City . The 1983 - 84 television show Emerald Point N.A.S. was set in a naval air station somewhere in the American South , similar to Pensacola NAS . The 1997 - 2000 action / adventure series Pensacola : Wings of Gold was explicitly set there . See also ( edit ) Battle of Pensacola ( disambiguation ) Battle of Santa Rosa Island Bellamy Road Emerald Coast Florida Caverns Florida in the Civil War Floridan Aquifer Forgotten Coast Fort Barrancas Fort McRee Fort Pickens Gulf Wind National Naval Aviation Museum Sunset Limited West Florida References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) A Newsweek article in 1972 , referring to then United States Senator Lawton Chiles , said `` In 1958 , he was elected to the state legislature from the ultraconservative piney - woods panhandle of Florida . '' Jump up ^ `` Who owns ' Emerald Coast ' ? '' Archived July 2 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Northwest Florida Daily News , June 29 , 2011 , accessed July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Florida Handbook '' . Peninsular Publishing Company . May 7 , 1985 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Services '' . Emerald Coast Utility Authority . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ United States Patent and Trademark Office Searching on this site reveals that the name was `` first used in commerce '' in 1992 ; the ABCofC registered the trademark in 2009 . Jump up ^ Reiley , Laura . `` The Forgotten Coast '' , Moon Florida Gulf Coast , Avalon Travel Publishing , 2008 , pp. 262 -- 289 . ISBN 1 - 59880 - 082 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE AMERICAN ANNUAL CYCLOPAEDIA '' . May 7 , 1870 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Herbert J. Doherty , `` Ante - bellum Pensacola : 1821 -- 1860 , Florida Historical Quarterly , January 1959 ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Walter Lynwood ; Chandler , Julian Alvin Carroll ( December 1 , 2009 ) . `` The South in the Building of the Nation ( 4 ) ; Political History , Ed. by F.L. Riley '' . General Books LLC -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Laws and Joint Resolutions of the Legislature of Alabama '' . J. Boardman . May 7 , 1868 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` 自分 流 はたらき か た 改革 - フリー の 道 は 険しい けれど . '' . www.thejacksoncountywar.com . Jump up ^ `` Appletons ' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events : Embracing Political , Military , and Ecclesiastical Affairs ; Public Documents ; Biography , Statistics , Commerce , Finance , Literature , Science , Agriculture , and Mechanical Industry '' . Appleton . May 7 , 1871 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Senate , Alabama Legislature ( May 7 , 1873 ) . `` Journal of the Senate of the State of Alabama '' -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Oil spill report card : Where are we now ? '' . Pensacola News - Journal ( Online edition ) . April 18 , 2015 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Directions to the Florida District , '' Gulf Islands National Seashore , National Park Service , accessed 10 July 2011 `` . Jump up ^ News , A.B.C. ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` Alabama Town Says No to ' Redneck Riviera ' '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` Pensacola Beach , Florida - Pensapedia , the Pensacola encyclopedia '' . www.pensapedia.com . Jump up ^ http://www.gulfarium.com/ Florida 's Gulfarium Marine Show Aquarium Jump up ^ `` CAMA Office Closures , '' Florida Department of Environmental Protection , accessed 10 July 2011 Archived April 17 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ChananEstates.com . `` Chanan Estates in the Emerald Coast '' . ChananEstates.com . Chanan Estates Property Owners ' Association . p. http://www.chananestates.com/index.html . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Emerald Coast Convention and Visitors Bureau , Inc . `` Official Site '' . Northwest Florida 's Emerald Coast . p. http://www.emeraldcoastfl.com/index.html . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ TripAdvisor , LLC . `` Emerald Coast - Florida - Reviews of Emerald Coast '' . TripAdvisor . p. http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g28930-d524800-Reviews-Emerald_Coast-Florida.html . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miles Media Group , Inc . `` Emerald Coast - SEE - Florida '' . SEE - Florida . p. http://www.see-florida.com/emerald-coast . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ South Walton Tourist Development Council . `` South Walton State Parks - South Walton , Florida '' . VisitSouthWalton.com The Official South Walton Tourism Site . VisitSouthWalton.com . p. http://www.visitsouthwalton.com/grayton-beach-state-park . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Grayton Beach State Park is among the priceless natural treasures of Florida 's Emerald Coast . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Florida Panhandle . Outdoor Gulf Coast -- Online recreation for Northwest Florida Panama City Beach Convention & Visitors Bureau -- Official online travel planning resource for Panama City Beach Historic Pensacola Village and T.T. Wentworth , Jr. , State Museum Bibliography ( edit ) DeBolt , Dean . `` The Florida Panhandle , '' pp. 404 -- 445 in The Book Lover 's Guide to Florida , ed . Kevin M. McCarthy . Sarasota , Florida : Pineapple Press , 1992 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56164 - 012 - 6 ( Contains an extensive bibliography of fiction and nonfiction works about people and places in the Panhandle . ) Hollis , Tim . Florida 's Miracle Strip : From Redneck Riviera to Emerald Coast . University Press of Mississippi , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57806 - 627 - 8 Jahoda , Gloria . The Other Florida . Scribner , 1967 . King , Heidi Tyline . The Pelican Guide to the Florida Panhandle . Pelican Publishing , 1999 . ISBN 1 - 56554 - 308 - 4 O'Donovan , Michael , and Robin Rowan . Florida 's Northwest : First Places , Wild Places , Favorite Places . Terra Nova Publishing , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 9651034 - 3 - 9 Ziewitz , Kathryn , and June Wiaz . Green Empire : The St. Joe Company and the Remaking of Florida 's Panhandle . University Press of Florida , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2951 - 1 United States panhandles Alabama Alaska Connecticut Florida Idaho Maryland Nebraska Oklahoma Texas West Virginia Northern Eastern State of Florida Tallahassee ( capital ) Topics Climate Congressional Delegations Districts Education Environment Geology Government Hurricanes Law Media Newspapers Radio TV Symbols Flag Seal Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of Florida History Timeline Spanish Florida British Rule East Florida West Florida Florida Territory Seminole Wars Slavery Plantations of Leon County Civil War Florida East Coast Railway Florida land boom of the 1920s Kennedy Space Center Disney World Geography Caves Everglades ( Drainage and development ) Keys Lake Okeechobee Reef Sinkholes State forests State parks Swamps Major hurricanes 1910 Cuba hurricane 1926 Nassau hurricane 1926 Miami hurricane 1928 Okeechobee hurricane 1929 Bahamas hurricane 1933 Treasure Coast hurricane 1935 Labor Day hurricane Donna ( 1960 ) Cleo ( 1964 ) Dora ( 1964 ) Betsy ( 1965 ) Eloise ( 1975 ) Kate ( 1985 ) Andrew ( 1992 ) Ivan ( 1994 ) Opal ( 1995 ) Georges ( 1998 ) Charley ( 2004 ) Frances ( 2004 ) Dennis ( 2005 ) Katrina ( 2005 ) Wilma ( 2005 ) Irma ( 2017 ) Society African - American Cuban - American culture Miami Tampa Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Floridians Haitian - American culture Delray Beach Miami Indigenous peoples Everglades Politics Sports Regions Big Bend Central Florida Emerald Coast First Coast Forgotten Coast Glades Gold Coast Halifax area Heartland Keys Nature Coast North Central Florida North Florida Panhandle South Florida Southwest Florida Space Coast Suncoast Tampa Bay Area Treasure Coast Metro areas Cape Coral -- Fort Myers Deltona -- Daytona Beach -- Ormond Beach Fort Walton Beach -- Crestview -- Destin Gainesville Jacksonville Lakeland -- Winter Haven Miami -- Fort Lauderdale -- Pompano Beach Naples -- Marco Island North Port -- Bradenton -- Sarasota Ocala Orlando -- Kissimmee -- Sanford Palm Bay -- Melbourne -- Titusville Panama City -- Lynn Haven -- Panama City Beach Pensacola -- Ferry Pass -- Brent Port St. Lucie Punta Gorda Sebastian -- Vero Beach Tallahassee Tampa - St. Petersburg -- Clearwater West Palm Beach - Boca Raton Largest cities Jacksonville Miami Tampa Orlando St. Petersburg Hialeah Tallahassee Port St. Lucie Fort Lauderdale West Palm Beach Cape Coral Pembroke Pines Hollywood Counties Alachua Baker Bay Bradford Brevard Broward Calhoun Charlotte Citrus Clay Collier Columbia DeSoto Dixie Duval Escambia Flagler Franklin Gadsden Gilchrist Glades Gulf Hamilton Hardee Hendry Hernando Highlands Hillsborough Holmes Indian River Jackson Jefferson Lafayette Lake Lee Leon Levy Liberty Madison Manatee Marion Martin Miami ‐ Dade Monroe Mosquito ( former county ) Nassau Okaloosa Okeechobee Orange Osceola Palm Beach Pasco Pinellas Polk Putnam Santa Rosa Sarasota Seminole St. Johns St. Lucie Sumter Suwannee Taylor Union Volusia Wakulla Walton Washington North Florida Region of Florida Topics Climate Geography Culture Economy Transportation Partition proposals Pork Chop Gang Laura Street Map of North Florida Counties Alachua Baker Bay Bradford Calhoun Clay Columbia Dixie Duval Escambia Flagler Franklin Gadsden Gilchrist Gulf Hamilton Holmes Jackson Jefferson Lafayette Leon Levy Liberty Madison Marion Nassau Okaloosa Putnam Santa Rosa St. Johns Suwannee Taylor Union Wakulla Walton Washington Major cities Jacksonville Tallahassee Cities and towns 100k+ Gainesville Cities and towns 25k -- 100k Ocala Palm Coast Panama City Pensacola Cities and towns 10k -- 25k Atlantic Beach Callaway Crestview Destin Fernandina Beach Fort Walton Beach Jacksonville Beach Lake City Lynn Haven Niceville Palatka Panama City Beach St. Augustine Metro areas Fort Walton Beach -- Crestview -- Destin Gainesville Jacksonville Ocala Palm Coast Panama City -- Lynn Haven -- Panama City Beach Pensacola -- Ferry Pass -- Brent Tallahassee Regions Big Bend Emerald Coast First Coast Florida Panhandle Forgotten Coast Halifax area Nature Coast North Central Florida Northeast Florida Northwest Florida Coordinates : 30 ° 26 ′ N 85 ° 11 ′ W  /  30.43 ° N 85.19 ° W  / 30.43 ; - 85.19 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florida_Panhandle&oldid=853389523 '' Categories : Regions of Florida North Florida Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from August 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Boarisch Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Galego Nederlands Português Simple English Svenska 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 12 : 28 ( UTC ) . 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Black-tailed deer

Black - tailed deer - wikipedia Black - tailed deer Jump to : navigation , search Black - tailed deer Male black - tailed deer ( Olympic National Park ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Artiodactyla Family : Cervidae Subfamily : Capreolinae Genus : Odocoileus Species : O. hemionus Subspecies : O. h . columbianus Trinomial name Odocoileus hemionus columbianus ( Richardson , 1829 ) Two forms of black - tailed deer or blacktail deer that occupy coastal woodlands in the Pacific Northwest are subspecies of the mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus ) . They have sometimes been treated as a species , but virtually all recent authorities maintain they are subspecies . The Columbian black - tailed deer ( Odocoileus hemionus columbianus ) is found in western North America , from Northern California into the Pacific Northwest and coastal British Columbia . The Sitka deer ( Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis ) is found coastally in British Columbia , Southeast Alaska and Southcentral Alaska ( as far as Kodiak Island ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Range 2 Taxonomy 3 Ecology 4 Behavior 5 Controversy over habitat management 6 References 7 External links Range ( edit ) Black - tailed deer once lived at least as far east as Wyoming . In Francis Parkman 's The Oregon Trail , an eyewitness account of his 1846 trek across the early West , while within a two - day ride from Fort Laramie , Parkman writes of shooting what he believes to be an elk , only to discover he has killed a black - tailed deer . The black - tailed deer is currently common in California , western Oregon , Washington , in coastal and interior British Columbia , and north into the Alaskan panhandle . It is a popular game animal . Taxonomy ( edit ) Though it has been argued that the black - tailed deer is a species , virtually all recent authorities maintain it as a subspecies of the mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus ) . Strictly speaking , the black - tailed deer group consists of two subspecies , as it also includes O. h . sitkensis ( Sitka black - tailed deer ) . The black - tailed deer group and the mule deer group ( sensu stricto ) hybridize , and mule deer appear to have evolved from the black - tailed deer group . Despite this , the mtDNA of the white - tailed deer and mule deer are similar , but differ from that of the black - tailed deer . This may be the result of introgression , although hybrids between the mule deer and white - tailed deer are rare in the wild ( apparently more common locally in West Texas ) , and the hybrid survival rate is low even in captivity . Ecology ( edit ) This species thrives on the edge of the forest , as the dark forest lacks the underbrush and grasslands the deer prefers as food , and completely open areas lack the hiding spots and cover it prefers for harsh weather . One of the plants that black - tailed deer browse is western poison oak , despite its irritant content . This deer often is most active at dawn and dusk , and is frequently involved in collisions with automobiles . Behavior ( edit ) The characteristic black tail of a black - tailed deer . Deer are browsers . During the winter and early spring , they feed on Douglas - fir , western red cedar , red huckleberry , salal , deer fern , and lichens growing on trees . Late spring to fall , they consume grasses , blackberries , apples , fireweed , pearly everlasting , forbs , salmonberry , salal , and maple . The mating or ' rutting ' season occurs during November and early December . Bucks can be observed running back and forth across the roads in the pursuit of does . After the rut , the bucks tend to hide and rest , often nursing wounds . They suffer broken antlers , and have lost weight . They drop their antlers between January and March . Antlers on the forest floor provide a source of calcium and other nutrients to other forest inhabitants . Bucks regrow their antlers beginning in April through to August . The gestation period for does is six to seven months , with fawns being born in late May and into June . Twins are the rule , although young does often have only single fawns . Triplets can also occur . Fawns weigh 2.7 to 4 kilograms ( 6.0 to 8.8 lb ) and have no scent for the first week or so . This enables the mother to leave the fawn hidden while she goes off to browse and replenish her body after giving birth . She must also eat enough to produce enough milk to feed her fawns . Although does are excellent mothers , fawn mortality rate is 45 to 70 % . Does are very protective of their young and humans are viewed as predators . Deer communicate with the aid of scent and pheromones from several glands located on the lower legs . The metatarsal ( outside of lower leg ) produces an alarm scent , the tarsal ( inside of hock ) serves for mutual recognition and the interdigital ( between the toes ) leave a scent trail when deer travel . Deer have excellent sight and smell . Their large ears can move independently of each other and pick up any unusual sounds that may signal danger . At dawn and dusk and moonlit nights , deer are seen browsing on the roadside . Wooded areas with forests on both sides of the road and open , grassy areas , i.e. golf courses , attract deer . Caution when driving is prudent because often as one deer crosses , another one or two follow . Controversy over habitat Management ( edit ) In Southeast Alaska , the Sitka black - tailed deer is the primary prey of the rare Alexander Archipelago wolf ( Canis lupus ligoni ) , which is endemic to the region . In the mid-1990s , the United States Fish and Wildlife Service evaluated a petition to list this wolf species as threatened , and decided a listing was not warranted in August 1997 , largely on the basis of provisions the Forest Service had included to protect the viability of the wolf species in its Forest Plan for the Tongass National Forest , adopted three months earlier . The Tongass NF is important in wolf conservation because it includes about 80 % of the region 's land area . The protections for the wolf included a standard and guideline intended to retain , in the face of logging losses , enough habitat carrying capacity for deer in winter to assure the viability of the Alexander Archipelago wolf and an adequate supply of deer for hunters . The needed carrying capacity was originally specified as 13 deer per square mile , but was corrected in 2000 to 18 . Use of a deer model is specified for determining carrying capacity , and is the only tool available for the purpose . However , the Forest Service 's implementation of the deer provision in the Tongass wolf standard and guideline has been controversial for many years , and led to a lawsuit by Greenpeace and Cascadia Wildlands in 2008 , over four logging projects . The data set the Forest Service was using in the deer model was known through the agency 's own study ( done in 2000 ) to generally overestimate the carrying capacity for deer and underestimate the impacts of logging . The study showed the data set ( called Vol - Strata ) is not correlated to habitat quality . Also , a conversion factor , known as the `` deer multiplier '' ( used in calculating carrying capacity ) was incorrectly applied , causing -- by itself -- a 30 % overestimation of carrying capacity and corresponding underestimation of impacts . The combined effect of the two errors is variable because Vol - Strata is not correlated to habitat quality . Regarding the Traitors Cove Timber Sales project , in 2011 the plaintiffs noted in oral arguments before the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals that the difference is between a claimed 21 deer per square mile carrying capacity in the project EIS , and 9.5 deer per square mile ( about half of the Tongass Forest Plan 's requirement ) according to unpublished corrections the agency made in 2008 . The 9th Circuit panel ruled unanimously on August 2 , 2011 in favor of the plaintiffs , remanding the four timber sale decisions to the Forest Service and giving guidance for what is necessary during reanalysis of impacts to deer . The ruling says in part : `` We do not think that USFS has adequately explained its decision to approve the four logging projects in the Tongass ... USFS has failed to explain how it ended up with a table that identifies 100 deer per square mile as a maximum carrying capacity , but allows 130 deer per square mile as a potential carrying capacity . ' The agency is obligated to articulate a rational connection between the facts found and the choices made , ' which the agency has not done here . Pac . Coast Fed'n of Fisherman 's Ass'ns v. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation , 426 F. 3d 1082 , 1091 ( 9th Cir. 2005 ) ... '' `` We have similar questions about USFS 's use of VolStrata data , which identifies total timber volume and not forest structure , to approve the projects , where forest structure -- and not total timber volume -- is relevant to the habitability of a piece of land . USFS itself has recognized the limitations in the VolStrata data ... Because we must remand to the agency to re-examine its Deer Model , we need not decide whether the use of the VolStrata data was arbitrary and capricious . We anticipate that , in reviewing the proposed projects , USFS will use the best available data ... '' In a statement to the press , a spokesman for the plaintiffs said the errors in this lawsuit apply to every significant Tongass timber sale decision between 1996 and 2008 , before the Forest Service corrected errors in the deer model when the agency issued its revised Tongass Forest Plan in 2008 . But he said despite those corrections , the agency still fails to address cumulative impacts to deer , especially on Prince of Wales Island , as is being challenged in the Logjam timber sale lawsuit , by ignoring substantial logging on nonfederal lands . In September 2013 , under the same litigation , the U.S. District Court in Anchorage made a second remand to the Forest Service because the agency 's further work under the first remand had not resolved the modeling issues . Activity on the four timber sales involved in the litigation has been suspended since 2008 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sanchez Rojas , G. & Gallina Tessaro , S. ( 2008 ) . `` Odocoileus hemionus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2010.4 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 1 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , D.E. ; Reeder , D.M. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Mammal Species of the World : A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference ( 3rd ed . ) . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . OCLC 62265494 . ^ Jump up to : Novak , R.M. ( 1999 ) . Walker 's Mammals of the World . 6th edition . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5789 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Heffelfinger , J. ( version 2 March 2011 ) . Tails with a dark side : The truth about whitetail -- mule deer hybrids . Archived November 22 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Reid , F.A. ( 2006 ) . Mammals of North America . 4th edition . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 93596 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Geist , V. ( 1998 ) . Deer of the world : their evolution , behaviour , and ecology . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 0496 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Feldhamer , G.A. , B.C. Thompson , and J.A. Chapman , editors ( 2003 ) . Wild mammals of North America : biology , management , and conservation . 2nd edition . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 7416 - 1 ^ Jump up to : B.C. Ministry of Env. , Lands & Parks . ( Undated ) Mule and black - tailed deer in British Columbia . Jump up ^ B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1996 -- 1998 . Coastal Black - Tailed Deer Study , linking to five reports . Jump up ^ MacDonald , S. and Cook , J. ( 2007 ) Mammals and Amphibians of Southeast Alaska . Jump up ^ Wildlife . U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service . Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge . Last updated : April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Parkman , Francis ( 1910 ) The Oregon Trail , Ginn and company Jump up ^ Livezey KB. 1991 . Home range , habitat use , disturbance , and mortality of Columbian black - tailed deer in Mendocino National Forest . California Fish and Game 77 : 201 -- 209 . Jump up ^ Hogan , C. Michael ( 2008 ) Western poison - oak : Toxicodendron diversilobum Archived July 21 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , GlobalTwitcher , ed . Nicklas Stromberg . Jump up ^ Person , D.K. ( Univ . Alaska ) ; Kirchhoff , M. ( ADF&G ) ; van Ballenberghe , V. ( USFS - FSL ) ; Iverson , G.C. ( USFS ) ; Grossman , E. ( USF&WS ) . 1996 . `` The Alexander Archipelago Wolf : A Conservation Assessment , '' Gen. Tech . Rep. PNW - GTR - 384 . Portland , OR : U.S. Department of Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacific Northwest Research Station . Jump up ^ USF&WS. 1997 ( August 28 ) 12 - month finding , re : Petition to List the Alexander Archipelago Wolf under Provisions of the Endangered Species Act . Jump up ^ 1997 TLMP Wolf standard and guideline : reproduced at Wildlife Habitat Planning : WILD112 , XI. A. 3 in ( 1 ) . The 13 deer per square mile carrying capacity was an error , corrected in 1998 to 17 , and in 2002 to 18 deer per square mile . Jump up ^ Tongass Forest Plan Implementation Clarification , 1998 ; and directive of Tom Puchlerz , Tongass Forest Supervisor , August 6 , 2002 . See also : Background Archived December 15 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... USDA Forest Service -- Tongass National Forest ^ Jump up to : `` Suit Filed to Stop Four Timber Sales on Largest National Forest '' -- Sit News . Sitnews.us ( 2008 - 07 - 11 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Caouette , J. ; Kramer , M. ; Nowacki , G. 2000 . Deconstructing the Tongass Timber Paradigm . USDA Forest Service . Jump up ^ US Forest Service , 2008 Final Environmental Impact Statement for Tongass Land Management Plan Archived July 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Vol. 1 ( January 2008 ) pp. 3 -- 265 to 3 -- 266 . Jump up ^ Audio recording of oral arguments before 9th Circ . Ct. of Appeals , May 3 , 2011 . Hear : argument by Chris Winter ( Crag Law Center ) attorney for Greenpeace v. Cole plaintiffs generally , and at 13 : 20 concerning Traitors Cove . Recording includes arguments by Winters and federal attorney Charles Scott , and Winter 's rebuttal . ^ Jump up to : Memorandum . Issued unanimously by the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals panel of Judges Alarcon , Graber and Bybee . August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Grass , Appeals court overturns 4 Tongass logging projects . Juneau Empire , August 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ SitNews ( 2013 ) . Court Decision Stops Four Tongass National Forest Logging Projects , 27 Sept. 2014 Jump up ^ KFSK ( 2013 ) . Court sends four timber sale plans back for reworking , by Joe Viechnicki. 2 Oct. 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Odocoileus hemionus columbianus . Excerpts from the book Black - tailed Deer of California Black - tailed Deer at BritishColumbia.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black-tailed_deer&oldid=800431671 '' Categories : Mammals described in 1829 Deer Mammals of North America Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands Fauna of the Western United States Mammals of Canada Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Italiano Polski Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 14 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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I Wan'na Be like You (The Monkey Song)

I Wan'na Be like You ( the monkey song ) - wikipedia I Wan'na Be like You ( the monkey song ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` I Wan'na Be like You '' is a song from Walt Disney 's 1967 film The Jungle Book . The song was written by songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman and was performed by Louis Prima . Richard Sherman said he and his brother aimed for a jazz sound , with a Dixieland - like melody . He added that `` When we first got an idea for ' I Wan'na Be Like You , ' we said an ape swings from a tree , and he 's the king of apes . We 'll make him ' the king of the swingers . ' That 's the idea , we 'll make him a jazz man . '' Once Prima was invited to do the song , he mockingly responded to the Shermans with `` You want to make a monkey out of me ? You got me ! '' The instrumentals were originally recorded by Prima -- who also played the trumpet -- and his band , Sam Butera & The Witnesses , but the music was replaced by one written by the film 's composer , George Bruns , and orchestrated by Walter Sheets . The `` scat dialogue '' between Baloo and King Louie was the result of two recording sessions . Louis Prima recorded first , with the intent that Baloo -- played in his recording by Butera -- would simply repeat what Louie scatted , but Phil Harris decided not to imitate Prima 's recording and made up his own . The song was released the same date as the motion picture itself . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cover versions 2 Robbie Williams version 2.1 Weekly charts 3 Uses in popular culture 4 See also 5 References Cover versions ( edit ) Kenny Ball and His Jazzmen released a single of `` I Wanna Be like You '' ( without an apostrophe in the title ) in 1968 and it also featured on their 1969 album King of the Swingers . Pinky and Perky recorded a version for their Film Parade album in 1970 and also released the song as a single . On the 1990 collection Stay Awake : Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films , the song appears on `` Medley Two '' as recorded by Los Lobos , who play the song occasionally in their live shows . On 5 April 1994 Phish performed a truly Phish - styled version at The Metropolis Concert Hall in Montreal , Quebec . Big Bad Voodoo Daddy did a cover of the song on the Swingers soundtrack , even though the song does not appear in the film . The band later released the song on their 1999 album This Beautiful Life . Voodoo Glow Skulls recorded a ska version of the song for the 2002 Japanese - exclusive album Dive into Disney . The Jungle Book 2 , released in 2003 , featured the band Smash Mouth playing the song during the end credits of the film ; the song also appeared on the film 's soundtrack . In the Australian version , Nikki Webster covers the song , which is also featured on her Best of album . The 2005 album En Vivo by Gabriel Ríos contains a cover of the song . In 2007 , a pop rock cover was recorded by the Jonas Brothers for Disneymania 5 . British pop singer Paolo Nutini performed `` I Wan'na Be like You '' at the 2007 Glastonbury Festival . On 23 October 2010 , X Factor contestant Katie Waissel pleased the judges with her surprise selection of the song . Craig David sang a cover of the song for an award ceremony in the UK ; the video is on YouTube . In November 2013 , The Overtones recorded a cover of the song as a mix with `` The Bare Necessities '' for their album Saturday Night at the Movies . In 2015 , Fall Out Boy recorded a cover version of the song for the compilation album We Love Disney . Christopher Walken performs the song as King Louie in the 2016 live - action adaptation , with new lyrics written by Richard M. Sherman to reflect the character of Louie being depicted as a Gigantopithecus . J - pop band Little Glee Monster recorded a Japanese cover of the song titled ' Kimi no yō ni naritai ` ( 君 の よう に なりたい ) . The Fun Songs version is performed in a 1994 Disney Sing - Along Songs home video : Let 's Go to the Circus . In it , Toby Scott Ganger imagines what it would be like if he and his friends were all monkeys in the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus show . Robbie Williams version ( edit ) `` I Wanna Be like You '' Song by Robbie Williams featuring Olly Murs from the album Swings Both Ways Length 3 : 31 Label Island Universal Songwriter ( s ) Richard Sherman Robert Sherman Producer ( s ) Guy Chambers Swings Both Ways track listing `` Go Gentle '' ( 2 ) `` I Wanna Be like You '' ( 3 ) `` Swing Supreme '' ( 4 ) `` I Wan'na Be like You '' was covered by British recording artist Robbie Williams featuring British recording artist Olly Murs for his tenth studio album Swings Both Ways ( 2013 ) . Production of their rendition was handled by Guy Chambers . However , in the liner notes Robbie Williams incorrectly attributes the original to Phil Harris , and says how much he admires Harris ( p. 4 of notes in Deluxe Edition ) . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 55 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 85 Ireland ( IRMA ) 64 Uses in popular culture ( edit ) In 2009 , `` I Wanna Be like You '' was used in a British anti-smoking public information film . It showed children copying everything their parents did ( for example , boys putting shaving cream on their faces , girls dressing up in their mothers ' best clothes and both genders washing the car ) , and `` I Wanna Be like You '' is playing throughout the advertisement , but it stops when a girl puts a crayon to her mouth in imitation of her mother smoking . It stops with the voice - over saying , `` If you smoke , your children are more likely to . '' The Robbie Williams / Olly Murs collaborative cover appears in season 3 , episode 9 of the TV drama Stella . In 2015 , `` I Wanna Be like You '' was featured in season 1 , episode 7 of the TV drama Aquarius . See also ( edit ) I Wanna Be Loved by You References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) -- Soundtracks from Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ Sherman , Richard . The Jungle Book audio commentary . The Jungle Book -- Platinum Edition Jump up ^ I Wan'na Be like You : Richard Sherman shares story behind writing famous Jungle Book song Jump up ^ Kenny Ball 45rpm Discography at www.45rpm.org.uk Jump up ^ Kenny Ball -- King Of The Swingers ( 1969 ) at Discogs Jump up ^ Rebecca Keegan ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' director Jon Favreau keeps the 19th century Kipling tone but updates the classic for modern times '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Robbie Williams feat . Olly Murs -- I wan na Be like You '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Robbie Williams feat . Olly Murs -- I wan na Be like You '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 48 , 2013 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . hide Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book Books The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) The Second Jungle Book ( 1895 ) All the Mowgli Stories ( 1933 ) Mowgli stories `` Mowgli 's Brothers '' `` Kaa 's Hunting '' `` Tiger ! Tiger ! '' `` Letting in the Jungle '' `` Red Dog '' Other stories `` Rikki - Tikki - Tavi '' `` Toomai of the Elephants '' Characters Mowgli Baloo Bagheera Akela Raksha Kaa Hathi Shere Khan Bandar - log King Louie Disney franchise Film The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1994 ) The Jungle Book : Mowgli 's Story ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Television TaleSpin ( 1990 -- 91 ) Jungle Cubs ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Soundtrack `` Colonel Hathi 's March '' `` The Bare Necessities '' `` I Wan'na Be like You '' `` Trust in Me '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` My Own Home '' `` Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai '' Video games The Jungle Book ( 1993 ) The Jungle Book Groove Party ( 2000 ) Other The Jungle Book : Alive with Magic Colonel Hathi 's Pizza Outpost Other adaptations Film Elephant Boy ( 1937 ) Jungle Book ( 1942 ) Adventures of Mowgli ( 1973 ) The Second Jungle Book : Mowgli & Baloo ( 1997 ) Mowgli 's First Adventure : In Search of the Elephant Eye Diamond ( 1998 ) Mowgli ( 2018 ) Television Elephant Boy ( 1973 ) Mowgli 's Brothers ( 1976 ) Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli ( 1989 -- 90 ) episodes Mowgli : The New Adventures of the Jungle Book ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book ( 2010 -- ) Other The Third Jungle Book ( 1992 ) A dzsungel könyve Djungelboken Related Law of the jungle Mowgli syndrome The Graveyard Book ( 2008 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Wan%27na_Be_like_You_(The_Monkey_Song)&oldid=823436479 '' Categories : Songs about animals Songs from The Jungle Book 1967 songs Songs written by the Sherman Brothers Jazz songs Swing music Robbie Williams songs Olly Murs songs Fall Out Boy songs Jonas Brothers songs Los Lobos songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 February 2018 , at 06 : 30 . 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Solid Serenade

Solid Serenade - wikipedia Solid Serenade This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Solid Serenade Tom and Jerry series Re-release title card of Solid Serenade . Directed by William Hanna Joseph Barbera Produced by Fred Quimby Story by William Hanna Joseph Barbera Voices by William Hanna Billy Bletcher Music by Scott Bradley Animation by Ed Barge Michael Lah Kenneth Muse Additional animation : Ray Patterson ( unc . ) Pete Burness ( unc . ) Distributed by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Release date ( s ) August 31 , 1946 ( 1946 - 08 - 31 ) Color process Technicolor Running time 7 : 22 Language English Preceded by Trap Happy Followed by Cat Fishin ' Solid Serenade is a 1946 one - reel animated cartoon and is the 26th Tom and Jerry short , produced in Technicolor and released to theatres on August 31 , 1946 by Metro - Goldwyn Mayer and April 3 , 1954 . It was produced by Fred Quimby , directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera , and the musical supervision was by Scott Bradley . Ed Barge , Michael Lah , and Kenneth Muse animated it ; Pete Burness and Ray Patterson were uncredited animators . Excerpts of this cartoon are seen in three other Tom and Jerry shorts : Jerry and the Lion , Smitten Kitten , and Smarty Cat , the latter instance with altered audio and an added scene of Tom whistling . Contents 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Availability 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In the backyard is a doghouse labeled `` Killer '' with the dog ( Spike ) inside . Tom pokes his head over the wall and spots Toodles in the window . Tom has brought a string instrument ( which appears to be a hybrid of a double bass and a guitar ) . He leaps over the fence and neutralizes Spike by hitting him on the head with a mallet and tying him up . Tom then uses his instrument like a pogo stick to jump his way over to the window , stopping to taunt Spike along the way . Tom performs `` Is You Is or Is You Ai n't My Baby '' ; the sound waves from the instrument shake Jerry 's mousehole , causing Jerry to fall out of bed and vibrate his way under a table , meanwhile a flower pot is vibrated across the table directly above Jerry 's head and falls on him when both reach the edge of the table . Having had enough , Jerry take off her Nightcap pokes his head out of a mail slot and spots Tom before the vibration causes the match propping the slot open to break in half and the slot closes on Jerry 's head . Jerry decides to get revenge by stuffing an iron into a pie which he then hurls at Tom through an open window ; the cat is angered , but continues with a few more bars . Seconds later , he is hit in the face again -- this time with a pie covered in whipped cream . Spotting Jerry , Tom chases him through the house . Both animals dive off an ironing board ; with Jerry ahead of Tom , Jerry drains the kitchen sink he landed in , leaving Tom to crash into the crockery . Tom follows Jerry through the open window , but Jerry pulls the window stop out of the window , which falls on Tom 's neck , and Tom shrieks in pain . Jerry then runs out and unties Spike , who lets out a loud bull roar . Spike swaps his regular teeth for larger ones , blows off some pent - up steam , and goes after Tom . Tom ducks as Spike 's teeth come at him , which instead get lodged in a tree trunk . Tom then barely avoids getting his tail bitten and hides behind a wall , holding a brick up ready to attack . Spike sees the brick and investigates , but gets knocked on the head with it . Jerry revives Spike by hitting him with a wooden plank . After slamming Spike , Spike leaps high in the air screaming in pain just as Jerry hands off the board to Tom , framing the cat . Knowing he is in trouble , Tom tricks Spike into believing the board is a bone by playing `` fetch '' . Spike obliges and fetches but realizes he 's been tricked . Tom and Spike then begin a back and forth chase with Toodles Galore watching on . Tom stops periodically to kiss the cat . Catching on to this habit , Spike substitutes himself on the third pass , and gets wooed in a Charles Boyer voice , but stops his speech abruptly when he sees the female cat . Realizing his mistake , he throws Spike onto the ground . Tom hides from Spike 's rampage until Jerry walks around the corner ; he chases Jerry into Spike 's house , closing the door with a murderous laugh and Dracula leer . A second later , the door opens and Jerry emerges with Spike helping him out of the doghouse , Spike laughing even more evilly as he withdraws inside . The entire dog house thrashes about as Spike beats up Tom , who attempts to flee only to be snatched by Spike . Tom manages to write his last will before he 's wrenched back in and beaten to within an inch of his life . In the end , Tom becomes part of his instrument in place of the strings with Spike strumming the cat 's tail while Jerry bows a dramatic ostinato on Tom 's whiskers and Toodles watches . Voice cast ( edit ) Billy Bletcher as Killer ( Spike ) and Tom William Hanna as Tom 's screams Buck Woods as Tom 's Singing Voice Production ( edit ) Directed by : William Hanna and Joseph Barbera Story : William Hanna , Joseph Barbera Animation : Ed Barge , Michael Lah , Kenneth Muse Additional Animation : Ray Patterson , Pete Burness Music : Scott Bradley Co-Producer : William Hanna Produced by : Fred Quimby Availability ( edit ) The short was included on several DVDs : Tom and Jerry 's Greatest Chases , Vol. 1 ; Tom and Jerry Spotlight Collection Vol. 1 , Disc One ; and Tom and Jerry Golden Collection Volume One , Disc Two . Reception ( edit ) Animation historian Michael Barrier wrote that Tom 's appearance stabilized by the time of Solid Serenade , giving him a more streamlined and less inconsistent look . Jerry , whose appearance was already economical , only become cuter , according to Barrier . Describing music director Scott Bradley 's work , academic Daniel Ira Goldmark called Solid Serenade `` an excellent overview of Bradley 's techniques '' , as it uses both popular songs and an original score . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Barrier , Michael ( 2003 ) . Hollywood Cartoons : American Animation in Its Golden Age . Oxford University Press . p. 423 . ISBN 9780199839223 . Jump up ^ Goldmark , Daniel Ira ( 2005 ) . Tunes for ' Toons : Music and the Hollywood Cartoon . University of California Press . p. 101 . ISBN 9780520941205 . External links ( edit ) Solid Serenade at The Big Cartoon DataBase Solid Serenade on IMDb Hanna - Barbera Tom and Jerry shorts ( 1940 -- 1958 ; 2001 ; 2005 ) 1940 Puss Gets the Boot 1941 The Midnight Snack The Night Before Christmas 1942 Fraidy Cat Dog Trouble Puss n ' Toots The Bowling Alley - Cat Fine Feathered Friend 1943 Sufferin ' Cats ! The Lonesome Mouse The Yankee Doodle Mouse Baby Puss 1944 The Zoot Cat The Million Dollar Cat The Bodyguard Puttin ' on the Dog Mouse Trouble 1945 The Mouse Comes to Dinner Mouse in Manhattan Tee for Two Flirty Birdy Quiet Please ! 1946 Springtime for Thomas The Milky Waif Trap Happy Solid Serenade 1947 Cat Fishin ' Part Time Pal The Cat Concerto Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Mouse Salt Water Tabby A Mouse in the House The Invisible Mouse 1948 Kitty Foiled The Truce Hurts Old Rockin ' Chair Tom Professor Tom Mouse Cleaning 1949 Polka - Dot Puss The Little Orphan Hatch Up Your Troubles Heavenly Puss The Cat and the Mermouse Love That Pup Jerry 's Diary Tennis Chumps 1950 Little Quacker Saturday Evening Puss Texas Tom Jerry and the Lion Safety Second Tom and Jerry in the Hollywood Bowl The Framed Cat Cue Ball Cat 1951 Casanova Cat Jerry and the Goldfish Jerry 's Cousin Sleepy - Time Tom His Mouse Friday Slicked - up Pup Nit - Witty Kitty Cat Napping 1952 The Flying Cat The Duck Doctor The Two Mouseketeers Smitten Kitten Triplet Trouble Little Runaway Fit to Be Tied Push - Button Kitty Cruise Cat The Dog House 1953 The Missing Mouse Jerry and Jumbo Johann Mouse That 's My Pup ! Just Ducky Two Little Indians Life with Tom 1954 Puppy Tale Posse Cat Hic - cup Pup Little School Mouse Baby Butch Mice Follies Neapolitan Mouse Downhearted Duckling Pet Peeve Touché , Pussy Cat ! 1955 Southbound Duckling Pup on a Picnic Mouse for Sale Designs on Jerry Tom and Chérie Smarty Cat Pecos Pest That 's My Mommy 1956 The Flying Sorceress The Egg and Jerry Busy Buddies Muscle Beach Tom Down Beat Bear Blue Cat Blues Barbecue Brawl 1957 Tops with Pops Give and Tyke ( Spin off # 1 ) Timid Tabby Feedin ' the Kiddie Scat Cats ( Spin off # 2 ) Mucho Mouse Tom 's Photo Finish 1958 Happy Go Ducky Royal Cat Nap The Vanishing Duck Robin Hoodwinked Tot Watchers The Mansion Cat ( TV ) 2005 The Karate Guard See also : Gene Deitch Tom and Jerry shorts ( 1961 -- 1962 ) and Chuck Jones Tom and Jerry shorts ( 1963 -- 1967 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solid_Serenade&oldid=856233896 '' Categories : 1946 films English - language films 1946 animated films 1940s American animated films 1940s comedy films 1940s romance films 1940s musical films American films American animated films American musical comedy films American romantic comedy films Tom and Jerry short films Films directed by Joseph Barbera Films directed by William Hanna Films scored by Scott Bradley 1946 Tom and Jerry short films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 19 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

tom and jerry song is you my baby

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Epistle to the Philippians

Epistle to the Philippians - wikipedia Epistle to the Philippians Jump to : navigation , search For the Russian sect , see Filippians . `` Philippians '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Philippines . Part of a series of articles on Paul in the Bible Pauline literature ( show ) Romans I Corinthians II Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians I Thessalonians II Thessalonians Pastoral epistles I Timothy II Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews Authorship ( show ) Paul the Apostle Related literature ( show ) Lost epistles Apocalypse of Paul Coptic Apocalypse of Paul Corinthians to Paul Acts of Paul Paul and Thecla Peter and Paul Prayer of Paul See also ( show ) Apostle ( Christian ) Pauline Christianity Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts The Epistle of Paul to the Philippians , often referred to simply as Philippians , is the eleventh book in the New Testament . Paul and Timothy first visited Philippi in Greece during Paul 's second missionary journey , which occurred between approximately 49 and 51 AD . Philippi was the location of the first Christian community established in Europe . Biblical scholars are in general agreement that the letter was indeed written by Paul of Tarsus . The estimated date of the letter is 62 AD , about 10 years after Paul 's first visit to Philippi . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical background 2 Authorship 3 Outline 4 Composition 5 Christology 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Historical background ( edit ) The historical background of Philippians is traditionally gathered from two main primary New Testament sources : informative internal data from the letter itself , and related information garnered from the rest of the New Testament Canon , especially from the Acts of the Apostles and the other Pauline Epistles . Other primary information is also derived from external historical sources related to the chronological connections between Paul 's association with Philippi , its political and economical setting , and its social and religio - philosophical context . According to the document itself , the Philippians had sent Epaphroditus , their envoy ( `` messenger ( apostolon ) and minister ( leitourgon ) '' Phil 2 : 25 ) , with contributions as an expression of their `` partnership '' and `` concern '' to meet the needs of Paul ( Phil 1 : 3 -- 5 , Phil 2 : 30 , and Phil 4 : 10 -- 19 ) . During the execution of his responsibilities of travel to deliver their `` gift '' ( Phil 4 : 17 ) , Epaphroditus contracted some life - threatening debilitating illness ( esthenese , cf . Phil 2 : 26 -- 27 ) . At some point he recovers . It is at this time , whether premeditated or due to an extended stay with the apostle , various internal matters are revealed to Paul on the part of Epaphroditus ( Phil 1 : 27 -- 30 , Phil 2 : 19 -- 24 , Phil 3 : 2 -- 3 , Phil 3 : 17 -- 20 , Phil 4 : 2 -- 3 , and Phil 4 : 9 ) . Upon Epaphroditus ' return to health , Paul sends word to the Philippians through Epaphroditus of his upcoming sentence in Rome and of his optimism in the face of death ( 1 : 18b -- 26 ) , along with exhortations to imitate his capacity to rejoice in the Lord despite one 's circumstances ( 2 : 14 -- 18 ) . Moreover , Paul sends counsel regarding spiritual adversaries among the Philippians ( 3 : 1 -- 21 ) , and conflicts within their fellowship ( 4 : 2 -- 3 ) . Lastly , he provides receipt of both Epaphroditus ' heroism ( 2 : 25 -- 30 ) and the arrival of `` the gift '' ( 4 : 10 ) , along with his promise of a divine accounting ( 4 : 17 -- 20 ) . Within the letter is also found an optimism where Paul 's belief of his release is the basis upon which he promises to send Timothy to them for ministry ( 3 : 19 -- 23 ) , and an anticipation to also pay them a personal visit ( 2 : 24 ) . With this communication Epaphroditus sets out on his homeward journey ( 2 : 28 -- 29 ) . There has been ongoing debate regarding where Paul was when he wrote this letter ( and therefore the date of the letter 's composition ) . Internal evidence in the letter itself points clearly to it being composed while Paul was in custody ( Philippians 1 : 7 , 13 ) , but which period of imprisonment is highly debated . Some suggest the Roman imprisonment at the end of the Book of Acts ( chapter 28 : 30 , 31 ) . Others suggest the earlier Caesarean imprisonment ( Acts 23 -- 26 ) . Still others suggest an earlier imprisonment again , and postulate an Ephesian imprisonment during Paul 's lengthy stay in that city ( Acts 19 ) . Until recently no one seems to have advocated the second period of Roman imprisonment ( after the end of the book of Acts , but attested to in the writings of early church fathers ) . Jim Reiher considered and speculated on this theory in a 2012 article . The main reasons suggested for a later date , include : The letter 's highly developed Ecclesiology An impending sense of death permeating the letter The absence of any mention of Luke in a letter to Luke 's home church ( when the narrative in Acts clearly suggests that Luke was with Paul in his first Roman imprisonment ) A harsher imprisonment than the open house arrest of his first Roman imprisonment A similar unique expression that is shared only with 2 Timothy A similar disappointment with co-workers shared only with 2 Timothy . This second Roman imprisonment theory is still to be rigorously debated in the wider theological community . Authorship ( edit ) The letter begins in standard form for an ancient Hellenistic letter structure , with author -- or senders -- first , then recipients with a greeting ( Phil . 1.1 -- 2 ) . The address and the greeting is clear : `` Paul and Timothy , servants of Christ Jesus . To all the saints in Christ Jesus who are at Philippi , with the overseers and deacons. Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ . '' ( English Standard Version ) Outline ( edit ) I. Preface ( 1 : 1 -- 11 ) A. Salutation ( 1 : 1 -- 2 ) B. Thanksgiving for the Philippians ' Participation in the Gospel ( 1 : 3 -- 8 ) C. Prayer for the Philippians ' Discerning Love to Increase until the Day of Christ ( 1 : 9 -- 11 ) II . Paul 's Present Circumstances ( 1 : 12 -- 26 ) A. Paul 's Imprisonment ( 1 : 12 -- 13 ) B . The Brothers ' Response ( 1 : 14 -- 17 ) C. Paul 's Attitude ( 1 : 18 -- 26 ) III . Practical Instructions in Sanctification ( 1 : 27 -- 2 : 30 ) A. Living Boldly as Citizens of Heaven ( 1 : 27 -- 1 : 30 ) B. Living Humbly as Servants of Christ ( 2 : 1 -- 11 ) 1 . The Motivation to Live Humbly ( 2 : 1 -- 4 ) 2 . The Model of Living Humbly ( 2 : 5 -- 11 ) a . Christ 's Emptying ( 2 : 5 -- 8 ) b . Christ 's Exaltation ( 2 : 9 -- 11 ) C. Living Obediently as Children of God ( 2 : 12 -- 18 ) 1 . The Energizing of God ( 2 : 12 -- 13 ) 2 . The Effect on the Saints ( 2 : 14 -- 18 ) D. Examples of Humble Servants ( 2 : 19 -- 30 ) 1 . The Example of Timothy ( 2 : 19 -- 24 ) 2 . The Example of Epaphroditus ( 2 : 25 -- 30 ) IV . Polemical Doctrinal Issues ( 3 : 1 -- 4 : 1 ) A . The Judaizers Basis : The Flesh ( 3 : 1 -- 6 ) B. Paul 's Goal : The Resurrection ( 3 : 7 -- 11 ) C. Perfection and Humility ( 3 : 12 -- 16 ) D. Paul as an Example of Conduct and Watchfulness ( 3 : 17 -- 4 : 1 ) V. Postlude ( 4 : 2 -- 23 ) A. Exhortations ( 4 : 2 -- 9 ) 1 . Being United ( 4 : 2 -- 3 ) 2 . Rejoicing without Anxiety ( 4 : 4 -- 7 ) 3 . Thinking and Acting Purely ( 4 : 8 -- 9 ) B. A Note of Thanks ( 4 : 10 -- 20 ) 1 . Paul 's Contentment ( 4 : 10 -- 13 ) 2 . The Philippians ' Gift ( 4 : 14 -- 18 ) 3 . God 's Provision ( 4 : 19 -- 20 ) C. Final Greetings ( 4 : 21 -- 23 ) Composition ( edit ) Philippians 2 : 5 -- 11 : Have this attitude in yourselves which was also in Christ Jesus , who , although He existed in the form of God , did not regard equality with God a thing to be grasped , but emptied Himself , taking the form of a bond - servant , and being made in the likeness of men . Being found in appearance as a man , He humbled Himself by becoming obedient to the point of death , even death on a cross . For this reason also , God highly exalted Him , and bestowed on Him the name which is above every name , so that at the name of Jesus every knee will bow , of those who are in heaven and on earth and under the earth , and that every tongue will confess that Jesus Christ is Lord , to the glory of God the Father . The letter was written to the church at Philippi , one of the earliest churches to be founded in Europe . They were very attached to Paul , just as he was very fond of them . Of all the churches , their contributions ( which Paul gratefully acknowledges ) are among the only ones he accepts . ( Acts 20 : 33 -- 35 ; 2 Cor. 11 : 7 -- 12 ; 2 Thess. 3 : 8 ) . The generosity of the Philippians comes out very conspicuously ( Phil . 4 : 15 ) . `` This was a characteristic of the Macedonian missions , as 2 Cor. 8 and 9 amply and beautifully prove . It is remarkable that the Macedonian converts were , as a class , very poor ( 2 Cor. 8 : 2 ) , though the very first converts were of all classes ( Acts 16 ) ; and the parallel facts , their poverty and their open - handed support of the great missionary and his work , are deeply harmonious . '' ( Moule ) . As with all epistles , the original was composed in Greek . Christology ( edit ) Philippians has been the subject of much research and Ralph P. Martin argues that Philippians 2 may be considered the beginning of the field of Christology , specifically referring to the rich analysis that Apostle Paul began in Philippians 2 : 5 -- 6 . Veronica Koperski views Philippians 3 : 10 as the beginning of the analysis of the knowledge of Christ . While Paul 's opening prayer is for love ( 1 : 9 ) , based on knowledge of Christ , his final prayer is for the peace of God ( 4 : 7 ) , which surpasses all understanding . Thus the concepts of love , knowledge and peace are jointly developed in the Epistle . See also ( edit ) Textual variants in the Epistle to the Philippians Cupio dissolvi Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harris , Stephen L. , Understanding the Bible . Palo Alto : Mayfield. 1985 . Jump up ^ Frederick F. Bruce , 1989 , Philippians , NIBC , NT Series , edited by W. Ward Gasque ( Peabody , Mass. : Hendrickson ) , 4 . Jump up ^ Wayne Jackson , 1987 , The Book of Philippians : A Grammatical and Practical Study ( Abilene , Tex. : Quality Publications ) , 13 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Clement of Rome ( late 1st century ) makes a reference to the ministry of Paul after the end of Acts . Clement , To the Corinthians , 5 . In J.B. Lightfoot ( ed ) , The Apostolic Fathers ( Michigan : Baker Book House , 1978 ) 15 . The author of the Muratorian Canon ( late 2nd century ) says that Luke recorded mostly that which he himself witnessed and therefore that is why he did not include ' the journey of Paul , when he went from the city -- Rome -- to Spain . ' The Muratoriun Canon . 2 . The apocryphal Acts of Peter makes reference to the tradition that Paul reached Spain . Paul is described in prison in Rome , receiving a vision from God that he would go to Spain . Acts of Peter , Verscelli Acts 1 and 3 . Eusebius ( early 300 's ) recorded that Paul did more ministry after his first jail time in Rome . Eusebius , Ecclesiastical History , II , 22 , 1 -- 8 , in Philip Schaff and Henry Wace ( editors ) , A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church 2nd series . Vol. 1 . Eusebius : Church History , Life of Constantine the Great , and Oration in Praise of Constantine ( Edinburgh : Eerdmans , 1997 ) 124 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Jim Reiher , `` Could Philippians have been written from the Second Roman Imprisonment ? '' Evangelical Quarterly . Vol . LXXXIV . No. 3 July 2012 . pp. 213 -- 233 . This article summarises the other theories , and offers examples of different scholars who adhere to different theories , but presents a different option for consideration Jump up ^ Ronald Russell , 1982 , `` Pauline Letter Structure in Philippians , '' Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 25.3 ( Sept . ) : 297 -- 298 . Jump up ^ `` 11 . Philippians : Introduction , Argument , and Outline '' . Bible.org . Jump up ^ Philippians 2 : 5 -- 11 : Scripture taken from the New American Standard Bible , Copyright © 1960 , 1962 , 1963 , 1968 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1977 , 1995 by The Lockman Foundation . Used by permission . Jump up ^ Section X . Testimonies to the Canonical Authority of the Fourteen Epistles of Paul . Canon of the Old and New Testaments Ascertained , or The Bible Complete without the Apocrypha and Unwritten Traditions . Alexander , Archibald ( 1772 -- 1851 ) . Jump up ^ Where Christology began : essays on Philippians 2 by Ralph P. Martin , Brian J. Dodd 1998 ISBN 0 - 664 - 25619 - 8 pp. 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ The knowledge of Christ Jesus by Veronica Koperski 1996 ISBN 90 - 390 - 0132 - 4 pp. 5 -- 17 Jump up ^ The knowledge of Christ Jesus by Veronica Koperski 1996 ISBN 90 - 390 - 0132 - 4 pp. 291 -- 293 References ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Easton , Matthew George ( 1897 ) . `` `` . Easton 's Bible Dictionary ( New and revised ed . ) . T. Nelson and Sons . Further Reading ( edit ) Abrahamsen , Valerie ( March 1988 ) . `` Christianity and the Rock Reliefs at Philippi '' . Biblical Archaeologist. 51 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 56 . doi : 10.2307 / 3210038 . JSTOR 3210038 . Barclay , William . 1975 . The Letters to the Philippians , Colossians , and Thessalonians. Rev. ed . Daily Bible Study Series . Louisville , Ky. : Westminster . Barnes , Albert . 1949 . Ephesians , Philippians , and Colossians . Enlarged type edition . Edited by Robert Frew . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Baker . Black , David A. 1995 . `` The Discourse Structure of Philippians : A Study in Textlinquistics . '' Novum Testamentum 37.1 ( Jan . ) : 16 -- 49 Blevins , James L. 1980 . `` Introduction to Philippians . '' Review and Expositor 77 ( Sum . ) : 311 -- 325 . Brooks , James A. 1980 . `` Introduction to Philippians . '' Southwestern Journal of Theology 23.1 ( Fall ) : 7 -- 54 . Bruce , Frederick F. 1989 . Philippians . New International Biblical Commentary . New Testament Series . Edited by W. Ward Gasque . Peabody , Mass. : Hendrickson , 2002 . Burton , Ernest De Witt. 1896 . `` The Epistles of the Imprisonment . '' Biblical World 7.1 : 46 -- 56 . Elkins , Garland. 1976 . `` The Living Message of Philippians . '' pp. 171 -- 180 in The Living Messages of the Books of the New Testament . Edited by Garland Elkins and Thomas B. Warren . Jonesboro , Ark. : National Christian . Garland , David E. 1985 . `` The Composition and Unity of Philippians : Some Neglected Literary Factors . '' Novum Testamentum 27.2 ( April ) : 141 -- 173 . Hagelberg , Dave . 2007 . Philippians : An Ancient Thank You Letter -- A Study of Paul and His Ministry Partners ' Relationship . English ed . Metro Manila : Philippine Challenge . Hawthorne , Gerald F. 1983 . Philippians . Word Biblical Commentary 43 . Edited by Bruce Metzger . Nashville , Tenn. : Nelson . Herrick , Greg . `` Introduction , Background , and Outline to Philippians . '' Bible.org . Jackson , Wayne . 1987 . The Book of Philippians : A Grammatical and Practical Study . Abilene , Tex. : Quality . Kennedy , H.A.A. 1900 . `` The Epistle to the Philippians . '' Expositor 's Greek Testament . Vol. 3 . Edited by W. Robertson Nicoll . New York , NY : Doran . Lenski , Richard C.H. 1937 . The Interpretation of St. Paul 's Epistles to the Galatians , to the Ephesians , and to the Philippians . Repr . Peabody , Mass. : Hendrickson , 2001 . Lipscomb , David and J.W. Shepherd. 1968 . Ephesians , Philippians , and Colossians. Rev. ed . Edited by J.W. Shepherd . Gospel Advocated Commentary . Nashville , Tenn. : Gospel Advocate . Llewelyn , Stephen R. 1995 . `` Sending Letters in the Ancient World : Paul and the Philippians . '' Tyndale Bulletin 46.2 : 337 -- 356 . Mackay , B.S. 1961 . `` Further Thoughts on Philippians . '' New Testament Studies 7.2 ( Jan . ) : 161 -- 170 . Martin , Ralph P. 1959 . The Epistle of Paul to the Philippians . Tyndale New Testament Commentaries . Ed . By R.V.G. Tasker . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Eerdmans , 1977 . Martin , Ralph P. 1976 . Philippians . New Century Bible Commentary . New Testament . Edited by Matthew Black . Repr . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Eerdmans . McAlister , Bryan . 2011 . `` Introduction to Philippians : Mindful of How We Fill Our Minds . '' Gospel Advocate 153.9 ( Sept . ) : 12 -- 13 Mule , D.S.M. ( 1981 ) . The Letter to the Philippians . Cook Book House . Müller , Jacobus J. 1955 . The Epistle of Paul to the Philippians . New International Commentary on the New Testament . Ed . By Frederick F. Bruce . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Eerdmans , 1991 . Pelaez , I.N. ( 1970 ) . A Epistle on the Philippians . Angel & Water ; reprint , Angels new books , ed . Michael Angelo . ( 1987 ) . Peabody , MA : Hendrickson . Dictionary of Paul and His Letters , s.v. `` Philippians , Letter to the '' Reicke , Bo. 1970 . `` Caesarea , Rome , and the Captivity Epistles . '' pp. 277 -- 286 in Apostolic History and the Gospel : Biblical and Historical Essays Presented to F.F. Bruce . Edited by W. Ward Gasque and Ralph P. Martin . Exeter : Paternoster Press . Roper , David . 2003 . `` Philippians : Rejoicing in Christ . '' BibleCourses.com . Accessed : 3 Sept. 2011 . Russell , Ronald . 1982 . `` Pauline Letter Structure in Philippians . '' Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 25.3 ( Sept . ) : 295 -- 306 . Sanders , Ed . 1987 . `` Philippians . '' pp. 331 -- 339 in New Testament Survey . Edited by Don Shackelford . Searcy , Ark. : Harding University . Sergio Rosell Nebreda , Christ Identity : A Social - Scientific Reading of Philippians 2.5 -- 11 ( Göttingen , Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , 2011 ) ( Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments , 240 ) . Swift , Robert C. 1984 . `` The Theme and Structure of Philippians . '' Bibliotheca Sacra 141 ( July ) : 234 -- 254 . Synge , F.C. 1951 . Philippians and Colossians . Torch Bible Commentaries . Edited by John Marsh , David M. Paton , and Alan Richardson . London : SCM , 1958 . Thielman , Frank . 1995 . Philippians . NIV Application Commentary . General Editor . Terry Muck . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Zondervan . Vincent , Marvin R. 1897 . The Epistle to the Philippians and to Philemon . International Critical Commentary . Ed . By Samuel R. Driver , Alfred Plummer , Charles A. Briggs . Edinburgh : Clark , 1902 . Vincent , Marvin R. Vincent 's Word Studies in the New Testament . 4 vols . Peabody , Mass. : Hendrickson , n.d. Wallace , Daniel B. `` Philippians : Introductions , Argument , and Outline . '' Bible.org . Walvoord , John F. 1971 . Philippians : Triumph in Christ . Everyman 's Bible Commentary . Chicago , Ill. : Moody . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Epistle to the Philippians Online translations of the Epistle to the Philippians : Online Bible at GospelHall.org Bible : Philippians public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Online Study of Philippians : Letter to the Philippians Online Reading Room : Commentaries and other resources ( Tyndale Seminary ) Letter to the Philippians Online Reading Room : Commentaries and other resources ( BiblicalStudies.org.uk ) Letter to the Philippians Online Reading Room : Commentaries and other resources ( NTGateway.com ) Letter to the Philippians Online Reading Room : Commentaries and other resources ( TextWeek.com ) Related articles : Bible.org introduction to Philippians Sermons on Philippians Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Epistle to the Philippians '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Epistle to the Philippians Pauline Epistle Preceded by Ephesians New Testament Books of the Bible Succeeded by Colossians Epistle to the Philippians Bible Chapter Philippians 1 Verse 2 : 5 - 8 Bible portal Places Macedonia Philippi Jerusalem Thessalonica Persons Clement Epaphroditus Euodia Jesus Christ Paul Syntyche Timothy Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Epistle to the Ephesians ( chapter 6 ) Epistle to the Colossians ( chapter 1 ) → Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon ) Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Philippians&oldid=815933186 '' Categories : New Testament books Pauline - related books Prison writings Canonical epistles Christianity in Roman Macedonia Ancient Philippi Epistle to the Philippians Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles using Cite EBD template without article name Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Easton 's Bible Dictionary Articles with LibriVox links Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 04 : 17 . 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Better Man (Little Big Town song)

Better Man ( Little Big Town song ) - wikipedia Better Man ( Little Big Town song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Better Man '' Single by Little Big Town from the album The Breaker Released October 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) Format Digital download Genre Country Length 4 : 21 Label Capitol Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Taylor Swift Producer ( s ) Jay Joyce Little Big Town singles chronology `` One of Those Days '' ( 2016 ) `` Better Man '' ( 2016 ) `` Happy People '' ( 2017 ) `` One of Those Days '' ( 2016 ) `` Better Man '' ( 2016 ) `` Happy People '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` Better Man '' on YouTube `` Better Man '' is a song performed by American country group Little Big Town , released on October 20 , 2016 . It served as the lead single from the group 's eighth studio album , The Breaker , which was released on February 24 , 2017 . The song was written by American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift and produced by American producer Jay Joyce . `` Better Man '' was first performed live at the 50th CMA Awards on November 2 , 2016 . The song won Song of the Year and was nominated for Single of the Year , and Music Video of the Year at the 2017 CMA Awards . The song won Best Country Duo / Group Performance for Little Big Town and was also nominated for Best Country Song for Swift , at the 60th annual Grammy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music video 3 Reception 3.1 Accolades 4 Commercial performance 5 Other versions 6 Charts and certifications 6.1 Charts 6.2 Year - end charts 6.3 Certifications 7 References Background ( edit ) The song was written about the breakup of a relationship by Taylor Swift . According to group member Karen Fairchild , Swift thought of the group because of the harmonies , and sent the song to them . `` Better Man '' has a play length of 4 minutes and 21 seconds . The song is in a slow tempo of 72 beats per minute , written with a 4 / 4 time signature . It is in the key of F major , with a chord pattern of F-C-B ♭ - B ♭ - B ♭ . Karen Fairchild 's lead vocal spans from F to B ♭ . Music Video ( edit ) An accompanying music video was directed by Becky Fluke and Reid Long and premiered on November 1 , 2016 . Set in a rural household , the video depicts three generations of single parents whose partners ultimately leave them . The cycle is presumably broken at the end , when Philip Sweet 's character has a baby girl and makes an effort to be a better role model . Reception ( edit ) Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe rated the song `` A '' , saying that `` It 's a concept that is grounded in so much truth that I 'm amazed I 've never heard it approached this way before '' and `` The writers do a great job of capturing both why ( the song 's narrator ) stayed so long and why she had to leave , and all of the conflicting feelings that go along with that . '' Taste of Country writer Billy Dukes also praised the song , saying that `` This song is n't as jarring as some of the quartet 's most recent hits . In fact , the mistreatment of women is only vaguely alluded to -- there 's no one line that burns the hair off the back of your neck . Jay Joyce 's arrangement is soft but not stark . It 's among his more mainstream productions . Still , it 's clear Fairchild 's protagonist is reeling from a love that went very , very wrong . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Association Result 2017 Billboard Music Awards Top Country Song Nominated CMT Music Awards Group Video of the Year Won Video of the Year Nominated CMA Awards Single of the Year Nominated Song of the Year Won Music Video of the Year Nominated 2018 Grammy Awards Best Country Duo / Group Performance Won Best Country Song Nominated ACM Awards Single Record of the Year Nominated Commercial Performance ( edit ) The song sold 6,000 copies on its first day of release , enough to allow the song to enter the Hot Country Songs chart at No. 41 . It sold 20,000 the following week , and rose to No. 20 in the chart . In its third week it sold a further 47,000 copies and climbed further to No. 6 . On the Hot Country Songs chart dated February 11 , 2017 , `` Better Man '' reached number one , earning the group their third leader . It spent two weeks at No. 1 before being dethroned by `` Body Like A Back Road '' by Sam Hunt . The song was certified platinum in the United States by the RIAA on August 23 , 2017 . The song has sold 772,000 copies in the United States as of February 2018 . Other versions ( edit ) On February 4 , 2017 , Taylor Swift performed it at Club Nomadic in Houston as part of the DirecTV Special , Super Saturday Night . On February 15 , 2017 , Chase Bryant recorded a cover version of the song , which changed the grammatical narrative from second person to first . Bryant 's rendition was described favorably by both Billboard and Rolling Stone for the change in the song 's perspective , as well as the harmonies provided by Runaway June . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 56 Canada Country ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 34 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Canada Country ( Billboard ) 8 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 34 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 10 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 5,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 772,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hear Little Big Town 's Melancholy New Song ' Better Man ' '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Black , Lauren Jo ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Little Big Town Reveals Taylor Swift as ' Better Man ' Songwriter '' . Sounds Like Nashville . SpinMedia . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Better Man - Little Big Town Release Info '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherby , Taylor ( September 4 , 2017 ) . `` Keith Urban & Miranda Lambert Lead 2017 CMA Awards Nominees , Taylor Swift Earns First Nomination in Three Years '' . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , Los Angeles Times ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Grammys 2018 Complete List of Nominees '' . LA Times . LA Times . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Who Did Taylor Swift Write `` Better Man '' About ? We Investigate the Lyrics for Little Big Town 's New Single `` . E ! Online . Jump up ^ `` ' Better Man ' sheet music '' . musicnotes.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Big Town Better Man Music Video MTV '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wicks , Amanda ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Little Big Town Premiere ' Better Man ' Music Video '' . Radio.com . CBS Corporation . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coyne , Kevin John ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Single Review : Little Big Town , `` Better Man '' `` . Country Universe . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dukes , Billy . `` Little Big Town , ' Better Man ' ( Listen ) '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stefano , Angela ( May 21 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Billboard Music Awards Country Winners List '' . The Boot . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stefano , Angela ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 CMT Music Awards Winners List '' . The Boot . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ USA Today Staff ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Grammy Awards 2018 : The winners ' list '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stefano , Angela ( April 15 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 ACM Awards Winners List '' . The Boot . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard . November 5 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Singles Sales Report : November 1 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard . November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles Chart : November 7 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ Asker , Jim ( January 31 , 2016 ) . `` Little Big Town Leads Hot Country Songs With Taylor Swift - Written ' Better Man ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Little Big Town -- Better Man '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` TOP 30 Digital Country Singles Sales Chart : February 5 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aniftos , Rania ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Chase Bryant Shares Introspective Cover of Little Big Town 's Taylor Swift - Penned ' Better Man ' : Listen '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Jon ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` See Chase Bryant 's Solemn Cover of Little Big Town 's ' Better Man ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Big Town Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Big Town Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Big Town Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Big Town Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Big Town Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canada Year - End Country Airplay of 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Little Big Town -- Better Man '' . Music Canada . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Preceded by `` Dirt on My Boots '' by Jon Pardi Billboard Canada Country number - one single March 11 -- 18 , 2017 Succeeded by `` Fast '' by Luke Bryan Preceded by `` Blue Ai n't Your Color '' by Keith Urban Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one single February 11 -- 18 , 2017 Succeeded by `` Body Like a Back Road '' by Sam Hunt Preceded by `` Seein ' Red '' by Dustin Lynch Billboard Country Airplay number - one single March 4 -- 11 , 2017 Succeeded by `` Sober Saturday Night '' by Chris Young featuring Vince Gill Little Big Town Studio albums Little Big Town The Road to Here A Place to Land The Reason Why Tornado Pain Killer Wanderlust The Breaker Singles as a lead artist `` Do n't Waste My Time '' `` Boondocks '' `` Bring It On Home '' `` Good as Gone '' `` A Little More You '' `` I 'm with the Band '' `` Fine Line '' `` Little White Church '' `` Pontoon '' `` Tornado '' `` Your Side of the Bed '' `` Sober '' `` Day Drinking '' `` Girl Crush '' `` Pain Killer '' `` Better Man '' `` Happy People '' `` When Someone Stops Loving You '' Guest singles `` Smokin ' and Drinkin ' '' ( with Miranda Lambert ) Karen Fairchild 's guest singles `` Home Alone Tonight '' ( with Luke Bryan ) Other songs `` Go Tell It on the Mountain '' `` Life in a Northern Town '' ( with Sugarland and Jake Owen ) Related articles Discography Taylor Swift songs Discography Taylor Swift `` Tim McGraw '' `` Picture to Burn '' `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' `` Should 've Said No '' `` Our Song '' Fearless `` Fearless '' `` Fifteen '' `` Love Story '' `` White Horse '' `` You Belong with Me '' `` Breathe '' `` You 're Not Sorry '' `` Forever & Always '' `` Change '' Speak Now `` Mine '' `` Sparks Fly '' `` Back to December '' `` Speak Now '' `` Mean '' `` The Story of Us '' `` Innocent '' `` Ours '' `` Dear John '' Red `` State of Grace '' `` Red '' `` I Knew You Were Trouble '' `` All Too Well '' `` 22 '' `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' `` The Last Time '' `` Everything Has Changed '' `` Begin Again '' `` Welcome to New York '' `` Blank Space '' `` Style '' `` Out of the Woods '' `` Shake It Off '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Wildest Dreams '' `` Wonderland '' `` New Romantics '' Reputation `` ... Ready for It ? '' `` End Game '' `` Delicate '' `` Look What You Made Me Do '' `` Gorgeous '' `` Call It What You Want '' `` New Year 's Day '' Songs as a featured artist `` Two Is Better Than One '' `` Half of My Heart '' `` Both of Us '' `` Highway Do n't Care '' `` Babe '' Other songs `` Crazier '' `` Today Was a Fairytale '' `` Safe & Sound '' `` Long Live '' `` Eyes Open '' `` Ronan '' `` Sweeter Than Fiction '' `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` Best Days of Your Life '' `` Better Man '' `` This Is What You Came For '' `` You 'll Always Find Your Way Back Home '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Better_Man_(Little_Big_Town_song)&oldid=836708979 '' Categories : 2016 songs 2016 singles Little Big Town songs Songs written by Taylor Swift Song recordings produced by Jay Joyce Capitol Records Nashville singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Country ballads Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Português Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 11 : 57 . 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Prisons in Turkey

Prisons in Turkey - wikipedia Prisons in Turkey There are basically three types of prison in Turkey : closed , semi-open , and open . A further distinction is made between ordinary closed prisons and high - security prisons . Many prisons have separate blocks ( or wings ) for women and some also for children ( juveniles ) , but there are also some prisons which are exclusively for women or children . Prisoners in Turkey are divided , as in many other countries , into remand prisoners ( those being held in pre-trial detention ) and convicted prisoners ( whose sentences are being executed ) . Contents 1 History 1.1 Between 1980 to 2000 1.2 Since 2000 2 Facts and figures 3 Prison types 4 Comments of international institutions 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) In the Ottoman Empire prisons were called dungeons ( zindan ) . In Turkey these were mostly dark and damp towers . The first prison was built in Sultanahmet quarter of Istanbul and it was called general prison ( Hapishane - i Umumi ) . Historic Dungeon of Bodrum / Muğla Besides the death penalty the Penal Code of 1858 included three different types of sentences : rowing on a galley ( kürek ) , pillorying ( prangabentlik ) and imprisonment in a tower ( kalebentlik ) . The Penal Code of 1 March 1926 ( Law 765 ) made a difference between heavy crimes and corresponding sentences ( ağır suç and ağır ceza ) and light crimes ( hafif suç and hafif ceza ) . Besides offences ( cürüm ) there is a separate law on infringements ( kabahat ) . By Law 5349 dated 11 May 2005 the differentiation between light and heavy sentences was lifted . Between 1980 to 2000 ( edit ) On 12 September 1980 the military seized power in Turkey and the five generals ( General Staff ) announced martial law in all of the then existing 67 provinces . Members of armed and unarmed left and right organizations that had been engaged in bitter fighting were charged at military courts and in some places held in military prisons . The military prison Mamak in Ankara , Metris Prison ( in Istanbul ) and the prison in Diyarbakır ( often called dungeon ) gained notoriety . Because of the large number of prisoners new prisons were built . In a report of November 1988 , Amnesty International said that the number of prisons had increased to 644 and their capacity had been raised from 55,000 to more than 80,000 . Since 1986 relatives of prisoners organized in the Human Rights Association ( HRA ) or in groups in solidarity with certain prisoners such as TAYAD ) . With their help the prisoners tried to make their demands for improved prison conditions for which they frequently went on hunger strike ( often also called death fast ) public . In April 1991 Law 3713 on Fighting Terrorism ( called Anti-Terror - Law , ATL ) was passed . Article 16 provided that all prisoners charged under this law had to be held in high security prisons . Since 2000 ( edit ) In 1996 the political prisoners succeeded in their objection to be transferred to the first high security prison in Eskişehir ( it was called `` special type prison '' ) . Their death fast resulted in the death of 12 prisoners . In 2000 a similar action against the high security prisons ( now called F - type Prisons ) was not successful , although the death toll was much higher . There are currently 13 F - type prisons ( 14 , if the prison on İmralı Island is added ) and two D - type prisons ( also high security prisons ) . Facts and figures ( edit ) According to the General Directorate for Penal and Arrest Centres ( Ceza ve Tevkifevleri Genel Müdürlüğü , part of the Ministry of Justice ) 384 prisons existed in Turkey as of 1 December 2008 . 346 of them were closed and 28 were open prisons . In addition there were three closed and one open prison for women and three correctional centres for children . For the same date the number of prisoners was given as 103,296 ; among them 44,038 on remand and 59,258 convicts . On the homepage of the General Directorate for Penal and Arrest Centres figures on prisoners can be found on the number of prisoners for each year . The Human Rights Foundation of Turkey has included such figures in their annual reports . Year Convicted On remand Total Ordinary `` Terror '' Sum Ordinary `` Terror '' Sum 27,731 1,642 29,373 14,488 1,745 16,233 45,606 1991 10,652 395 11,047 14,760 1,044 15,804 26,851 12,301 522 12,823 15,597 3,062 18,659 31,482 14,300 847 15,147 14,681 4,977 19,658 34,805 15,787 1,094 16,881 15,638 6,412 22,050 38,931 1995 20,371 1,637 22,008 17,058 7,025 24,083 46,091 24,651 2,328 26,979 17,697 6,207 23,904 50,883 32,155 4,179 36,334 19,346 4,926 24,272 60,606 1998 31,647 4,239 35,886 19,670 4,835 24,505 60,391 1999 37,986 6,145 44,131 19,953 3,497 23,450 67,581 2000 20,378 4,467 24,855 20,467 4,190 24,657 49,512 22,425 5,116 27,541 24,886 3,182 28,068 55,609 2002 25,514 5,123 30,637 25,928 2,622 28,550 59,187 2003 28,554 4,161 32,715 29,605 1,976 31,581 64,296 23,840 2,170 26,010 30,302 1,618 31,920 57,930 2005 22,765 2,093 24,858 29,475 1,537 31,012 55,870 2006 24,220 2,116 26,336 42,222 1,719 44,141 70,477 2007 34,852 2,418 37,608 47,091 2,102 53,229 90,837 2008 42,234 2,540 45,207 50,470 2,899 58,028 103,235 Meanwhile , the statistics also include the category `` crimes to increase profit '' ( tr : çıkar amaçlı suçlar , meaning organized crime , punishable according to Article 220 of the Turkish Penal Code ) . Since 2010 the cases that could not be attributed to a specific group were also included . Years Convicted On remand Ordinary Terror Organized Unclear Sum Ordinary Terror Organized Unclear Sum Total 2009 53067 2967 547 56581 52512 3361 3886 59759 116340 80440 3682 993 1451 86566 29676 2535 1566 471 34238 120814 2011 86542 4179 907 989 92617 29901 4266 1372 448 35987 128604 On 31 January 2010 the official figures were : Year Convicted On remand Total Ordinary `` Terror '' Sum Ordinary `` Terror '' Sum 53,805 3,051 56,856 57,024 3,254 60,691 117,547 The following figures were presented for 31 March 2012 : Group On remand Under review Convicted Total Ordinary 29,890 17,597 72,022 119.509 Terror 4,643 481 3,846 8,970 Organized crime 1,283 389 522 2,194 Unspecified 457 42 1,197 1,696 Total 36.273 18,509 77,587 132.369 In June 2010 Justice Minister Sadullah Ergin answered a question tabled by Batman deputy Bengi Yıldız . He stated that between 2010 and 2015 a total of 86 new prisons with a capacity of 40.026 prisoners were to be built . Prison types ( edit ) Using the official material of the General Directorate for Penal and Arrest Centres the Democratic Turkey Forum prepared a table on prisons in Turkey as of October 2008 . Further details have been included as `` particulars '' . Sinop E-type Prison Type Number Capacity ( single ) Capacity ( complete ) Particulars 21 24 - 30 792 Prisons built in district between the 1950s and 1970s . There are 4 wards ( koğuş ) , bathroom , kitchen , library and a conference hall . A1 16 24 - 40 508 Further to type A : there are two cells and room next to the wards that can be used as a kitchen . A2 17 40 744 5 wards and 2 disciplinary cells . A3 31 60 2,295 6 wards . 16 64 1,068 7 wards and 2 disciplinary cells ; each ward has its own exercise yard ( havalandırma ) . 7 164 - 300 1,696 8 wards and 4 disciplinary cells . 750 1,732 11 blocks , one block for administration ; 230 rooms ( cells ) . Block E is for communal use ( laundry , library etc . ) . The lower floors of block H and L consist of disciplinary cells . The first and second floor of block G have 10 rooms each for observation ( müşahade ) on arrival . This block also has two infirmaries with 10 beds each . These prisons are built on the system of individual cells and cells for three people . 45 600 - 1,000 29,753 Built on two floors based on the ward ( koğuş ) system and later changed to rooms for 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 and 10 persons . Each room has its own exercise yard . The lower floors are for eating ; the upper floors are the dormitories . 13 368 4,966 See F - type Prisons ( Turkey ) 5 500 3,255 Built on two floors on the room ( cell ) system . There are 200 individual cells and 100 cells for 3 persons . K1 83 60 3553 They are found in districts with 4 wards and 2 disciplinary cells . Each ward has its own exercise yard . K2 24 60 - 150 1,446 Like type K1 with 6 wards and 2 disciplinary cells . 16 15,084 Closed prisons , built in big cities in place of old prisons . There are units for 7 people measuring 208.93 m ( 2,248.9 sq ft ) in total , cells have 12.45 m ( 134.0 sq ft ) , exercise yards have 165.19 m ( 1,778.1 sq ft ) and common living space is 56.59 m ( 609.1 sq ft ) . Cells are closed at night ; during the day 7 prisoners are together . There are 61 units for 7 people , 4 rooms for 3 people and 40 individual cells . 24 9,107 These prisons that were built on two floors in the ward system , cells for 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 people were made . Each room has its own exercise yard . The prisons have 6 disciplinary cells . 616 6,277 They were built in big cities in place of old prisons . There are 72 rooms for 8 prisoners , 8 rooms for 3 prisoners and 16 individual cells of 16 sqm . The ( living and sleeping ) room for 3 people measures 27 m ( 290 sq ft ) . The sleeping space for 8 people ( upper floor ) is 28 m ( 300 sq ft ) and the living space ( lower floor ) 32.5 m ( 350 sq ft ) . For the exercise 8 people have a yard of 35 m ( 380 sq ft ) und 3 people of 30 m ( 320 sq ft ) . The sports hall measures 494 m ( 5,320 sq ft ) and outside 251 m ( 2,700 sq ft ) . There is space for 450 people during open visits and 36 people for closed visits . Room for 32 lawyers meeting their clients exists . F ( o ) 350 350 open prison for women F ( c ) Paşakapısı closed prison for women ; Paşakapısı and Bakırköy are in Istanbul Bakırköy 506 construction started in 2008 ; 38 units for 12 people each ; 2 units for 3 people and 44 individual cells . Sincan 352 District close to Ankara , 24 units for 12 people each , 12 units for 3 people each , 28 individual cells . K ( c ) 366 closed prison for children K ( e ) 100 - 250 360 education centre for children ; juveniles aged 12 to 18 are held here . In case an education was continuing at the age of 18 permission can be given to stay longer ( up to the age of 21 ) . ( c ) 23 6,277 ( o ) 28 6,405 ( o ) 38 2,617 Comments of International institutions ( edit ) Besides NGOs such as Amnesty International or Human Rights Watch the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment ( CPT ) has frequently dealt with the situation in Turkish prisons . A major concern were the F - type prisons , the high security prisons that the CPT encouraged Turkey to build . and the situation on the island İmralı , where Abdullah Öcalan has been the only prisoner since 1999 . On 6 March 2008 a report was published on a visit to the island between 19 and 22 May 2007 . This was the fourth visit . In conclusion the CPT said ( in para 31 . ) : Abdullah Öcalan has now been imprisoned , as the sole inmate of the High - Security Closed Prison of Imralı - an island which is difficult to reach - for almost eight and a half years . Although the situation of indisputable isolation to which the prisoner has been subjected since 16 February 1999 has had adverse effects over the years , the CPT 's previous visits had not revealed significant harmful consequences for his physical and psychological condition . This assessment must now be revised , in the light of the evolution of Abdullah Öcalan 's physical and mental condition . '' During visits to other facilities the CPT marked certain shortcomings . The report of 8 December 2005 ( on a visit in 2004 ) , for instance , included the following recommendations : staff at Izmir ( Buca ) Closed Prison and the E-type prisons in Aydın and Gaziantep to be given a firm reminder that the ill - treatment of inmates is not acceptable and will be the subject of severe sanctions ; it should be made clear to them that prisoners who breach discipline must be dealt with exclusively in accordance with existing disciplinary procedures and that any form of unofficial punishment will not be tolerated ( paragraph 50 ) . the Turkish authorities to take all necessary steps to develop the communal activity programmes at Izmir F - type Prison No. 1 , in terms of both the range of activities on offer and the number of prisoners engaging in those activities ; in this connection , the remarks made in paragraphs 57 and 58 to be taken fully into account ( paragraph 59 ) ; immediate steps to be taken to ensure that every prisoner at Aydın and Gaziantep E-type Prisons has his / her own bed ( paragraph 63 ) ; the necessary steps to be taken to ensure that occupancy rates in all prisoner accommodation units at Aydın and Gaziantep E-type Prisons are of a reasonable level ( paragraph 63 ) ; the level of hygiene in prisoner accommodation areas at Gaziantep E-type Prison to be reviewed ( paragraph 63 ) . See also ( edit ) List of prisons in Turkey References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See the Turkish Wikipedia Jump up ^ Dr. Cevdet YILMAZ : The Historical Castle - Prison of Sinop , published in Eastern Geographical Review , edition 22 , page 6 . Jump up ^ See an article of Dr. Mustafa AVCI , accessed on 18 August 2009 Jump up ^ The website Diyarbakır zindanı Archived 2009 - 05 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . offers many details ( in Turkish ) Jump up ^ AI Index : EUR / 44 / 65 / 88 ( November 1988 ) . See an online edition in pictures Jump up ^ Background of the organization on a private homepage , accessed on 27 August 2009 Jump up ^ See the page F - type Prisons ( Turkey ) for further details Jump up ^ The statistics of the General Directorate for Penal and Arrest Centres start in 1970 at the address http://www.cte.adalet.gov.tr/istatistikler/yillar1.asp . The pages are ordered for 10 years each so that the years 2000 - 2009 can be found at `` yillar4. asp '' . Jump up ^ In the table these categories are presented as `` organized '' and `` unclear '' . Jump up ^ The figures were taken from a German source on the website of the Democratic Turkey Forum Jump up ^ The figures could be found on 20 May 2012 at `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) ( in Turkish ) . On the same page it was mentioned that the capacity at the end of March 2012 did not cover 7,096 places . Jump up ^ See `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 10 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Gündem Online of 8 June 2010 Jump up ^ E-type prisons exist in Adana , Adıyaman , Afyon , Amasya , Antalya , Aydın , Bitlis , Burdur , Bursa , Çanakkale , Çankırı , Diyarbakır , ( Elazığ ) , Elbistan , Erzurum , Gaziantep , Giresun , Gümüşhane , Hatay , İsparta , Kahramanmaraş , Kastamonu , Kırklareli , Kırşehir , Konya , Kütahya , Malatya , Manisa , Mardin , Mersin , Muğla , Muş , Nazilli , Nevşehir , Niğde , Ordu , Samsun , Siirt , Sinop , Sivas , Şanlıurfa , Trabzon , Uşak , Ümraniye and Yozgat Jump up ^ T - type prisons can be found in Bakırköy Metris No. 1 , Bakırköy Metris No. 2 , Ümraniye and Erzurum / Oltu Jump up ^ See two articles in the daily Hürriyet of 14.12. 2000 and of 17.03. 2001 Jump up ^ the complete report accessed on 25 August 2009 Jump up ^ report of December 2005 External links ( edit ) Website of the General Directorate for Prisons ( Turkish ) CPT on Turkey Democratic Turkey Forum Daily , weekly and special reports on human rights in Turkey in German , English and Turkish MrZine - Monthly Review An article on the prison population and conditions in Turkey Inside Erdogan 's Prisons Prisons in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Prisons in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Book Asia portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisons_in_Turkey&oldid=833544648 '' Categories : Prisons in Turkey Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 06 : 48 ( UTC ) . 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what is it like in a turkish prison

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List of American Idol alumni album sales in the United States

List of American Idol alumni album sales in the united states - wikipedia List of American Idol alumni album sales in the united states Jump to : navigation , search This article provides a list of albums recorded by alumni of the popular American televised singing competition American Idol in the post-Idol career . It only lists main albums released in the alumni 's post-Idol career . American Idol compilations , individual artist 's pre-Idol recordings , EPs , and compilation albums are not listed here , however , the numbers in parentheses may include sales from these releases . For complete list of releases including those not listed here for each artist , please see their individual discography pages ( linked here in the total number in parentheses ) . Sales figure listed are for U.S. only . Contents ( hide ) 1 Artists with RIAA certified albums 2 Artists without RIAA certified albums 3 References 4 External links Artists with RIAA certified albums ( edit ) This first list only includes contestants with at least one certified album for units shipped in U.S. ( Gold , Platinum , and / or Multi-platinum ) . Total albums sold listed in this pages for each artist is shown first . The numbers in parentheses are for sales for all albums including EPs and compilations which may not be listed here . Contestant Total sales First album Second album Third album Fourth album Fifth album Sixth album Seventh album Eighth album 1 . Carrie Underwood ( season 4 , winner ) 16,389,000 Some Hearts ( November 15 , 2005 ) Arista Nashville 7,450,000 8x Platinum Peak : # 2 Carnival Ride ( October 23 , 2007 ) Arista Nashville 3,400,000 4x Platinum Peak : # 1 Play On ( November 3 , 2009 ) Arista Nashville 2,300,000 3x Platinum Peak : # 1 Blown Away ( May 1 , 2012 ) Arista Nashville 1,794,800 2x Platinum Peak : # 1 Storyteller ( October 23 , 2015 ) Arista Nashville 752,100 Platinum Peak : # 2 2 . Kelly Clarkson ( season 1 , winner ) 14,214,000 Thankful ( April 15 , 2003 ) RCA 2,800,000 2x Platinum Peak : # 1 Breakaway ( November 30 , 2004 ) RCA 6,355,000 6x Platinum Peak : # 3 My December ( June 26 , 2007 ) RCA 858,000 Platinum Peak : # 2 All I Ever Wanted ( March 10 , 2009 ) RCA 1,004,000 N / A Peak : # 1 Stronger ( October 24 , 2011 ) RCA 1,129,000 Platinum Peak : # 2 Wrapped in Red ( October 29 , 2013 ) RCA 942,000 Platinum Peak : # 3 Piece by Piece ( March 3 , 2015 ) RCA 284,000 Gold Peak : # 1 Meaning of Life ( October 27 , 2017 ) Atlantic 64,000 N / A Peak : # 2 3 . Chris Daughtry ( as Daughtry ) ( season 5 , 4th place ) 7,352,000 Daughtry ( November 21 , 2006 ) RCA 5,040,000 4x Platinum Peak : # 1 Leave This Town ( July 14 , 2009 ) RCA 1,357,000 Platinum Peak : # 1 Break the Spell ( November 21 , 2011 ) RCA 513,000 Gold Peak : # 8 Baptized ( November 19 , 2013 ) RCA 270,000 N / A Peak : # 6 TBD ( 2017 ) RCA 4 . Clay Aiken ( season 2 , runner - up ) 5,069,000 Measure of a Man ( October 14 , 2003 ) RCA 2,786,000 2x Platinum Peak : # 1 Merry Christmas with Love ( November 16 , 2004 ) RCA 1,416,000 Platinum Peak : # 4 A Thousand Different Ways ( September 19 , 2006 ) RCA 531,000 Gold Peak : # 2 On My Way Here ( May 6 , 2008 ) RCA 165,000 N / A Peak : # 4 Tried and True / Steadfast ( June 1 , 2010 ) / ( March 26 , 2012 ) Decca / Universal 80,000 N / A Peak : # 9 / # 120 5 . Fantasia Barrino ( season 3 , winner ) 3,332,000 Free Yourself ( November 23 , 2004 ) J Records 1,839,000 Platinum Peak : # 8 Fantasia ( December 12 , 2006 ) J Records 530,000 Gold Peak : # 19 Back to Me ( August 24 , 2010 ) J Records 490,000 N / A Peak : # 2 Side Effects of You ( April 23 , 2013 ) RCA 300,000 Peak : # 2 The Definition Of ... ( July 28 , 2016 ) RCA 32,000 Peak : # 6 6 . Ruben Studdard ( season 2 , winner ) 2,644,000 Soulful ( December 9 , 2003 ) J Records 1,792,000 Platinum Peak : # 1 I Need an Angel ( November 23 , 2004 ) J Records 483,000 Gold Peak : # 20 The Return ( October 17 , 2006 ) J Records 238,000 N / A Peak : # 8 Love Is ( May 19 , 2009 ) Hickory Records 50,000 N / A Peak : # 36 Letters from Birmingham ( March 13 , 2012 ) Shanachie 17,000 N / A Peak : # 150 Unconditional Love ( February 4 , 2014 ) The Verve Music Group 6,000 N / A Peak : # 46 7 . Scotty McCreery ( season 10 , winner ) 2,165,000 Clear as Day ( October 4 , 2011 ) Mercury Nashville 1,166,000 Platinum Peak : # 1 Christmas With Scotty McCreery ( October 16 , 2012 ) Mercury Nashville 382,000 Gold Peak : # 4 See You Tonight ( October 15 , 2013 ) Mercury Nashville 269,900 N / A Peak : # 6 8 . Kellie Pickler ( season 5 , 6th place ) 1,557,000 Small Town Girl ( October 31 , 2006 ) BNA 900,000 Gold Peak : # 9 Kellie Pickler ( September 30 , 2008 ) BNA 470,000 N / A Peak : # 9 100 Proof ( January 24 , 2012 ) BNA 90,000 N / A Peak : # 7 The Woman I Am November 11 , 2013 Black River Entertainment 47,000 N / A Peak : # 19 9 . David Cook ( season 7 , winner ) 1,510,000 David Cook ( November 18 , 2008 ) RCA 1,380,000 Platinum Peak : # 3 This Loud Morning ( June 28 , 2011 ) RCA 133,000 N / A Peak : # 7 Digital Vein ( September 18 , 2015 ) InGrooves Music 11,000 N / A Peak : # 35 10 . Phillip Phillips ( season 11 , winner ) 1,490,000 The World from the Side of the Moon ( November 19 , 2012 ) Interscope 1,033,000 Platinum Peak : # 4 Behind the Light ( May 19 , 2014 ) Interscope 123,000 N / A Peak : # 7 11 . Jennifer Hudson ( season 3 , 7th place ) 1,446,000 Jennifer Hudson ( September 30 , 2008 ) Arista 839,000 Gold Peak : # 2 I Remember Me ( March 22 , 2011 ) Arista 459,000 Gold Peak : # 2 JHUD ( September 23 , 2014 ) RCA 61,000 N / A Peak : # 10 12 . Jordin Sparks ( season 6 , winner ) 1,313,000 Jordin Sparks ( November 20 , 2007 ) Jive 1,056,000 Platinum Peak : # 10 Battlefield ( July 21 , 2009 ) Jive 190,000 N / A Peak : # 7 Right Here , Right Now ( August 21 , 2015 ) Louder Than Life N / A Peak : # 161 13 . Adam Lambert ( season 8 , runner - up ) 1,291,000 For Your Entertainment ( November 23 , 2009 ) RCA 863,000 Gold Peak : # 3 Trespassing ( May 15 , 2012 ) RCA 197,000 N / A Peak : # 1 The Original High ( June 16 , 2015 ) Warner Bros Records 52,000 N / A Peak : # 3 14 . David Archuleta ( season 7 , runner - up ) 1,156,000 David Archuleta ( November 11 , 2008 ) Jive 765,000 Gold Peak : # 2 Christmas from the Heart ( October 13 , 2009 ) Jive 246,000 N / A Peak : # 30 The Other Side of Down ( October 5 , 2010 ) Jive 67,000 N / A Peak : # 13 Begin . ( August 7 , 2012 ) Highway Records 14,000 N / A Peak : # 28 No Matter How Far ( 2013 ) E1 Music 5,000 N / A Peak : # 110 15 . Josh Gracin ( season 2 , 4th place ) 804,000 Josh Gracin ( June 15 , 2004 ) Lyric Street 703,000 Gold Peak : # 11 We Were n't Crazy ( April 1 , 2008 ) Lyric Street 86,000 N / A Peak : # 33 Redemption ( November 8 , 2011 ) Average Joe 's 4,000 N / A Peak : N / A 16 . Taylor Hicks ( season 5 , winner ) 768,000 Taylor Hicks ( December 12 , 2006 ) Arista 705,000 Platinum Peak : # 2 The Distance ( March 10 , 2009 ) Modern Whomp 52,000 N / A Peak : # 58 17 . Bo Bice ( season 4 , runner - up ) 757,000 The Real Thing ( December 13 , 2005 ) RCA 673,000 Gold Peak : # 4 See the Light ( October 23 , 2007 ) StratArt 62,000 N / A Peak : # 150 ( May 18 , 2010 ) Saguaro Road 11,000 N / A Peak : # 154 18 . Elliott Yamin ( season 5 , 3rd place ) 696,000 Elliott Yamin ( March 20 , 2007 ) Hickory Records RED Distribution 527,000 Gold Peak : # 3 Sounds of the Season ( October 14 , 2007 ) Hickory Records 81,000 N / A Peak : # 32 My Kind of Holiday ( October 7 , 2008 ) TRP Records , Fontana Distribution 27,000 N / A Peak : # 162 Fight For Love ( May 5 , 2009 ) Hickory Records 49,000 N / A Peak : # 26 Let 's Get to What 's Real ( March 27 , 2012 ) E1 / Purpose Music Group 2,000 N / A Peak : N / A ^ Note 1 Aiken 's album , Tried & True was re-packaged and re-released by Decca under the new name , Steadfast , concurrent with his appearance on The Celebrity Apprentice in 2012 Artists without RIAA certified albums ( edit ) The following is a list of other American Idol alumni album sales and reflects that commercial success can be achieved through association with American Idol and with post-Idol promotion , although the degree of success varies considerably . This list only includes contestants who have numbers available , and again does not include EPs , American Idol compilations , or pre-Idol recordings , numbers in parentheses however may include sales from these releases : Rank Former Contestant Total Sales Albums 19 . Mandisa ( season 5 , 9th place ) 928,000 True Beauty ( 2007 ) # 43 -- 226,000 It 's Christmas ( 2008 ) # 85 -- 64,000 Freedom ( 2009 ) # 83 -- 152,000 What If We Were Real ( 2011 ) # 66 -- 270,000 Overcomer ( 2013 ) # 29 - 140,000 20 . Katharine McPhee ( season 5 , runner - up ) 475,000 Katharine McPhee ( 2007 ) # 2 -- 381,000 Unbroken ( 2010 ) # 27 -- 45,000 Christmas Is the Time ... To Say I Love You ( 2010 ) did not chart -- 23,000 Hysteria ( 2015 ) did not chart 21 . Lauren Alaina ( season 10 , runner - up ) 454,000 Wildflower ( 2011 ) # 5 -- 303,000 Road Less Traveled ( 2016 ) # 31 -- 29,100 22 . Bucky Covington ( season 5 , 8th place ) did not chart 436,000 Bucky Covington ( 2007 ) # 4 -- 433,000 Good Guys ( 2012 ) # 178 -- 3,000 23 . Blake Lewis ( season 6 , runner - up ) 413,000 A.D.D. ( Audio Day Dream ) ( 2007 ) # 10 -- 350,000 Heartbreak on Vinyl ( 2009 ) # 135 -- 10,000 Portrait of a Chameleon ( 2013 ) did not chart -- 2,000 24 . Kris Allen ( season 8 , winner ) 401,600 Kris Allen ( 2009 ) # 11 -- 346,000 Thank You Camellia ( 2012 ) # 26 -- 35,000 Horizons ( 2014 ) # 80 -- 4,000 Letting You In ( 2016 ) 25 . William Hung ( Season 3 , Auditioner ) 242,000 Inspiration ( 2004 ) # 34 -- 200,000 Hung for the Holidays ( 2004 ) did not chart -- 35,000 Miracle : Happy Summer from William Hung ( 2005 ) did not chart -- 7,000 26 . Kimberley Locke ( season 2 , 3rd place ) 241,000 One Love ( 2004 ) # 16 -- 212,000 Based on a True Story ( 2007 ) # 160 -- 22,000 Christmas ( 2008 ) did not chart -- 3,000 27 . Crystal Bowersox ( season 9 , runner - up ) 230,000 Farmer 's Daughter ( 2010 ) # 28 -- 205,000 All That For This ( 2013 ) # 71 -- 8,000 28 . Danny Gokey ( season 8 , 3rd place ) 204,000 My Best Days ( 2010 ) # 4 -- 204,000 Hope in Front of Me ( 2014 ) # 40 29 . James Durbin ( season 10 , 4th place ) 194,000 Memories of a Beautiful Disaster ( 2011 ) # 36 -- 123,000 Celebrate ( 2014 ) # 83 30 . Lee DeWyze ( season 9 , winner ) 178,000 Live It Up ( 2010 ) # 19 -- 153,000 Frames ( 2013 ) # 116 -- 3,000 Oil & Water ( 2016 ) 31 . Diana DeGarmo ( Season 3 , Runner - Up ) 168,000 Blue Skies ( 2004 ) # 52 32 . Justin Guarini ( season 1 , runner - up ) 146,000 Justin Guarini ( 2003 ) # 20 -- 146,000 Stranger Things Have Happened ( 2005 ) did not chart 33 . Haley Reinhart ( season 10 , 3rd place ) 143,500 Listen Up ! ( 2012 ) # 17 -- 77,000 Better ( 2016 ) did not chart -- 7,500 34 . Colton Dixon ( season 11 , 7th place ) 128,000 A Messenger ( 2013 ) # 15 -- 100,000 Anchor ( 2014 ) # 23 -- 28,000 The Calm Before the Storm ( 2015 ) did not chart 35 . Tamyra Gray ( season 1 , 4th place ) 123,000 The Dreamer ( 2004 ) # 23 36 . Jason Castro ( Season 7 , 4th Place ) 105,000 Jason Castro ( 2010 ) # 18 -- 54,000 Who I Am ( 2010 ) # 198 -- 18,000 Only a Mountain ( 2013 ) did not chart -- 20,000 37 . Allison Iraheta ( Season 8 , 4th Place ) 103,000 Just Like You ( 2009 ) # 35 38 . Melinda Doolittle ( season 6 , 3rd place ) 091,000 Coming Back to You ( 2009 ) # 58 39 . Casey James ( season 9 , 3rd place ) 077,000 Casey James ( 2012 ) # 23 40 . Chris Sligh ( season 6 , 10th place ) 064,000 Running Back to You ( 2008 ) # 190 -- 54,000 The Anatomy of Broken ( 2010 ) did not chart -- 10,000 41 . LaToya London ( Season 3 , 4th Place ) 058,000 Love & Life ( 2005 ) # 82 42 . Phil Stacey ( season 6 , 6th place ) 058,000 Phil Stacey ( 2008 ) # 43 -- 40,000 Into the Light ( 2009 ) did not chart -- 18,000 43 . Mario Vazquez ( season 4 , Top 12 ) 056,000 Mario Vazquez ( 2006 ) # 80 44 . George Huff ( season 3 , 5th place ) 52,000 Miracles ( 2005 ) did not chart -- 29,000 George Huff ( 2009 ) did not chart -- 4,000 45 . Brooke White ( season 7 , 5th place ) 048,000 High Hopes & Heartbreak ( 2009 ) # 50 -- 29,000 Gemini ( 2011 ) did not chart -- 2,000 46 . Carly Smithson ( as a part of We Are the Fallen ) ( Season 7 , 6th Place ) 041,000 Tear the World Down ( 2010 ) # 33 47 . Jessica Sanchez ( Season 11 , Runnerup ) 38,000 Me , You & the Music ( 2013 ) # 26 -- 17,000 48 . Kristy Lee Cook ( season 7 , 7th place ) 032,000 Why Wait ( 2008 ) # 49 49 . Candice Glover ( Season 12 , Winner ) 027,000 Music Speaks ( 2014 ) # 14 50 . Casey Abrams ( season 10 , 6th place ) 27,000 Casey Abrams ( 2012 ) # 101 51 . Constantine Maroulis ( season 4 , 6th place ) 25,000 Constantine ( 2007 ) # 75 52 . Caleb Johnson ( season 13 , winner ) 024,000 Testify ( 2014 ) # 24 53 . Paris Bennett ( season 5 , 5th place ) 22,300 Princess P ( 2007 ) # 133 -- 22,000 A Royal Christmas ( 2008 ) did not chart -- 300 54 . R.J. Helton ( season 1 , 5th place ) 022,000 Real Life ( 2004 ) did not chart 55 . John Stevens ( Season 3 , 6th Place ) 021,000 Red ( 2005 ) did not chart 56 . Michael Johns ( season 7 , 8th place ) 020,000 Hold Back My Heart ( 2009 ) # 97 57 . Jasmine Trias ( season 3 , 3rd place ) 014,000 Jasmine Trias ( 2005 ) did not chart 58 . Ace Young ( season 5 , 7th place ) 010,000 Ace Young ( 2008 ) # 160 59 . LaKisha Jones ( season 6 , 4th place ) 00 7,000 So Glad I 'm Me ( 2009 ) did not chart 60 . Nick Fradiani ( season 14 , winner ) 00 5,000 Hurricane ( 2016 ) # 121 61 . Danny Noriega ( season 7 , semi ) 00 5,000 Till Death Do Us Party ( 2014 ) # 59 62 . Jim Verraros ( season 1 , 9th place ) 00 4,300 Rollercoaster ( 2005 ) did not chart Do Not Disturb ( 2011 ) did not chart 63 . Carmen Rasmusen ( season 2 , 6th place ) 00 3,100 Nothin ' Like the Summer ( 2007 ) did not chart 64 . Kimberly Caldwell ( season 2 , 7th place ) 00 3,000 Without Regret ( 2011 ) did not chart 65 . Ayla Brown ( season 5 , Top 16 ) 00 3,000 Forward ( 2006 ) did not chart 66 . Corey Clark ( season 2 , 9th place ) 00 2,600 Corey Clark ( 2005 ) did not chart 67 . Tim Halperin ( Season 10 , Semifinal ) 00 2,000 Rise and Fall ( 2011 ) did not chart 68 . Jon Peter Lewis ( Season 3 , 8th Place ) 00 1,600 Stories from Hollywood ( 2006 ) did not chart -- 1,100 Break the Silence ( 2008 ) did not chart -- 500 69 . Michael Sarver ( season 8 , 10th place ) 00 1,000 Michael Sarver ( 2010 ) did not chart 70 . Josiah Leming ( season 7 , Hollywood round ) 00 1,000 Come On Kid ( 2010 ) did not chart 71 . Kree Harrison ( season 12 , 2nd place ) 000 900 This Old Thing ( 2016 ) did not chart References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Kelly Clarkson 's Career Sales & ' Wild Thoughts ' About Rihanna '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adele 's ' 25 ' Hits 5 Million Sold in U.S. Billboard '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Some Hearts '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( October 11 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Chart Beat 's ' Piano Man ' Returns ! '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Carnival Ride '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Play On '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Top Country Catalog Album Sales Chart : April 18 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Blown Away '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` Top 10 Country Albums Chart : April 24 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Storyteller '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- Thankful '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- Breakaway '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- My December '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- Stronger '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- Wrapped in Red '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( November 5 , 2017 ) . `` Kenny Chesney 's ' Live in No Shoes Nation ' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : `` American Idols Top 10 Selling Performers of All Time '' . Billboard . Facebook . ^ Jump up to : RIAA Search - Daughtry ^ Jump up to : Masley , Ed ( Jan 17 , 2013 ) . `` Hotlist : Best - selling ' American Idol ' albums '' . Jump up ^ Norman Byrd ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` Daughtry fans get ' Baptized ' just before the holidays '' . AXS . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Daughtry -- Break the Spell '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Grein , Paul ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Phillips Takes Idol Title '' . Chart Watch . Yahoo . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : RIAA Search - Clay Aiken Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 12 - 29 - 2010 ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 01 - 19 - 2011 01 - 12 - 2011 numbers posted in comments section of Idol chatter 01 - 19 - 2011 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2012 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson 's ' Stronger ' hits the half - million mark '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : RIAA Search - Fantasia Archived 2013 - 02 - 01 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Fantasia Moves Forward Despite Personal Challenges Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7461832/dj-khaled-earns-his-first-no-1-album-on-billboard-200-album-chart-major-key ^ Jump up to : RIAA Search - Ruben Studdard ^ Jump up to : Ruben Studdard Reconnects With ' Love Is ' Jump up ^ Does Winning Idol Even Matter Any More Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' Finalists : From Sanjaya to Taylor Hicks , Where Are They Now ? '' . The Daily Beast. 2012 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rauly Ramirez ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` Toni Braxton & Babyface 's Triumphant No. 1 Return to Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 04 - 21 ) . `` ' Idol ' sales : Scotty 's new single , more '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Scotty McCreery -- Clear as Day '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( December 18 , 2013 ) . `` Country Album Chart News : The Week of December 18 , 2013 : Garth Brooks , Duck Dynasty , Cassadee Pope , Parmalee , & Scotty McCreery '' . Roughstock . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Scotty McCreery -- Christmas with Scotty McCreery '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Matt Bjorke ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Country Album Chart Report For April 15 , 2015 '' . Roughstock . Sales figure given here ^ Jump up to : Wade Jessen ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Kellie Pickler Debuts in Top Five On Top Country Albums Chart '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Kellie Pickler Jump up ^ Matt Bjorke ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Country Album Chart News : The Week of January 22 , 2013 : Jennifer Nettles , Jon Pardi , Rosanne Cash Debut In Top 5 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ RIAA Search - David Cook Archived 2015 - 11 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( 2013 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Chart Watch : Eminem Returns to # 1 , Gaga Sinks to # 8 '' . Yahoo Music . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Phillip Phillips -- The World from the Side of the Moon '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : Lynch , Joe ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` 9 Albums That Flopped in 2014 ( Or Did They ? ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bill Keveney ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` TV singing shows fail to create stars '' . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : Washington Post 05 - 23 - 2011 ^ Jump up to : RIAA Search - Jennifer Hudson Archived 2013 - 02 - 01 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Elysa Gardner ( September 21 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Hudson is happy to be ' this real girl ' '' . USA TODAY . ^ Jump up to : `` American Idol 's All Time Top 24 ( 2012 ) '' . Billboard.com . February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ RIAA Search -- Jordin Sparks Archived 2015 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Selling American Idols '' . Arizona Central . July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Adam Lambert Will Tour as Solo Artist ' If People Like This Record ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ RIAA search - Adam Lambert Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CUVjID_UYAEKt7B.png ^ Jump up to : Chart Watch 02 - 20 - 2011 Jump up ^ RIAA Search - David Archuleta Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 01 - 07 - 2011 Jump up ^ Brian Mansfield ( Aug 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' Idol ' album sales : Underwood , Clarkson , McCreery '' . Idol Chatter . USA today . Retrieved Aug 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 04 - 03 ) . `` Colton Dixon 's sales soar after ' Idol ' performance '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 12 - 08 - 2010 Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Josh Gracin Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 08 - 03 - 2011 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2011 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Daughtry 's 129,000 sales ' Spell ' a top - ten debut '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Taylor Hicks Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Bo Bice ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Ken ( 2008 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Idol sales : Cook returns to top 10 at year 's end '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 09 - 22 - 2010 ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 03 - 04 - 2010 Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Elliott Yamin Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 1 - 16 - 2008 ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 03 - 12 - 2009 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2012 - 04 - 18 ) . `` James Durbin sales up 520 perfect after ' Idol ' appearance '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MANDISA 'S YEAR KICKS OFF WITH FIRST GRAMMY ® AWARD MAKING HER ONE OF ONLY FIVE AMERICAN IDOL ALUMNI TO WIN COVETED GRAMOPHONE '' . Star Radio . January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 03 - 30 - 2011 Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson : One Million ' Stronger ' '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . January 2 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chatter 04 - 27 - 2011 '' Jump up ^ `` Mandisa : Overcomer '' . Capitol Music . Jump up ^ Timothy Yap ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Mandisa Gets the Remix Treatment with `` Get Up : The Remixes '' `` . Hallels . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( January 9 , 2013 ) . `` Phillip Philips ' album sales rise '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Top 10 Country Albums Sales Chart : August 7 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) . `` ' Idol ' sales : Phillip Phillips ' ' Home ' expansion '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol 's ' Blake Lewis Signs With Republic , Lands Microsoft Campaign '' . Billboard . February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The best - selling Idol albums from 2009 '' . Idol Chatter. 2010 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Blake Lewis Signs To Republic Records , Teases New Tune '' . Reality Rocks . Feb 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shirley Halperin ( 2012 - 09 - 19 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Kris Allen and RCA Records Part Ways ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( 2013 - 01 - 16 ) . `` ' Ask Billboard : KRIS ALLEN SALES ) '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : ' Idol ' Hits New Low '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` Will ' The Voice ' ever find a Kelly Clarkson or Carrie Underwood ? Chart '' . EW.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Grossman , Samantha ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` American Idol 's William Hung : Where Is He Now ? '' . TIME Magazine . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Ken ( 2008 - 01 - 10 ) . `` The Ultimate SoundScan Sales / Download Checklist '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 7 - 30 - 2008 Jump up ^ American Idol : With Scotty McCreery 's Successful Debut , Did Universal Learn From Sony 's Mistakes ? Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 03 - 16 - 2011 Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' Finalist JAMES DURBIN 's Collaboration With QUIET RIOT Guitarist ALEX GROSSI : ' Roads ' Lyric Video '' . BLABBERMOUTH.NET . February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jason Lipshutz ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Lee DeWyze 's ' Frames ' : Exclusive Album Premiere '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` Chart Moves : The Beatles Beat Backstreet Boys ; Tedeschi Trucks Band 's Best Week '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Chart Watch Extra : The American Idol Alumni Association Archived 2009 - 03 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ole Label Services Soars with Anthem '' . ole Majorly Indie. 2016 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) . `` ' Idol ' sales : Seven singers in the Billboard 200 '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 11 - 09 - 2010 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2011 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Chris Brown , Jennifer Hudson debut in The Billboard 200 's two top spots '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 04 - 24 ) . `` ' Idol ' performance boosts Fantasia sales '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No ' Idol ' albums in the Top 40 this week '' . USA Today . August 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 01 - 15 - 2010 Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 10 - 14 - 2009 Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 02 - 23 - 2011 Jump up ^ Billboard 20 Jan 2007 Jump up ^ Bonus sales numbers -- and free downloads , too Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2011 - 08 - 31 ) . `` Four Season 10 Idols stay in the top 200 '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ WE ARE THE FALLEN : First Episode Of ' Interrogation Video Blog ' - Sep. 7 , 2010 Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 01 - 07 - 2009 Jump up ^ Andy Graham . `` SoundScanner : Beck And Kid Cudi Crash The Charts '' . VH1 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) . `` ' Idol ' performance puts Casey Abrams on the charts '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 5 - 21 - 2008 Jump up ^ Max Willens ( May 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' These Were The Biggest Flops ' American Idol ' Has Ever Produced '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 6 - 11 - 2008 archived post Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : ' American Idol ' Reaches New Low for Winner 's Debut Albumd '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Adore Delano Sets ' Drag Race ' Record '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 6 - 25 - 2008 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` The Billboard 200 : Where are the Idols ? '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Ken ( 2008 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Steady week for Idols on album chart '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 08 - 04 - 2010 Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Top 10 Country Albums Sales Chart : July 21 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . External links ( edit ) Idol chatter ( hide ) American Idol Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Finalists Winners Kelly Clarkson Ruben Studdard Fantasia Barrino Carrie Underwood Taylor Hicks Jordin Sparks David Cook Kris Allen Lee DeWyze Scotty McCreery Phillip Phillips Candice Glover Caleb Johnson Nick Fradiani Trent Harmon Runners - up Justin Guarini Clay Aiken Diana DeGarmo Bo Bice Katharine McPhee Blake Lewis David Archuleta Adam Lambert Crystal Bowersox Lauren Alaina Jessica Sanchez Kree Harrison Jena Irene Clark Beckham La'Porsha Renae Winners ' singles `` A Moment Like This '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Believe '' `` Inside Your Heaven '' `` Do I Make You Proud '' `` This Is My Now '' `` The Time of My Life '' `` No Boundaries '' `` Beautiful Day '' `` I Love You This Big '' `` Home '' `` I Am Beautiful '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beautiful Life '' `` Falling '' Concert tours 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Related programming Idol ( series ) American Juniors Idol Christmas Idol Extra Idol Gives Back Idol Rewind World Idol Related articles Alumni album sales Alumni awards and nominations Alumni in film , television and theater Alumni single sales Compilation series Controversies Discography Finalists Hot 100 singles `` Judge Me Tender '' The American Idol Experience Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_American_Idol_alumni_album_sales_in_the_United_States&oldid=818964797 '' Categories : American Idol Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 16 : 43 . About Wikipedia

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Queen Sugar

Queen Sugar - wikipedia Queen Sugar This article is about the television series . For the novel from which it is adapted , see Queen Sugar ( novel ) . Queen Sugar Genre Drama Created by Ava DuVernay Based on Queen Sugar by Natalie Baszile Starring Rutina Wesley Dawn - Lyen Gardner Kofi Siriboe Tina Lifford Omar Dorsey Dondre Whitfield Bianca Lawson Timon Kyle Durrett Nicholas L. Ashe Ethan Hutchison Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 40 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ava DuVernay Melissa Carter Oprah Winfrey Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Warner Horizon Television Harpo Films Forward Movement Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network Oprah Winfrey Network Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release September 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Queen Sugar is an American drama television series created and executive produced by Ava DuVernay , with Oprah Winfrey serving as an executive producer . DuVernay also directs many episodes . The series is based on the novel of the same name by Natalie Baszile . The series airs on Oprah Winfrey Network ( OWN ) and premiered on September 6 , 2016 . The series follows the life of three siblings : two sisters , Nova Bordelon ( played by Rutina Wesley ) , a formidable journalist and activist from New Orleans , and Charley Bordelon ( Dawn - Lyen Gardner ) , a working wife and mother , who , with her teenaged son Micah , leaves her upscale home in Los Angeles and moves to the heart of Louisiana to claim an inheritance from her recently departed father -- an 800 - acre sugarcane farm ; and their brother , Ralph Angel Bordelon ( Kofi Siriboe ) , a single parent struggling with unemployment and raising his son alone after his father 's death . Queen Sugar has been speculated to be the first television show to feature female directors for every episode of the series . Critics have highlighted that the show 's predominantly Black cast does not preclude storylines that tackle universal issues like culture , class , and gender . The mainstream themes in the series often go hand in hand with episodes on racial profiling , the inheritance of chattel slavery , and other issues related to African Americans . In August 2018 , OWN renewed the series for a fourth season . Contents 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Production 2.1 Development 2.2 Casting 2.3 Seasons 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3.4 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 5 Novel 6 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Rutina Wesley as Nova Bordelon , the eldest Bordelon child , a journalist , activist and herbal healer Dawn - Lyen Gardner as Charlotte `` Charley '' Bordelon West , the middle Bordelon child - half sibling to Nova and Ralph Angel , a sports manager , mother of Micah and ex-wife of Davis Kofi Siriboe as Ralph Angel Bordelon , the youngest Bordelon child , the face - forward brother of Bordelon sisters looking to better himself after recently being released from prison Tina Lifford as Violet Bordelon , Ernest 's younger sister , aunt to the Bordelon children , and Hollywood 's girlfriend Omar Dorsey as Hollingsworth `` Hollywood '' Desonier , Violet 's much younger oil rig worker boyfriend and friend of the Bordelon family Dondre Whitfield as Remy Newell , an irrigation specialist who was a friend and confidante to Ernest who soon becomes a helping hand to Ernest 's children and soon becomes Charley 's love interest Bianca Lawson as Darla , Ralph Angel 's ex-girlfriend and Blue 's mother , seeking to reconnect with them both as she is in recovery from a drug addiction Nicholas L. Ashe as Micah West , Charley 's and Davis 's teenage son Ethan Hutchison as Blue Bordelon , Ralph Angel and Darla 's 6 - year - old son Henry G. Sanders as Prosper Denton , a lifelong friend to Ernest and fellow farmer ( Season 3 ; Recurring Seasons 1 - 2 ) Timon Kyle Durrett as Davis West , Charley 's charismatic star basketball player ex-husband , client , and Micah 's father whose involvement in a sex scandal leads to the dissolution of their marriage ( Seasons 1 - 3 ) Greg Vaughan as Calvin , a married police officer and Nova 's longtime secret lover ( Season 1 ; Guest Season 2 ) Marycarmen Lopez as Reyna Velez , Blue 's elementary school teacher ( Season 1 ) Recurring ( edit ) Glynn Turman as Ernest Bordelon , the patriarch of the Bordelon family and older brother of Violet ( season 1 ) True O'Brien as Stella , Micah 's girlfriend before he leaves Los Angeles ( season 1 ) Reagan Gomez - Preston as Chantal Williams , Nova 's friend Issac White as Devonte `` Too Sweet '' Bonclair , a teen who after being falsely imprisoned becomes the main focus of Nova 's current crusade on how the parish DA has been railroading African - Americans ( season 1 ; guest , season 3 ) Tanyell Waivers as Keke Raymond , a teenage friend of the family who Micah sets his sights on after meeting her at a family cook - out Deja Dee as Sierra , Nova 's college roommate Sharon Lawrence as Lorna Prescott , Charley 's mother Michael Michele as Darlene , Darla 's mother Roger Guenveur Smith as Quincy , Darla 's father Alimi Ballard as Dr. Robert Dubois , an activist , who becomes Nova 's love interest briefly in the second season Lea Coco as Jacob Boudreaux , a member of the Landry family who takes a special interest in Charley David Jensen as Samuel Landry , the owner of the most popular mill , the Landry mills , in the county who Charley and Ralph - Angel go up against Walter Perez as Romero , a doctor and love interest to Charley ( season 3 ) Vivien Ngô as Trinh Phan , a young woman who returns to help her parents with their seafood plant who becomes Ralph Angel 's love interest . ( season 3 ) Tony Aidan Vo as Khanh Phan , the younger brother to Trinh and son of Mrs. Phan ( season 3 ) Elyse Dinh McCrillis as Mrs. Phan , a Vietnamese American refugee and the mother to Khanh and Trinh ; also Ralph Angel 's boss at the seafood plant ( season 3 ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On February 2 , 2015 , it was announced that Oprah Winfrey Network had ordered a straight - to - series TV drama based on Queen Sugar , the novel by Natalie Baszile . Ava DuVernay and Oprah Winfrey , who worked on the 2014 film Selma , co-created the series , while DuVernay was set to write and direct the initial episodes . The first season began filming in February 2016 and contained 13 episodes . DuVernay announced on January 27 , 2016 that the series would feature an all - women directorial team . On February 15 , 2016 , Neema Barnette joined the series as director and producer . Award - winning director Tina Mabry is a producer and will also direct two episodes , and Anthony Sparks , an award - winning TV writer and professor , is a co-executive producer for the series . It was later announced that singer - songwriter Meshell Ndegeocello would provide the score for the series . Casting ( edit ) On January 13 , 2016 , it was announced that Rutina Wesley would play the role of Nova Bordelon . Further casting was announced January 27 , 2016 . Dawn - Lyen Gardner , Kofi Siriboe , and Omar Dorsey , who co-starred in Selma , were all announced in leading roles . On February 1 , 2016 , it was announced that Emmy Award - winner Glynn Turman will guest - star as Ernest Bordelon , the patriarch of the family who died in the first episode . On February 16 , 2016 , it was announced that Tina Lifford , Dondre Whitfield , Timon Kyle Durrett and Nicholas L. Ashe were cast as series regulars . On February 23 , 2016 , Bianca Lawson and Greg Vaughan joined the cast as regulars , while Henry G. Sanders joined in a recurring role . Meanwhile , Oprah Winfrey Network said that Oprah Winfrey , who earlier was announced as a recurring character , would not have an onscreen role . On March 11 , 2016 , it was announced that Marycarmen Lopez also was cast as regular . Seasons ( edit ) On August 1 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a second season ahead of its television premiere which aired in a two - night premiere on June 20 and June 21 , 2017 . The second season premiered on OWN in a two episode special on June 20 and 21 , 2017 . The show was renewed for a third season on July 26 , 2017 . The third season premiered in a two - night special on May 29 and May 30 , 2018 . On August 8 , 2018 , the series was renewed for a fourth season . Following the renewal co-executive producer Anthony Sparks was revealed to be the new showrunner , replacing the current showrunner Kat Candler . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 September 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) 16 June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 13 May 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 29 ) August 22 , 2018 Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` First Things First '' Ava DuVernay Ava DuVernay September 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) 2.69 The estranged Bordelon siblings Nova ( Rutina Wesley ) , Charley ( Dawn - Lyen Gardner ) , and Ralph Angel ( Kofi Siriboe ) must come together to save their family 's ailing sugarcane farm in Louisiana . Charley leaves her upscale L.A. lifestyle to return to her family home in Louisiana after her dad suffers a stroke and she receives unwelcome news about her husband . `` Evergreen '' Ava DuVernay Tina Mabry September 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 07 ) 2.14 The siblings plan the funeral , but Charley and Nova disagree about how best to honor their father ; and Ralph Angel and Aunt Violet are at odds over whether it 's okay for his young son to attend the funeral service . In other events , Charley faces the fallout from the news about her husband and also learns there are things they do n't know about their father 's farm . `` Thy Will Be Done '' Neema Barnette Jason Wilborn September 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 14 ) 2.00 Charley , Nova and Ralph Angel learn the contents of their father 's will and contemplate running the farm together ; someone attempts to repossess one of the father 's possessions ; and the family considers a low offer for the land from a local buyer . `` The Darker Sooner '' So Yong Kim Kay Oyegun September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) 1.52 The Bordelon siblings return to their everyday lives : Ralph Angel struggles to run the family farm ; Charley resumes managing her husband 's basketball career ; and Nova seeks justice for a friend 's son who she believes was wrongfully imprisoned . 5 5 `` By Any Chance '' Victoria Mahoney Anthony Sparks September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) 1.59 Nova 's relationship suffers because of her pursuit of justice ; Charley confronts her husband 's accuser ; Ralph Angel faces a moral quandary ; and Hollywood resumes contact with someone from his past . 6 6 `` As Promised '' Tanya Hamilton Melissa Carter October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) 1.44 Nova and Charley clash over Nova 's comments regarding Charley 's marriage ; Ralph Angel wants out of an illegal arrangement ; and Charley discovers what Davis did on the night in question . 7 7 `` In No Uncertain Terms '' Neema Barnette Denise Harkavy October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) 1.68 Charley faces up to the state of her marriage ; Ralph Angel wants to farm full time ; and Aunt Violet uncovers information about Hollywood that jeopardizes their relationship . 8 8 `` Where With All '' Kat Candler Tina Mabry October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) 1.71 The family prepares for a hurricane ; Remy questions Charley 's treatment of her staff ; Aunt Violet worries about Nova 's safety ; and Ralph Angel quarrels with Darla . 9 9 `` Next to Nothing '' Kat Candler Jason Wilborn November 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 02 ) 1.69 The siblings find two dead bodies on the property while repairing damage caused by the storm . In other events , Ralph Angel continues to push for custody of Blue . 10 10 `` So Far '' Salli Richardson - Whitfield Anthony Sparks November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) 1.50 Charlie searches for a new mill ; and realizes that there 's more to the story of the land than originally thought . In other events , Hollywood again tries to mend his relationship with Aunt Violet . 11 11 `` All Good '' Salli Richardson - Whitfield Kay Oyegun November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) 1.64 The siblings search for a new mill ; Charley is prepared to put her past with Davis behind her ; Ralph Angel and Darla help Blue with issues at school ; and Aunt Violet makes changes to the diner . 12 12 `` Far Too Long '' Tina Mabry Melissa Carter & Ali Gordon - Goldstein November 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 23 ) 1.50 Charley makes a cunning decision as a result of the siblings ' quest for a new mill ; Ralph Angel locks heads with Charley ; Hollywood and Aunt Violet 's relationship hits a roadblock ; and Nova 's ex , Calvin , returns . 13 13 `` Give Us This Day '' Tina Mabry Ava DuVernay November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) 1.91 In the Season 1 finale , Charley goes all out to secure an investor ; Nova and Calvin reunite , but not everyone is pleased ; Davis attempts to repair his relationship with Micah ; Aunt Violet tries to make amends with Hollywood ; and Ralph Angel makes a shocking discovery . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` After the Winter '' Kat Candler Monica Macer June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 2.31 Charley and Davis remain entangled ; Ralph Angel tries to find his footing on the family farm ; Aunt Violet confronts her feelings for Hollywood ; and Micah has a dangerous encounter with a police officer . In other events , Nova deals with the loss of her relationship with Calvin and later holds a community fundraiser . 15 `` To Usward '' Cheryl Dunye Jason Wilborn June 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 21 ) 1.69 Ralph Angel has an idea for the farm ; Charley is blindsided during her final divorce mediation with Davis ; Nova holds a community fundraiser ; and Aunt Violet learns that Hollywood might have been involved in a life - threatening accident . 16 `` What Do I Care For Morning '' Aurora Guerrero Anthony Sparks June 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) 1.55 Micah finds solace at Nova 's place ; Charley confronts Davis about their custody arrangement ; Aunt Violet 's time with Hollywood might be short - lived ; Nova meets someone at a symposium ; and Ralph Angel confronts Jacob Boudreaux about spying on his property . 17 `` My Soul 's High Song '' Maryam Keshavarz Ava DuVernay July 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 05 ) 1.46 Charley searches for a more permanent home for Micah ; a whitefly infestation threatens the farm ; Nova adjusts to a new editor who wants her to change her approach ; and Darla makes a decision that has serious consequences . 18 5 `` Caroling Dusk '' Amanda Marsalis Davita Scarlett July 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 12 ) 1.52 Charley 's therapist appointment brings to light childhood issues ; Nova reunites with Dr. Robert Dubois ; Davis meets an intriguing singer ; Ralph Angel meets an old friend during a high - pressured situation ; and Darla finds an unexpected job . 19 6 `` Line of Our Elders '' DeMane Davis Mimi Won Techentin July 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 19 ) 1.56 Charley 's opening celebration of the Queen Sugar Mill suffers a setback ; Nova learns something surprising about her late father ; and Ralph Angel has a run - in with someone he previously robbed and later makes a huge confession to his sisters . 20 7 `` I Know My Soul '' Kat Candler Maria Elena Rodriguez July 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 26 ) 1.57 Ralph Angel 's confession continues to cause unrest and his appeal to Darla for emotional support conflicts with Charley 's wishes . Plus , Nova learns something surprising about Violet . 21 8 `` Freedom 's Plow '' Amanda Marsalis Anthony Sparks August 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 02 ) 1.59 In the mid-season finale , Darla celebrates her two - year sober anniversary ; Violet has a health issue ; Nova and Dr. Robert Dubois ' reunion hits a roadblock ; Micah finally comes to terms with his emotions ; Charley confesses her feelings for Remy ; and Ralph Angel makes a life - changing confession to Darla . 22 9 `` Yet Do I Marvel '' Julie Dash Jason Wilborn October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 1.74 In the mid-season premiere , Darla reaches out to her family to share her engagement news ; Violet 's condition worsens ; Nova 's Zika story causes concern in the community ; Micah tells his family about the police incident ; and Charley receives an unexpected visit from her mother , and the two have an honest conversation about Charley 's upbringing . 23 10 `` Drums at Dusk '' Julie Dash Valerie Chu October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 1.20 An unexpected encounter creates issues between Ralph Angel and Darla . Meanwhile , the presence of Charley 's mother , Lorna gives rise to old tensions in the family ; and Violet finally sees a doctor about her recurring symptoms . 24 11 `` Fruit of the Flower '' Cheryl Dunye Dana Greenblatt October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 1.31 Nova and Robert 's relationship begins to shift ; Ralph Angel feels humiliated by Remy ; Hollywood and Violet clash over Hollywood 's new friend ; and Lorna finally reveals the true history of her relationship with Nova and Ralph Angel 's father . 25 12 `` Live in the All Along '' Garrett Bradley Mimi Won Techentin October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 1.14 Nova and Robert 's relationship hits a major setback ; Darla and Ralph Angel plan their upcoming wedding ; Davis offers Charley help with her harvest festival and they both realize they have moved on in new relationships ; Davis attempts to make amends . 26 13 `` Heritage '' Liesl Tommy Monica Macer & Davita Scarlett October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 1.34 Charley and Remy discuss their future ; Violet receives a life changing diagnosis ; Nova and Calvin come face - to - face for the first time in months ; Darla reunites with her parents , and reveals a devastating secret to Ralph Angel . 27 14 `` On These I Stand '' Christina Voros Jason Wilborn & Anthony Sparks November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 1.28 Ralph Angel is left devastated by Darla 's news ; Charley 's business is threatened ; Micah has an issue with his school ; Nova receives a new opportunity ; and Violet reveals her diagnosis to Hollywood . 28 15 `` Copper Sun '' DeMane Davis Monica Macer & Dana Greenblatt November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 1.22 Charley fires Darla after learning that she 's lied to her family ; Micah gets suspended from school ; Hollywood promises to fulfill Violet 's wish list ; and Jacob Boudreaux suggests he and Charley form a partnership . 29 16 `` Dream Variations '' Kat Candler Ava DuVernay November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 1.33 In the Season 2 finale , Charley 's shocking plan to save her business puts her relationship with Remy in jeopardy ; Hollywood proposes to Violet ; Nova and Remy share an unexpected moment ; and Ralph Angel decides if he can forgive Darla . Note : This episode is 90 minutes . Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 30 `` A Rock , a River , a Tree '' DeMane Davis Kat Candler May 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 29 ) 1.48 31 `` Of Their Sojourn Here '' Patricia Cardoso Anthony Sparks May 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 30 ) 1.04 32 `` Your Distant Destiny '' Lauren Wolkstein Erika L. Johnson June 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 06 ) 0.92 33 `` No Haven in My Shadow '' Maria Govan Mike Flynn June 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 13 ) 1.13 34 5 `` A Little Lower Than Angels '' Shaz Bennett Chloé Hung June 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 1.14 35 6 `` Delicate and Strangely Made '' Christina Choe Channing Godfrey Peoples June 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 1.17 36 7 `` Study War No More '' DeMane Davis Anthony Sparks July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) 1.20 37 8 `` Come , Clad in Peace '' DeMane Davis Erika L. Johnson July 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) 1.01 38 9 `` The Tree and Stone Were One '' Nijla Mumin Anthony Sparks July 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 25 ) 1.05 39 10 `` Here Beside the River '' TBA TBA August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) 1.02 40 11 `` Your Passages Have Been Paid '' TBA TBA August 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 08 ) 1.05 41 12 `` The Horizon Leans Forward '' TBA TBA August 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 15 ) 1.05 42 13 `` From on the Pulse of Morning '' TBA TBA August 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 22 ) 1.01 Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 93 % approval rating for the first season , with an average rating of 7.4 / 10 based on 41 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` With an authenticity of culture and place and strong performances throughout , Queen Sugar rises above melodrama in this alluring , unhurried and powerful portrait of a fractious black American family . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 75 out of 100 based on 25 critics for the season , indicating what the website considers to be `` generally favorable reviews '' . A 100 % approval rating for the second season was reported by Rotten Tomatoes , with an average rating of 8.03 / 10 based on 7 reviews . Novel ( edit ) Main article : Queen Sugar ( novel ) UCLA graduate Natalie Baszile started writing Queen Sugar , the novel , in the early 1990s , but the text was only completed ten years later . She first presented the manuscript to publishers in 2009 but without any success . After revising the book for another two years , she resubmitted the text , with one agent agreeing to represent her . Baszile took part in a women writer 's retreat in Hedgebrook . A friend of hers who was also at the retreat , the novelist Sarah Manyika , suggested that she read part of Queen Sugar to fellow residents . Leigh Haber , O , The Oprah Magazine 's book editor was attending and loved the novel and passed it to people at Oprah 's Harpo Productions . A few months after that , Harpo called to say they wanted to option the book for a project . The book was published by Penguin in 2014 as Baszile 's debut novel and , a few months later , OWN negotiated the deal to turn the book into a television series . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipient ( s ) Result 2017 48th NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Drama Series Queen Sugar Won Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Kofi Siriboe Nominated Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series Rutina Wesley Nominated Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series Ava DuVernay ( for `` First Things First '' ) Won Anthony Sparks ( for `` By Any Chance '' ) Nominated 2017 Hollywood Music in Media Awards Original Score -- TV Show / Limited Series Meshell Ndegeocello Nominated 2018 49th NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Drama Series Queen Sugar Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Kofi Siriboe Nominated Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series Rutina Wesley Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Dondre Whitfield Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Tina Lifford Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Oprah Winfrey To Co-Star In & Co-Create With ' Selma ' Filmmaker Ava DuVernay ' Queen Sugar ' OWN Drama Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jagernauth , Kevin ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Ava DuVernay Reteams With Oprah Winfrey For Drama Series '' . The Playlist . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( 30 June 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay & Oprah Winfrey 's ' Queen Sugar ' Gets Fall Premiere Date On OWN '' . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( 13 September 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay and Queen Sugar Look Like the Future of Television '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Racha Penrice , Ronda ( 20 June 2018 ) . `` Oprah Winfrey Network 's ' Queen Sugar ' has quietly become one of TV 's most racially progressive shows '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Greene , Adrienne ( 24 June 2017 ) . `` Queen Sugar Deepens Its Complex Family Portrait '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Queen Sugar ' Renewed For Season 4 By OWN With New Showrunner Anthony Sparks '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bowe , Jillian ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` True O'Brien Joins Former DAYS Co-Star on OWN 's Queen Sugar '' . Daytime Confidential . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.vulture.com/2016/11/queen-sugar-recap-season-1-episode-9.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Desk , TV News . `` OWN 's QUEEN SUGAR Announces Remaining All - Female Directorial Line - Up for Season 3 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( 2018 - 06 - 06 ) . `` ' Queen Sugar ' Unveils Final Set Of Directors For All - Female - Helmed Season 3 Of Oprah Winfrey - Ava DuVernay Drama '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Oprah , DuVernay creating new drama for OWN '' . USA Today . 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Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Rutina Wesley To Star In OWN Drama Series ' Queen Sugar ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` True Blood 's Rutina Wesley joins new OWN drama from Oprah and Ava DuVernay '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Queen Sugar ' Casting : Rutina Wesley to Star in OWN Series , Based on Book '' . Variety . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` ' Queen Sugar ' : OWN Drama Series Casts Dawn - Lyen Gardner , Kofi Siriboe & Omar J. Dorsey In Lead Roles '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tambay A. Obenson ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Omar J. Dorsey , Dawn - Lyen Gardner , Kofi Siriboe Join ' Que - Shadow and Act '' . Shadow and Act . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Laura Prudom . `` Queen Sugar : Glynn Turman Cast in OWN Series from Ava DuVernay - Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski . `` Tina Lifford , Dondré Whitfield Among Four Cast In ' Queen Sugar ' - Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski . `` ' Queen Sugar ' Adds Bianca Lawson , Greg Vaughan & Henry G. Sanders - Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski . `` Erik Stocklin Joins Colleen Ballinger - Evans In ' Haters Back Off ' - Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay - Directed ' Queen Sugar ' Gets Season 2 Pickup From OWN -- TCA '' . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OWN Gives ' Queen Sugar ' an Early 16 - Episode Second Season Renewal + A New Trailer '' . August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Queen Sugar ' scores Season 3 renewal on OWN '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.6. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Updated with Broadcast : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.7. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.14. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.21. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.28. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.5. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.12. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.26. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.2. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.9. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.16. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.23. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.30. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.2. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.4. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . 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World War II

World War II - wikipedia World War II Jump to : navigation , search `` The Second World War '' , `` WWII '' , and `` WW2 '' redirect here . For other uses , see The Second World War ( disambiguation ) and WWII ( disambiguation ) . World War II ( clockwise from top left ) Chinese forces in the Battle of Wanjialing Australian 25 - pounder guns during the First Battle of El Alamein German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front in December 1943 American naval force in the Lingayen Gulf Wilhelm Keitel signing the German Instrument of Surrender Soviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad Date 1 September 1939 -- 2 September 1945 ( 1939 - 09 - 01 -- 1945 - 09 - 02 ) ( 7003219300000000000 ♠ 6 years and 1 day ) Location Europe , Pacific , Atlantic , South - East Asia , China , Middle East , Mediterranean , North Africa and Horn of Africa , briefly North and South America Result Allied victory Collapse of Nazi Germany Fall of Japanese and Italian Empires Dissolution of the League of Nations Creation of the United Nations Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers Beginning of the Cold War ( more ... ) Participants Allies Axis Commanders and leaders Main Allied leaders Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Chiang Kai - shek Main Axis leaders Adolf Hitler Hirohito Benito Mussolini Casualties and losses Military dead : Over 16,000,000 Civilian dead : Over 45,000,000 Total dead : Over 61,000,000 ( 1937 -- 45 ) ... further details Military dead : Over 8,000,000 Civilian dead : Over 4,000,000 Total dead : Over 12,000,000 ( 1937 -- 45 ) ... further details Campaigns of World War II Europe Poland Phoney War Winter War Denmark & Norway France & Benelux Britain Balkans Eastern Front Finland Western Front ( 1944 -- 45 ) Pacific War China Pacific Ocean South - East Asia South West Pacific Japan Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa Horn of Africa Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Yugoslavia Iraq Syria -- Lebanon Iran Italy Dodecanese Southern France Other campaigns Atlantic Arctic Strategic bombing America French West Africa Madagascar Contemporaneous wars Chinese Civil War USSR -- Japan Border Wars French -- Thai Ecuadorian -- Peruvian War Ili Rebellion Events leading to World War II Pacification of Libya 1923 -- 1932 Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1931 Franco - Soviet - Czech Pact 1935 Second Italo - Ethiopian War 1935 -- 36 Remilitarization of the Rhineland 1936 Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 39 Anti-Comintern Pact 1936 Second Sino - Japanese War 1937 Anschluss 1938 Munich crisis 1938 German occupation of Czechoslovakia Mar. 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania Mar. 1939 British guarantee to Poland Mar. 1939 Invasion of Albania Apr. 1939 Pact of Steel May 1939 Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Aug. 1939 World War II Alphabetical indices N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 -- 9 Navigation Campaigns Countries Equipment Lists Outline Timeline Portal Category Bibliography World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 , although related conflicts began earlier . It involved the vast majority of the world 's countries -- including all of the great powers -- eventually forming two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . It was the most widespread war in history , and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries . In a state of total war , the major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 50 million to 85 million fatalities , most of which were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , starvation , disease and the first use of nuclear weapons in history . The Empire of Japan aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific and was already at war with the Republic of China in 1937 , but the world war is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . Supplied by the Soviet Union , from late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . The war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the coalition of the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth , with campaigns including the North Africa and East Africa campaigns , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz bombing campaign , the Balkan Campaign as well as the long - running Battle of the Atlantic . On 22 June 1941 , the European Axis powers launched an invasion of the Soviet Union , opening the largest land theatre of war in history , which trapped the major part of the Axis military forces into a war of attrition . In December 1941 , Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean , and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific . The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway , and Germany and Italy were defeated in North Africa and then , decisively , at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union . In 1943 , with a series of German defeats on the Eastern Front , the Allied invasion of Sicily and the Allied invasion of Italy which brought about Italian surrender , and Allied victories in the Pacific , the Axis lost the initiative and undertook strategic retreat on all fronts . In 1944 , the Western Allies invaded German - occupied France , while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies . During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma , while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy and captured key Western Pacific islands . The war in Europe concluded with an invasion of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union , culminating in the capture of Berlin by Soviet troops , the suicide of Adolf Hitler and the subsequent German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 . Following the Potsdam Declaration by the Allies on 26 July 1945 and the refusal of Japan to surrender under its terms , the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 August and 9 August respectively . With an invasion of the Japanese archipelago imminent , the possibility of additional atomic bombings and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria , Japan formally surrendered on 2 September 1945 . Thus ended the war in Asia , cementing the total victory of the Allies . World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world . The United Nations ( UN ) was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts . The victorious great powers -- China , France , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States -- became the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers , setting the stage for the Cold War , which lasted for the next 46 years . Meanwhile , the influence of European great powers waned , while the decolonisation of Africa and Asia began . Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery . Political integration , especially in Europe , emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities and to create a common identity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chronology 2 Background 2.1 Europe 2.2 Asia 3 Pre-war events 3.1 Italian invasion of Ethiopia ( 1935 ) 3.2 Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 39 ) 3.3 Japanese invasion of China ( 1937 ) 3.4 Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts 3.5 European occupations and agreements 4 Course of the war 4.1 War breaks out in Europe ( 1939 -- 40 ) 4.2 Western Europe ( 1940 -- 41 ) 4.3 Mediterranean ( 1940 -- 41 ) 4.4 Axis attack on the USSR ( 1941 ) 4.5 War breaks out in the Pacific ( 1941 ) 4.6 Axis advance stalls ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6. 1 Pacific ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6. 2 Eastern Front ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6. 3 Western Europe / Atlantic & Mediterranean ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.7 Allies gain momentum ( 1943 -- 44 ) 4.8 Allies close in ( 1944 ) 4.9 Axis collapse , Allied victory ( 1944 -- 45 ) 5 Aftermath 6 Impact 6.1 Casualties and war crimes 6.2 Genocide , concentration camps , and slave labour 6.3 Occupation 6.4 Home fronts and production 6.5 Advances in technology and warfare 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Citations 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Chronology See also : Timeline of World War II Timelines of World War II Chronological Prelude ( in Asia in Europe ) 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 By topic Diplomacy Engagements Operations Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front The start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939 , beginning with the German invasion of Poland ; Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later . The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino - Japanese War on 7 July 1937 , or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931 . Others follow the British historian A.J.P. Taylor , who held that the Sino - Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and the two wars merged in 1941 . This article uses the conventional dating . Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935 . The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939 . The exact date of the war 's end is also not universally agreed upon . It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945 ( V-J Day ) , rather than the formal surrender of Japan ( 2 September 1945 ) . A peace treaty with Japan was signed in 1951 . A treaty regarding Germany 's future allowed the reunification of East and West Germany to take place in 1990 and resolved other post-World War II issues . Background Main article : Causes of World War II Europe World War I had radically altered the political European map , with the defeat of the Central Powers -- including Austria - Hungary , Germany , Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire -- and the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia , which eventually led to the founding of the Soviet Union . Meanwhile , the victorious Allies of World War I , such as France , Belgium , Italy , Romania and Greece gained territory , and new nation - states were created out of the collapse of Austria - Hungary and the Ottoman and Russian Empires . The League of Nations assembly , held in Geneva , Switzerland , 1930 To prevent a future world war , the League of Nations was created during the 1919 Paris Peace Conference . The organisation 's primary goals were to prevent armed conflict through collective security , military and naval disarmament , and settling international disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration . Despite strong pacifist sentiment after World War I , its aftermath still caused irredentist and revanchist nationalism in several European states . These sentiments were especially marked in Germany because of the significant territorial , colonial , and financial losses incurred by the Treaty of Versailles . Under the treaty , Germany lost around 13 per cent of its home territory and all of its overseas possessions , while German annexation of other states was prohibited , reparations were imposed , and limits were placed on the size and capability of the country 's armed forces . The German Empire was dissolved in the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 , and a democratic government , later known as the Weimar Republic , was created . The interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the right and left . Italy , as an Entente ally , had made some post-war territorial gains ; however , Italian nationalists were angered that the promises made by Britain and France to secure Italian entrance into the war were not fulfilled in the peace settlement . From 1922 to 1925 , the Fascist movement led by Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy with a nationalist , totalitarian , and class collaborationist agenda that abolished representative democracy , repressed socialist , left - wing and liberal forces , and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making Italy a world power , promising the creation of a `` New Roman Empire '' . Adolf Hitler at a German National Socialist political rally in Weimar , October 1930 Adolf Hitler , after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government in 1923 , eventually became the Chancellor of Germany in 1933 . He abolished democracy , espousing a radical , racially motivated revision of the world order , and soon began a massive rearmament campaign . Meanwhile , France , to secure its alliance , allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia , which Italy desired as a colonial possession . The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the Territory of the Saar Basin was legally reunited with Germany and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles , accelerated his rearmament programme , and introduced conscription . To contain Germany , the United Kingdom , France and Italy formed the Stresa Front in April 1935 ; however , that June , the United Kingdom made an independent naval agreement with Germany , easing prior restrictions . The Soviet Union , concerned by Germany 's goals of capturing vast areas of Eastern Europe , drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with France . Before taking effect though , the Franco - Soviet pact was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations , which rendered it essentially toothless . The United States , concerned with events in Europe and Asia , passed the Neutrality Act in August of the same year . Hitler defied the Versailles and Locarno treaties by remilitarising the Rhineland in March 1936 , encountering little opposition . In October 1936 , Germany and Italy formed the Rome -- Berlin Axis . A month later , Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact , which Italy would join in the following year . Asia The Kuomintang ( KMT ) party in China launched a unification campaign against regional warlords and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s , but was soon embroiled in a civil war against its former Chinese Communist Party allies and new regional warlords . In 1931 , an increasingly militaristic Empire of Japan , which had long sought influence in China as the first step of what its government saw as the country 's right to rule Asia , used the Mukden Incident as a pretext to launch an invasion of Manchuria and establish the puppet state of Manchukuo . Too weak to resist Japan , China appealed to the League of Nations for help . Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after being condemned for its incursion into Manchuria . The two nations then fought several battles , in Shanghai , Rehe and Hebei , until the Tanggu Truce was signed in 1933 . Thereafter , Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in Manchuria , and Chahar and Suiyuan . After the 1936 Xi'an Incident , the Kuomintang and communist forces agreed on a ceasefire to present a united front to oppose Japan . Pre-war events Italian invasion of Ethiopia ( 1935 ) Main article : Second Italo - Ethiopian War Italian soldiers recruited in 1935 , on their way to fight the Second Italo - Abyssinian War The Second Italo -- Abyssinian War was a brief colonial war that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936 . The war began with the invasion of the Ethiopian Empire ( also known as Abyssinia ) by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia ) , which was launched from Italian Somaliland and Eritrea . The war resulted in the military occupation of Ethiopia and its annexation into the newly created colony of Italian East Africa ( Africa Orientale Italiana , or AOI ) ; in addition it exposed the weakness of the League of Nations as a force to preserve peace . Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations , but the League did nothing when the former clearly violated the League 's Article X . Germany was the only major European nation to support the invasion . Italy subsequently dropped its objections to Germany 's goal of absorbing Austria . Spanish civil War ( 1936 -- 39 ) Main article : Spanish Civil War The bombing of Guernica in 1937 , during the Spanish Civil War , sparked Europe - wide fears that the next war would be based on bombing of cities with very high civilian casualties When civil war broke out in Spain , Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the Nationalist rebels , led by General Francisco Franco . The Soviet Union supported the existing government , the Spanish Republic . Over 30,000 foreign volunteers , known as the International Brigades , also fought against the Nationalists . Both Germany and the USSR used this proxy war as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics . The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939 ; Franco , now dictator , remained officially neutral during Second World War but generally favoured the Axis . His greatest collaboration with Germany was the sending of volunteers to fight on the Eastern Front . Japanese invasion of China ( 1937 ) Main article : Second Sino - Japanese War Japanese Imperial Army soldiers during the Battle of Shanghai , 1937 In July 1937 , Japan captured the former Chinese imperial capital of Peking after instigating the Marco Polo Bridge Incident , which culminated in the Japanese campaign to invade all of China . The Soviets quickly signed a non-aggression pact with China to lend materiel support , effectively ending China 's prior co-operation with Germany . From September to November , the Japanese attacked Taiyuan , as well as engaging the Kuomintang Army around Xinkou and Communist forces in Pingxingguan . Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek deployed his best army to defend Shanghai , but , after three months of fighting , Shanghai fell . The Japanese continued to push the Chinese forces back , capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937 . After the fall of Nanking , tens of thousands if not hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants were murdered by the Japanese . In March 1938 , Nationalist Chinese forces won their first major victory at Taierzhuang but then the city of Xuzhou was taken by Japanese in May . In June 1938 , Chinese forces stalled the Japanese advance by flooding the Yellow River ; this manoeuvre bought time for the Chinese to prepare their defences at Wuhan , but the city was taken by October . Japanese military victories did not bring about the collapse of Chinese resistance that Japan had hoped to achieve ; instead the Chinese government relocated inland to Chongqing and continued the war . Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts Red Army artillery unit during the Battle of Lake Khasan , 1938 Main article : Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts In the mid-to - late 1930s , Japanese forces in Manchukuo had sporadic border clashes with the Soviet Union and the Mongolian People 's Republic . The Japanese doctrine of Hokushin - ron , which emphasised Japan 's expansion northward , was favoured by the Imperial Army during this time . With the Japanese defeat at Khalkin Gol in 1939 , the ongoing Second Sino - Japanese War and ally Nazi Germany pursuing neutrality with the Soviets , this policy would prove difficult to maintain . Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed a Neutrality Pact in April 1941 , and Japan adopted the doctrine of Nanshin - ron , promoted by the Navy , which took its focus southward , eventually leading to its war with the United States and the Western Allies . European occupations and agreements Further information : Anschluss , Appeasement , Munich Agreement , German occupation of Czechoslovakia , and Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Chamberlain , Daladier , Hitler , Mussolini , and Ciano pictured just before signing the Munich Agreement , 29 September 1938 In Europe , Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive . In March 1938 , Germany annexed Austria , again provoking little response from other European powers . Encouraged , Hitler began pressing German claims on the Sudetenland , an area of Czechoslovakia with a predominantly ethnic German population ; and soon Britain and France followed the counsel of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and conceded this territory to Germany in the Munich Agreement , which was made against the wishes of the Czechoslovak government , in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands . Soon afterwards , Germany and Italy forced Czechoslovakia to cede additional territory to Hungary and Poland annexed Czechoslovakia 's Zaolzie region . Although all of Germany 's stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement , privately Hitler was furious that British interference had prevented him from seizing all of Czechoslovakia in one operation . In subsequent speeches Hitler attacked British and Jewish `` war - mongers '' and in January 1939 secretly ordered a major build - up of the German navy to challenge British naval supremacy . In March 1939 , Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia and subsequently split it into the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and a pro-German client state , the Slovak Republic . Hitler also delivered an ultimatum to Lithuania , forcing the concession of the Klaipėda Region . Greatly alarmed and with Hitler making further demands on the Free City of Danzig , Britain and France guaranteed their support for Polish independence ; when Italy conquered Albania in April 1939 , the same guarantee was extended to Romania and Greece . Shortly after the Franco - British pledge to Poland , Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the Pact of Steel . Hitler accused Britain and Poland of trying to `` encircle '' Germany and renounced the Anglo - German Naval Agreement and the German -- Polish Non-Aggression Pact . German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop ( right ) and the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , after signing the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , 23 August 1939 In August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , a non-aggression treaty with a secret protocol . The parties gave each other rights to `` spheres of influence '' ( western Poland and Lithuania for Germany ; eastern Poland , Finland , Estonia , Latvia and Bessarabia for the USSR ) . It also raised the question of continuing Polish independence . The agreement was crucial to Hitler because it assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two - front war , as it had in World War I , after it defeated Poland . The situation reached a general crisis in late August as German troops continued to mobilise against the Polish border . In a private meeting with the Italian foreign minister , Count Ciano , Hitler asserted that Poland was a `` doubtful neutral '' that needed to either yield to his demands or be `` liquidated '' to prevent it from drawing off German troops in the future `` unavoidable '' war with the Western democracies . He did not believe Britain or France would intervene in the conflict . On 23 August Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August , but upon hearing that Britain had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland and that Italy would maintain neutrality , he decided to delay it . In response to British requests for direct negotiations to avoid war , Germany made demands on Poland , which only served as a pretext to worsen relations . On 29 August , Hitler demanded that a Polish plenipotentiary immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of Danzig , and to allow a plebiscite in the Polish Corridor in which the German minority would vote on secession . The Poles refused to comply with the German demands and on the night of 30 -- 31 August in a violent meeting with the British ambassador Neville Henderson , Ribbentrop declared that Germany considered its claims rejected . Course of the War Further information : Diplomatic history of World War II War breaks out in Europe ( 1939 -- 40 ) Main articles : Invasion of Poland , Phoney War , Occupation of Poland ( 1939 -- 45 ) , Nazi crimes against the Polish nation , Soviet invasion of Poland , and Soviet repressions of Polish citizens ( 1939 -- 1946 ) Soldiers of the German Wehrmacht tearing down the border crossing between Poland and the Free City of Danzig , 1 September 1939 On 1 September 1939 , Germany invaded Poland under the false pretext that the Poles had carried out a series of sabotage operations against German targets near the border . Two days later , on 3 September , after a British ultimatum to Germany to cease military operations was ignored , Britain and France , followed by the fully independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth -- Australia ( 3 September ) , Canada ( 10 September ) , New Zealand ( 3 September ) , and South Africa ( 6 September ) -- declared war on Germany . However , initially the alliance provided limited direct military support to Poland , consisting of a cautious , half - hearted French probe into the Saarland . The Western Allies also began a naval blockade of Germany , which aimed to damage the country 's economy and war effort . Germany responded by ordering U-boat warfare against Allied merchant and warships , which was to later escalate into the Battle of the Atlantic . German tanks near the city of Bydgoszcz , during the Invasion of Poland September , 1939 On 17 September 1939 , after signing a cease - fire with Japan , the Soviets invaded Poland from the east . The Polish army was defeated and Warsaw surrendered to the Germans on 27 September with final pockets of resistance surrendering on 6 October . Poland 's territory was divided between Germany and the Soviet Union , with Lithuania and Slovakia also receiving small shares . After the defeat of Poland 's armed forces , the Polish resistance established an Underground State and a partisan Home Army . About 100,000 Polish military personnel were evacuated to Romania and the Baltic countries ; many of these soldiers later fought against the Germans in other theatres of the war . Poland 's Enigma codebreakers were also evacuated to France . On 6 October , Hitler made a public peace overture to Britain and France , but said that the future of Poland was to be determined exclusively by Germany and the Soviet Union . Chamberlain rejected this on 12 October , saying `` Past experience has shown that no reliance can be placed upon the promises of the present German Government . '' After this rejection Hitler ordered an immediate offensive against France , but bad weather forced repeated postponements until the spring of 1940 . German and Soviet army officers pictured shaking hands -- after Nazi Germany and Soviet Union annexed new territories in Eastern Europe , 1939 After signing the German -- Soviet Treaty of Friendship , Cooperation and Demarcation , the Soviet Union forced the Baltic countries -- Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania -- to allow it to station Soviet troops in their countries under pacts of `` mutual assistance '' . Finland rejected territorial demands , prompting a Soviet invasion in November 1939 . The resulting Winter War ended in March 1940 with Finnish concessions . Britain and France , treating the Soviet attack on Finland as tantamount to its entering the war on the side of the Germans , responded to the Soviet invasion by supporting the USSR 's expulsion from the League of Nations . In June 1940 , the Soviet Union forcibly annexed Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , and the disputed Romanian regions of Bessarabia , Northern Bukovina and Hertza . Meanwhile , Nazi - Soviet political rapprochement and economic co-operation gradually stalled , and both states began preparations for war . Western Europe ( 1940 -- 41 ) Main article : Western Front ( World War II ) Map of the French Maginot Line In April 1940 , Germany invaded Denmark and Norway to protect shipments of iron ore from Sweden , which the Allies were attempting to cut off by unilaterally mining neutral Norwegian waters . Denmark capitulated after a few hours , and despite Allied support , during which the important harbour of Narvik temporarily was recaptured from the Germans , Norway was conquered within two months . British discontent over the Norwegian campaign led to the replacement of the British Prime Minister , Neville Chamberlain , with Winston Churchill on 10 May 1940 . Germany launched an offensive against France and , adhering to the Manstein Plan also attacked the neutral nations of Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg on 10 May 1940 . That same day British forces landed in Iceland and the Faroes to preempt a possible German invasion of the islands . The U.S. , in close co-operation with the Danish envoy to Washington D.C. , agreed to protect Greenland , laying the political framework for the formal establishment of bases in April 1941 . The Netherlands and Belgium were overrun using blitzkrieg tactics in a few days and weeks , respectively . The French - fortified Maginot Line and the main body of the Allied forces which had moved into Belgium were circumvented by a flanking movement through the thickly wooded Ardennes region , mistakenly perceived by Allied planners as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles . As a result , the bulk of the Allied armies found themselves trapped in an encirclement and were beaten . The majority were taken prisoner , whilst over 300,000 , mostly British and French , were evacuated from the continent at Dunkirk by early June , although abandoning almost all of their equipment . On 10 June , Italy invaded France , declaring war on both France and the United Kingdom . Paris fell to the Germans on 14 June and eight days later France signed an armistice with Germany and was soon divided into German and Italian occupation zones , and an unoccupied rump state under the Vichy Regime , which , though officially neutral , was generally aligned with Germany . France kept its fleet but the British feared the Germans would seize it , so on 3 July , the British attacked it . View of London after the German Blitz , 29 December 1940 The Battle of Britain began in early July with Luftwaffe attacks on shipping and harbours . On 19 July , Hitler again publicly offered to end the war , saying he had no desire to destroy the British Empire . The United Kingdom rejected this ultimatum . The main German air superiority campaign started in August but failed to defeat RAF Fighter Command , and a proposed invasion was postponed indefinitely on 17 September . The German strategic bombing offensive intensified as night attacks on London and other cities in the Blitz , but largely failed to disrupt the British war effort . German Luftwaffe , Heinkel He 111 bombers during the Battle of Britain Using newly captured French ports , the German Navy enjoyed success against an over-extended Royal Navy , using U-boats against British shipping in the Atlantic . The British scored a significant victory on 27 May 1941 by sinking the German battleship Bismarck . Perhaps most importantly , during the Battle of Britain the Royal Air Force had successfully resisted the Luftwaffe 's assault , and the German bombing campaign largely ended in May 1941 . Throughout this period , the neutral United States took measures to assist China and the Western Allies . In November 1939 , the American Neutrality Act was amended to allow `` cash and carry '' purchases by the Allies . In 1940 , following the German capture of Paris , the size of the United States Navy was significantly increased . In September , the United States further agreed to a trade of American destroyers for British bases . Still , a large majority of the American public continued to oppose any direct military intervention into the conflict well into 1941 . Although Roosevelt had promised to keep the United States out of the war , he nevertheless took concrete steps to prepare for war . In December 1940 he accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out negotiations as useless , calling for the US to become an `` arsenal of democracy '' and promoted the passage of Lend - Lease aid to support the British war effort . In January 1941 secret high level staff talks with the British began for the purposes of determining how to defeat Germany should the US enter the war . They decided on a number of offensive policies , including an air offensive , the `` early elimination '' of Italy , raids , support of resistance groups , and the capture of positions to launch an offensive against Germany . At the end of September 1940 , the Tripartite Pact united Japan , Italy and Germany to formalise the Axis Powers . The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country , with the exception of the Soviet Union , not in the war which attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three . The Axis expanded in November 1940 when Hungary , Slovakia and Romania joined the Tripartite Pact . Romania would make a major contribution ( as did Hungary ) to the Axis war against the USSR , partially to recapture territory ceded to the USSR , partially to pursue its leader Ion Antonescu 's desire to combat communism . Mediterranean ( 1940 -- 41 ) Main article : Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II Soldiers of the British Commonwealth forces from the Australian Army 's 9th Division during the Siege of Tobruk ; North African Campaign , August 1941 Italy began operations in the Mediterranean , initiating a siege of Malta in June , conquering British Somaliland in August , and making an incursion into British - held Egypt in September 1940 . In October 1940 , Italy started the Greco - Italian War because of Mussolini 's jealousy of Hitler 's success but within days was repulsed with few territorial gains and a stalemate soon occurred . The United Kingdom responded to Greek requests for assistance by sending troops to Crete and providing air support to Greece . Hitler decided that when the weather improved he would take action against Greece to assist the Italians and prevent the British from gaining a foothold in the Balkans , to strike against the British naval dominance of the Mediterranean , and to secure his hold on Romanian oil . In December 1940 , British Commonwealth forces began counter-offensives against Italian forces in Egypt and Italian East Africa . The offensive in North Africa was highly successful and by early February 1941 Italy had lost control of eastern Libya and large numbers of Italian troops had been taken prisoner . The Italian Navy also suffered significant defeats , with the Royal Navy putting three Italian battleships out of commission by a carrier attack at Taranto , and neutralising several more warships at the Battle of Cape Matapan . Captured German Afrika Korps soldiers , December 1941 The Germans soon intervened to assist Italy . Hitler sent German forces to Libya in February , and by the end of March the Axis had launched an offensive which drove back the Commonwealth forces which had been weakened to support Greece . In under a month , Commonwealth forces were pushed back into Egypt with the exception of the besieged port of Tobruk that fell later . The Commonwealth attempted to dislodge Axis forces in May and again in June , but failed on both occasions . By late March 1941 , following Bulgaria 's signing of the Tripartite Pact , the Germans were in position to intervene in Greece . Plans were changed , however , because of developments in neighbouring Yugoslavia . The Yugoslav government had signed the Tripartite Pact on 25 March , only to be overthrown two days later by a British - encouraged coup . Hitler viewed the new regime as hostile and immediately decided to eliminate it . On 6 April Germany simultaneously invaded both Yugoslavia and Greece , making rapid progress and forcing both nations to surrender within the month . The British were driven from the Balkans after Germany conquered the Greek island of Crete by the end of May . Although the Axis victory was swift , bitter partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia , which continued until the end of the war . The Allies did have some successes during this time . In the Middle East , Commonwealth forces first quashed an uprising in Iraq which had been supported by German aircraft from bases within Vichy - controlled Syria , then , with the assistance of the Free French , invaded Syria and Lebanon to prevent further such occurrences . Axis attack on the USSR ( 1941 ) Main articles : Eastern Front ( World War II ) , Operation Barbarossa , Einsatzgruppen , World War II casualties of the Soviet Union , and German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war European theatre of World War II animation map , 1939 -- 1945 -- Red : Western Allies and Soviet Union after 1941 ; Green : Soviet Union before 1941 ; Blue : Axis Powers With the situation in Europe and Asia relatively stable , Germany , Japan , and the Soviet Union made preparations . With the Soviets wary of mounting tensions with Germany and the Japanese planning to take advantage of the European War by seizing resource - rich European possessions in Southeast Asia , the two powers signed the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1941 . By contrast , the Germans were steadily making preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union , massing forces on the Soviet border . Hitler believed that Britain 's refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the United States and the Soviet Union would enter the war against Germany sooner or later . He therefore decided to try to strengthen Germany 's relations with the Soviets , or failing that , to attack and eliminate them as a factor . In November 1940 , negotiations took place to determine if the Soviet Union would join the Tripartite Pact . The Soviets showed some interest , but asked for concessions from Finland , Bulgaria , Turkey , and Japan that Germany considered unacceptable . On 18 December 1940 , Hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the Soviet Union . German soldiers during the invasion of the Soviet Union by the Axis powers , 1941 On 22 June 1941 , Germany , supported by Italy and Romania , invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa , with Germany accusing the Soviets of plotting against them . They were joined shortly by Finland and Hungary . The primary targets of this surprise offensive were the Baltic region , Moscow and Ukraine , with the ultimate goal of ending the 1941 campaign near the Arkhangelsk - Astrakhan line , from the Caspian to the White Seas . Hitler 's objectives were to eliminate the Soviet Union as a military power , exterminate Communism , generate Lebensraum ( `` living space '' ) by dispossessing the native population and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat Germany 's remaining rivals . Although the Red Army was preparing for strategic counter-offensives before the war , Barbarossa forced the Soviet supreme command to adopt a strategic defence . During the summer , the Axis made significant gains into Soviet territory , inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel . By the middle of August , however , the German Army High Command decided to suspend the offensive of a considerably depleted Army Group Centre , and to divert the 2nd Panzer Group to reinforce troops advancing towards central Ukraine and Leningrad . The Kiev offensive was overwhelmingly successful , resulting in encirclement and elimination of four Soviet armies , and made possible further advance into Crimea and industrially developed Eastern Ukraine ( the First Battle of Kharkov ) . Soviet civilians in Leningrad leaving destroyed houses , after a German bombardment of the city ; Battle of Leningrad , 10 December 1942 The diversion of three quarters of the Axis troops and the majority of their air forces from France and the central Mediterranean to the Eastern Front prompted Britain to reconsider its grand strategy . In July , the UK and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance against Germany The British and Soviets invaded neutral Iran to secure the Persian Corridor and Iran 's oil fields . In August , the United Kingdom and the United States jointly issued the Atlantic Charter . By October Axis operational objectives in Ukraine and the Baltic region were achieved , with only the sieges of Leningrad and Sevastopol continuing . A major offensive against Moscow was renewed ; after two months of fierce battles in increasingly harsh weather the German army almost reached the outer suburbs of Moscow , where the exhausted troops were forced to suspend their offensive . Large territorial gains were made by Axis forces , but their campaign had failed to achieve its main objectives : two key cities remained in Soviet hands , the Soviet capability to resist was not broken , and the Soviet Union retained a considerable part of its military potential . The blitzkrieg phase of the war in Europe had ended . By early December , freshly mobilised reserves allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops . This , as well as intelligence data which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese Kwantung Army , allowed the Soviets to begin a massive counter-offensive that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops 100 -- 250 kilometres ( 62 -- 155 mi ) west . War breaks out in the Pacific ( 1941 ) Main article : Pacific War In 1939 , the United States had renounced its trade treaty with Japan ; and , beginning with an aviation gasoline ban in July 1940 , Japan became subject to increasing economic pressure . During this time , Japan launched its first attack against Changsha , a strategically important Chinese city , but was repulsed by late September . Despite several offensives by both sides , the war between China and Japan was stalemated by 1940 . To increase pressure on China by blocking supply routes , and to better position Japanese forces in the event of a war with the Western powers , Japan invaded and occupied northern Indochina . Afterwards , the United States embargoed iron , steel and mechanical parts against Japan . Other sanctions soon followed . Chinese nationalist forces launched a large - scale counter-offensive in early 1940 . In August , Chinese communists launched an offensive in Central China ; in retaliation , Japan instituted harsh measures in occupied areas to reduce human and material resources for the communists . Continued antipathy between Chinese communist and nationalist forces culminated in armed clashes in January 1941 , effectively ending their co-operation . In March , the Japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the Chinese 19th army but was repulsed during Battle of Shanggao . In September , Japan attempted to take the city of Changsha again and clashed with Chinese nationalist forces . Mitsubishi A6M2 `` Zero '' fighters on the Imperial Japanese Navy aircraft carrier Shōkaku , just before the attack on Pearl Harbor German successes in Europe encouraged Japan to increase pressure on European governments in Southeast Asia . The Dutch government agreed to provide Japan some oil supplies from the Dutch East Indies , but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in June 1941 . In July 1941 Japan sent troops to southern Indochina , thus threatening British and Dutch possessions in the Far East . The United States , United Kingdom and other Western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on Japanese assets and a total oil embargo . At the same time , Japan was planning an invasion of the Soviet Far East , intending to capitalize off the German invasion in the west , but abandoned the operation after the sanctions . Since early 1941 the United States and Japan had been engaged in negotiations in an attempt to improve their strained relations and end the war in China . During these negotiations Japan advanced a number of proposals which were dismissed by the Americans as inadequate . At the same time the US , Britain , and the Netherlands engaged in secret discussions for the joint defence of their territories , in the event of a Japanese attack against any of them . Roosevelt reinforced the Philippines ( an American protectorate scheduled for independence in 1946 ) and warned Japan that the US would react to Japanese attacks against any `` neighboring countries '' . USS Arizona during the Japanese surprise air attack on the American pacific fleet , 7 December 1941 Frustrated at the lack of progress and feeling the pinch of the American - British - Dutch sanctions , Japan prepared for war . On 20 November a new government under Hideki Tojo presented an interim proposal as its final offer . It called for the end of American aid to China and for the supply of oil and other resources to Japan . In exchange Japan promised not to launch any attacks in Southeast Asia and to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina . The American counter-proposal of 26 November required that Japan evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with all Pacific powers . That meant Japan was essentially forced to choose between abandoning its ambitions in China , or seizing the natural resources it needed in the Dutch East Indies by force ; the Japanese military did not consider the former an option , and many officers considered the oil embargo an unspoken declaration of war . Japan planned to rapidly seize European colonies in Asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the Central Pacific ; the Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war . To prevent American intervention while securing the perimeter it was further planned to neutralise the United States Pacific Fleet and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset . On 7 December 1941 ( 8 December in Asian time zones ) , Japan attacked British and American holdings with near - simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific . These included an attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor , the Philippines , landings in Thailand and Malaya and the battle of Hong Kong . These attacks led the United States , Britain , China , Australia and several other states to formally declare war on Japan , whereas the Soviet Union , being heavily involved in large - scale hostilities with European Axis countries , maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan . Germany , followed by the other Axis states , declared war on the United States in solidarity with Japan , citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt . Axis advance stalls ( 1942 -- 43 ) Seated at the Casablanca Conference ; US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British PM Winston Churchill , January 1943 On 1 January 1942 , the Allied Big Four -- the Soviet Union , China , Britain and the United States -- and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the Declaration by United Nations , thereby affirming the Atlantic Charter , and agreeing to not to sign a separate peace with the Axis powers . During 1942 , Allied officials debated on the appropriate grand strategy to pursue . All agreed that defeating Germany was the primary objective . The Americans favoured a straightforward , large - scale attack on Germany through France . The Soviets were also demanding a second front . The British , on the other hand , argued that military operations should target peripheral areas to wear out German strength , leading to increasing demoralisation , and bolster resistance forces . Germany itself would be subject to a heavy bombing campaign . An offensive against Germany would then be launched primarily by Allied armour without using large - scale armies . Eventually , the British persuaded the Americans that a landing in France was infeasible in 1942 and they should instead focus on driving the Axis out of North Africa . At the Casablanca Conference in early 1943 , the Allies reiterated the statements issued in the 1942 Declaration by the United Nations , and demanded the unconditional surrender of their enemies . The British and Americans agreed to continue to press the initiative in the Mediterranean by invading Sicily to fully secure the Mediterranean supply routes . Although the British argued for further operations in the Balkans to bring Turkey into the war , in May 1943 , the Americans extracted a British commitment to limit Allied operations in the Mediterranean to an invasion of the Italian mainland and to invade France in 1944 . Pacific ( 1942 -- 43 ) Map of Japanese military advances , until mid-1942 By the end of April 1942 , Japan and its ally Thailand had almost fully conquered Burma , Malaya , the Dutch East Indies , Singapore , and Rabaul , inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners . Despite stubborn resistance by Filipino and US forces , the Philippine Commonwealth was eventually captured in May 1942 , forcing its government into exile . On 16 April , in Burma , 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division . Japanese forces also achieved naval victories in the South China Sea , Java Sea and Indian Ocean , and bombed the Allied naval base at Darwin , Australia . In January 1942 , the only Allied success against Japan was a Chinese victory at Changsha . These easy victories over unprepared US and European opponents left Japan overconfident , as well as overextended . In early May 1942 , Japan initiated operations to capture Port Moresby by amphibious assault and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia . The planned invasion was thwarted when an Allied task force , centred on two American fleet carriers , fought Japanese naval forces to a draw in the Battle of the Coral Sea . Japan 's next plan , motivated by the earlier Doolittle Raid , was to seize Midway Atoll and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated ; as a diversion , Japan would also send forces to occupy the Aleutian Islands in Alaska . In mid-May , Japan started the Zhejiang - Jiangxi Campaign in China , with the goal of inflicting retribution on the Chinese who aided the surviving American airmen in the Doolittle Raid by destroying air bases and fighting against the Chinese 23rd and 32nd Army Groups . In early June , Japan put its operations into action but the Americans , having broken Japanese naval codes in late May , were fully aware of plans and order of battle , and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at Midway over the Imperial Japanese Navy . US Marines during the Guadalcanal Campaign , in the Pacific theatre , 1942 With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle , Japan chose to focus on a belated attempt to capture Port Moresby by an overland campaign in the Territory of Papua . The Americans planned a counter-attack against Japanese positions in the southern Solomon Islands , primarily Guadalcanal , as a first step towards capturing Rabaul , the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia . Both plans started in July , but by mid-September , the Battle for Guadalcanal took priority for the Japanese , and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the northern part of the island , where they faced Australian and United States troops in the Battle of Buna - Gona . Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal . By the start of 1943 , the Japanese were defeated on the island and withdrew their troops . In Burma , Commonwealth forces mounted two operations . The first , an offensive into the Arakan region in late 1942 , went disastrously , forcing a retreat back to India by May 1943 . The second was the insertion of irregular forces behind Japanese front - lines in February which , by the end of April , had achieved mixed results . Eastern front ( 1942 -- 43 ) Red Army soldiers on the counterattack , during the Battle of Stalingrad , February 1943 Despite considerable losses , in early 1942 Germany and its allies stopped a major Soviet offensive in central and southern Russia , keeping most territorial gains they had achieved during the previous year . In May the Germans defeated Soviet offensives in the Kerch Peninsula and at Kharkov , and then launched their main summer offensive against southern Russia in June 1942 , to seize the oil fields of the Caucasus and occupy Kuban steppe , while maintaining positions on the northern and central areas of the front . The Germans split Army Group South into two groups : Army Group A advanced to the lower Don River and struck south - east to the Caucasus , while Army Group B headed towards the Volga River . The Soviets decided to make their stand at Stalingrad on the Volga . By mid-November , the Germans had nearly taken Stalingrad in bitter street fighting when the Soviets began their second winter counter-offensive , starting with an encirclement of German forces at Stalingrad and an assault on the Rzhev salient near Moscow , though the latter failed disastrously . By early February 1943 , the German Army had taken tremendous losses ; German troops at Stalingrad had been forced to surrender , and the front - line had been pushed back beyond its position before the summer offensive . In mid-February , after the Soviet push had tapered off , the Germans launched another attack on Kharkov , creating a salient in their front line around the Russian city of Kursk . Western Europe / Atlantic & Mediterranean ( 1942 -- 43 ) American 8th Air Force Boeing B - 17 Flying Fortress bombing raid on the Focke - Wulf factory in Germany , 9 October 1943 Exploiting poor American naval command decisions , the German navy ravaged Allied shipping off the American Atlantic coast . By November 1941 , Commonwealth forces had launched a counter-offensive , Operation Crusader , in North Africa , and reclaimed all the gains the Germans and Italians had made . In North Africa , the Germans launched an offensive in January , pushing the British back to positions at the Gazala Line by early February , followed by a temporary lull in combat which Germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives . Concerns the Japanese might use bases in Vichy - held Madagascar caused the British to invade the island in early May 1942 . An Axis offensive in Libya forced an Allied retreat deep inside Egypt until Axis forces were stopped at El Alamein . On the Continent , raids of Allied commandos on strategic targets , culminating in the disastrous Dieppe Raid , demonstrated the Western Allies ' inability to launch an invasion of continental Europe without much better preparation , equipment , and operational security . In August 1942 , the Allies succeeded in repelling a second attack against El Alamein and , at a high cost , managed to deliver desperately needed supplies to the besieged Malta . A few months later , the Allies commenced an attack of their own in Egypt , dislodging the Axis forces and beginning a drive west across Libya . This attack was followed up shortly after by Anglo - American landings in French North Africa , which resulted in the region joining the Allies . Hitler responded to the French colony 's defection by ordering the occupation of Vichy France ; although Vichy forces did not resist this violation of the armistice , they managed to scuttle their fleet to prevent its capture by German forces . The now pincered Axis forces in Africa withdrew into Tunisia , which was conquered by the Allies in May 1943 . In early 1943 the British and Americans began the Combined Bomber Offensive , a strategic bombing campaign against Germany . The goals were to disrupt the German war economy , reduce German morale , and `` de-house '' the civilian population . Allies gain momentum ( 1943 -- 44 ) US Navy SBD - 5 scout plane flies patrol over USS Washington and USS Lexington during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign , 1943 After the Guadalcanal Campaign , the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific . In May 1943 , Canadian and U.S. forces were sent to eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians . Soon after , the U.S. , with support from Australian and New Zealand forces , began major operations to isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands , and breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands . By the end of March 1944 , the Allies had completed both of these objectives , and had also neutralised the major Japanese base at Truk in the Caroline Islands . In April , the Allies launched an operation to retake Western New Guinea . In the Soviet Union , both the Germans and the Soviets spent the spring and early summer of 1943 preparing for large offensives in central Russia . On 4 July 1943 , Germany attacked Soviet forces around the Kursk Bulge . Within a week , German forces had exhausted themselves against the Soviets ' deeply echeloned and well - constructed defences and , for the first time in the war , Hitler cancelled the operation before it had achieved tactical or operational success . This decision was partially affected by the Western Allies ' invasion of Sicily launched on 9 July which , combined with previous Italian failures , resulted in the ousting and arrest of Mussolini later that month . Also , in July 1943 the British firebombed Hamburg killing over 40,000 people . Red Army troops , in a counter-offensive on German positions , at the Battle of Kursk , 1943 On 12 July 1943 , the Soviets launched their own counter-offensives , thereby dispelling any chance of German victory or even stalemate in the east . The Soviet victory at Kursk marked the end of German superiority , giving the Soviet Union the initiative on the Eastern Front . The Germans tried to stabilise their eastern front along the hastily fortified Panther -- Wotan line , but the Soviets broke through it at Smolensk and by the Lower Dnieper Offensives . On 3 September 1943 , the Western Allies invaded the Italian mainland , following Italy 's armistice with the Allies . Germany with the help of fascists responded by disarming Italian forces that were in many places without superior orders , seizing military control of Italian areas , and creating a series of defensive lines . German special forces then rescued Mussolini , who then soon established a new client state in German - occupied Italy named the Italian Social Republic , causing an Italian civil war . The Western Allies fought through several lines until reaching the main German defensive line in mid-November . The Allied leaders of the Asian and Pacific Theatre : Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Winston Churchill meeting at the Cairo Conference , 25 November 1943 German operations in the Atlantic also suffered . By May 1943 , as Allied counter-measures became increasingly effective , the resulting sizeable German submarine losses forced a temporary halt of the German Atlantic naval campaign . In November 1943 , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met with Chiang Kai - shek in Cairo and then with Joseph Stalin in Tehran . The former conference determined the post-war return of Japanese territory and the military planning for the Burma Campaign , while the latter included agreement that the Western Allies would invade Europe in 1944 and that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan within three months of Germany 's defeat . Ruins of the Benedictine monastery , during the Battle of Monte Cassino ; Italian Campaign , May 1944 From November 1943 , during the seven - week Battle of Changde , the Chinese forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition , while awaiting Allied relief . In January 1944 , the Allies launched a series of attacks in Italy against the line at Monte Cassino and tried to outflank it with landings at Anzio . By the end of January , a major Soviet offensive expelled German forces from the Leningrad region , ending the longest and most lethal siege in history . The following Soviet offensive was halted on the pre-war Estonian border by the German Army Group North aided by Estonians hoping to re-establish national independence . This delay slowed subsequent Soviet operations in the Baltic Sea region . By late May 1944 , the Soviets had liberated Crimea , largely expelled Axis forces from Ukraine , and made incursions into Romania , which were repulsed by the Axis troops . The Allied offensives in Italy had succeeded and , at the expense of allowing several German divisions to retreat , on 4 June , Rome was captured . The Allies had mixed success in mainland Asia . In March 1944 , the Japanese launched the first of two invasions , an operation against British positions in Assam , India , and soon besieged Commonwealth positions at Imphal and Kohima . In May 1944 , British forces mounted a counter-offensive that drove Japanese troops back to Burma , and Chinese forces that had invaded northern Burma in late 1943 besieged Japanese troops in Myitkyina . The second Japanese invasion of China aimed to destroy China 's main fighting forces , secure railways between Japanese - held territory and capture Allied airfields . By June , the Japanese had conquered the province of Henan and begun a new attack on Changsha in the Hunan province . Allies close in ( 1944 ) American troops approaching Omaha Beach , during the Invasion of Normandy on D - Day , 6 June 1944 On 6 June 1944 ( known as D - Day ) , after three years of Soviet pressure , the Western Allies invaded northern France . After reassigning several Allied divisions from Italy , they also attacked southern France . These landings were successful , and led to the defeat of the German Army units in France . Paris was liberated by the local resistance assisted by the Free French Forces , both led by General Charles de Gaulle , on 25 August and the Western Allies continued to push back German forces in western Europe during the latter part of the year . An attempt to advance into northern Germany spearheaded by a major airborne operation in the Netherlands failed . After that , the Western Allies slowly pushed into Germany , but failed to cross the Ruhr river in a large offensive . In Italy , Allied advance also slowed due to the last major German defensive line . German SS soldiers from the Dirlewanger Brigade , tasked with suppressing the Warsaw Uprising against Nazi occupation , August 1944 On 22 June , the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belarus ( `` Operation Bagration '' ) that destroyed the German Army Group Centre almost completely . Soon after that another Soviet strategic offensive forced German troops from Western Ukraine and Eastern Poland . The Soviet advance prompted resistance forces in Poland to initiate several uprisings against the German occupation . However , the largest of these in Warsaw , where German soldiers massacred 200,000 civilians , and a national uprising in Slovakia , did not receive Soviet support and were subsequently suppressed by the Germans . The Red Army 's strategic offensive in eastern Romania cut off and destroyed the considerable German troops there and triggered a successful coup d'état in Romania and in Bulgaria , followed by those countries ' shift to the Allied side . In September 1944 , Soviet troops advanced into Yugoslavia and forced the rapid withdrawal of German Army Groups E and F in Greece , Albania and Yugoslavia to rescue them from being cut off . By this point , the Communist - led Partisans under Marshal Josip Broz Tito , who had led an increasingly successful guerrilla campaign against the occupation since 1941 , controlled much of the territory of Yugoslavia and engaged in delaying efforts against German forces further south . In northern Serbia , the Red Army , with limited support from Bulgarian forces , assisted the Partisans in a joint liberation of the capital city of Belgrade on 20 October . A few days later , the Soviets launched a massive assault against German - occupied Hungary that lasted until the fall of Budapest in February 1945 . Unlike impressive Soviet victories in the Balkans , bitter Finnish resistance to the Soviet offensive in the Karelian Isthmus denied the Soviets occupation of Finland and led to a Soviet - Finnish armistice on relatively mild conditions , although Finland was forced to fight their former allies . General Douglas MacArthur lands at Leyte , during the Battle of Leyte , 20 October 1944 By the start of July 1944 , Commonwealth forces in Southeast Asia had repelled the Japanese sieges in Assam , pushing the Japanese back to the Chindwin River while the Chinese captured Myitkyina . In September 1944 , Chinese force captured the Mount Song to reopen the Burma Road . In China , the Japanese had more successes , having finally captured Changsha in mid-June and the city of Hengyang by early August . Soon after , they invaded the province of Guangxi , winning major engagements against Chinese forces at Guilin and Liuzhou by the end of November and successfully linking up their forces in China and Indochina by mid-December . In the Pacific , US forces continued to press back the Japanese perimeter . In mid-June 1944 , they began their offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands , and decisively defeated Japanese forces in the Battle of the Philippine Sea . These defeats led to the resignation of the Japanese Prime Minister , Hideki Tojo , and provided the United States with air bases to launch intensive heavy bomber attacks on the Japanese home islands . In late October , American forces invaded the Filipino island of Leyte ; soon after , Allied naval forces scored another large victory in the Battle of Leyte Gulf , one of the largest naval battles in history . Axis collapse , Allied victory ( 1944 -- 45 ) Yalta Conference held in February 1945 , with Winston Churchill , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin On 16 December 1944 , Germany made a last attempt on the Western Front by using most of its remaining reserves to launch a massive counter-offensive in the Ardennes and along the French -- German border to split the Western Allies , encircle large portions of Western Allied troops and capture their primary supply port at Antwerp to prompt a political settlement . By January , the offensive had been repulsed with no strategic objectives fulfilled . In Italy , the Western Allies remained stalemated at the German defensive line . In mid-January 1945 , the Soviets and Poles attacked in Poland , pushing from the Vistula to the Oder river in Germany , and overran East Prussia . On 4 February , Soviet , British and US leaders met for the Yalta Conference . They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany , and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan . In February , the Soviets entered Silesia and Pomerania , while Western Allies entered western Germany and closed to the Rhine river . By March , the Western Allies crossed the Rhine north and south of the Ruhr , encircling the German Army Group B , while the Soviets advanced to Vienna . In early April , the Western Allies finally pushed forward in Italy and swept across western Germany capturing Hamburg and Nuremberg , while Soviet and Polish forces stormed Berlin in late April . American and Soviet forces met at the Elbe river on 25 April . On 30 April 1945 , the Reichstag was captured , signalling the military defeat of Nazi Germany . Several changes in leadership occurred during this period . On 12 April , President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by Harry S. Truman . Benito Mussolini was killed by Italian partisans on 28 April . Two days later , Hitler committed suicide , and was succeeded by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz . The German Reichstag after its capture by the Allied forces , 3 June 1945 German forces surrendered in Italy on 29 April . Total and unconditional surrender was signed on 7 May , to be effective by the end of 8 May . German Army Group Centre resisted in Prague until 11 May . In the Pacific theatre , American forces accompanied by the forces of the Philippine Commonwealth advanced in the Philippines , clearing Leyte by the end of April 1945 . They landed on Luzon in January 1945 and recaptured Manila in March following a battle which reduced the city to ruins . Fighting continued on Luzon , Mindanao , and other islands of the Philippines until the end of the war . Meanwhile , the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) were destroying strategic and populated cities and towns in Japan in an effort to destroy Japanese war industry and civilian morale . On the night of 9 -- 10 March , USAAF B - 29 bombers struck Tokyo with thousands of incendiary bombs , which killed 100,000 civilians and destroyed 16 square miles ( 41 km ) within a few hours . Over the next five months , the USAAF firebombed a total of 67 Japanese cities , killing 393,000 civilians and destroying 65 % of built - up areas . In May 1945 , Australian troops landed in Borneo , overrunning the oilfields there . British , American , and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern Burma in March , and the British pushed on to reach Rangoon by 3 May . Chinese forces started to counterattack in Battle of West Hunan that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945 . American naval and amphibious forces also moved towards Japan , taking Iwo Jima by March , and Okinawa by the end of June . At the same time , American submarines cut off Japanese imports , drastically reducing Japan 's ability to supply its overseas forces . Japanese foreign affairs minister Mamoru Shigemitsu signs the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on board USS Missouri , 2 September 1945 On 11 July , Allied leaders met in Potsdam , Germany . They confirmed earlier agreements about Germany , and reiterated the demand for unconditional surrender of all Japanese forces by Japan , specifically stating that `` the alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction '' . During this conference , the United Kingdom held its general election , and Clement Attlee replaced Churchill as Prime Minister . The Allies called for unconditional Japanese surrender in the Potsdam Declaration of 27 July , but the Japanese government rejected the call . In early August , the USAAF dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The Allies justified the atomic bombings as a military necessity to avoid invading the Japanese home islands which would cost the lives of between 250,000 and 500,000 Allied servicemen and millions of Japanese troops and civilians . Between the two bombings , the Soviets , pursuant to the Yalta agreement , invaded Japanese - held Manchuria , and quickly defeated the Kwantung Army , which was the largest Japanese fighting force . The Red Army also captured Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands . On 15 August 1945 , Japan surrendered , with the surrender documents finally signed at Tokyo Bay on the deck of the American battleship USS Missouri on 2 September 1945 , ending the war . Aftermath Main articles : Aftermath of World War II and Consequences of Nazism Defendants at the Nuremberg trials , where the Allied forces prosecuted prominent members of the political , military , judicial and economic leadership of Nazi Germany for crimes against humanity The Allies established occupation administrations in Austria and Germany . The former became a neutral state , non-aligned with any political bloc . The latter was divided into western and eastern occupation zones controlled by the Western Allies and the USSR , accordingly . A denazification programme in Germany led to the prosecution of Nazi war criminals and the removal of ex-Nazis from power , although this policy moved towards amnesty and re-integration of ex-Nazis into West German society . Ruins of Warsaw in January 1945 , after the deliberate destruction of the city by the occupying German forces Germany lost a quarter of its pre-war ( 1937 ) territory . Among the eastern territories , Silesia , Neumark and most of Pomerania were taken over by Poland , East Prussia was divided between Poland and the USSR , followed by the expulsion of the 9 million Germans from these provinces , as well as the expulsion of 3 million Germans from the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia to Germany . By the 1950s , every fifth West German was a refugee from the east . The Soviet Union also took over the Polish provinces east of the Curzon line , from which 2 million Poles were expelled ; north - east Romania , parts of eastern Finland , and the three Baltic states were also incorporated into the USSR . In an effort to maintain world peace , the Allies formed the United Nations , which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 , and adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 , as a common standard for all member nations . The great powers that were the victors of the war -- France , China , Britain , the Soviet Union and the United States -- became the permanent members of the UN 's Security Council . The five permanent members remain so to the present , although there have been two seat changes , between the Republic of China and the People 's Republic of China in 1971 , and between the Soviet Union and its successor state , the Russian Federation , following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union had begun to deteriorate even before the war was over . Post-war Soviet territorial expansion resulted in Central and Eastern European border changes , the creation of a Communist Bloc and start of the Cold War Germany had been de facto divided , and two independent states , the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic were created within the borders of Allied and Soviet occupation zones , accordingly . The rest of Europe was also divided into Western and Soviet spheres of influence . Most eastern and central European countries fell into the Soviet sphere , which led to establishment of Communist - led regimes , with full or partial support of the Soviet occupation authorities . As a result , East Germany , Poland , Hungary , Romania , Czechoslovakia , and Albania became Soviet satellite states . Communist Yugoslavia conducted a fully independent policy , causing tension with the USSR . Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances , the United States - led NATO and the Soviet - led Warsaw Pact ; the long period of political tensions and military competition between them , the Cold War , would be accompanied by an unprecedented arms race and proxy wars . In Asia , the United States led the occupation of Japan and administrated Japan 's former islands in the Western Pacific , while the Soviets annexed Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands . Korea , formerly under Japanese rule , was divided and occupied by the Soviet Union in the North and the US in the South between 1945 and 1948 . Separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel in 1948 , each claiming to be the legitimate government for all of Korea , which led ultimately to the Korean War . David Ben - Gurion proclaiming the Israeli Declaration of Independence at the Independence Hall , 14 May 1948 In China , nationalist and communist forces resumed the civil war in June 1946 . Communist forces were victorious and established the People 's Republic of China on the mainland , while nationalist forces retreated to Taiwan in 1949 . In the Middle East , the Arab rejection of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and the creation of Israel marked the escalation of the Arab -- Israeli conflict . While European powers attempted to retain some or all of their colonial empires , their losses of prestige and resources during the war rendered this unsuccessful , leading to decolonisation . The global economy suffered heavily from the war , although participating nations were affected differently . The US emerged much richer than any other nation ; it had a baby boom and by 1950 its gross domestic product per person was much higher than that of any of the other powers and it dominated the world economy . The UK and US pursued a policy of industrial disarmament in Western Germany in the years 1945 -- 1948 . Because of international trade interdependencies this led to European economic stagnation and delayed European recovery for several years . Recovery began with the mid-1948 currency reform in Western Germany , and was sped up by the liberalisation of European economic policy that the Marshall Plan ( 1948 -- 1951 ) both directly and indirectly caused . The post-1948 West German recovery has been called the German economic miracle . Italy also experienced an economic boom and the French economy rebounded . By contrast , the United Kingdom was in a state of economic ruin , and although it received a quarter of the total Marshall Plan assistance , more than any other European country , continued relative economic decline for decades . The Soviet Union , despite enormous human and material losses , also experienced rapid increase in production in the immediate post-war era . Japan experienced incredibly rapid economic growth , becoming one of the most powerful economies in the world by the 1980s . China returned to its pre-war industrial production by 1952 . Impact Casualties and War Crimes Main articles : World War II casualties , War crimes during World War II , War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II , German war crimes , War crimes of the Wehrmacht , Italian war crimes , Japanese war crimes , Allied war crimes during World War II , and Soviet war crimes World War II deaths Estimates for the total number of casualties in the war vary , because many deaths went unrecorded . Most suggest that some 60 million people died in the war , including about 20 million military personnel and 40 million civilians . Many of the civilians died because of deliberate genocide , massacres , mass - bombings , disease , and starvation . The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people during the war , including 8.7 million military and 19 million civilian deaths . The largest portion of military dead were 5.7 million ethnic Russians , followed by 1.3 million ethnic Ukrainians . A quarter of the people in the Soviet Union were wounded or killed . Germany sustained 5.3 million military losses , mostly on the Eastern Front and during the final battles in Germany . Of the total number of deaths in World War II , approximately 85 per cent -- mostly Soviet and Chinese -- were on the Allied side and 15 per cent were on the Axis side . Many of these deaths were caused by war crimes committed by German and Japanese forces in occupied territories . An estimated 11 to 17 million civilians died either as a direct or as an indirect result of Nazi racist policies , including the Holocaust of around 6 million Jews , half of whom were Polish citizens , along with a further minimum 1.9 million ethnic Poles . Millions of other Slavs ( including Russians , Ukrainians and Belarusians ) , Roma , homosexuals , and other ethnic and minority groups were also killed . Hundreds of thousands ( varying estimates ) of ethnic Serbs , along with gypsies and Jews , were murdered by the Axis - aligned Croatian Ustaše in Yugoslavia , and retribution - related killings were committed just after the war ended . Chinese civilians being buried alive by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army , during the Nanking Massacre , December 1937 In Asia and the Pacific , between 3 million and more than 10 million civilians , mostly Chinese ( estimated at 7.5 million ) , were killed by the Japanese occupation forces . The best - known Japanese atrocity was the Nanking Massacre , in which fifty to three hundred thousand Chinese civilians were raped and murdered . Mitsuyoshi Himeta reported that 2.7 million casualties occurred during the Sankō Sakusen . General Yasuji Okamura implemented the policy in Heipei and Shantung . Axis forces employed biological and chemical weapons . The Imperial Japanese Army used a variety of such weapons during its invasion and occupation of China ( see Unit 731 ) and in early conflicts against the Soviets . Both the Germans and Japanese tested such weapons against civilians and , sometimes on prisoners of war . The Soviet Union was responsible for the Katyn massacre of 22,000 Polish officers , and the imprisonment or execution of thousands of political prisoners by the NKVD , in the Baltic states , and eastern Poland annexed by the Red Army . The mass - bombing of cities in Europe and Asia has often been called a war crime . However , no positive or specific customary international humanitarian law with respect to aerial warfare existed before or during World War II . Genocide , concentration camps , and slave labour Main articles : Genocide , The Holocaust , Nazi concentration camps , Extermination camp , Forced labour under German rule during World War II , Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany , and Nazi human experimentation Schutzstaffel ( SS ) female camp guards remove prisoners ' bodies from lorries and carry them to a mass grave , inside the German Bergen - Belsen concentration camp , 1945 The German government led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party was responsible for the Holocaust , the killing of approximately 6 million Jews , as well as 2.7 million ethnic Poles , and 4 million others who were deemed `` unworthy of life '' ( including the disabled and mentally ill , Soviet prisoners of war , homosexuals , Freemasons , Jehovah 's Witnesses , and Romani ) as part of a programme of deliberate extermination . About 12 million , most of whom were Eastern Europeans , were employed in the German war economy as forced labourers . In addition to Nazi concentration camps , the Soviet gulags ( labour camps ) led to the death of citizens of occupied countries such as Poland , Lithuania , Latvia , and Estonia , as well as German prisoners of war ( POWs ) and even Soviet citizens who had been or were thought to be supporters of the Nazis . Sixty per cent of Soviet POWs of the Germans died during the war . Richard Overy gives the number of 5.7 million Soviet POWs . Of those , 57 per cent died or were killed , a total of 3.6 million . Soviet ex-POWs and repatriated civilians were treated with great suspicion as potential Nazi collaborators , and some of them were sent to the Gulag upon being checked by the NKVD . Prisoner identity photograph taken by the German SS of a Polish girl deported as forced labour to Auschwitz , December 1942 Japanese prisoner - of - war camps , many of which were used as labour camps , also had high death rates . The International Military Tribunal for the Far East found the death rate of Western prisoners was 27.1 per cent ( for American POWs , 37 per cent ) , seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians . While 37,583 prisoners from the UK , 28,500 from the Netherlands , and 14,473 from the United States were released after the surrender of Japan , the number of Chinese released was only 56 . According to historian Zhifen Ju , at least five million Chinese civilians from northern China and Manchukuo were enslaved between 1935 and 1941 by the East Asia Development Board , or Kōain , for work in mines and war industries . After 1942 , the number reached 10 million . The US Library of Congress estimates that in Java , between 4 and 10 million rōmusha ( Japanese : `` manual labourers '' ) , were forced to work by the Japanese military . About 270,000 of these Javanese labourers were sent to other Japanese - held areas in South East Asia , and only 52,000 were repatriated to Java . On 19 February 1942 , Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 , interning about 100,000 Japanese living on the West Coast . Canada had a similar programme . In addition , 14,000 German and Italian citizens who had been assessed as being security risks were also interned . In accordance with the Allied agreement made at the Yalta Conference millions of POWs and civilians were used as forced labour by the Soviet Union . In Hungary 's case , Hungarians were forced to work for the Soviet Union until 1955 . Occupation Main articles : German - occupied Europe , Lebensraum , Untermensch , Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II , Resistance during World War II , and Nazi plunder Polish civilians wearing blindfolds photographed just before their execution by German soldiers in Palmiry forest , 1940 In Europe , occupation came under two forms . In Western , Northern , and Central Europe ( France , Norway , Denmark , the Low Countries , and the annexed portions of Czechoslovakia ) Germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69.5 billion reichmarks ( 27.8 billion US Dollars ) by the end of the war , this figure does not include the sizeable plunder of industrial products , military equipment , raw materials and other goods . Thus , the income from occupied nations was over 40 per cent of the income Germany collected from taxation , a figure which increased to nearly 40 per cent of total German income as the war went on . Russian Academy of Sciences reported in 1995 civilian victims in the Soviet Union at German hands totalled 13.7 million dead , twenty percent of the 68 million persons in the occupied USSR In the East , the intended gains of Lebensraum were never attained as fluctuating front - lines and Soviet scorched earth policies denied resources to the German invaders . Unlike in the West , the Nazi racial policy encouraged extreme brutality against what it considered to be the `` inferior people '' of Slavic descent ; most German advances were thus followed by mass executions . Although resistance groups formed in most occupied territories , they did not significantly hamper German operations in either the East or the West until late 1943 . In Asia , Japan termed nations under its occupation as being part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , essentially a Japanese hegemony which it claimed was for purposes of liberating colonised peoples . Although Japanese forces were originally welcomed as liberators from European domination in some territories , their excessive brutality turned local public opinion against them within weeks . During Japan 's initial conquest it captured 4,000,000 barrels ( 640,000 m ) of oil ( ~ 5.5 × 10 tonnes ) left behind by retreating Allied forces , and by 1943 was able to get production in the Dutch East Indies up to 50 million barrels ( ~ 6.8 × 10 ^ t ) , 76 per cent of its 1940 output rate . Home fronts and production Main articles : Military production during World War II and Home front during World War II Allied to Axis GDP ratio In Europe , before the outbreak of the war , the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics . In 1938 , the Western Allies ( United Kingdom , France , Poland and British Dominions ) had a 30 per cent larger population and a 30 per cent higher gross domestic product than the European Axis powers ( Germany and Italy ) ; if colonies are included , it then gives the Allies more than a 5 : 1 advantage in population and nearly 2 : 1 advantage in GDP . In Asia at the same time , China had roughly six times the population of Japan , but only an 89 per cent higher GDP ; this is reduced to three times the population and only a 38 per cent higher GDP if Japanese colonies are included . The United States provided about two - thirds of all the ordnance used by the Allies in terms of warships , transports , warplanes , artillery , tanks , trucks , and ammunition . Though the Allies ' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg attacks of Germany and Japan , they became the decisive factor by 1942 , after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies , as the war largely settled into one of attrition . While the Allies ' ability to out - produce the Axis is often attributed to the Allies having more access to natural resources , other factors , such as Germany and Japan 's reluctance to employ women in the labour force , Allied strategic bombing , and Germany 's late shift to a war economy contributed significantly . Additionally , neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war , and were not equipped to do so . To improve their production , Germany and Japan used millions of slave labourers ; Germany used about 12 million people , mostly from Eastern Europe , while Japan used more than 18 million people in Far East Asia . Advances in Technology and Warfare Main article : Technology during World War II B - 29 Superfortress strategic bombers on the Boeing assembly line in Wichita , Kansas , 1944 Aircraft were used for reconnaissance , as fighters , bombers , and ground - support , and each role was advanced considerably . Innovation included airlift ( the capability to quickly move limited high - priority supplies , equipment , and personnel ) ; and of strategic bombing ( the bombing of enemy industrial and population centres to destroy the enemy 's ability to wage war ) . Anti-aircraft weaponry also advanced , including defences such as radar and surface - to - air artillery , such as the German 88 mm gun . The use of the jet aircraft was pioneered and , though late introduction meant it had little impact , it led to jets becoming standard in air forces worldwide . Advances were made in nearly every aspect of naval warfare , most notably with aircraft carriers and submarines . Although aeronautical warfare had relatively little success at the start of the war , actions at Taranto , Pearl Harbor , and the Coral Sea established the carrier as the dominant capital ship in place of the battleship . In the Atlantic , escort carriers proved to be a vital part of Allied convoys , increasing the effective protection radius and helping to close the Mid-Atlantic gap . Carriers were also more economical than battleships because of the relatively low cost of aircraft and their not requiring to be as heavily armoured . Submarines , which had proved to be an effective weapon during the First World War , were anticipated by all sides to be important in the second . The British focused development on anti-submarine weaponry and tactics , such as sonar and convoys , while Germany focused on improving its offensive capability , with designs such as the Type VII submarine and wolfpack tactics . Gradually , improving Allied technologies such as the Leigh light , hedgehog , squid , and homing torpedoes proved victorious . A V - 2 rocket launched from a fixed site in Peenemünde , 21 June 1943 Land warfare changed from the static front lines of World War I to increased mobility and combined arms . The tank , which had been used predominantly for infantry support in the First World War , had evolved into the primary weapon . In the late 1930s , tank design was considerably more advanced than it had been during World War I , and advances continued throughout the war with increases in speed , armour and firepower . At the start of the war , most commanders thought enemy tanks should be met by tanks with superior specifications . This idea was challenged by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank guns against armour , and German doctrine of avoiding tank - versus - tank combat . This , along with Germany 's use of combined arms , were among the key elements of their highly successful blitzkrieg tactics across Poland and France . Many means of destroying tanks , including indirect artillery , anti-tank guns ( both towed and self - propelled ) , mines , short - ranged infantry antitank weapons , and other tanks were utilised . Even with large - scale mechanisation , infantry remained the backbone of all forces , and throughout the war , most infantry were equipped similarly to World War I . Nuclear Gadget being raised to the top of the detonation `` shot tower '' , at Alamogordo Bombing Range ; Trinity nuclear test , New Mexico , July 1945 The portable machine gun spread , a notable example being the German MG34 , and various submachine guns which were suited to close combat in urban and jungle settings . The assault rifle , a late war development incorporating many features of the rifle and submachine gun , became the standard postwar infantry weapon for most armed forces . Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security involved in using large codebooks for cryptography by designing ciphering machines , the most well known being the German Enigma machine . Development of SIGINT ( signals intelligence ) and cryptanalysis enabled the countering process of decryption . Notable examples were the Allied decryption of Japanese naval codes and British Ultra , a pioneering method for decoding Enigma benefiting from information given to Britain by the Polish Cipher Bureau , which had been decoding early versions of Enigma before the war . Another aspect of military intelligence was the use of deception , which the Allies used to great effect , such as in operations Mincemeat and Bodyguard . Other technological and engineering feats achieved during , or as a result of , the war include the world 's first programmable computers ( Z3 , Colossus , and ENIAC ) , guided missiles and modern rockets , the Manhattan Project 's development of nuclear weapons , operations research and the development of artificial harbours and oil pipelines under the English Channel . See also Air warfare of World War II Bibliography of World War II Declarations of war during World War II Historiography of World War II Home front during World War II List of World War II battles List of Allied World War II conferences List of World War II military operations Lists of World War II military equipment Nazis in fiction Women in World War II World War II in popular culture List of World War II films World War III Documentaries See also : List of World War II documentary films The World Wars ( miniseries ) The World Wars is a three - part , six - hour event miniseries by the History Channel that premiered on Monday , 26 May 2014 , ( Memorial Day ) airing for three consecutive nights . An extended version of the series with never before seen footage was subsequently broadcast on H2 and in more than 160 countries on 22 June 2014 Apocalypse : The Second World War ( 2009 ) , a six - part French documentary by Daniel Costelle and Isabelle Clarke about World War II Battlefield , a documentary television series initially issued in 1994 -- 5 , that explores many important World War II battles BBC History of World War II , a television series , initially issued from 1989 to 2005 . The World at War ( 1974 ) , a 26 - part Thames Television series that covers most aspects of World War II from many points of view . It includes interviews with many key figures including Karl Dönitz , Albert Speer , and Anthony Eden . Notes Jump up ^ While various other dates have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended , this is the time span most frequently cited . Jump up ^ Upon his death in 1989 , Emperor Hirohito was posthumously proclaimed Emperor Shōwa . While either use is considered acceptable , his English name ( Hirohito ) is used here as it is this name by which he was known to most of the West during World War II . Citations Jump up ^ Gilbert 2001 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ James A. Tyner ( 3 March 2009 ) . War , Violence , and Population : Making the Body Count . The Guilford Press ; 1 edition . p. 49 . ISBN 1 - 6062 - 3038 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sommerville 2008 , p. 5 ( 2011 ed . ) . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Tyne - Roots - Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims : The 5,000,000 others '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Barrett & Shyu 2001 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Axelrod , Alan ( 2007 ) Encyclopedia of World War II , Volume 1 . Infobase Publishing . pp. 659 . ^ Jump up to : The UN Security Council , retrieved 15 May 2012 Jump up ^ Herman Van Rompuy , President of the European Council ; José Manuel Durão Barroso , President of the European Commission ( 10 December 2012 ) . `` From War to Peace : A European Tale '' . Nobel Lecture by the European Union . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Wells , Anne Sharp ( 2014 ) Historical Dictionary of World War II : The War against Germany and Italy . Rowman & Littlefield Publishing . pp. 7 . Jump up ^ Ferris , John ; Mawdsley , Evan ( 2015 ) . The Cambridge History of the Second World War , Volume I : Fighting the War . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Förster & Gessler 2005 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Ghuhl , Wernar ( 2007 ) Imperial Japan 's World War Two Transaction Publishers pg 7 , pg. 30 Jump up ^ Polmar , Norman ; Thomas B. Allen ( 1991 ) World War II : America at war , 1941 -- 1945 ISBN 978 - 0394585307 Jump up ^ Ben - Horin 1943 , p. 169 ; Taylor 1979 , p. 124 ; Yisreelit , Hevrah Mizrahit ( 1965 ) . Asian and African Studies , p. 191 . For 1941 see Taylor 1961 , p. vii ; Kellogg , William O ( 2003 ) . American History the Easy Way . Barron 's Educational Series . p. 236 ISBN 0 - 7641 - 1973 - 7 . There is also the viewpoint that both World War I and World War II are part of the same `` European Civil War '' or `` Second Thirty Years War '' : Canfora 2006 , p. 155 ; Prins 2002 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Masaya 1990 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` History of German - American Relations '' 1989 -- 1994 -- Reunification '' `` Two - plus - Four - Treaty '' : Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany , September 12 , 1990 `` . usa.usembassy.de . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Ingram 2006 , pp. 76 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Kantowicz 1999 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Shaw 2000 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Brody 1999 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Zalampas 1989 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Mandelbaum 1988 , p. 96 ; Record 2005 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Schmitz 2000 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Adamthwaite 1992 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Preston 1998 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Myers & Peattie 1987 , p. 458 . Jump up ^ Smith & Steadman 2004 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Coogan 1993 : `` Although some Chinese troops in the Northeast managed to retreat south , others were trapped by the advancing Japanese Army and were faced with the choice of resistance in defiance of orders , or surrender . A few commanders submitted , receiving high office in the puppet government , but others took up arms against the invader . The forces they commanded were the first of the volunteer armies . '' Jump up ^ Busky 2002 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Andrea L. Stanton ; Edward Ramsamy ; Peter J. Seybolt . Cultural Sociology of the Middle East , Asia , and Africa : An Encyclopedia . p. 308 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Barker 1971 , pp. 131 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Kitson 2001 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Payne 2008 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Payne 2008 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Eastman 1986 , pp. 547 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Guo 2005 ^ Jump up to : Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 195 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C. ( 23 December 2009 ) . `` A Global Chronology of Conflict : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East ( 6 volumes ) : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East '' . ABC - CLIO . Retrieved 27 August 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Yang Kuisong , `` On the reconstruction of the facts of the Battle of Pingxingguan '' Jump up ^ Levene , Mark and Roberts , Penny . The Massacre in History . 1999 , page 223 - 4 Jump up ^ Totten , Samuel . Dictionary of Genocide. 2008 , 298 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 221 -- 230 . Jump up ^ Eastman 1986 , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2009 , pp. 150 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Sella 1983 , pp. 651 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Stuart D. ( 28 August 2012 ) . `` The Forgotten Soviet - Japanese War of 1939 '' . The Diplomat . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Timothy Neeno . `` Nomonhan : The Second Russo - Japanese War '' . MilitaryHistoryOnline.com . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Collier & Pedley 2000 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , pp. 121 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , pp. 143 -- 4 ( 2008 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Lowe & Marzari 2002 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Shore 2003 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 608 . Jump up ^ Minutes of the conference between the Fuehrer and the Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs , Count Ciano , in the presence of the Reich Foreign Minister of Obersalzberg on 12 August 1939 in Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression Volume IV Document No. 1871 - PS Jump up ^ `` The German Campaign In Poland ( 1939 ) '' . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Danzig Crisis '' . ww2db.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Major international events of 1939 , with explanation '' . Ibiblio.org . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2006 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , pp. 64 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 35 . Cienciala 2010 , p. 128 , observes that , while it is true that Poland was far away , making it difficult for the French and British to provide support , `` ( f ) ew Western historians of World War II ... know that the British had committed to bomb Germany if it attacked Poland , but did not do so except for one raid on the base of Wilhelmshafen . The French , who committed to attack Germany in the west , had no intention of doing so . '' Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 32 ; Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 248 -- 9 ; Roskill 1954 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2002 , pp. 80 , 83 . Jump up ^ Hempel 2005 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2002 , pp. 88 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Budiansky 2001 , pp. 120 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Nuremberg Documents C - 62 / GB86 , a directive from Hitler in October 1939 which concludes : `` The attack ( on France ) is to be launched this Autumn if conditions are at all possible . '' Jump up ^ Liddell Hart 1977 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Bullock 1990 , pp. 563 -- 4 , 566 , 568 -- 9 , 574 -- 5 ( 1983 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Blitzkrieg : From the Rise of Hitler to the Fall of Dunkirk , L Deighton , Jonathan Cape , 1993 , p186 - 7 . Deighton states that `` the offensive was postponed twenty - nine times before it finally took place . '' Jump up ^ Smith et al. 2002 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Bilinsky 1999 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 55 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Spring 1986 , p. 207 - 226 . Jump up ^ Hanhimäki 1997 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 2006 , pp. 367 , 376 , 379 , 417 . Jump up ^ Snyder 2010 , p. 118ff . Jump up ^ Koch 1983 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 57 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Commager 2004 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Reynolds 2006 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 122 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 436 . The Americans later relieved the British , with marines arriving in Reykjavik on 7 July 1941 ( Schofield 1981 , p. 122 ) . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , pp. 721 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Regan 2004 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Liddell Hart 1977 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , pp. 66 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Umbreit 1991 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Brown 2004 , p. xxx . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Murray 1983 , The Battle of Britain . ^ Jump up to : `` Major international events of 1940 , with explanation '' . Ibiblio.org . Jump up ^ Goldstein 2004 , p. 35 . Aircraft played a highly important role in defeating the German U-boats ( Schofield 1981 , p. 122 ) . Jump up ^ Steury 1987 , p. 209 ; Zetterling & Tamelander 2009 , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 108 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , pp. 328 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Maingot 1994 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Cantril 1940 , p. 390 . Jump up ^ Skinner Watson , Mark . `` Coordination With Britain '' . US Army in WWII -- Chief of Staff : Prewar Plans and Operations . Jump up ^ Bilhartz & Elliott 2007 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 877 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 745 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Clogg 2002 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 146 , 152 ; US Army 1986 , pp. 4 -- 6 Jump up ^ Jowett 2001 , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2006 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Laurier 2001 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 263 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Macksey 1997 , pp. 61 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Watson 2003 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2006 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Garver 1988 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Murray 1983 , p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : Klooz , Marle ; Wiley , Evelyn ( 1944 ) , Events leading up to World War II -- Chronological History , 78th Congress , 2d Session -- House Document N. 541 , Director : Humphrey , Richard A. , Washington : US Government Printing Office , pp. 267 -- 312 ( 1941 ) . Jump up ^ Sella 1978 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2007 , pp. 66 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Steinberg 1995 . Jump up ^ Hauner 1978 . Jump up ^ Roberts 1995 . Jump up ^ Wilt 1981 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2003 , pp. 114 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Farrell 1993 . Jump up ^ Keeble 1990 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Bueno de Mesquita et al. 2003 , p. 425 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Kleinfeld 1983 . Jump up ^ Jukes 2001 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 26 : `` By 1 November ( the Wehrmacht ) had lost fully 20 % of its committed strength ( 686,000 men ) , up to 2 / 3 of its 1⁄2 - million motor vehicles , and 65 percent of its tanks . The German Army High Command ( OKH ) rated its 136 divisions as equivalent to 83 full - strength divisions . '' Jump up ^ Reinhardt 1992 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Milward 1964 . Jump up ^ Rotundo 1986 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Garthoff 1969 . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 41 -- 2 ; Evans 2008 , pp. 213 -- 4 , notes that `` Zhukov had pushed the Germans back where they had launched Operation Typhoon two months before ... Only Stalin 's decision to attack all along the front instead of concentrating his forces in an all - out assault against the retreating German Army Group Centre prevented the disaster from being even worse . '' Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Morison 2002 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Joes 2004 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Fairbank & Goldman 2006 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Policy and Strategy 1931 -- July 1941 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategy and Command : The First Two Years . pp. 45 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1975 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Evans & Peattie 2012 , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Coox , Alvin ( 1985 ) . Nomonhan : Japan against Russia , 1939 . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . pp. 1046 -- 1049 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 1835 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` The decision for War '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategy and Command : The First Two Years . pp. 113 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Showdown With Japan Aug -- Dec 1941 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 63 -- 96 . Jump up ^ The United States Replies . Investigation of the Pearl Harbor attack . Jump up ^ Painter 2012 , p. 26 : `` The United States cut off oil exports to Japan in the summer of 1941 , forcing Japanese leaders to choose between going to war to seize the oil fields of the Netherlands East Indies or giving in to U.S. pressure . '' Wood 2007 , p. 9 , listing various military and diplomatic developments , observes that `` the threat to Japan was not purely economic . '' Jump up ^ Lightbody 2004 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 310 ; Dower 1986 , p. 5 , calls attention to the fact that `` the Allied struggle against Japan exposed the racist underpinnings of the European and American colonial structure . Japan did not invade independent countries in southern Asia . It invaded colonial outposts which the Westerners had dominated for generations , taking absolutely for granted their racial and cultural superiority over their Asian subjects . '' Dower goes on to note that , before the horrors of Japanese occupation made themselves felt , many Asians responded favourably to the victories of the Imperial Japanese forces . Jump up ^ Wood 2007 , pp. 11 -- 2 . ^ Jump up to : Wohlstetter 1962 , pp. 341 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Dunn 1998 , p. 157 . According to May 1955 , p. 155 , Churchill stated : `` Russian declaration of war on Japan would be greatly to our advantage , provided , but only provided , that Russians are confident that will not impair their Western Front . '' Jump up ^ Adolf Hitler 's Declaration of War against the United States in Wikisource . Jump up ^ Klooz , Marle ; Wiley , Evelyn ( 1944 ) , Events leading up to World War II -- Chronological History , 78th Congress , 2d Session -- House Document N. 541 , Director : Humphrey , Richard A. , Washington : US Government Printing Office , p. 310 ( 1941 ) . Jump up ^ Bosworth & Maiolo 2015 , pp. 313 -- 314 . Jump up ^ Mingst & Karns 2007 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` The First Full Dress Debate over Strategic Deployment . Dec 1941 -- Jan 1942 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 97 -- 119 . Jump up ^ `` The Elimination of the Alternatives . Jul -- Aug 1942 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 266 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` Casablanca -- Beginning of an Era : January 1943 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 18 -- 42 . Jump up ^ `` The Trident Conference -- New Patterns : May 1943 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 126 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 247 -- 267 , 345 . Jump up ^ Lewis 1953 , p. 529 ( Table 11 ) . Jump up ^ Slim 1956 , pp. 71 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Grove 1995 , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Perez 1998 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Maddox 1992 , pp. 111 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Salecker 2001 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Schoppa 2011 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Chevrier & Chomiczewski & Garrigue 2004 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Ropp 2000 , p. 368 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Adrian ( 2003 ) . The Encyclopedia of Warfare : From Earliest Times to the Present Day . Globe Pequot . p. 259 . ISBN 1 - 59228 - 027 - 7 . Jump up ^ Swain 2001 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Hane 2001 , p. 340 . Jump up ^ Marston 2005 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Brayley 2002 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Read 2004 , p. 764 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , p. 100 ( 2008 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 239 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Black 2003 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 383 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2001 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Milner 1990 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 224 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Molinari 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Mitcham 2007 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 380 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Rich 1992 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Gordon 2004 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Neillands 2005 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Smith 2002 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Andrew 1998 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ross 1997 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Bonner & Bonner 2001 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Collier 2003 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Civilians '' United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report ( European War ) Jump up ^ Thompson & Randall 2008 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2001 , p. 610 . Jump up ^ Rottman 2002 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Glantz 1986 ; Glantz 1989 , pp. 149 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 592 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Overy 1995 , pp. 119 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Bellamy 2007 , p. 595 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Healy 1992 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , pp. 50 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Kolko 1990 , p. 45 : `` On September 3 , as Allied forces landed in Italy , Badoglio agreed to a secret armistice in the hope the Allies would land a major force north of Rome and save his government and the king . But when this did n't happen he desperately attempted to call off his bargain with Eisenhower , who cut short the matter on 8 September by announcing news of its existence . The next day the hero of Abyssinia , his king , and a small retinue deserted Rome for the southeast tip of Italy , leaving most of Italy to the Nazis . '' Jump up ^ Mazower 2008 , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Hart , Hart & Hughes 2000 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Blinkhorn 2006 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Read & Fisher 2002 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Padfield 1998 , pp. 335 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Kolko 1990 , pp. 211 , 235 , 267 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Iriye 1981 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Mitter 2014 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Polley 2000 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 268 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 412 -- 416 , Map 38 Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , pp. 660 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2002 , pp. 327 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2002 , pp. 367 -- 414 . Jump up ^ Chubarov 2001 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Holland 2008 , pp. 169 -- 84 ; Beevor 2012 , pp. 568 -- 73 . The weeks after the fall of Rome saw a dramatic upswing in German atrocities in Italy ( Mazower 2008 , pp. 500 -- 2 ) . The period featured massacres with victims in the hundreds at Civitella ( de Grazia & Paggi 1991 ; Belco 2010 ) , Fosse Ardeatine ( Portelli 2003 ) , and Sant'Anna di Stazzema ( Gordon 2012 , pp. 10 -- 1 ) , and is capped with the Marzabotto massacre . Jump up ^ Lightbody 2004 , p. 224 . ^ Jump up to : Zeiler 2004 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 555 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Coble 2003 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Rees 2008 , pp. 406 -- 7 : `` Stalin always believed that Britain and America were delaying the second front so that the Soviet Union would bear the brunt of the war . '' Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 695 . Jump up ^ Badsey 1990 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 562 . Jump up ^ Forrest , Evans & Gibbons 2012 , p. 191 Jump up ^ Zaloga 1996 , p. 7 : `` It was the most calamitous defeat of all the German armed forces in World War II . '' Jump up ^ Berend 1996 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation '' . US Library of Congress . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . The coup speeded the Red Army 's advance , and the Soviet Union later awarded Michael the Order of Victory for his personal courage in overthrowing Antonescu and putting an end to Romania 's war against the Allies . Western historians uniformly point out that the Communists played only a supporting role in the coup ; postwar Romanian historians , however , ascribe to the Communists the decisive role in Antonescu 's overthrow Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Wiest & Barbier 2002 , pp. 65 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Wiktor , Christian L ( 1998 ) . Multilateral Treaty Calendar -- 1648 -- 1995 . Kluwer Law International . p. 426 . ISBN 90 - 411 - 0584 - 0 . Jump up ^ Newton 2004 . Jump up ^ Marston 2005 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Article about War of Resistance `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Howard 2004 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Drea 2003 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Cook & Bewes 1997 , p. 305 . ^ Jump up to : Parker 2004 , pp. xiii -- xiv , 6 -- 8 , 68 -- 70 , 329 -- 330 Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 709 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Buchanan 2006 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Shepardson 1998 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 823 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , p. 737 . Jump up ^ Glantz 1998 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Chant , Christopher ( 1986 ) . The Encyclopedia of Codenames of World War II . Routledge & Kegan Paul . p. 118 . ISBN 0 - 7102 - 0718 - 2 . Jump up ^ John Dower ( 2007 ) . `` Lessons from Iwo Jima '' . Perspectives. 45 ( 6 ) : 54 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Drea 2003 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Poirier , Michel Thomas ( 20 October 1999 ) . `` Results of the German and American Submarine Campaigns of World War II '' . U.S. Navy . Archived from the original on 9 April 2008 . Retrieved 13 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams 2006 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Miscamble 2007 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Miscamble 2007 , pp. 203 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Charles F. Brower ( 16 October 2012 ) . Defeating Japan : The Joint Chiefs of Staff and Strategy in the Pacific War , 1943 -- 1945 . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 133 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2005 . Jump up ^ Pape 1993 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 776 . Jump up ^ Frei 2002 , pp. 41 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 794 . Jump up ^ Kennedy - Pipe 1995 . Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 20 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Senn 2007 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Yoder 1997 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` History of the UN '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on 18 February 2010 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Waltz 2002 . The UDHR is viewable here ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Kantowicz 2000 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 96 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Trachtenberg 1999 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Applebaum 2012 . Jump up ^ Naimark 2010 . Jump up ^ Swain 1992 . Jump up ^ Borstelmann 2005 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Leffler & Westad 2010 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 911 . Jump up ^ Stueck 2010 . Jump up ^ Lynch 2010 , pp. 12 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Roberts 1997 , p. 589 . Jump up ^ Darwin 2007 , pp. 441 -- 3 , 464 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 1006 ; Harrison 1998 , pp. 34 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Petrov 1967 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , pp. 208 , 209 . Jump up ^ DeLong & Eichengreen 1993 , pp. 190 , 191 Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Wolf 1993 , pp. 29 , 30 , 32 Jump up ^ Bull & Newell 2005 , pp. 20 , 21 Jump up ^ Ritchie 1992 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Minford 1993 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Schain 2001 . Jump up ^ Emadi - Coffin 2002 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Smith 1993 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Neary 1992 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Genzberger , Christine ( 1994 ) . China Business : The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China . Petaluma , California : World Trade Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 9631864 - 3 - 4 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Prof. Joseph V. `` World War II : Combatants and Casualties ( 1937 -- 1945 ) '' . Obee 's History Page . John Jay College of Criminal Justice . Archived from the original on 25 December 2010 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Matthew . `` Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm '' . Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century . Matthew White 's Homepage . Retrieved 20 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World War II Fatalities '' . secondworldwar.co.uk . Retrieved 20 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Hosking 2006 , p. 242 Jump up ^ Ellman & Maksudov 1994 . Jump up ^ Smith 1994 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Herf 2003 . Jump up ^ friedrich , karsten . `` The Cruel Slaughter of Adolf Hitler '' . Lulu.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Florida Center for Instructional Technology ( 2005 ) . `` Victims '' . A Teacher 's Guide to the Holocaust . University of South Florida . Retrieved 2 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 , pp. 45 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Timothy . `` Holocaust : The Ignored Reality '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Victims '' . www.ushmm.org . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims : The 5,000,000 others '' . BBC . April 2006 . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 158 -- 60 , 234 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Rummell , R.J. `` Statistics '' . Freedom , Democide , War . The University of Hawaii System . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Chang 1997 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Bix 2000 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Gold , Hal ( 1996 ) . Unit 731 testimony . Tuttle . pp. 75 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 8048 - 3565 - 9 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Harris 2002 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Lee 2002 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ `` Japan tested chemical weapons on Aussie POW : new evidence '' . The Japan Times Online . 27 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2012 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Kużniar - Plota , Małgorzata ( 30 November 2004 ) . `` Decision to commence investigation into Katyn Massacre '' . Departmental Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation . Retrieved 4 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert Gellately . Lenin , Stalin , and Hitler : The Age of Social Catastrophe . Knopf , 2007 ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4005 - 1 p. 391 Jump up ^ Terror from the Sky : The Bombing of German Cities in World War II . Berghahn Books . 2010 . p. 167 . ISBN 1 - 84545 - 844 - 3 . Jump up ^ Institute of National Remembrance , Polska 1939 -- 1945 Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami . Materski and Szarota. page 9 `` Total Polish population losses under German occupation are currently calculated at about 2 770 000 '' . ^ Jump up to : Marek , Michael ( 27 October 2005 ) . `` Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers '' . dw-world.de . Deutsche Welle . Archived from the original on 19 January 2010 . Retrieved 19 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Applebaum 2003 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1994 , p. 222 Jump up ^ Overy 2004 , pp. 568 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Zemskov V.N. On repatriation of Soviet citizens . Istoriya SSSR. , 1990 , No. 4 , ( in Russian ) . See also ( 2 ) ( online version ) , and Bacon 1992 ; Ellman 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines '' . American Experience : the Bataan Rescue . PBS Online . Archived from the original on 19 January 2010 . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Tanaka 1996 , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Bix 2000 , p. 360 . ^ Jump up to : Ju , Zhifen ( June 2002 ) . `` Japan 's atrocities of conscripting and abusing north China draughtees after the outbreak of the Pacific war '' . Joint Study of the Sino - Japanese War : Minutes of the June 2002 Conference . Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 21 May 2012 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indonesia : World War II and the Struggle For Independence , 1942 -- 50 ; The Japanese Occupation , 1942 -- 45 '' . Library of Congress . 1992 . Retrieved 9 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Manzanar National Historic Site '' . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Department of Labour of Canada ( 24 January 1947 ) . Report on the Re-establishment of Japanese in Canada , 1944 -- 1946 . Department of Labour . Office of the Prime Minister . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 405 - 11266 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2001 , pp. 749 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Davidson 1999 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Stark , Tamás . `` '' Malenki Robot '' -- Hungarian Forced Labourers in the Soviet Union ( 1944 -- 1955 ) '' ( PDF ) . Minorities Research . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Liberman 1996 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Milward 1992 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Milward 1992 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Barber & Harrison 2006 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Hill 2005 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Christofferson & Christofferson 2006 , p. 156 Jump up ^ Radtke 1997 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Rahn 2001 , p. 266 . ^ Jump up to : Harrison 1998 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Mark R. Wilson , Destructive Creation : American Business and the Winning of World War II ( 2016 ) p. 2 . Jump up ^ Harrison 1998 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Bernstein 1991 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Griffith , Charles ( 1999 ) . The Quest : Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II . DIANE Publishing . p. 203 . ISBN 1 - 58566 - 069 - 8 . Jump up ^ Overy 1994 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ BBSU 1998 , p. 84 ; Lindberg & Todd 2001 , p. 126 ... Jump up ^ Unidas , Naciones ( 2005 ) . World Economic And Social Survey 2004 : International Migration . United Nations Pubns . p. 23 . ISBN 92 - 1 - 109147 - 0 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Levine 1992 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Klavans , Di Benedetto & Prudom 1997 ; Ward 2010 , pp. 247 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Chris ; Chant , Chris ( 2004 ) . Aircraft Carriers : The World 's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft . Wigston , Leics : Silverdale Books . p. 7 . ISBN 1 - 84509 - 079 - 9 . Jump up ^ Chenoweth , H. Avery ; Nihart , Brooke ( 2005 ) . Semper Fi : The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines . New York : Main Street . p. 180 . ISBN 1 - 4027 - 3099 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sumner & Baker 2001 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Hearn 2007 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Gardiner & Brown 2004 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Burcher & Rydill 1995 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Burcher & Rydill 1995 , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Dupuy , Trevor Nevitt ( 1982 ) . The Evolution of Weapons and Warfare . Jane 's Information Group . p. 231 . ISBN 0 - 7106 - 0123 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 734 . ^ Jump up to : Cowley & Parker 2001 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ `` Infantry Weapons Of World War 2 '' . Grey Falcon ( Black Sun ) . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . These all - purpose guns were developed and used by the German army in the 2nd half of World War 2 as a result of studies which showed that the ordinary rifle 's long range is much longer than needed , since the soldiers almost always fired at enemies closer than half of its effective range . The assault rifle is a balanced compromise between the rifle and the sub-machine gun , having sufficient range and accuracy to be used as a rifle , combined with the rapid - rate automatic firepower of the sub machine gun . Thanks to these combined advantages , assault rifles such as the American M - 16 and the Russian AK - 47 are the basic weapon of the modern soldier Jump up ^ Sprague , Oliver ; Griffiths , Hugh ( 2006 ) . `` The AK - 47 : the worlds favourite killing machine '' ( PDF ) . controlarms.org . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Ratcliff 2006 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Schoenherr , Steven ( 2007 ) . `` Code Breaking in World War II '' . History Department at the University of San Diego . Archived from the original on 9 May 2008 . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Macintyre , Ben ( 10 December 2010 ) . `` Bravery of thousands of Poles was vital in securing victory '' . The Times . London . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Rowe , Neil C. ; Rothstein , Hy . `` Deception for Defense of Information Systems : Analogies from Conventional Warfare '' . Departments of Computer Science and Defense Analysis U.S. Naval Postgraduate School . Air University . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . References Adamthwaite , Anthony P. ( 1992 ) . The Making of the Second World War . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 90716 - 0 . Anderson , Irvine H. , Jr. ( 1975 ) . `` The 1941 De Facto Embargo on Oil to Japan : A Bureaucratic Reflex '' . The Pacific Historical Review . 44 ( 2 ) . JSTOR 3638003 . Applebaum , Anne ( 2003 ) . Gulag : A History of the Soviet Camps . London : Allen Lane . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7139 - 9322 - 6 . -- -- -- ( 2012 ) . Iron Curtain : The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944 -- 56 . London : Allen Lane . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7139 - 9868 - 9 . Bacon , Edwin ( 1992 ) . `` Glasnost ' and the Gulag : New Information on Soviet Forced Labour around World War II '' . Soviet Studies . 44 ( 6 ) : 1069 -- 1086 . 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The Penguin History of Europe . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 026561 - 3 . Ropp , Theodore ( 2000 ) . War in the Modern World ( Revised ed . ) . Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6445 - 2 . Roskill , S.W. ( 1954 ) . The War at Sea 1939 -- 1945 , Volume 1 : The Defensive . History of the Second World War . United Kingdom Military Series . London : HMSO . Ross , Steven T. ( 1997 ) . American War Plans , 1941 -- 1945 : The Test of Battle . Abingdon and New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 4634 - 3 . Rottman , Gordon L. ( 2002 ) . World War II Pacific Island Guide : A Geo - Military Study . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31395 - 0 . Rotundo , Louis ( 1986 ) . `` The Creation of Soviet Reserves and the 1941 Campaign '' . Military Affairs . 50 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 8 . JSTOR 1988530 . doi : 10.2307 / 1988530 . Salecker , Gene Eric ( 2001 ) . 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JSTOR 260931 . doi : 10.1177 / 002200948702200202 . Stueck , William ( 2010 ) . `` The Korean War '' . In Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad , eds. , The Cambridge History of the Cold War , Volume I : Origins ( pp. 266 -- 287 ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83719 - 4 . Sumner , Ian ; Baker , Alix ( 2001 ) . The Royal Navy 1939 -- 45 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 195 - 4 . Swain , Bruce ( 2001 ) . A Chronology of Australian Armed Forces at War 1939 -- 45 . Crows Nest : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86508 - 352 - 0 . Swain , Geoffrey ( 1992 ) . `` The Cominform : Tito 's International ? '' . The Historical Journal . 35 ( 3 ) : 641 -- 663 . doi : 10.1017 / S0018246X00026017 . Tanaka , Yuki ( 1996 ) . Hidden Horrors : Japanese War Crimes in World War II . Boulder , CO : Westview Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 2717 - 4 . Taylor , A.J.P. ( 1961 ) . The Origins of the Second World War . 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ISBN 1 - 57607 - 999 - 6 . Umbreit , Hans ( 1991 ) . `` The Battle for Hegemony in Western Europe '' . In P. S. Falla , ed. , Germany and the Second World War , Volume 2 : Germany 's Initial Conquests in Europe ( pp. 227 -- 326 ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 822885 - 1 . United States Army ( 1986 ) ( 1953 ) . The German Campaigns in the Balkans ( Spring 1941 ) . Washington , DC : Department of the Army . Waltz , Susan ( 2002 ) . `` Reclaiming and Rebuilding the History of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . Third World Quarterly . 23 ( 3 ) : 437 -- 448 . JSTOR 3993535 . doi : 10.1080 / 01436590220138378 . Ward , Thomas A. ( 2010 ) . Aerospace Propulsion Systems . Singapore : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 82497 - 9 . Watson , William E. ( 2003 ) . Tricolor and Crescent : France and the Islamic World . Westport , CT : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97470 - 7 . Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 2005 ) . A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85316 - 3 . ; comprehensive overview with emphasis on diplomacy Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) . Stalin and the Cold War in Europe : The Emergence and Development of East - West Conflict , 1939 -- 1953 . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 6 . Wiest , Andrew ; Barbier , M.K. ( 2002 ) . Strategy and Tactics : Infantry Warfare . St Paul , MN : MBI Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1401 - 2 . Williams , Andrew ( 2006 ) . Liberalism and War : The Victors and the Vanquished . Abingdon & New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35980 - 1 . Wilt , Alan F. ( 1981 ) . `` Hitler 's Late Summer Pause in 1941 '' . Military Affairs . 45 ( 4 ) : 187 -- 91 . JSTOR 1987464 . doi : 10.2307 / 1987464 . Wohlstetter , Roberta ( 1962 ) . Pearl Harbor : Warning and Decision . Palo Alto , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 0597 - 4 . Wolf , Holger C. ( 1993 ) . `` The Lucky Miracle : Germany 1945 -- 1951 '' . In Rudiger Dornbusch , Wilhelm Nölling and Richard Layard , eds. , Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today ( pp. 29 -- 56 ) . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 04136 - 2 . Wood , James B. ( 2007 ) . Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War : Was Defeat Inevitable ? . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5339 - 2 . Yoder , Amos ( 1997 ) . The Evolution of the United Nations System ( 3rd ed . ) . London & Washington , DC : Taylor & Francis . ISBN 1 - 56032 - 546 - 1 . Zalampas , Michael ( 1989 ) . Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich in American magazines , 1923 -- 1939 . Bowling Green University Popular Press . ISBN 0 - 87972 - 462 - 5 . Zaloga , Steven J. ( 1996 ) . Bagration 1944 : The Destruction of Army Group Centre . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 478 - 7 . -- -- -- ( 2002 ) . Poland 1939 : The Birth of Blitzkrieg . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 408 - 5 . Zeiler , Thomas W. and Daniel M. DuBois , eds . A Companion to World War II ( 2 vol 2013 ) , 1030pp ; comprehensive overview by scholars Zeiler , Thomas W. ( 2004 ) . Unconditional Defeat : Japan , America , and the End of World War II . Wilmington , DE : Scholarly Resources . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2991 - 9 . Zetterling , Niklas ; Tamelander , Michael ( 2009 ) . Bismarck : The Final Days of Germany 's Greatest Battleship . Drexel Hill , PA : Casemate . ISBN 978 - 1 - 935149 - 04 - 0 . Further reading Aksar , Yusuf ( 2004 ) . Implementing Intnl Humanitaria : From the AD Hoc Tribunals to a Permanent International Criminal Court . London and New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 5584 - 0 . Beevor , Antony ( 2006 ) . The Battle for Spain : The Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 1939 . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84832 - 5 . Budiansky , Stephen ( 2004 ) . Air Power : The Men , Machines , and Ideas that Revolutionized War , from Kitty Hawk to Gulf War II . London : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 03285 - 3 . Chaney , Otto Preston ( 1996 ) . Zhukov ( Revised ed . ) . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2807 - 8 . Coox , Alvin D. ( 1990 ) . Nomonhan : Japan Against Russia , 1939 . Palo Alto , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1160 - 9 . Douglas , R.M. ( 2012 ) . Orderly and Humane : The Expulsion of the Germans After the Second World War . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16660 - 6 . Ferraro , Kathleen J. ( 2008 ) . `` Reviews : Taken by Force : Rape and American GIs in Europe during WWII by J. Robert Lilly '' . Contemporary Sociology. 37 ( 6 ) : 585 -- 586 . JSTOR 20444365 . doi : 10.1177 / 009430610803700640 . Graham , Helen ( 2005 ) . The Spanish Civil War : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford & New York , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280377 - 8 . Hatfield , Kenneth K. ( 2003 ) . Heartland Heroes : Remembering World War II . Columbia , MO : University of Missouri Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1460 - 7 . Judt , Tony ; Snyder , Timothy ( 2012 ) . Thinking the Twentieth Century : Intellectuals and Politics in the Twentieth Century . London : William Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 434 - 01742 - 3 . Kelly , Nigel ; Rees , Rosemary ; Shuter , Jane ( 1998 ) . Twentieth Century World . London : Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 435 - 30983 - 1 . Lilly , J. Robert ( 2007 ) . Taken by Force : Rape and American GIs in Europe during World War II . New York , NY : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 50647 - 3 . O'Hara , Vincent ( 2004 ) . The German Fleet at War , 1939 -- 1945 . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 9781591146513 . Parker , R.A.C. ( April 1956 ) . `` The First Capitulation : France and the Rhineland Crisis of 1936 '' . World Politics . 8 ( 3 ) : 355 -- 373 . doi : 10.2307 / 2008855 . 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Stratovolcano

Stratovolcano - wikipedia Stratovolcano Mount Vesuvius , near the city of Naples in Italy , violently erupted in 79 AD . The last eruption of this stratovolcano occurred in March 1944 . A stratovolcano , also known as a composite volcano , is a conical volcano built up by many layers ( strata ) of hardened lava , tephra , pumice and ash . Unlike shield volcanoes , stratovolcanoes are characterized by a steep profile with a summit crater and periodic intervals of explosive eruptions and effusive eruptions , although some have collapsed summit craters called calderas . The lava flowing from stratovolcanoes typically cools and hardens before spreading far due to high viscosity . The magma forming this lava is often felsic , having high - to - intermediate levels of silica ( as in rhyolite , dacite , or andesite ) , with lesser amounts of less - viscous mafic magma . Extensive felsic lava flows are uncommon , but have travelled as far as 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) . Stratovolcanoes are sometimes called `` composite volcanoes '' because of their composite stratified structure built up from sequential outpourings of erupted materials . They are among the most common types of volcanoes , in contrast to the less common shield volcanoes . Two famous examples of stratovolcanoes are Krakatoa , best known for its catastrophic eruption in 1883 and Vesuvius , famous for its destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum in 79 AD . Both eruptions claimed thousands of lives . In modern times , Mount Saint Helens and Mount Pinatubo have erupted catastrophically , with lesser losses of lives . Existence of stratovolcanoes has not been proved on other terrestrial bodies of the solar system with one exception . Their existence was suggested for some isolated massifs on Mars , e.g. , Zephyria Tholus . Contents 1 Creation 2 Hazards 2.1 Ash 2.2 Lava 2.3 Volcanic bombs 2.4 Lahar 3 Effects on climate and atmosphere 4 Examples 5 See also 6 References Creation Cross-section of subduction zone and associated stratovolcanoes . See also : Igneous rock Stratovolcanoes are common at subduction zones , forming chains and clusters along plate tectonic boundaries where oceanic crust is drawn under continental crust ( continental arc volcanism , e.g. Cascade Range , central Andes , Campania ) or another oceanic plate ( island arc volcanism , e.g. Japan , Philippines , Aleutian Islands ) . The magma forming stratovolcanoes rises when water trapped both in hydrated minerals and in the porous basalt rock of the upper oceanic crust is released into mantle rock of the asthenosphere above the sinking oceanic slab . The release of water from hydrated minerals is termed `` dewatering '' , and occurs at specific pressures and temperatures for each mineral , as the plate descends to greater depths . The water freed from the rock lowers the melting point of the overlying mantle rock , which then undergoes partial melting and rises due to its lighter density relative to the surrounding mantle rock , and pools temporarily at the base of the lithosphere . The magma then rises through the crust , incorporating silica - rich crustal rock , leading to a final intermediate composition . When the magma nears the top surface , it pools in a magma chamber within the crust below the stratovolcano . There , the relatively low pressure allows water and other volatiles ( mainly CO , SO , Cl , and H O ) dissolved in the magma to escape from solution , as occurs when a bottle of carbonated water is opened , releasing CO . Once a critical volume of magma and gas accumulates , the plug ( solidified blockage ) of the volcanic vent is broken , leading to a sudden explosive eruption . Hazards Mount Etna on the island of Sicily , in southern Italy . Mount Fuji on Honshu ( top ) and Mount Unzen on Kyushu ( bottom ) , two of Japan 's stratovolcanoes . In recorded history , explosive eruptions at subduction zone ( convergent - boundary ) volcanoes have posed the greatest hazard to civilizations . Subduction - zone stratovolcanoes , such as Mount St. Helens , Mount Etna and Mount Pinatubo , typically erupt with explosive force : the magma is too stiff to allow easy escape of volcanic gases . As a consequence , the tremendous internal pressures of the trapped volcanic gases remain and intermingle in the pasty magma . Following the breaching of the vent and the opening of the crater , the magma degasses explosively . The magma and gases blast out with high speed and full force . Since 1600 CE , nearly 300,000 people have been killed by volcanic eruptions . Most deaths were caused by pyroclastic flows and lahars , deadly hazards that often accompany explosive eruptions of subduction - zone stratovolcanoes . Pyroclastic flows are swift , avalanche - like , ground - sweeping , incandescent mixtures of hot volcanic debris , fine ash , fragmented lava and superheated gases that can travel at speeds in excess of 160 km / h ( 100 mph ) . Around 30,000 people were killed by pyroclastic flows during the 1902 eruption of Mont Pelée on the island of Martinique in the Caribbean . In March to April 1982 , three explosive eruptions of El Chichón Volcano in the State of Chiapas in southeastern Mexico , caused the worst volcanic disaster in that country 's history . Villages within 8 km ( 5 mi ) of the volcano were destroyed by pyroclastic flows , killing more than 2,000 people . Two Decade Volcanoes that erupted in 1991 provide examples of stratovolcano hazards . On June 15 , Mount Pinatubo spewed an ash cloud 40 km ( 25 mi ) into the air and produced huge pyroclastic surges and lahar floods that devastated a large area around the volcano . Pinatubo , located in Central Luzon just 90 km ( 56 mi ) west - northwest from Manila , had been dormant for 6 centuries before the 1991 eruption , which ranks as one of the largest eruptions in the 20th century . Also in 1991 , Japan 's Unzen Volcano , located on the island of Kyushu about 40 km ( 25 mi ) east of Nagasaki , awakened from its 200 - year slumber to produce a new lava dome at its summit . Beginning in June , repeated collapse of this erupting dome generated ash flows that swept down the mountain 's slopes at speeds as high as 200 km / h ( 120 mph ) . Unzen is one of more than 75 active volcanoes in Japan ; an eruption in 1792 killed more than 15,000 people -- the worst volcanic disaster in the nation 's history . The AD 79 Vesuvian eruption of Mount Vesuvius , a stratovolcano situated within Campania , completely smothered the nearby ancient cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum with thick deposits of pyroclastic surges and lava flows . Although death toll is estimated between 13,000 to 26,000 remains , the exact number still remains unknown . Vesuvius is recognized as one of the most dangerous volcanoes , due to its capacity for powerful explosive eruptions combined with the high population density of the surrounding Metropolitan Naples area ( totaling about 3.6 million inhabitants ) . Ash Snow - like blanket of Mount Pinatubo 's ashfall deposits of June 15 , 1991 . Main article : Volcanic ash Apart from possibly affecting the climate , volcanic clouds from explosive eruptions also pose a serious hazard to aviation safety . For example , during the 1982 eruption of Galunggung in Java , British Airways Flight 9 flew into the ash cloud , suffering temporary engine failure and structural damage . During the past two decades , more than 60 airplanes , mostly commercial airliners , have been damaged by in - flight encounters with volcanic ash . Some of these encounters have resulted in the power loss of all engines , necessitating emergency landings . Luckily , to date no crashes have happened because of jet aircraft flying into volcanic ash . Ashfalls are a threat to health when inhaled and is also a threat to property with enough accumulation . An accumulation of 30 cm ( 12 in ) is sufficient to cause most buildings to collapse . Dense clouds of hot volcanic ash , caused by the collapse of an eruptive column or by being laterally expelled from the partial collapse of a volcanic edifice or lava dome during explosive eruptions , can generated devastating pyroclastic flows or surges , which can sweep off everything in their paths . Lava Mayon Volcano extruding lava flows during its eruption on December 29 , 2009 . Main article : Lava Lava flows from stratovolcanoes are generally not a significant threat to humans and animals because the highly viscous lava moves slowly enough for everyone to flee out of the path of flow . The lava flows are more of a threat to property . However , not all stratovolcanoes erupt viscous and sticky lava . Mount Nyiragongo is very dangerous because its magma has an unusually low silica content , making it quite fluid . Fluid lavas are typically associated with the formation of broad shield volcanoes such as those of Hawaii , but Nyiragongo has very steep slopes down which lava can flow at up to 100 km / h ( 60 mph ) . Lava flows could melt down ice and glaciers that accumulated on the volcano 's crater and upper slopes , generating massive lahar flows . Rarely , generally fluid lava could also generate a massive lava fountain , while lava of thicker viscosity can solidify within the vent , creating a block which can result in highly explosive eruptions . Volcanic bombs Main article : Volcanic bomb Volcanic bombs are extrusive igneous rocks ranging from the size of books to small cars , that are explosively ejected from stratovolcanoes during their climactic eruptive phases . These `` bombs '' can travel over 20 km ( 12 mi ) away from the volcano , and present a risk to buildings and living beings while shooting at very high speeds ( hundreds of kilometers / miles per hour ) through the air . Most bombs do not themselves explode on impact , but rather carry enough force so as to have destructive effects as if they exploded . Lahar Main article : Lahar Lahars ( from a Javanese term for volcanic mudflows ) are mixtures of volcanic debris and water . Lahars usually come from two sources : rainfall or the melting of snow and ice by hot volcanic elements , such as lava . Depending on the proportion and temperature of water to volcanic material , lahars can range from thick , gooey flows that have the consistency of wet concrete to fast - flowing , soupy floods . As lahars flow down the steep sides of stratovolcanoes , they have the strength and speed to flatten or drown everything in their paths . Hot ashes , lava flows and pyroclastic surges ejected during 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz in Colombia melted snow and ice atop the 5,321 m ( 17,457 ft ) high Andean volcano . The ensuing lahar flooded the city of Armero and nearby settlements , killing 25,000 people . Effects on climate and atmosphere Paluweh eruption as seen from space As per the above examples , while the Unzen eruptions have caused deaths and considerable local damage in the historic past , the impact of the June 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo was global . Slightly cooler - than - usual temperatures were recorded worldwide , with brilliant sunsets and intense sunrises attributed to the particulates ; this eruption lofted particles high into the stratosphere . The aerosols that formed from the sulfur dioxide ( SO ) , carbon dioxide ( CO ) , and other gases dispersed around the world . The SO mass in this cloud -- about 22 million tons -- combined with water ( both of volcanic and atmospheric origin ) formed droplets of sulfuric acid , blocking a portion of the sunlight from reaching the troposphere and ground . The cooling in some regions is thought to have been as much as 0.5 ° C ( 0.9 ° F ) . An eruption the size of Mount Pinatubo tends to affect the weather for a few years ; the material injected into the stratosphere gradually drops into the troposphere , where it is washed away by rain and cloud precipitation . A similar , but extraordinarily more powerful phenomenon occurred in the cataclysmic April 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora on Sumbawa Island in Indonesia . The Mount Tambora eruption is recognized as the most powerful eruption in recorded history . Its eruption cloud lowered global temperatures by as much as 3.5 ° C ( 6.3 ° F ) . In the year following the eruption , most of the Northern Hemisphere experienced sharply cooler temperatures during the summer . In parts of Europe , Asia , Africa and North America , 1816 was known as the `` Year Without a Summer '' , which caused considerable agricultural crisis and a brief but bitter famine , which generated a series of distresses across much of the affected continents . Examples Main article : List of stratovolcanoes See also Cinder cone Mountain building Orogeny Pyroclastic shield volcano References Jump up ^ This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Geological Survey document : `` Principal Types of Volcanoes '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Garibaldi volcanic belt : Garibaldi Lake volcanic field '' . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes . Geological Survey of Canada . 2009 - 04 - 01 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 27 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Barlow , Nadine ( 2008 ) . Mars : an introduction to its interior , surface and atmosphere . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521852265 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Emily M. ; Head , James W. ( 1 August 2001 ) . `` Ancient Martian volcanoes in the Aeolis region : New evidence from MOLA data '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 106 ( E8 ) : 17505 . doi : 10.1029 / 2000JE001322 . ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Geological Survey document : Kious , W. Jacquelyne ; Tilling , Robert I. `` Plate tectonics and people '' . Volcanoes Types Caldera Cinder cone Complex volcano Cryovolcano Fissure vent Lava cone Lava dome Maar Mud volcano Parasitic cone Pyroclastic cone Pyroclastic shield Rootless cone Shield volcano Somma volcano Stratovolcano Subglacial volcano Submarine volcano Supervolcano Volcanic cone Volcanic rocks Agglomerate Andesite Basalt Basaltic andesite Benmoreite Blairmorite Dacite Felsite Komatiite Latite Leucitite Nephelinite Obsidian Phonolite Phonotephrite Rhyodacite Rhyolite Tephriphonolite Trachyandesite Trachybasalt Trachyte Tuff Lists and groups Hotspot Lists of volcanoes Decade Volcanoes Volcanic arc Volcanic belt Volcanic field monogenetic polygenetic Commons Portal WikiProject GND : 4201644 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stratovolcano&oldid=854699139 '' Categories : Stratovolcanoes Volcanic landforms Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Geological Survey CS1 maint : Unfit url Wikipedia semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 05 : 11 ( UTC ) . 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Spencer Hastings

Spencer Hastings - wikipedia Spencer Hastings Jump to : navigation , search Spencer Hastings Pretty Little Liars character Troian Bellisario as Spencer Hastings for season 1 . First appearance Novels : Pretty Little Liars ( 2006 ) Television : `` Pilot '' ( Season 1 , episode 1 ) Last appearance Novels : Vicious ( 2014 ) Television : `` Till Death Do Us Part '' ( Season 7 , episode 20 ) Created by Sara Shepard Portrayed by Troian Bellisario Information Full name Spencer Jill Hastings Nickname ( s ) Television : Jane Bond Harriet the Spy Doctor Amateur Veronica Mars Lucy Liu Nikita Nancy Drew Aliases Television : Jane Doe Mary Smith Occupation Novels : College student Legal Aid Television : Law student Paralegal at the Hastings & Hastings firm Affiliation The Liars Significant other ( s ) Novels : Ian Thomas ( flirt ) Wren Kim ( boyfriend ) Colin DeSoto ( crush ) Zach Pennythistle ( flirt ) Andrew Campbell ( ex-boyfriend ) Reefer Fredricks ( ex-boyfriend ) Television : Ian Thomas ( brief date ) Alex Santiago ( ex-boyfriend ) Wren Kingston ( brief date ) Toby Cavanaugh ( boyfriend ) Caleb Rivers ( ex-boyfriend ) Marco Furey ( brief date ) Nationality American ( 1994 - 04 - 11 ) April 11 , 1994 ( age 23 ) Hometown Rosewood , Pennsylvania Alma mater Georgetown University ( in television ) Family and relatives Parents Novels : Veronica Hastings ( mother ) Peter Hastings ( father ) Television : Mary Drake ( biological mother ) Peter Hastings ( father ) Veronica Hastings ( adoptive mother ) Siblings Novels : Melissa Hastings Alison and Courtney DiLaurentis ( half - sisters ) Television : Melissa Hastings ( paternal half - sister ) Alex Drake ( twin sister ) Charlotte Drake ( maternal half - sister ) Jason DiLaurentis ( three - quarter brother ) Relatives in the novels Daniel ( maternal uncle ) Genevieve ( maternal aunt ) Jonathan ( cousin ) Smith ( cousin ) Penelope ( paternal aunt ) Duncan ( great - great - great grandfather ) Relatives in television Jessica DiLaurentis ( maternal aunt ) Alison DiLaurentis ( maternal cousin ) Other Olivia Caldwell ( surrogate mother ; only in the novels ) Spencer Hastings is a fictional character , one of the five main characters who appeared in the Pretty Little Liars novels and its television adaptation . Created in 2006 by American writer Sara Shepard , she is member of the group known as the Liars , and is best friend to the four other members , who are also protagonists . The character was developed for television by the series ' showrunner I. Marlene King , and appeared in each of the show 's 160 episodes during its seven - years - long run , from its premiere on June 8 , 2010 to its finale on June 27 , 2017 . Spencer is known in the fictional town of Rosewood for her sophisticated charm and dedication to life goals . She is part of the extremely rich , powerful , old family Hastings ; Spencer 's parents , Veronica and Peter , are both linked to politics and her sister , Melissa , is likewise intelligent and uses her sarcasm and success to affect Spencer psychologically whenever possible . Spencer 's characteristics and story have the same methodology in both books and television ; however , there are some perceptual differences between the versions , since the television series does n't follows the books ' scripts . For her role as Spencer , Bellisario was nominated thrice for Choice Summer TV Star : Female in the Teen Choice Awards , in which she won one . She was also nominated twice for Choice TV Actress : Drama , in which she won one of the two nominations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character in print 1.1 Relationships 2 Character on screen 2.1 Casting 2.2 Characterization 2.3 Relationships 2.4 Season 1 2.5 Season 2 2.6 Season 3 2.7 Season 4 2.8 Season 5 2.9 Season 6 2.10 Season 7 3 References 4 External links Character in print ( edit ) Spencer is one of four primary protagonists in all sixteen of the Pretty Little Liars novels , starting with 2006 's Pretty Little Liars . She is portrayed as a competitive girl who strives for perfection in everything she does . Spencer is willing to do whatever it takes to win , often to the detriment of herself and others . She is known to have a dark side ; She appears to suffer from rage - induced black outs , which leads her to question whether she had anything to do with the death of her friend Alison , and also shows signs of OCD . Spencer also suffers from drug addiction , which she began taking to help her improve her grades at a University of Pennsylvania summer school . She is the half - sister of Alison and Courtney DiLaurentis , as her father had an affair with Jessica DiLaurentis around the time of Spencer 's conception . Spencer has a permanent rivalry with her older sister , Melissa , who is also competitive . Throughout the series of books , the two discuss the implications of their individual successes of life , such as becoming the valedictorian of their classes and having winning essays . Throughout the story , the sisters make up , and in the later books they share a strong bond . Relationships ( edit ) Ian Thomas : Spencer and Ian kissed prior to the first chapter of the series , and their flirt was condemned by Alison , who threatened to expose it to Melissa , who was Ian 's then girlfriend . Wren Kim : Just like with Ian , Spencer kissed a boyfriend of Melissa . Wren moves in with Melissa to the Hastings ' barn , and he and Spencer connect shortly after , culminating in them kissing and having sex -- and being caught by Melissa , who ends her relationship with Wren and kicks him away . Spencer and Wren continue a secret date , but break up later . During the final book , Spencer meet with Wren again after months and they restart their relationship , with Melissa 's blessing . Zach Pennythistle : Zachary is Veronica 's boyfriend 's son , and Spencer kisses him even after she discovered he is gay . Zachary 's father caught them kissing and send Zach to military academy . Colin DeSoto : They meet when Spencer is visiting her grandmother 's house in the companion novel Pretty Little Secrets , and Spencer competes with Melissa for him . However , they discover that Colin is actually a 33 - years - old married man with a child , and team up to get back at him by spiking his soda water with viagra before a tennis match . Chase and Curtis : After enlisting a blogger 's help in finding `` A '' , Spencer meet with blogger Chase and they share a mutual romantic attraction . However , she later discovers that the guy she thought was Chase was actually his brother , Curtis . She meets the real Chase at the end of the novel ; though they do not begin an official relationship , it is implied that they will stay in touch . Throughout the final book , the two become closer during their mission to take down `` A '' and her accomplice . Character on screen ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) Troian Bellisario was cast as Spencer Hastings for the Pretty Little Liars television series adaptation in November 2009 . Characterization ( edit ) Spencer is a focused and intelligent girl . Unlike in the books , Spencer is more emotional and sentimental , and has great affection for her family and friends , and is also known to be more humorous than her book counterpart . She 's the most academically gifted of her friends , and in the running for valedictorian . Spencer is on the Rosewood Day field hockey team , and plays tennis at her family 's country club . She lives with her father , mother , and `` perfect '' older sister , Melissa . She was the only one who could ever stand up to Alison , although they always made up . Relationships ( edit ) Before the series ' chronology , Spencer had a brief affair with Ian Thomas , her sister 's groom at the time . Ian and Spencer kissed and Alison saw them together , and later she threatened to tell Melissa . It was later revealed that Alison asked Ian to kiss Spencer . Early in the series , Spencer 's sister Melissa was dating Wren Kingston . She was happy and confident , but Spencer and Wren started flirting and secretly dating . However , Melissa saw them together and banned Wren of her home . Their relationship continued till Spencer said goodbye to Wren and told him that she could n't stay with him anymore . Spencer and Wren seek each other again in the second season . Spencer and Alex Santiago were dating during early the first season . Alex confided the secret that he was accepted into a tennis clinic to Spencer . Later , they broke up when `` A '' sent fake messages to Alex , making him believe that Spencer told his secret . Spencer and Toby Cavanaugh had a friendly relationship in the second half of the first season , which was later evolved when they first kissed . Their relationship remained stable , until `` A '' threatened Toby 's life to Spencer and she decided to end up things . They hook up again when Spencer discovers he was working to take `` A '' down and they reunite at the town 's square . However , it was later revealed that Toby was actually working with `` A , '' making Spencer break up with him . Then , Spencer started to believe that there were some reasons why Toby joined the A-Team , and she discovers that he 's alive and joined the team in order to protect her and to act as a double - agent . Their relationship stayed calm and on - going . In season 5 , Toby becomes a cop , which makes his relationship with Spencer tough , since Spencer wants him to share all the information the police has , but Toby starts to prefer his duty . The love drought leads Spencer to other men -- Jonny Raymond and Colin . Spencer and Jonny were friends while Jonny was living in the renovated barn of Spencer 's family . He was discovered by the police and , before being arrested , kissed Spencer . Spencer goes to London with Melissa and she meets Colin there . They have happy days together , until Spencer had to leave London , and they kissed . When Spencer returned to Rosewood , she and Toby resumed their relationship . In the mid-season finale , Spencer moved to Georgetown to study and she had a pregnancy scare and she and Toby realized they wanted different things in their lives , leading to a break up . Following the series ' five years jump on the mid-sixth season , Spencer and Caleb Rivers discovered their feelings for each other ; they had sex and started dating later . They later broke up due to Caleb 's feelings for Hanna . Spencer and Toby begin dating again in the series finale . Season 1 ( edit ) Spencer Hastings is the `` preppy girl '' of the group who strives to be perfect , because of her parent 's high expectations . Her newly engaged and condescending sister , Melissa , moves into the family barn which Spencer had been turning into a loft for herself . Spencer finds herself attracted to her sister 's fiancé , Wren , whom `` A '' warns Spencer not to kiss or `` A '' will tell . Wren does kiss Spencer and they are caught by Melissa , who insists that Wren move out . Spencer starts dating a boy named Alex who works at her country club . Her mother initially dislikes him , but later reveals that he knew that she had a breast cancer scare . Spencer 's field hockey coach is her sister 's ex-boyfriend , Ian , whom both Ali and Spencer had a crush on . Spencer and Ali are always competing and she was the only one of Ali 's friends who would oppose her from time to time . At the beginning of the series , Spencer was against Emily hanging out with Toby but eventually grew to like him and has been spending more and more time with him . In the episode `` Person of Interest '' , they spend time together in a motel room , as Spencer 's parents have a hard time understanding her connection with Ali 's murder . Spencer and Toby play scrabble , sleep in the same bed , and eventually kiss near the end of the episode . In the following episodes , Spencer is told to stay away from Toby for her own good by her mother . Her sister Melissa was at the doctor and is asked all about Spencer 's case . She then makes an arrangement to see him in private at the town 's festival , only to be sent a fake text ( presumably from `` A '' ) telling her to meet Toby in the clown house . When she enters , she is locked into a small space . She is found by Ian , her mother , and her sister . When leaving , she sees Toby and almost leaves without speaking to him , but then rushes to him , hugs him and kisses him in front of her shocked family . She anonymously tells Ian to meet them in the woods with money as they say that they know his secret . However , Spencer and Melissa get into a car accident and Melissa is stuck in the hospital . Spencer goes to the church to get Melissa 's phone and Ian is in the church waiting . She starts running upstairs and Ian tries to attack her but a mysterious figure appears and pushes Ian off the side and he dies . The rest of the girls arrive having been to the forest . They see the dead body and call the police . When the police arrive the body is not there , leaving the rest of the town to think that the girls are liars . Spencer has a huge fight with Alison ending their friendship by telling Alison `` You are dead to me '' the night she went missing . Melissa now thinks that Spencer has been texting her as Ian after finding his cell phone in her purse which was planted there by `` A . '' . Season 2 ( edit ) In season 2 , Spencer and Toby are dating . Toby does some yard work for the Hastings and digs up Spencer 's old field hockey stick which she gave to Ali before she died . Spencer 's father sees this and suspiciously takes the stick , and later burns it . After doing some further investigating , she reads Alison 's autopsy results and finds that she was struck in the head with an object similar to a field hockey stick . While Spencer and Toby are making out in Toby 's truck Toby believes he spots something in Jason DiLaurentis 's upstairs window but tells Spencer to ignore it . Spencer weary , looks for herself and spots two figures in the window presumably spying on Toby and her , Spencer wants to `` show these bitches she is n't scared of them '' Toby protests thinking that it wo n't end up going over well when Spencer 's father comes out of the house . When Spencer asks questions her father refuses to answer . After fighting with both Spencer and Toby , Spencer 's father tells her to go home , Spencer ignores his wishes and gets into Toby truck and they drive away , while Spencer 's father yelling at her to get out of the car . When Spencer later arrives home she wants answers , and gets some , finding out that her father did something illegal for the DiLaurentis 's implying that they had something on Spencer 's family but not giving away that information . Spencer later discovers that Wren came back to Rosewood for her . In order to keep Aria away from Jason , Spencer informed Ezra that they found pictures of his girlfriend Aria in Jason 's shed . When Spencer 's Chuckie doll orders her to `` keep Toby safe '' , Spencer resolves that the only way to keep Toby safe is to break up with him . Later , Toby is seen in the police station , professing his love to Spencer , but she unwillingly ignores him . She does seek Toby 's forgiveness on several occasions , but he seems to ignore her and stay brooding . In episode 19 she finds out that Jason is her brother . This information causes a divide in her family . During episode 20 Spencer and Wren rekindle their relationship , however Spencer was drinking during the event . It is Spencer that keeps digging into the `` A '' information , and is the one who eventually finds `` A 's '' lair in the season 2 finale along with discovering A 's identity ... who turns out to be Mona . She is essentially kidnapped by `` A , '' and during a scuffle accidentally pushes `` A '' off of a cliff , almost killing them . The rest of the girl 's arrive shaken by the ordeal and finding out their tormentor 's real identity . As the police arrive , Spencer is reunited with Toby , who says pretending not to love her back was the most difficult thing he 's ever done . The two then make up passionately kissing as Spencer smiles happily while kissing him . Season 3 ( edit ) Summer has passed since the unveiling of `` A '' , and the girls think they are safe - little do they know they need each other more than ever . The first half of the season focuses on Spencer finding out who the black swan was : her sister . Melissa tells her she received the dress at her door - with a note threatening her to wear it - and she assumed that it was Mona . Spencer decides to believe her , but is still a little suspicious . She grows closer to Toby , even having sex for the first time in the episode `` The Lady Killer '' . In the same episode , however , it is revealed ( not to the liars , but to the audience ) that Toby is a member of The A-Team . Hanna finds the key to A 's new lair and gives it to Spencer . Toby sneaks into her house to retrieve it , not realizing Spencer set it as a trap to confirm her suspicions . She slaps him , after seeing him in the signature ' A jacket ' . She does n't tell her friends , rather keeping it to herself . She gives the key to a private investigator and gives him a picture of Toby and her , before ripping it in half . She tells him in order to find where the key leads to , follow him . He leaves and Spencer disturbingly begins to rip her own half of the picture of herself . She begins to withdraw herself from her friends , and becomes emotionally unstable . She is angry , and starts to unravel and do things she knows she should n't ( attacking Mona physically , and telling Jason that Alison was pregnant before she died with Darren Wilden , but had no physical proof ) . In the episode `` Hot Water '' she tells the girls the truth about Toby . Also in the same episode , she catches a glimpse of the girl in the red coat who is the leader of The ' A ' Team , but fails to catch up with her . In the episode `` Out of Sight , Out of Mind '' she finds Toby 's dead body and tells him , `` I love you '' . After failing to track Mona down in the woods she is found by a hiker in the morning with small injuries to her face and arms and is admitted to the Radley hospital in a catatonic state . She is unknown by doctors at the time and is simply known as , ' Jane Doe ' . When her identity is revealed to the Radley staff , Mona visits her . They have a long discussion and it is revealed in `` I 'm Your Puppet '' that Mona somehow convinces her to join the A team . Spencer is the third known member of the A team . In the Season 3 finale `` A Dangerous GAme '' , it is revealed that Toby is alive . She meets him at a diner , and he reveals he only joined The ' A ' Team in order to protect her . They get back together and have sex for the second time in a motel . Spencer hosts a fake party at a lodge where the girls are supposed to meet `` Red Coat '' , when an unknown figure starts a fire , trapping Aria , Hanna , Emily , and Mona in the burning house . Toby leads Spencer in the woods to see who `` Red Coat '' is . Red Coat lands in a helicopter , and Spencer catches a glimpse of her face and says `` Ali ? '' . The girl in the red coat drags everyone out of the house , and Hanna wakes up , face - to - face with Alison . Although 3 of the girls ( Spencer , Hannah , Mona ) claim to have seen Ali , it is still not 100 % sure that it was her , because it is possible it could have been a hallucination due to the effects of the fire . They drive and see Wilden 's car dug up from the lake . They ( including Mona ) get a text : You 're Mine Now . Kisses ! - A , which is written in red font . They open the trunk , gasping and horrified at what they see . Season 4 ( edit ) Spencer and her friends continue to be tormented by A. After Ashley Marin is suspected to have killed Wilden and is taken into custody , Spencer supports Hanna while her mom defends Ashley 's case . She also supports Toby in finding out the truth about his mother even though she does not approve his trusting A for clues . In the midseason finale , Spencer and her friends go to Ravenswood after receiving a puzzling clue from ' A . ' There she and her friends discover that there are two red coats , one being CeCe Drake . Spencer chase the other red coat who leads her to A 's Lair . Spencer presumes that the 2nd Redcoat is Alison . The second Redcoat leads Spencer and the other girls to an apartment , which when they enter and investigate , realize that it is A 's Lair and after finding a wardrobe with blazers and shoes that ' A ' is male , we later come to discover that it is Ezra 's apartment and he is ' A ' . While in the lair they discover that A has not only been following them but also Alison , and ' A ' thinks that Alison will be in rosewood that night at a graveyard party . the girls discover what ' A ' costume is and decide to also go to the graveyard party and try to find Alison before ' A ' does . While looking for Alison , the girls find themselves separated in an old house , Spencer comes across ' A ' while looking for Hanna and knocks ' A ' out , however as she tries to unmask Ezra , she herself gets knocks out by Ezra . Once the girls are out of the house , they discover that Spencer 's tires are slashed and then Ezra turns up out of nowhere and drives them back home . The girls see Redcoat and follow her to Spencer 's garden and she turns around and we discover that it 's Alison and that she is not dead . Following this , Spencer begins to try even harder to work out who A is , in order to make it safe for Alison to come home . Overwhelmed by both her investigation and school work , she begins abusing amphetamines . It is later revealed that she had abused them before and was addicted to them the summer prior to Ali 's disappearance . This leads her to begin to question her own role in the death of the girl in Ali 's grave that night . She eventually ends up being sent to rehab by her parents , and upon getting out , and meeting Ali in New York , is reassured that although her and Alison did fight whilst she was on the drugs , she did go back to sleep in the end. She was dating toby . Season 5 ( edit ) With Alison 's return , Spencer has a hard time getting used with her domination . Spencer struggles with the idea of her father being the killer of Jessica DiLaurentis . Spencer 's rivalry with her sister Melissa is put to and end when Melissa reveals that she 's the one who buried Bethany Young , in order to protect Spencer . Later , Spencer is arrested for Bethany 's murder ; however , she was released shortly after when the P.D. gets convinced that Alison is the one who is really responsible . Toby becomes a cop , which makes his relationship with Spencer tough , since Spencer wants him to share all the information the police has , but Toby starts to prefers to keep quiet . The love drought leads Spencer to other men -- Jonny and Colin . Spencer and Melissa 's relationship gets awkward again when Melissa lies to Spencer . In the season finale , Spencer and the others are arrested as accomplices to Mona 's murder ; however , on the way to prison , their van is hijacked by `` A . '' and they get taken to A 's ' DollHouse ' Season 6 ( edit ) In the aftermath of the Liars ' abduction orchestrated by `` A , '' Spencer 's old addiction surfaces again in order to relieve stress . A sleep disorder also recur due to the torture she had faced while being trapped in A 'S Dollhouse , and it heavily intensifies the addiction , making Spencer ask for help from Dean , and old counselor , and Sabrina , the new - in - charge at the Brew who gives Spencer brownies with marijuana . Spencer starts to investigate who 's behind the Carissimi Group and who Charles is . Meanwhile , her relationship with Toby remains untouchable . In the mid-season finale , it is revealed that CeCe Drake is `` A , '' and the Liars finally gets peace . Afterwards , Spencer moves to Georgetown in order to get involved with a future political career in Washington , D.C. , and ends up in a lobbyist career . She returns to Rosewood five years later at Alison 's request , and also to depose on Charlotte 's release from psychological hospital . It is revealed that during the five last years she and Toby broke up because of the distance and the different future plans , and , following , she started a thrilling flirt with Caleb Rivers . Having to stay in Rosewood after Charlotte was murdered , she starts working on her mother 's election campaign for Senate , while the daughter of the other candidate is Yvonne Phillips , Toby 's current girlfriend . Spencer finds out that Charlotte was killed in a copycat manner off a murder she wrote an essay about in college , leading her to start thinking that the police could blame her for Charlotte 's death . A new stalker , now entitled as `` A.D. '' , surfaces , resulting in tension . When a document about Yvonne 's mother leaks and Caleb takes the blame , Spencer goes crazy , and Toby fights with him . Spencer , along with the other Liars , Caleb , Mona and Toby , elaborate a plan to take `` A.D. '' down , but everything goes down when the stalker kidnaps Hanna . Season 7 ( edit ) In `` The Darkest Knight '' , Spencer is shot by Uber A during the attack by Jenna and Noel . As Jenna is preparing to shoot her again , out of revenge for her and Charlotte , Mary Drake comes in and knocks Jenna out . Mary then cradles Spencer 's body and reveals that she is indeed Spencer 's mother , making Spencer the biological sister of CeCe Drake . In season 7b , Spencer and the other liars receive a big board game called `` Liar 's Lament '' , and in the episode `` These Boots Are Made For Stalking '' , it is revealed that Spencer is Mary Drake 's second child . In the last half of the last episode , we find out that Spencer was locked up inside a `` cell '' . While the `` Spencer '' , who we saw kissing Toby and then having sex with , was actually Alex Drake , her twin sister , also known as A.D. Alex , jealous of Spencer , wanted to have everything she never had , a family , friends , and even Toby , who she had `` fallen in love with '' , so she kidnapped the real Spencer , pretending to be her all the time . And through the flashbacks , we are shown when Alex Drake impersonates her sister . It was Alex , not Spencer , who was with Hanna when Hanna was kidnapped . In the flashbacks , we are shown some examples of when Alex has `` played '' Spencer . Alex was the one who asked Toby for `` one last kiss , just to say goodbye '' in `` The Darkest Knight '' . Spencer and Ezra , who had been kidnapped as well , escaped the cell , but soon were trapped with Alex . Spencer and Alex fought until the Liars plus Toby and Caleb found them . Both pleading to be the `` real '' Spencer , Toby figures out who the real Spencer is by asking what is her favorite poem in the book she gave him in `` The Darkest Knight '' . The real Spencer responds with the correct response and Alex is arrested along with Mary Drake . Spencer and Toby resume their relationship and start dating again at the end of the series . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Buckley , Norman ; Goldstick , Oliver ( August 23 , 2011 ) . `` I Must Confess '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 2 . Episode 11 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ Shepard , Sara ( October 3 , 2006 ) . Pretty Little Liars . HarperTeen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 088730 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( 18 May 2012 ) . `` Teen Choice Nominations : Vampire Diaries and Idol Lead Pack , Linda Hunt Eyes Repeat Win '' . TVLine . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards : ' Twilight : Breaking Dawn - Part 2 ' Leads First Wave of Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 11 , 2009 ) . `` ABC Family fills comedy , Liars roles '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2010 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Richenthal , Matt ( 9 June 2010 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Review : This Summer 's Guilty Pleasure '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Richenthal , Matt . `` Pretty Little Liars Review : Dead , Cute Girls Walking '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Richenthal , Matt ( 30 June 2010 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Review : Can You Hear A Now ? ! ? '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Richenthal , Matt . `` Pretty Little Liars Review : The Ultimate Frenemy '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Teresa . `` Pretty Little Liars Review : Code of Continued Silence '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Teresa . `` Pretty Little Liars Review : A View from Above '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Richenthal , Matt ( 14 July 2010 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Review : Lions and Tigers and Bitches , Oh My ! '' . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ O. Estes , Mark ( 11 January 2011 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars 1.12 `` Salt Meets Wound '' Review `` . TV Overmind . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ; Lennon , Jonell ; Lagomarsino , Ron ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` A Person of Interest '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 1 . Episode 19 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ; Lagomarsino , Ron ( August 30 , 2011 ) . `` Over My Dead Body '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 2 . Episode 12 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ; Glatter , Lesli Linka ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` unmAsked '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 2 . Episode 25 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ; Lennon , Jonell ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` Misery Loves Company '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 3 . Episode 16 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ; Norris , Patrick ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` A dAngerous gAme '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 3 . Episode 24 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ Campbell , Nick ( 18 February 2015 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars `` Pretty Is n't the Point '' Review : Dance Like Only A Is Watching `` . TV.com . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Lennon , Jonell ; Anderson , Arthur ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` To Plea or Not to Plea '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 5 . Episode 22 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Game Over , Charles '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 6 . Episode 10 . Freeform . Jump up ^ Biedenharn , Isabella . `` Pretty Little Liars recap : ' The Gloves Are On ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Preece , Caroline . `` Pretty Little Liars season 6 episode 13 review : The Gloves Are On '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Lennon , Jonell ; Barasz , Lijah J. ; Kerns , Joanna ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` Charlotte 's Web '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 6 . Episode 12 . Freeform . External links ( edit ) Spencer Hastings on IMDb ( hide ) Pretty Little Liars Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' Season 2 `` UnmAsked '' Season 3 `` It Happened ' That Night ' '' Season 4 `` ' A ' Is for A-l-i-v-e '' `` Grave New World '' `` Free Fall '' `` A Is for Answers '' Season 5 `` Miss Me × 100 '' `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' Season 6 `` Game On , Charles '' `` Game Over , Charles '' `` Of Late I Think of Rosewood '' `` Charlotte 's Web '' `` Where Somebody Waits For Me '' `` Hush , Hush , Sweet Liars '' Season 7 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' `` Bedlam '' `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' `` Along Comes Mary '' `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' `` Original G'A'ngsters '' `` Exes and OMGs '' `` The Wrath of Kahn '' `` The DArkest Knight '' `` Playtime '' `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' `` Hold Your Piece '' `` Power Play '' `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' `` Driving Miss Crazy '' `` Choose or Lose '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Characters `` A '' Alex Drake Alison DiLaurentis Aria Montgomery Charlotte Drake Emily Fields Hanna Marin Jenna Marshall Mary Drake Melissa Hastings Mona Vanderwaal Red Coat Sara Harvey Spencer Hastings Sydney Driscoll Related Book series 2006 novel Rosewood , Pennsylvania Ravenswood Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists Pretty Dirty Secrets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spencer_Hastings&oldid=815742275 '' Categories : Pretty Little Liars characters Characters in American novels of the 21st century Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Fictional double agents Fictional drug addicts Fictional stalkers Fictional stalking victims Fictional North American people Fictional characters from Pennsylvania Fictional females Fictional twins Drama television characters Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 21 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

pll when does spencer join the a team

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I Only Want to Be with You

I Only Want to Be with You - wikipedia I Only Want to Be with You Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Only Wanna Be with You . `` I Only Want to Be with You '' Single by Dusty Springfield from the album Stay Awhile / I Only Want to Be with You B - side `` Once Upon a Time '' Released 8 November 1963 Format 7 '' Recorded 1963 , Olympic Studios , London Genre Pop Length 2 : 37 Label Philips Songwriter ( s ) Mike Hawker and Ivor Raymonde Producer ( s ) Johnny Franz Dusty Springfield singles chronology `` I Only Want to Be with You '' ( 1963 ) `` Stay Awhile '' ( 1964 ) `` I Only Want To Be With You '' ( 1963 ) `` Stay Awhile '' ( 1964 ) `` I Only Want to Be with You '' is a rock and roll song written by Mike Hawker and Ivor Raymonde . The debut solo single released by British singer Dusty Springfield under her long - time producer Johnny Franz , `` I Only Want to Be with You '' peaked at number 4 on the UK Singles chart in January 1964 . Three remakes of the song have been UK chart hits , the first two by the Bay City Rollers ( 1976 ) and the Tourists ( 1979 ) matching the number 4 peak of the Dusty Springfield original , while the 1989 remake by Samantha Fox peaked at number 16 . In the US on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , `` I Only Want to Be with You '' has been a Top 40 hit three times , with both the Dusty Springfield original and the Bay City Rollers ' remake peaking at number 12 while the Samantha Fox remake peaked at number 31 . `` I Only Want to Be with You '' has also been recorded by a wide range of artists , several of whom sing the song with lyrics translated from the original English . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dusty Springfield version 1.1 Background 1.2 Chart performance 1.3 Weekly charts 2 Bay City Rollers version 2.1 Background 2.2 Chart performance 2.2. 1 Weekly charts 2.2. 2 Year - end charts 3 The Tourists version 3.1 Background 3.2 Chart performance 4 Samantha Fox version 4.1 Chart performance 4.2 Track listings 5 Luis Miguel version 5.1 Background 5.2 Music videos 5.3 Chart performance 6 Other versions 7 Uses on television 8 References 9 External links Dusty Springfield version ( edit ) Background ( edit ) According to Jean Ryder , the ex-wife of songwriter Mike Hawker , `` I Only Want to Be With You '' was written soon after she and Hawker married on 1 December 1961 , being inspired by Hawker 's intense romantic feelings for his new bride . Ryder , who would later be a member of the Breakaways , had been a member of a vocal chorale , the Vernons Girls . Reportedly , she and Hawker had intended that she herself would record `` I Only Want to Be With You '' . However , no formal arrangement for this eventuality had apparently been made by the autumn of 1963 , when Hawker received a phone call from Philips A&R director Johnny Franz . Ryder paraphrases Franz as saying `` Look we need something which is going to put this girl into the charts , because everybody is knocking her , everybody is saying she 'll never make it ( solo ) - have you got a song that 's a guaranteed hit ? '' Springfield had already recorded nine solo tracks , none of which was deemed the right vehicle to launch her solo career . With Ryder 's permission , Hawker submitted `` I Only Want to Be With You '' to Franz , having made a demo featuring Ryder singing while keeping the beat by tapping on a biscuit tin lid . Franz , and then Springfield , approved the song , which Springfield recorded in a 25 October 1963 session at Olympic Studios , arranged and conducted by Ivor Raymonde , and recorded by engineer Keith Grant . Jean Ryder was included in the vocal chorale on the session . For unknown reasons , a version with ( Dusty 's ) unadulterated vocals was rejected . Released in November 1963 , three weeks after the Springfields ' final concert , `` I Only Want to Be With You '' was a global success , reaching number 4 UK , number 12 US , number 6 Australia , and number 21 Canada . In the US , Dusty Springfield was the second artist of the British Invasion , after the Beatles , to have a hit , entering the Billboard chart at number 77 in the last week of January 1964 ( the Beatles having `` She Loves You '' at number 69 and `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' at number 3 ) . Raymonde 's arrangement is unmistakable , with its relentless `` ticker - ticker '' beat and cascading drum rolls , full - on choirs and `` Tower of Power '' horn section pitched against soaring rock strings . It set the production standard for Springfield 's later hits , such as `` Stay Awhile '' and `` Little by Little '' . Springfield also recorded the song with an almost identical arrangement in German , with the title `` Auf dich nur wart ' ich immerzu '' . The song was performed by Springfield on the first - ever edition of the BBC 's Top of the Pops , on 1 January 1964 . The song was re-released in 1988 , coinciding with its use in a soft - drink commercial , as a 7 '' & 12 '' single ( see cover in infobox ) . It peaked at number 83 in the UK . It also was featured as the theme song for the comedy series Arliss , which ran on HBO from 1996 to 2002 . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1964 ) Peak position Australian ARIA Charts 6 Canadian Singles Chart 21 Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 12 US Cash Box Top 100 14 Bay City Rollers version ( edit ) `` I Only Want to Be with You '' Single by Bay City Rollers from the album Dedication B - side `` Write a Letter '' ( North America ) `` Rock N ' Roller '' ( Europe / International ) Released August 29 , 1976 ( US ) 3 September 1976 ( UK ) Format Vinyl , 12 `` , 7 '' Recorded June 1976 Soundstage Studio , Toronto Genre Rock , Power Pop Length 3 : 27 Label Arista ( North America ) Bell ( Europe / International ) Songwriter ( s ) Mike Hawker , Ivor Raymonde Producer ( s ) Jimmy Ienner Bay City Rollers singles US singles chronology `` Rock and Roll Love Letter '' ( 1976 ) `` I Only Want to Be with You '' ( 1976 ) `` Yesterday 's Hero '' ( 1976 ) `` Rock and Roll Love Letter '' ( 1976 ) `` I Only Want to Be with You '' ( 1976 ) `` Yesterday 's Hero '' ( 1976 ) Background ( edit ) The Bay City Rollers recorded `` I Only Want to Be with You '' for their 1976 album Dedication in June and July 1976 at Soundstage Studio in Toronto with producer Jimmy Ienner . Dedication was the first Bay City Rollers recorded under the auspices of Arista Records , and it was Arista president Clive Davis who suggested that the group remake `` I Only Want to Be with You . '' Jimmy Ienner was chosen by Davis to produce the Bay City Rollers on the basis of Ienner 's work with the Raspberries . In the US `` I Only Want to Be with You '' was issued as advance single from Dedication in August 1976 : that October the track reached a Billboard Hot 100 peak of number 12 , besting the number 28 peak of the precedent Bay City Rollers ' single `` Rock and Roll Love Letter '' while failing to match the Top Ten success the group had enjoyed in 1975 - 1976 with `` Saturday Night '' and in 1976 with `` Money Honey '' . `` I Only Want to Be with You '' appeared to wrap up the group 's burst of North American stardom as their next three US single releases were Top 40 shortfalls : however the group 's fourth US single release subsequent to `` I Only Want to Be With You '' : `` You Made Me Believe in Magic '' , did afford the group a final Top Ten hit . Issued in the UK as a non-album single on 3 September 1976 , `` I Only Wanna Be with You '' - so entitled - reached number 4 UK , affording the Bay City Rollers ' a tenth and final Top Ten hit . It 's noteworthy that the US and UK chart peaks of the Bay City Rollers ' 1976 remake of `` I Only Want to Be with You '' exactly match the US and UK chart peaks achieved in 1964 by the Dusty Springfield original . However the Springfield original version had had a significantly stronger UK chart run holding at number 4 for 4 weeks - as opposed to the Bay City Rollers remake 's one week chart peak - with the original 's Top 50 tenure of 18 weeks being twice as long as the remake 's . Conversely in the US the Bay City Rollers ' remake had a Billboard Hot 100 tenure of 15 weeks while the Springfield original had maintained a Hot 100 presence for 10 weeks in total . ( Comparisons between the chart impact of singles issued in distinct time periods should be considered imprecise , the methodology behind both the UK and US chart rankings having been frequently revised . ) Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Peak position Australia 8 Austrian Singles Chart 17 Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 14 Canadian Singles Chart Dutch Singles Chart 9 German Singles Chart 9 Irish Singles Chart Italian Singles Chart 5 New Zealand Singles Chart 12 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 12 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 27 US Cash Box Top 100 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Rank Australia 58 Canada 82 Netherlands 80 New Zealand 49 UK 49 The Tourists version ( edit ) `` I Only Wanna Be with You '' Single by The Tourists from the album Reality Effect Released November 1979 Genre Pop Label Logo Songwriter ( s ) Mike Hawker , Ivor Raymonde Tourists singles chronology `` The Lonliest Man in the World '' ( 1979 ) `` I Only Wanna Be with You '' ( 1979 ) `` So Good to Be Back Home Again '' ( 1980 ) `` The Lonliest Man in the World '' ( 1979 ) `` I Only Wanna Be with You '' ( 1979 ) `` So Good to Be Back Home Again '' ( 1980 ) Background ( edit ) In 1979 , the song was also covered by The Tourists , a band which included Annie Lennox on vocals . This was the band 's biggest hit . The song was used on a montage of stars when Thames Television went off the air in 1992 . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 -- 80 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 6 Canadian Singles Chart 50 Irish Singles Chart 13 UK Singles Chart U.S. Billboard Hot 100 83 Samantha Fox version ( edit ) `` I Only Wanna Be with You '' Single by Samantha Fox from the album I Wanna Have Some Fun B - side `` Confession '' Released January 1989 Format Vinyl , 12 `` , 7 '' ; CD Recorded PWL , The Borough , London Genre Pop Length 2 : 45 Label Jive Songwriter ( s ) Mike Hawker and Ivor Raymonde Producer ( s ) Stock Aitken Waterman Samantha Fox singles chronology `` I Wanna Have Some Fun '' ( 1988 ) `` I Only Wanna Be with You '' ( 1989 ) `` ( Hurt Me , Hurt Me ) But the Pants Stay On '' ( 1991 ) `` I Wanna Have Some Fun '' ( 1988 ) `` I Only Wanna Be with You '' ( 1989 ) `` ( Hurt Me , Hurt Me ) But the Pants Stay On '' ( 1991 ) Music video `` I Only Want to Be with You '' on YouTube In 1988 , Samantha Fox covered the song as `` I Only Wanna Be with You '' for her album I Wanna Have Some Fun . It was released as the second single in the United States and Europe from her third studio album I Wanna Have Some Fun ( 1988 ) . The song was another hit for Fox , reaching number 16 in the United Kingdom and number 31 in the United States . The music video includes scenes of Fox hunting through trash cans , dancing , fireworks , and the singer in bed with her bespectacled lover . Television shows Fox performed the song on include Top of the Pops in 1989 and Viva el espectáculo on TVE1 in 1990 . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position Australian ARIA Charts 19 Austrian Singles Chart 19 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart Dutch Singles Chart 13 French Singles Chart 9 German Singles Chart 25 Irish Singles Chart 9 New Zealand Singles Chart 28 Swiss Singles Chart 24 UK Singles Chart 16 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 31 Canadian Singles Chart 12 Track listings ( edit ) UK 7 '' Vinyl ( FOXY X11 ) Jive `` I Only Wanna Be With You '' 2 : 45 `` Confession '' 4 : 40 US Maxi Single ( 1195 - 2 - JDJ ) Jive `` I Only Wanna Be with You ( Single Edit ) '' 2 : 45 `` I Only Wanna Be with You ( Special Single Edit ) '' 3 : 19 `` I Only Wanna Be with You ( Extended Mix ) '' 4 : 56 UK 12 '' Vinyl ( FOXY T 11 ) Jive `` I Only Wanna Be with You ( Extended Mix ) '' 4 : 56 `` I Only Wanna Be with You ( Acapella Mix ) '' 3 : 17 `` I Only Wanna Acid with You ( Mix 1 ) '' 6 : 20 `` Confession '' 4 : 40 Luis Miguel version ( edit ) `` Ahora Te Puedes Marchar '' Single by Luis Miguel from the album Soy Como Quiero Ser B - side `` Sunny '' Released 1987 ( 1987 ) Format Airplay Promo single Recorded 1986 - 1987 Record One ( Sherman Oaks , California ) Metropolis Studios George Tobin Studios Sunset Sound Studios ( Hollywood , California ) Genre Latin Length 3 : 15 Label WEA Latina Songwriter ( s ) Mike Hawker Ivor Raymonde Luis Gómez Escolar Producer ( s ) Juan Carlos Calderón Luis Miguel singles chronology `` Todo El Amor del Mundo '' ( 1986 ) `` Ahora Te Puedes Marchar '' ( 1987 ) `` Sin Hablar '' ( 1987 ) `` Todo El Amor del Mundo '' ( 1986 ) `` Ahora Te Puedes Marchar '' ( 1987 ) `` Sin Hablar '' ( 1987 ) Background ( edit ) Mexican singer Luis Miguel recorded a cover version of the song , titled `` Ahora Te Puedes Marchar '' ( `` Now You Can Leave '' ) which was released as the first single from his Grammy - nominated album Soy Como Quiero Ser ( 1987 ) , the first album recorded by the singer under the WEA record label . It was produced by Juan Carlos Calderón and adapted by Luis Gomez Escolar . This single became very successful , peaking at number - one in the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart for three non-consecutive weeks in 1987 , being the first chart topper for the singer on the chart . At the time , Luis Miguel was the youngest to score a number - one hit on the Hot Latin Tracks at the age of 17 , ironically replacing veteran Julio Iglesias at the summit . In 2005 , Luis Miguel included this song on his compilation album Grandes Éxitos . This version ranked at number 28 in the Hot Latin Tracks Year - End Chart of 1988 . thumb Music videos ( edit ) Two music videos were shot . The first one was shot with Angélica Rivera , while the second one was shot dancing in a bridge . The second one was included in Grandes Exitos Videos . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot Latin Tracks Preceded by `` Lo Mejor de Tu Vida '' by Julio Iglesias U.S. Billboard Hot Latin Tracks number - one single ( Luis Miguel version ) ( first run ) August 22 , 1987 Succeeded by `` Lo Mejor de Tu Vida '' by Julio Iglesias Preceded by `` Lo Mejor de Tu Vida '' by Julio Iglesias U.S. Billboard Hot Latin Tracks number - one single ( Luis Miguel version ) ( second run ) September 12 , 1987 Succeeded by `` La Bamba '' by Los Lobos Preceded by `` La Bamba '' by Los Lobos U.S. Billboard Hot Latin Tracks number - one single ( Luis Miguel version ) ( third run ) November 7 , 1987 Succeeded by `` Qué No Se Rompa la Noche '' by Julio Iglesias Other versions ( edit ) 1964 Les Surfs as `` A Présent Tu Peux t'en Aller ' '' French also recorded by Richard Anthony Les Surfs as `` E adesso te ne puoi andar '' # 2 ( Italy ) Lill - Babs as `` Jag Vill Vara Nära Dig '' Swedish Donna Lynn on her eponymous album Capitol LP 2085 Lita Torelló ( es ) as `` Ahora Te Puedes Marchar '' Spanish also recorded by Silvana Velasco ( es ) 1965 Enrique Guzman on his album Éxitos internacionalesas `` Solo quiero estar contigo '' Spanish also recorded by Juan Ramón ( es ) on his album Más corazón que nunca 1966 Les Surfs as `` Ahora Te Puedes Marchar '' Spanish 1967 Helena Vondráčková as `` Chytila jsem na pasece motýlka '' Czech 1969 Elin as `` Det har jeg altid ønsket mig '' Danish Agneta Zelán as `` Jag Ville Vara Nära Dig '' Swedish 1975 Chelsia Chan on her debut album Dark Side Of Your Mind Rauli ' Badding ' Somerjoki on his album Sydän lämpöä täys as `` Jykevää on rakkaus '' Finnish 1976 Howard Carpendale as `` Ab Heute Weht Ein Neuer Wind '' ( German ) James Fung as `` 天賜 良緣 '' Cantonese 1982 Barbara Dickson on her album Here We Go ... Barbara Dickson Live on Tour in medley with `` Dancing in the Street '' / `` He 's a Rebel '' / `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' Nicolette Larson # 53 U.S. , ( A / C # 15 ) parent album All Dressed Up & No Place to Go 1983 The Flirts on their album Flirts Tony Hatch & His Orchestra on his album Quiet Nights 1986 Southside Johnny & The Jukes on their album At Least We Got Shoes 1989 Danny Chan on his album Yat sang ho kau as `` 流浪 者 / lau long tze '' Cantonese 1991 Maywood on their Walking Back to Happiness album 1992 Paula Koivuniemi on her album Se kesäni mun as `` Haluun olla luonas sun '' Finnish Wenche Myhre as `` Hvis Bare Jeg Får Bli Hos Deg '' Norwegian 1993 Beatriz Rico ( es ) on her album Baila Sin Parar as `` Ahora Te Puedes Marchar '' Spanish 1997 Ash covered the song for a promotional tour 1998 * Twiggy & Twiggy on the soundtrack of Dead Man on Campus Annette Klingenberg on her album Weep No More 1999 Argema ( cs ) on their album Milion Snů as `` Žába '' Czech Elton John performed the song in concert at the Peoria ( IL ) Civic Center Arena after learning of Dusty Springfield 's death on March 2 , 1999 . John introduced the song saying `` Dusty , wherever you are , this one 's for you , my love , with all my love . '' Ville Valo with the Agents on the Agents ' album Laulava Sydän as `` Jykevää on rakkaus '' Finnish 2001 Me First and the Gimme Gimmes on their album Blow in the Wind 2002 Vonda Shepard on her album Songs from Ally McBeal 2003 Maleewan Jemina ( th ) on her 2003 album Me & Moment in Time 2004 Tommy February on her single L ・ O ・ V ・ E ・ L ・ Y ~ 夢見る LOVELY BOY ~ 2005 Taiwanese female group 7 Flowers on their eponymous album Volbeat on their 2005 debut album The Strength / The Sound / The Songs Susan Wong on her album These Foolish Things 2007 Tina Arena on her album Songs of Love & Loss The Shakers ( Uruguayan band ) as `` Solo quiero estar contigo '' Spanish : bonus track on re-issue of band 's 1965 album Los Shakers 2008 Shelby Lynne on her Dusty Springfield tribute album Just a Little Lovin ' 2009 Jessica Andersson as `` I Only Wanna Be With You '' on her album Wake Up Barbee ( hu ) as `` Ámor nyila '' Hungarian 2011 Amy Macdonald : recorded 2008 for canceled multi-artist Dusty Springfield tribute album : track first released on album Reworked , a multi-artist fundraiser for Save the Children featuring songs used in John Lewis ad campaigns 2013 Lodovica Comello ( it / es ) as `` I Only Want To Be With You '' on her album Universo Uses on television ( edit ) Was used in the opening for the TV series Arli $ $ The Tourists ' version of the song was played along with TV clips on final week of broadcasting of Thames Television in December 1992 before Carlton Television took over The song was used in the British soap opera EastEnders when the character Sam Mitchell dug up the body of Den Watts The song was used by TVNZ to promote TV2 changing the words to `` I only want to be with 2 ! '' The song was also used as soundtrack in Greek Comedy TV series `` Tilempora '' ( TV Storm ) on Mega Channel in 2004 . The song was used by CBC Television to promote its programming between 1989 and 1991 , while the network 's slogan was `` CBC and you '' . The song featured in a John Lewis television ad highlighting how the company had been selling electronic equipment for a substantial number of years . The song was used in a swimwear advert for Boux Avenue in 2014 . The ad featured Jamelia , who also sang the song , with the chorus changed to `` I only want to be with Boux '' . A television ad campaign for Dogs Trust which launched in February 2016 features Hope Russell - Winter singing `` I Only Want to Be With You '' . The song was also featured in an episode of `` that 70 's show '' when Fez and Donna were having scenes where they pretended to be dating . Me First And The Gimme Gimmes ' version of the song was used in an episode of Shameless ( USA ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mike Hawker - obituary '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Bartlett , Karen ( 2015 ) . Dusty : an intimate portrait of a musical legend . London : The Robson Press . ISBN 9781849548762 . Jump up ^ Howes , Paul ( 2007 ) . The Complete Dusty Springfield . London : Titan Books . ISBN 978 - 0857681409 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- I Only Want to Be with You '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ( Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 ) Jump up ^ Whitman , Joel ( 2003 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 . Record Research . p. 294 . ISBN 9780898201550 . Jump up ^ David Kent 's `` Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 '' Archived March 5 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . Irishcharts.ie. 1962 - 10 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia - Indice per Interprete : B '' . Hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ NZ Top 40 Singles , December 17 , 1976 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` RPM - Library and Archives Canada RPM - Bibliothèque et Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ ( Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1976 Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1976 ) Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1976 The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1963 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Singles of 1976 '' . Music Week . London , England : Spotlight Publications : 25 . 25 December 1976 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 311 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- All there is to know > Search results for ' Tourists ' '' . Fireball Media . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Official Charts > Tourists '' . The Official UK Charts Company . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard > Artists / The Tourists > Chart History > The Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ I Only Want to Be with You at AllMusic Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Viva el espectáculo '' Episode # 1.15 ( TV episode 1990 ) - IMDb Jump up ^ `` Samantha Fox - I Only Wanna Be With You ( TOTP ' 89 ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ David Kent 's `` Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 '' Archived March 5 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Samantha Fox - I Only Wanna Be With You ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Samantha Fox - I Only Wanna Be With You ( CD ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Samantha Fox - I Only Wanna Be With You ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Soy Como Quiero Ser '' . Allmusic . Macromedia Corporation . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Miguel - Charts & Awards '' . Allmusic . Macromedia Corporation . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Grandes Éxitos - Luis Miguel '' . Allmusic . Macromedia Corporation . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ash 7 '' info `` . Eil.com. 2004 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` CBC & You 1990 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Samantha Fox Discography Studio albums Touch Me Samantha Fox I Wanna Have Some Fun Just One Night 21st Century Fox Angel with an Attitude Compilation albums Greatest Hits ( 1992 ) Watching You , Watching Me Greatest Hits ( 2009 ) Remix albums Watching You , Watching Me Singles `` Touch Me ( I Want Your Body ) '' `` Do Ya Do Ya ( Wanna Please Me ) '' `` Hold On Tight '' `` Nothing 's Gonna Stop Me Now '' `` I Surrender ( To the Spirit of the Night ) '' `` I Promise You ( Get Ready ) '' `` True Devotion '' `` Naughty Girls ( Need Love Too ) '' `` Love House '' `` I Only Wanna Be with You '' `` I Wanna Have Some Fun '' `` ( Hurt Me , Hurt Me ) But the Pants Stay On '' `` Santa Maria '' `` Perhaps '' `` Tomorrow ( Is Another Day ) '' `` Call Me '' Luis Miguel singles Soy Como Quiero Ser `` Ahora Te Puedes Marchar '' `` Cuando Calienta El Sol '' `` Yo Que No Vivo Sin Ti '' Busca Una Mujer `` La Incondicional '' `` Fría Como el Viento '' 20 Años `` Tengo Todo Excepto a Ti '' `` Entrégate '' `` Será Que No Me Amas '' Romance `` Inolvidable '' `` No Sé Tú '' `` Contigo en la Distancia '' América & En Vivo `` América , América '' Aries `` Hasta Que Me Olvides '' `` Suave '' Segundo Romance `` El Día Que Me Quieras '' `` La Media Vuelta '' Nada Es Igual ... `` Dame '' `` Cómo Es Posible Que a Mi Lado '' Romances `` Por Debajo de la Mesa '' `` Sabor a Mí '' `` Bésame Mucho '' Amarte Es un Placer `` Sol , Arena y Mar '' `` O Tú o Ninguna '' `` Dormir Contigo '' `` Amarte Es un Placer '' Mis Romances `` Amor , Amor , Amor '' Navidades `` Santa Claus Llegó a La Ciudad '' `` Mi Humilde Oración '' Cómplices `` Si Tú Te Atreves '' `` Te Desean '' Luis Miguel `` Labios de Miel '' As featured artist `` Me Gustas Tal Como Eres '' Other songs `` Sueña '' Dèja Vu The Tourists Peet Coombes David A. Stewart Annie Lennox Eddie Chin Jim Toomey Studio albums The Tourists ( 1979 ) Reality Effect ( 1979 ) Luminous Basement ( 1980 ) Songs `` I Only Want to Be with You '' Nicolette Larson Studio albums Nicolette ( 1978 ) In the Nick of Time ( 1979 ) Shadows of Love ( 1988 ) Singles `` Lotta Love '' `` I Only Want to Be with You '' `` Building Bridges '' `` That 's How You Know When Love 's Right '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Only_Want_to_Be_with_You&oldid=839381544 '' Categories : 1963 singles 1987 singles 1989 singles Luis Miguel songs Dusty Springfield songs Samantha Fox songs Southside Johnny & The Asbury Jukes songs Billboard Hot Latin Songs number - one singles Song recordings produced by Stock Aitken Waterman 1963 songs Song recordings produced by Johnny Franz Philips Records singles Jive Records singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Warner Music Latina singles Songs written by Ivor Raymonde Songs written by Mike Hawker ( songwriter ) Bubblegum pop songs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from October 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Français Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 02 : 03 . 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Bank holiday

Bank holiday - wikipedia Bank holiday Jump to : navigation , search This article is about public holidays in the United Kingdom and Ireland . For bank holidays elsewhere and all other uses , see Bank holiday ( disambiguation ) . A bank holiday is a colloquial term for a public holiday in the United Kingdom , some Commonwealth countries , Hong Kong and the Republic of Ireland . There is no automatic right to time off on these days , although banks close and the majority of the working population is granted time off work or extra pay for working on these days , depending on their contract . The first official bank holidays were the four days named in the Bank Holidays Act 1871 , but today the term is colloquially used for Good Friday and Christmas Day which were already public holidays under common law and therefore not official bank holidays in England , Wales and Northern Ireland . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 In the United Kingdom 2.1 Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 2.2 Royal proclamation 2.3 In Scotland 2.4 Campaigns for extra bank holidays 2.5 Proposed move of May Day Bank Holiday ( England and Wales ) 2.6 1968 Emergency Bank Holiday 2.7 UK Bank Holiday sales 2.7. 1 Boxing Day 3 List of current holidays in the United Kingdom , Ireland and the Isle of Man 4 In Australia 5 In Hong Kong 6 In India 7 In Ireland 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Until 1834 , the Bank of England observed about 33 saints ' days and religious festivals as holidays , but in that year this was reduced to four : 1 May ( May Day ) , 1 November ( All Saints ' Day ) , Good Friday and Christmas Day . In 1871 , the first legislation relating to bank holidays was passed when Liberal politician and banker Sir John Lubbock introduced the Bank Holidays Act 1871 , which specified the days in the table below . Under the Act , no person was compelled to make any payment or to do any act upon a bank holiday which he would not be compelled to do or make on Christmas Day or Good Friday , and the making of a payment or the doing of an act on the following day was equivalent to doing it on the holiday . People were so grateful that some called the first Bank Holidays St Lubbock 's Days for a while . Scotland was treated separately because of its separate traditions : for example , New Year is a more important holiday there . Bank holidays 1871 England , Wales and Ireland Scotland New Year 's Day Easter Monday Good Friday Whit Monday First Monday in May First Monday in August First Monday in August Boxing Day / St Stephen 's Day Christmas Day The Act did not include Good Friday and Christmas Day as bank holidays in England , Wales , or Ireland because they were already recognised as common law holidays : they had been customary holidays since time immemorial . In 1903 , the Bank Holiday ( Ireland ) Act added 17 March , Saint Patrick 's Day , as a bank holiday for Ireland only . New Year 's Day did not become a bank holiday in England until 1 January 1974 . In the United Kingdom ( edit ) Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 ( edit ) Commencing in 1965 , on an experimental basis , the August Bank Holiday weekend was observed at the end of August `` to give a lead in extending British holidays over a longer summer period '' . Each year 's date was announced in Parliament on an ad - hoc basis , to the despair of the calendar and diary publishing trade . The rule seems to have been to select the weekend of the last Saturday in August , so that in 1968 and 1969 Bank Holiday Monday actually fell in September . A century after the 1871 Act , the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 , which currently regulates bank holidays in the UK , was passed . The majority of the current bank holidays were specified in the 1971 Act : however New Year 's Day and May Day were not introduced throughout the whole of the UK until 1974 and 1978 respectively . The date of the August bank holiday was changed from the first Monday in August to the last Monday in August , and the Whitsun bank holiday ( Whit Monday ) was replaced by the Late Spring Bank Holiday , fixed as the last Monday in May . In 1978 the first Monday in May in the rest of the UK , and the final Monday of May in Scotland , were designated as bank holidays . In January 2007 , the St Andrew 's Day Bank Holiday ( Scotland ) Act 2007 was given royal assent , making 30 November ( or the nearest Monday if a weekend ) a bank holiday in Scotland . Royal proclamation ( edit ) Under the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 , bank holidays are proclaimed each year by the legal device of a royal proclamation . Royal proclamation is also used to move bank holidays that would otherwise fall on a weekend . In this way , public holidays are not ' lost ' in years when they coincide with weekends . These deferred bank holiday days are termed a ' bank holiday in lieu ' of the typical anniversary date . In the legislation they are known as ' substitute days ' . The movement of the St Andrew 's Day Scottish holiday to the nearest Monday when 30 November is a weekend day is statutory and does not require a proclamation . In Scotland ( edit ) Main article : Public and bank holidays in Scotland A number of differences apply in Scotland relative to the rest of the United Kingdom . For example , Easter Monday is not a bank holiday . Also , although they share the same name , the Summer Bank Holiday falls on the first Monday of August in Scotland , as opposed to the last Monday in England , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Despite this , it is custom and practice to follow the rest of the UK and banks close on the last Monday and not the first . Bank holidays do not , however , assume the same importance in Scotland as they do elsewhere . Whereas they have effectively become public holidays elsewhere in the United Kingdom , in Scotland there remains a tradition of public holidays based on local tradition and determined by local authorities ( for example , the Glasgow Fair and the Dundee Fortnight ) . In 1996 , Scottish banks made the business decision to harmonise their own holidays with the rest of the United Kingdom , with the result that ' bank holidays ' in Scotland are neither public holidays nor the days on which banks are closed . Campaigns for extra bank holidays ( edit ) The number of holidays in the UK is relatively small compared to many other European countries . However , direct comparison is inaccurate since the ' substitute day ' scheme of deferment does not apply in most European countries , where holidays that coincide with a weekend ( 29 % of fixed - date holidays ) are ' lost ' . In fact , the average number of non-weekend holidays in such countries is only marginally higher ( and in some cases lower ) than the UK . Worth mentioning is that public holidays in Europe which fall on Thursday or Tuesday typically become `` puente '' or `` bridge '' four - day or even six - day extended holiday weekends as people tend to use one or two days from their holiday entitlement to take off Monday and / or Friday . There have been calls for more bank holidays . Among the most notable dates absent from the existing list are the feast days of patron saints ; 23 April ( St George 's Day and widely regarded as the birthday of William Shakespeare ) in England and 1 March ( St David 's Day ) in Wales are not currently recognised. 17 March ( St Patrick 's Day ) is a public holiday in Northern Ireland and , since 2008 , 30 November ( St Andrew 's Day ) is a bank holiday in Scotland . St Piran 's Day ( patron saint of Cornwall ) on 5 March is already given as an unofficial day off to many government and other workers in the county , and there are renewed calls for the government to recognise this as an official bank holiday there . Proposed move of May Day bank holiday ( England and Wales ) ( edit ) After the election of the Coalition Government in May 2010 , the Department of Culture , Media and Sport launched a pre-consultation in 2011 which included the suggestion of moving the May Day Bank Holiday to October , to be a `` UK Day '' or `` Trafalgar Day '' ( 21 October ) or to St David 's Day and St George 's Day . It is suggested that a move from the May bank holiday to a St Piran 's Day bank holiday in Cornwall , on 5 March , would benefit the Cornish economy by £ 20 -- 35 million . 1968 emergency bank holiday ( edit ) During the sterling crisis of 1968 , Prime Minister Harold Wilson convened a meeting of the privy council in the early hours of 14 March to declare 15 March a non-statutory bank holiday . This allowed the UK government to close the London gold market to stem the losses being suffered by the British pound . It was this meeting that triggered the resignation of Foreign Secretary George Brown . UK bank holiday sales ( edit ) In the UK every bank holiday retailers display large sales to entice people to shop on their bank holiday days off . Sales can reach up to 70 % off across certain stores . Customers will normally wait for these sales to purchase their home electronics and furniture . The sales are on every year but the bank holiday sales dates can change from year to year . In the UK Argos , Currys and Amazon are the largest retailers that not only have the biggest sales but also see the most revenue over these days . Boxing Day ( edit ) Boxing Day is a holiday celebrated in Britain , Australia , New Zealand , Canada and other Commonwealth countries . Boxing Day originated in England in the middle of the nineteenth century under Queen Victoria . For years in which the holiday falls on a weekend , the celebration is moved to make sure workers still get a day off ( except in Canada , where it remains 26 Dec . ) In the UK it is classed as a Bank Holiday . List of current holidays in the United Kingdom , Ireland and the isle of man ( edit ) See also : Public holidays in the United Kingdom , Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland , and Public holidays in the Isle of Man Current bank and public holidays Date Name England and Wales ( 8 ) Scotland ( 9 ) Northern Ireland ( 10 ) Republic of Ireland ( 9 ) Isle of Man ( 10 ) 1 January New Year 's Day Y Y Y Y Y 2 January 2 January Y 17 March St Patrick 's Day Y Y The Friday before Easter Sunday Good Friday Y Y Y Y The Monday after Easter Sunday Easter Monday Y Y Y Y First Monday in May May Day , Early May Bank Holiday Y Y Y Y Y Last Monday in May Spring Bank Holiday Y Y Y Y First Monday in June June Bank Holiday Y First Friday in June TT Bank Holiday Y 5 July Tynwald Day Y 12 July The Twelfth , Battle of the Boyne Y First Monday in August Summer Bank Holiday Y Y Last Monday in August Late Summer Bank Holiday , August Bank Holiday Y Y Y Last Monday in October October Bank Holiday Y 30 November St Andrew 's Day Y 25 December Christmas Day Y Y Y Y Y 26 December Boxing Day , St Stephen 's Day Y Y Y Y Y In 1995 the May Bank Holiday was moved to 8 May for the 50th anniversary of VE Day In the past , additional one - off bank holidays have included : ( i ) Wednesday 14 November 1973 , to celebrate the Wedding of Princess Anne and Captain Mark Phillips at Westminster Abbey , ( ii ) Tuesday 7 June 1977 , to celebrate The Queen 's Silver Jubilee , ( iii ) Wednesday 29 July 1981 to celebrate the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer at St. Paul 's Cathedral , ( iv ) Friday 31 December 1999 to enable people to prepare for the festivities to mark the arrival of the new millennium . ( v ) Monday 3 June 2002 to celebrate the Queen 's Golden Jubilee ( Spring Bank Holiday was moved to Tuesday 4 June 2002 ) ( vi ) Friday , 29 April 2011 , to celebrate the wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton . Notes ^ Jump up to : When the stated date falls on a Saturday or Sunday , the following Monday is normally designated a public holiday instead . When Christmas Day falls on a Saturday ( and thus 26 December on a Sunday ) , Monday 27 December and Tuesday 28 December are the designated substitute public holidays . Jump up ^ In 1995 this holiday was moved to 8 May -- to commemorate the 50th anniversary of VE Day . Jump up ^ In 2011 an additional public holiday was declared to ensure that most people would have a chance to celebrate the Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton , making a four - day weekend as May day was on the following Monday . `` Royal Wedding : Prince William and Kate set date '' . BBC . 23 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 24 November 2010 . Retrieved 23 November 2010 . Jump up ^ In 2002 this holiday was moved to 4 June . This caused it to follow an extra bank holiday on 3 June , making a four - day weekend to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II . Jump up ^ In 2012 this holiday was moved to 4 June . It was then followed by an extra holiday on 5 June , making a four - day weekend to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II . Jump up ^ House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 3 June 1998 , Hansard , 3 June 1998 , retrieved 28 January 2012 . In Australia ( edit ) See also : Public holidays in Australia § Other holidays Public holidays are not generally known as `` bank holidays '' in Australia , except in the state of Victoria , where all statutory holidays , their substitutes , and Saturdays are legally defined as `` bank holidays '' . In two other states there are two particular public holidays , for specific occupations only , which are officially known as `` Bank Holiday '' : in New South Wales has a `` Bank Holiday '' on the first Monday in August -- for bank employees only . in Tasmania , Easter Tuesday is a holiday for bank and government employees only . In Hong Kong ( edit ) Main article : Public holidays in Hong Kong In Hong Kong , the term `` bank holiday '' is used colloquially to refer to public holidays , since banks are normally closed on these days , along with government offices , the legislature , courts , and educational institutions . Hong Kong has maintained a distinction between public holidays and statutory holidays , only the latter of which are mandatory for all employees ; the number of days for the latter is fewer by five days . In India ( edit ) Main article : Bank holidays in India In India , 15 of the public holidays are bank holidays . In Ireland ( edit ) Main article : Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland In Ireland , `` bank holiday '' is a colloquial term , sometimes used incorrectly for what are officially `` public holidays '' . A bank holiday in Ireland are only days in which Bank employees are off , e.g. Good Friday is a Bank Holiday , but not a Public Holiday . See also ( edit ) List of holidays by country References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bank holidays and British Summer Time : Directgov -- Government , citizens and rights '' . Direct.gov.uk. 29 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2011 . Retrieved 17 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UK bank holidays -- GOV.UK '' . gov.uk. 17 March 2014 . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Anon ( 22 May 2007 ) . `` Bank Holiday Fact File '' ( PDF ) . TUC press release . TUC . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 June 2013 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . Jump up ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Bank Holidays '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 320 . Jump up ^ Olmert , Michael ( 1996 ) . Milton 's Teeth and Ovid 's Umbrella : Curiouser & Curiouser Adventures in History , p. 170 . Simon & Schuster , New York . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80164 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Holidays ( Ireland ) Bill '' . Hansard , the Official Report of debates in Parliament . UK Parliament . Archived from the original on 24 February 2010 . Retrieved 26 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Holiday on the Last Monday in August '' . The Times Digital Archive. 5 March 1964 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 Dilemma on Diary Dates '' . The Times Digital Archive. 27 January 1967 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Holiday Dates For 1967 And 1968 '' . The Times Digital Archive. 4 June 1965 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 Bank Holidays '' . The Times Digital Archive. 22 March 1967 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Ready , Nigel P. ; Brooke , Richard ( 2002 ) , Brooke 's notary ( 12 ed . ) , Sweet & Maxwell , p. 479 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 421 - 67280 - 2 Jump up ^ Scrope , Henry ; Barnett , Daniel ( 2008 ) , Employment Law Handbook ( 4 ed . ) , Henry Scrope , p. 135 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85328 - 674 - 2 Jump up ^ McWhirter , Norris ; Stowe , Moira F. ( 1980 ) , The Guinness book of answers : a handbook of general knowledge ( 3 ed . ) , Guinness Superlatives , p. 7 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85112 - 202 - 1 Jump up ^ Morrow , Thomas . `` Bank Holidays a history '' . Bank Holidays a history by Thomas Morrow . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Great Britain Parliament House of Lords European Union Committee ( 2007 ) , Modernising European Union labour law : has the UK anything to gain ? , report with evidence , 22nd report of session 2006 -- 07 , The Stationery Office , p. 100 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 10 - 485171 - 5 Jump up ^ Union leaders are campaigning for an extra bank holiday BBC News 27 October 2004 Jump up ^ Schoenbaum 1987 , 24 -- 6 . Jump up ^ `` Renewed call for St Piran holiday '' . BBC News . 5 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Gledhill , Ruth ( 5 March 2009 ) . `` Cornwall workers given an unofficial day off for St Pirans Day '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 31 March 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.culture.gov.uk/consultations/8068.aspx Jump up ^ `` Cornish National Holiday worth £ 35m '' . Western Morning News . 23 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statesman who bottled out : ' Tired and Emotional : The Life of Lord George Brown ' '' . The Independent . 9 May 1993 . ^ Jump up to : Bank holidays and British Summer Time , Directgov , 8 February 2012 , retrieved 15 April 2012 Jump up ^ Bank holidays , NIDirect , 6 April 2012 , retrieved 15 April 2012 Jump up ^ Public holidays , Citizens Information Board , retrieved 15 April 2012 Jump up ^ http://www.gov.im/treasury/finance/bank_holidays.xml Jump up ^ http://touchstoneblog.org.uk/2010/11/royal-wedding-give-workers-a-day-off-to-toast-will-and-kate/ Jump up ^ https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/uk/2002 Jump up ^ `` Public Holidays Act 1993 ( Vic ) s . 9 '' ( PDF ) . Victorian Legislation and Parliamentary Documents . Parliament of Victoria . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . External links ( edit ) Text of the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk Annual leave and public holidays ( Ireland ) Calendar of all legal Public and Bank Holidays worldwide , until 2050 FirstCaribbean International Bank : Bank Holidays in the Caribbean region Bank Holidays 2016 in India List of Bank Holidays and other significant days for the UK Bank Holiday dates for the UK , Scotland and Northern Ireland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_holiday&oldid=807934680 '' Categories : Public holidays in the United Kingdom British culture Irish culture Holidays Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica EngvarB from March 2017 Use dmy dates from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Svenska தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 22 : 39 . 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Method acting

Method acting - wikipedia Method acting Jump to : navigation , search Marlon Brando 's performance in Elia Kazan 's film of A Streetcar Named Desire exemplified the power of Stanislavski - based acting in cinema . Method acting is a range of training and rehearsal techniques that seek to encourage sincere and emotionally expressive performances , as formulated by a number of different theatre practitioners , principally in the United States , where it is among the most popular -- and controversial -- approaches to acting . These techniques are built on the Stanislavski 's `` system '' of the Russian actor and director Konstantin Stanislavski . Though many have contributed to the development of the Method , three teachers are associated with `` having set the standard of its success '' , though each emphasized different aspects of the approach : Lee Strasberg ( the psychological aspects ) , Stella Adler ( the sociological aspects ) , and Sanford Meisner ( the behavioral aspects ) . The approach was first developed when they worked together at the Group Theatre in New York . All three subsequently claimed to be the rightful heirs of Stanislavski 's approach . His three major books were An Actor Prepares , Building a Character , and Creating a Role . Contents ( hide ) 1 From the `` system '' to the Method 2 Emotion and imagination 3 Criticism of Strasberg 's approach 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Sources 6.1 Primary sources 6.2 Secondary sources From the `` system '' to the Method ( edit ) Main article : Stanislavski 's system `` The Method '' is an elaboration of the Stanislavski 's `` system '' of acting developed by the Russian theatre practitioner Konstantin Stanislavski . In the first three decades of the 20th century , Stanislavski organized his training , preparation , and rehearsal techniques into a coherent , systematic methodology . The `` system '' brought together and built on : ( 1 ) the director - centred , unified aesthetic and disciplined , ensemble approach of the Meiningen company ; ( 2 ) the actor - centred realism of the Maly ; ( 3 ) and the Naturalistic staging of Antoine and the independent theatre movement . Diagram of Stanislavski 's `` system '' , based on his `` Plan of Experiencing '' ( 1935 ) . The `` system '' cultivates what Stanislavski calls the `` art of experiencing '' ( to which he contrasts the `` art of representation '' ) . It mobilises the actor 's conscious thought and will in order to activate other , less - controllable psychological processes -- such as emotional experience and subconscious behaviour -- sympathetically and indirectly . In rehearsal , the actor searches for inner motives to justify action and the definition of what the character seeks to achieve at any given moment ( a `` task '' ) . Later , Stanislavski further elaborated the `` system '' with a more physically grounded rehearsal process known as the `` Method of Physical Action '' . Minimising at - the - table discussions , he now encouraged an `` active analysis '' , in which the sequence of dramatic situations are improvised . `` The best analysis of a play '' , Stanislavski argued , `` is to take action in the given circumstances . '' The transmission of the earliest phase of Stanislavski 's work via the students of the First Studio of the Moscow Art Theatre ( MAT ) revolutionized acting in the West . When the MAT toured the US in the early 1920s , the young Lee Strasberg saw all of their productions and was deeply impressed by their ensemble performances . At that time , Richard Boleslavsky , one of Stanislavski 's students from the First Studio , presented a series of lectures on the `` system '' that were eventually published as Acting : The First Six Lessons ( 1933 ) . The interest generated led to a decision by Boleslavsky and Maria Ouspenskaya ( another student at the First Studio ) to emigrate to the US and to establish the American Laboratory Theatre . The version of Stanislavski 's practice that travelled to the US with them was that developed in the 1910s , rather than the more fully elaborated version of the `` system '' detailed in Stanislavski 's acting manuals from the 1930s , An Actor 's Work and An Actor 's Work on a Role . The first half of An Actor 's Work , which treated the psychological elements of training , was published in a heavily abridged and misleadingly translated version in the US as An Actor Prepares in 1936 . English - language readers often confused the first volume on psychological processes with the `` system '' as a whole . Many of the American practitioners who came to be identified with the Method were taught by Boleslavsky and Ouspenskaya at the American Laboratory Theatre . The approaches to acting subsequently developed by their students -- including Lee Strasberg , Stella Adler , and Sanford Meisner -- are often confused with Stanislavski 's `` system '' . Strasberg 's adaptation relied exclusively on psychological techniques and contrasted sharply with Stanislavski 's multivariate , holistic and psychophysical approach , which explores character and action both from the `` inside out '' and the `` outside in '' . As well as Stanislavski 's early work , the ideas and techniques of his student Yevgeny Vakhtangov ( who had died in 1922 at the age of 39 ) were also an important influence on the development of the Method . Vakhtangov 's `` object exercises '' were developed further by Uta Hagen as a means for actor training and the maintenance of skills . Strasberg attributed to Vakhtangov the distinction between Stanislavski 's process of `` justifying '' behaviour with the inner motive forces that prompt that behaviour in the character and `` motivating '' behaviour with imagined or recalled experiences relating to the actor and substituted for those relating to the character . Following this distinction , actors ask themselves `` What would motivate me , the actor , to behave in the way the character does ? '' rather than the more Stanislavskian question `` Given the particular circumstances of the play , how would I behave , what would I do , how would I feel , how would I react ? '' Emotion and imagination ( edit ) Among the concepts and techniques of method acting are substitution , `` as if '' , sense memory , affective memory , and animal work ( all of which were first developed by Stanislavski ) . Contemporary method actors sometimes seek help from psychologists in the development of their roles . In Strasberg 's approach , actors make use of experiences from their own lives to bring them closer to the experience of their characters . This technique , which Stanislavski came to call emotion memory ( Strasberg tends to use the alternative formulation , `` affective memory '' ) , involves the recall of sensations involved in experiences that made a significant emotional impact on the actor . Without faking or forcing , actors allow those sensations to stimulate a response and try not to inhibit themselves . Every afternoon for five weeks during the summer of 1934 in Paris , Stanislavski worked with the American actress Stella Adler , who had sought his assistance with the blocks she had confronted in her performances . Given the emphasis that emotion memory had received in New York , Adler was surprised to find that Stanislavski rejected the technique except as a last resort . Under the influence of Richard Boleslavsky , emotion memory had become a central feature of Strasberg 's training at the Group Theatre in New York . In contrast , Stanislavski recommended to Stella Adler an indirect pathway to emotional expression via physical action . In his biography of Stanislavski , Jean Benedetti writes : `` It has been suggested that Stanislavski deliberately played down the emotional aspects of acting because the woman in front of him was already over-emotional . The evidence is against this . What Stanislavski told Stella Adler was exactly what he had been telling his actors at home , what indeed he had advocated in his notes for Leonidov in the production plan for Othello . '' Stanislavski confirmed this emphasis in his discussions with Harold Clurman in late 1935 . The news that this was Stanislavski 's approach would have significant repercussions in the US ; Strasberg angrily rejected it and refused to modify his approach . In training , as distinct from rehearsal process , the recall of sensations to provoke emotional experience and the development of a vividly imagined fictional experience remained a central part both of Stanislavski 's and the various Method - based approaches that developed out of it . A widespread misconception about method acting -- particularly in the popular media -- equates method actors with actors who choose to remain in character even offstage or off - camera for the duration of a project . In his book A Dream of Passion , Strasberg wrote that Stanislavski , early in his directing career , `` require ( d ) his actors to live ' in character ' off stage '' , but that `` the results were never fully satisfactory '' . Stanislavski did experiment with this approach in his own acting before he became a professional actor and founded the Moscow Art Theatre , though he soon abandoned it . Some method actors employ this technique , such as Daniel Day - Lewis , but Strasberg did not include it as part of his teachings and it `` is not part of the Method approach '' . Strasberg 's students included many prominent American actors of the latter half of the 20th century , including Paul Newman , Al Pacino , George Peppard , Dustin Hoffman , James Dean , Jared Leto , Marilyn Monroe , Jane Fonda , Jack Nicholson , Mickey Rourke , among others . Criticism of Strasberg 's approach ( edit ) Some American acting teachers inspired by Stanislavski broke off with Strasberg , believing his method was not an authentic adaptation of Stanislavski 's system . Sanford Meisner , another Group Theatre pioneer , believed the method was far too focused on the internal workings of the actor , and that acting should be `` outside in '' rather than `` inside out '' . His ideas came to be called the Meisner technique . He advocated actors fully immersing themselves `` in the moment '' and concentrating on their partner ( what Stanislavski called `` communication '' and `` adaptation '' ) . Meisner taught actors to achieve spontaneity by understanding the given circumstances of the scene . He designed interpersonal exercises to help actors invest emotionally in the scene , freeing them to react `` honestly '' as the character . Meisner described acting as `` living truthfully under imaginary circumstances '' . Robert Lewis also broke with Strasberg . In his books Method -- or Madness ? and the more autobiographical Slings and Arrows , Lewis argued that method acting was too focused on pure emotional training and neglected vocal and physical training , which forms a fundamental part both of classical actor - training and of Stanislavski 's system . The method 's reliance on emotion , he felt , could too easily encourage overacting . Stella Adler , an actress and acting teacher whose students included Marlon Brando , Warren Beatty , and Robert De Niro , also broke with Strasberg after she studied with Stanislavski , by which time he had modified many of his earliest ideas . Her version of the method is based on the idea that actors should stimulate emotional experience by imagining the scene 's `` given circumstances '' , rather than recalling experiences from their own lives . Adler 's approach also seeks to stimulate the actor 's imagination through the use of `` as ifs '' , which substitute more personally affecting imagined situations for the circumstances experienced by the character . Adler argued that `` drawing on personal experience alone was too limited . Brando himself claimed he never studied with Strasberg and never liked him for being so selfish and ambitious . Brando was a student of Stella Adler 's , and in his book , he claimed to have abhorred Lee Strasberg 's teachings and praised Adler for her work . The charge that Strasberg 's method distorted Stanislavski 's system has been responsible for a considerable revivalist interest in Stanislavski 's `` pure '' teachings . As the use of the Method has declined considerably from its peak in the mid-20th century , acting teachers claiming to teach Stanislavski 's unadulterated system are becoming more numerous . Alfred Hitchcock described his work with Montgomery Clift in I Confess as difficult `` because you know , he was a method actor '' . He recalled similar problems with Paul Newman in Torn Curtain . Lillian Gish quipped : `` It 's ridiculous . How would you portray death if you had to experience it first ? '' Charles Laughton , who worked closely for a time with Bertolt Brecht , argued that `` Method actors give you a photograph '' , while `` real actors give you an oil painting . '' See also ( edit ) List of acting techniques Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Blum ( 1984 , 63 ) and Hayward ( 1996 , 216 ) . ^ Jump up to : Krasner ( 2000b , 129 ) . ^ Jump up to : Krasner ( 2000b , 130 ) . Jump up ^ Benedetti ( 1989 , 5 -- 11 , 15 , 18 ) and ( 1999b , 254 ) , Braun ( 1982 , 59 ) , Carnicke ( 2000 , 13 , 16 , 29 ) , Counsell ( 1996 , 24 ) , Gordon ( 2006 , 38 , 40 -- 41 ) , and Innes ( 2000 , 53 -- 54 ) . Jump up ^ Benedetti ( 1999a , 201 ) , Carnicke ( 2000 , 17 ) , and Stanislavski ( 1938 , 16 -- 36 ) . Stanislavski 's `` art of representation '' corresponds to Mikhail Shchepkin 's `` actor of reason '' and his `` art of experiencing '' corresponds to Shchepkin 's `` actor of feeling '' ; see Benedetti ( 1999a , 202 ) . Jump up ^ Benedetti ( 1999a , 170 ) . Jump up ^ Benedetti ( 1999a , 182 -- 183 ) . Jump up ^ Benedetti ( 1999a , 325 , 360 ) and ( 2005 , 121 ) and Roach ( 1985 , 197 -- 198 , 205 , 211 -- 215 ) . The term `` Method of Physical Action '' was applied to this rehearsal process after Stanislavski 's death . Benedetti indicates that though Stanislavski had developed it since 1916 , he first explored it practically in the early 1930s ; see ( 1998 , 104 ) and ( 1999a , 356 , 358 ) . Gordon argues the shift in working - method happened during the 1920s ( 2006 , 49 -- 55 ) . Vasili Toporkov , an actor who trained under Stanislavski in this approach , provides in his Stanislavski in Rehearsal ( 2004 ) a detailed account of the Method of Physical Action at work in Stanislavski 's rehearsals . Jump up ^ Benedetti ( 1999a , 355 -- 256 ) , Carnicke ( 2000 , 32 -- 33 ) , Leach ( 2004 , 29 ) , Magarshack ( 1950 , 373 -- 375 ) , and Whyman ( 2008 , 242 ) . Jump up ^ Quoted by Carnicke ( 1998 , 156 ) . Stanislavski continues : `` For in the process of action the actor gradually obtains the mastery over the inner incentives of the actions of the character he is representing , evoking in himself the emotions and thoughts which resulted in those actions . In such a case , an actor not only understands his part , but also feels it , and that is the most important thing in creative work on the stage '' ; quoted by Magarshack ( 1950 , 375 ) . Jump up ^ Carnicke ( 1998 , 1 , 167 ) and ( 2000 , 14 ) , Counsell ( 1996 , 24 -- 25 ) , Golub ( 1998 , 1032 ) , Gordon ( 2006 , 71 -- 72 ) , Leach ( 2004 , 29 ) , and Milling and Ley ( 2001 , 1 -- 2 ) . Jump up ^ Benedetti ( 1999a , 286 ) and Blum ( 1984 , 22 ) . Strasberg was 22 at the time . Jump up ^ Boleslavsky had been able to extend his visa thanks to an invitation from Stanislavski to act as an assistant director to the company . Jump up ^ Benedetti ( 1999a , 283 , 286 ) and Gordon ( 2006 , 71 -- 72 ) . Jump up ^ Benedetti ( 1999a , 332 ) . Jump up ^ Krasner ( 2000b , 129 -- 130 ) . Jump up ^ Benedetti ( 2005 , 147 -- 148 ) and Carnicke ( 1998 , 1 , 8 ) . Not only actors are subject to this confusion ; Lee Strasberg 's obituary in The New York Times credited Stanislavski with the invention of the Method : `` Mr. Strasberg adapted it to the American theatre , imposing his refinements , but always crediting Stanislavsky as his source '' ( Quoted by Carnicke 1998 , 9 ) ; see Gussow ( 1982 ) . Carnicke argues that this `` robs Strasberg of the originality in his thinking , while simultaneously obscuring Stanislavsky 's ideas '' ( 1997 , 9 ) . In a note from 1913 Stanislavski wrote that a character `` is sometimes formed psychologically , i.e. from the inner image of the role , but at other times it is discovered through purely external exploration '' ; quoted by Benedetti ( 1999a , 216 ) . Neither the tradition that formed in the USSR nor the American Method , Carnicke argues , `` integrated the mind and body of the actor , the corporal and the spiritual , the text and the performance as thoroughly or as insistently as did Stanislavsky himself '' ( 1998 , 2 ) . For evidence of Strasberg 's misunderstanding of this aspect of Stanislavski 's work , see Strasberg ( 2010 , 150 -- 151 ) . Jump up ^ Carnicke ( 2009 , 221 ) . Jump up ^ Kase ( 2011 , 125 ) and Hull ( 1985 , 10 ) . ^ Jump up to : Benedetti ( 1999a , 351 ) and Gordon ( 2006 , 74 ) . Jump up ^ Benedetti ( 1999a , 351 -- 352 ) . Jump up ^ Strasberg ( 1988 , 44 ) . Jump up ^ Benedetti ( 1999a , 18 -- 19 ) and Magarshack ( 1950 , 25 , 33 -- 34 ) . He would disguise himself as a tramp or drunk and visit the railway station , or as a fortune - telling gypsy . As Benedetti explains , however , Stanislavski soon abandoned the technique of maintaining a characterisation in real life ; it does not form a part of his `` system '' . Jump up ^ Skog ( 2010 , 16 ) . Jump up ^ Gussow ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Meisner ( 1987 , 15 , 136 ) . Jump up ^ Lewis ( 2003 , 193 ) . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Abramson ( 2015 , 135 ) . Jump up ^ Flom ( 2009 , 241 ) . Jump up ^ French ( 2008 ) . Sources ( edit ) Primary sources ( edit ) Adler , Stella. 2000 . The Art of Acting . Ed . Howard Kissel . New York : Applause . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55783 - 373 - 0 . Adler , Stella. 1990 . The Technique of Acting . New York : Bantam . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 34932 - 0 . Hagen , Uta and Haskel Frankel. 1973 . Respect for Acting . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 02 - 547390 - 5 . Hagen , Uta. 1991 . A Challenge for the Actor . New York : Scribner . ISBN 0 - 684 - 19040 - 0 . Meisner , Sanford , and Dennis Longwell. 1987 . Sanford Meisner on Acting . New York : Vintage . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 75059 - 0 . Stanislavski , Konstantin. 1936 . An Actor Prepares . London : Methuen , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 413 - 46190 - 4 . Stanislavski , Konstantin. 1938 . An Actor 's Work : A Student 's Diary . Trans . and ed. Jean Benedetti . London and New York : Routledge , 2008 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 42223 - X . Stanislavski , Konstantin. 1957 . An Actor 's Work on a Role . Trans . and ed. Jean Benedetti . London and New York : Routledge , 2010 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 46129 - 4 . Strasberg , Lee . 1965 . Strasberg at the Actors Studio : Tape - Recorded Sessions . Ed . Robert H. Hethmon . New York : Theater Communications Group . Strasberg , Lee . 1987 . A Dream of Passion : The Development of the Method . Ed . Evangeline Morphos . New York : Plume , 1988 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 26198 - 3 . Strasberg , Lee . 2010 . The Lee Strasberg Notes . Ed . Lola Cohen . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 55186 - 1 . Secondary sources ( edit ) Abramson , Leslie H. 2015 . Hitchcock and the Anxiety of Authorship ... New York : Palgrave . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 30970 - 9 . Banham , Martin , ed. 1998 . The Cambridge Guide to Theatre . Cambridge : Cambridge UP . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43437 - 8 . Benedetti , Jean . 1989 . Stanislavski : An Introduction . Revised edition . Original edition published in 1982 . London : Methuen . ISBN 0 - 413 - 50030 - 6 . Benedetti , Jean . 1998 . Stanislavski and the Actor . London : Methuen . ISBN 0 - 413 - 71160 - 9 . Benedetti , Jean . 1999a . Stanislavski : His Life and Art . Revised edition . Original edition published in 1988 . London : Methuen . ISBN 0 - 413 - 52520 - 1 . Benedetti , Jean . 1999b . `` Stanislavsky and the Moscow Art Theatre , 1898 -- 1938 '' . In Leach and Borovsky ( 1999 , 254 -- 277 ) . Blum , Richard A. 1984 . American Film Acting : The Stanislavski Heritage . Studies in Cinema 28 . Ann Arbor , MI : UMI Press . Braun , Edward . 1982 . `` Stanislavsky and Chekhov '' . The Director and the Stage : From Naturalism to Grotowski . London : Methuen . ISBN 0 - 413 - 46300 - 1 . p. 59 -- 76 . Carnicke , Sharon M. 1998 . Stanislavsky in Focus . Russian Theatre Archive Ser . London : Harwood Academic Publishers . ISBN 90 - 5755 - 070 - 9 . Carnicke , Sharon M. 2000 . `` Stanislavsky 's System : Pathways for the Actor '' . In Hodge ( 2000 , 11 -- 36 ) . Carnicke , Sharon M. 2009 . Stanislavsky in Focus : An Acting Master for the Twenty - First Century . 2nd ed. of Carnicke ( 1998 ) . Routledge Theatre Classics . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 77497 - 0 . Counsell , Colin. 1996 . Signs of Performance : An Introduction to Twentieth - Century Theatre . London and New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 10643 - 5 . Daily Telegraph , The . 2013 . `` The Method Madness of Daniel Day - Lewis '' . The Daily Telegraph 23 January 2013 . Web . Accessed 13 August 2016 . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2013 . `` Stella Adler ( American Actress ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Web . 27 October 2011 . Flom , Eric L. 2009 . Silent Film Stars on the Stages of Seattle : A History of Performances by Hollywood Notables . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3908 - 9 . French , Philip . 2008 . `` Philip French 's Screen Legends : Charles Laughton '' . The Guardian . 21 September 2008 . Web . Accessed 31 August 2016 . Golub , Spencer . 1998 . `` Stanislavsky , Konstantin ( Sergeevich ) '' . In Banham ( 1998 , 1032 -- 1033 ) . Gordon , Marc . 2000 . `` Salvaging Strasberg at the Fin de Siècle '' . In Krasner ( 2000 , 43 -- 60 ) . Gordon , Robert . 2006 . The Purpose of Playing : Modern Acting Theories in Perspective . Ann Arbor : U of Michigan P. ISBN 0 - 472 - 06887 - 3 . Gussow , Mel . 1982 . `` Obituary : Lee Strasberg of Actors Studio Dead '' . The New York Times 18 February 1982 . Web . Accessed 4 March 2014 . Hayward , Susan . 1996 . Key Concepts in Cinema Studies . Key Concepts ser . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 10719 - 8 . Hodge , Alison , ed. 2000 . Twentieth - Century Actor Training . London and New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 19452 - 0 . Hull , S. Loraine. 1985 . Strasberg 's Method as Taught by Lorrie Hull . Woodbridge , CN : Ox Bow . ISBN 0 - 918024 - 39 - 0 . Innes , Christopher , ed. 2000 . A Sourcebook on Naturalist Theatre . London and New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 15229 - 1 . Kase , Larina. 2011 . Clients , Clients , and More Clients ! : Create an Endless Stream of New Business with the Power of Psychology . New York : McGraw -- Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 177100 - X . Krasner , David , ed. 2000a . Method Acting Reconsidered : Theory , Practice , Future . New York : St. Martin 's P. ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 22309 - 0 . Krasner , David . 2000b . `` Strasberg , Adler , Meisner : Method Acting '' . In Hodge ( 2000 , 129 -- 150 ) . Leach , Robert . 2004 . Makers of Modern Theatre : An Introduction . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 31241 - 8 . Leach , Robert , and Victor Borovsky , eds. 1999 . A History of Russian Theatre . Cambridge : Cambridge UP . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43220 - 0 . Lewis , Robert . 2003 . Slings and Arrows : Theater in My Life . New York : Hal Leonard Corporation . ISBN 1 - 55783 - 244 - 7 . Magarshack , David . 1950 . Stanislavsky : A Life . London and Boston : Faber , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 13791 - 1 . Milling , Jane , and Graham Ley. 2001 . Modern Theories of Performance : From Stanislavski to Boal . Basingstoke , Hampshire and New York : Palgrave . ISBN 0 - 333 - 77542 - 2 . Roach , Joseph R. 1985 . The Player 's Passion : Studies in the Science of Acting . Theater : Theory / Text / Performance Ser . Ann Arbor : U of Michigan P. ISBN 0 - 472 - 08244 - 2 . Skog , Jason . 2010 . Acting : A Practical Guide to Pursuing the Art . Mankato , MN : Compass Point . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7565 - 4364 - 8 . Toporkov , Vasily Osipovich. 2001 . Stanislavski in Rehearsal : The Final Years . Trans . Jean Benedetti . London : Methuen . ISBN 0 - 413 - 75720 - X . Whyman , Rose . 2008 . The Stanislavsky System of Acting : Legacy and Influence in Modern Performance . Cambridge : Cambridge UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88696 - 3 . GND : 4387628 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Method_acting&oldid=802326690 '' Categories : Acting techniques Theatre 1933 introductions Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 13 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who is often credited as the first modern director

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Robert Wadlow

Robert Wadlow - wikipedia Robert Wadlow Jump to : navigation , search Robert Wadlow Photographic postcard of Robert Wadlow compared to his father , Harold Franklin Wadlow , whose height was 5 ft 11.5 in ( 1.82 m ) ( 1918 - 02 - 22 ) February 22 , 1918 Alton , Illinois July 15 , 1940 ( 1940 - 07 - 15 ) ( aged 22 ) Manistee , Michigan Cause of death Infection Nationality American Education Alton High School Alma mater Shurtleff College Known for Tallest human being ever ( confirmed ) Home town Alton , Illinois Height 8 ft 11.1 in ( 2.72 m ) Weight 490 lb ( 220 kg ) Parent ( s ) Harold Franklin Wadlow Addie Johnson Robert Pershing Wadlow ( February 22 , 1918 -- July 15 , 1940 ) , also known as the Alton Giant and the Giant of Illinois , was an American who became famous as the tallest person ever in recorded history for whom there is irrefutable evidence . The Alton and Illinois monikers reflect that he was born and raised in Alton , Illinois . Wadlow reached 8 ft 11.1 in ( 2.72 m ) in height and weighed 490 lb ( 220 kg ) at his death at age 22 . His great size and his continued growth in adulthood were due to hyperplasia of his pituitary gland , which results in an abnormally high level of human growth hormone . He showed no indication of an end to his growth even at the time of his death . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Later years and death 3 Legacy 4 In music 5 Height chart 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Early life Wadlow was born to Addie Johnson and Harold Wadlow in Alton , Illinois , on February 22 , 1918 , and was the oldest of five children . He was taller than his father by the age of 8 , and in elementary school they had to make a special desk for him due to his size . By the time he had graduated from Alton High School in 1936 , he was 8 ft 4 in ( 2.54 m ) . After graduating he enrolled in Shurtleff College with the intention of studying law . Later years and death Wadlow 's size began to take its toll : he required leg braces to walk and had little feeling in his legs and feet . Despite these difficulties , he never used a wheelchair . Wadlow became a celebrity after his 1936 U.S. tour with the Ringling Brothers Circus . In 1938 , he did a promotional tour with the International Shoe Company ( since 1966 called INTERCO ) . They provided him his shoes free of charge . Examples of the shoes still exist in several locations throughout the U.S. , including Snyder 's Shoe Store of Ludington and Manistee , Michigan , and the Alton Museum of History and Art . He continued participating in tours and public appearances , though only in his normal street clothes . He possessed great physical strength until the last year of his life , when his strength and his health in general began to deteriorate rapidly . Wadlow was a member of the Order of DeMolay , the Masonic - sponsored organization for young men . He was also a Freemason . In 1939 , he petitioned Franklin Lodge # 25 in Alton , Illinois , and by late November of that year was raised to the degree of Master Mason under the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Illinois A.F. and A.M. . His Freemason ring was the largest ever made . One year before his death , Wadlow passed John Rogan as the tallest person ever . On June 27 , 1940 ( 18 days before his death ) , he was measured at 8 ft 11.1 in ( 2.72 m ) by doctors C.M. Charles and Cyril MacBryde of Washington University in St. Louis , Missouri . On July 4 , 1940 , during a professional appearance at the Manistee National Forest Festival , a faulty brace irritated his ankle , causing a blister and subsequent infection . Doctors treated him with a blood transfusion and emergency surgery , but his condition worsened due to an autoimmune disorder , and on July 15 , 1940 , 11 days after contracting the infection , he died in his sleep at the age of 22 . His coffin measured 10 feet 9 inches ( 3.28 m ) long by 32 inches ( 81 cm ) wide by 30 inches ( 76 cm ) deep , weighed 1,000 pounds ( 450 kg ) and was carried by twelve pallbearers and eight assistants . His body was buried at Oakwood Cemetery in Upper Alton , Madison County , Illinois . Legacy A life - size statue of Wadlow stands on College Avenue in Alton , opposite the Alton Museum of History and Art . It was erected in 1986 , in honor of the well - known native . Others stand in the Guinness Museums in Niagara Falls , Ontario and Gatlinburg , Tennessee , as well as several of the Ripley 's Believe It or Not Museums . A group of six life - size models of him , made by artist James Butler , exist , and are shipped and displayed in replica caskets . Another life - size statue of Wadlow may be viewed at Marvin 's Marvelous Mechanical Museum in Farmington Hills , Michigan . In front of it is a small , quarter - operated `` TV - box '' , which plays a short , documentary movie about his extraordinary short life . Wadlow is still affectionately known as the `` Gentle Giant '' . In music The 1998 song `` The Giant of Illinois '' , by The Handsome Family ( and later covered by Andrew Bird ) honors Wadlow . In 2005 , Sufjan Stevens recorded `` The Tallest Man , the Broadest Shoulders '' about Wadlow for the Illinois album . A picture of Wadlow with his family is featured on the back cover of the VHS version of the Talking Heads music video compilation , Storytelling Giant . Height chart This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wadlow 's shoe , size 37 AA ( US , size ) Wadlow 's shoe compared to a size 12 Age Height Weight Notes Size of Year Birth 1 ft 8 in ( 0.51 m ) 8 lb 6 oz ( 3.8 kg ) Normal height and weight Average February 22 , 1918 6 Months 2 ft 10.5 in ( 0.88 m ) 30 lb ( 14 kg ) 2 year old August 22 , 1918 1 Year 3 ft 6 in ( 1.07 m ) 45 lb ( 20 kg ) When he began to walk at 11 months , he was 3 ft 3.5 in ( 1.00 m ) tall and weighed 40 lbs . 5 year old February 22 , 1919 18 Months 4 ft 3 in ( 1.30 m ) 67 lb ( 30 kg ) 8 year old August 22 , 1919 2 years 4 ft 6 in ( 1.37 m ) 75 lb ( 34 kg ) 10 year old 1920 3 years 4 ft 11 in ( 1.50 m ) 89 lb ( 40 kg ) 12 year old 1921 4 years 5 ft 3 in ( 1.60 m ) 105 lb ( 48 kg ) 14 year old 1922 5 years 5 ft 6.5 in ( 1.69 m ) 140 lb ( 64 kg ) At 5 years of age , attending kindergarten , Robert was 5 ' 6 1 / 2 '' tall . He wore clothes that would fit a 17 - year - old boy . 15 year old 1923 6 years 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) 146 lb ( 66 kg ) 15 year old 1924 7 years 5 ft 10 in ( 1.78 m ) 159 lb ( 72 kg ) Height of adult male 1925 8 years 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) 169 lb ( 77 kg ) 1926 9 years 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 180 lb ( 82 kg ) Weighing 180 pounds , he was strong enough to carry his father ( who was sitting in a living room chair ) up the stairs to the second floor . 1927 10 years 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1928 11 years 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 241 lb ( 109 kg ) 1929 12 years 7 ft 2 in ( 2.18 m ) 287 lb ( 130 kg ) 1930 13 years 7 ft 4 in ( 2.24 m ) 301 lb ( 137 kg ) World 's tallest Boy Scout , averaging a growth of 4 inches ( 10 cm ) per year since birth and wearing size 19 ( U.S. ) shoes . 1931 14 years 7 ft 5 in ( 2.26 m ) 331 lb ( 150 kg ) 1932 15 years 7 ft 10 in ( 2.39 m ) 354 lb ( 161 kg ) 1933 16 years 8 ft 1.5 in ( 2.48 m ) 374 lb ( 170 kg ) 1934 17 years 8 ft 3 in ( 2.51 m ) 382 lb ( 173 kg ) Graduated from high school on January 8 , 1936 and was 8 ft 3 in ( 2.51 m ) . Height of Sultan Kosen , the tallest living man . 1935 18 years 8 ft 4 in ( 2.54 m ) 391 lb ( 177 kg ) 1936 19 years 8 ft 6 in ( 2.59 m ) 480 lb ( 220 kg ) 1937 20 years 8 ft 7 in ( 2.62 m ) 488 lb ( 221 kg ) 1938 21 years 8 ft 8 in ( 2.64 m ) 492 lb ( 223 kg ) 1939 22.4 years 8 ft 11.1 in ( 2.72 m ) 439 lb ( 199 kg ) At death , he was the world 's tallest man according to the Guinness World Records . June 27 , 1940 See also Biography portal List of tallest people Sultan Kösen , the world 's tallest living man Brenden Adams , until 2015 the world 's tallest teenager Zeng Jinlian , the tallest woman who ever lived References ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Pershing Wadlow '' . Alton Museum of History and Art . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tallest Man '' . Guinness World Records . March 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 19 . at Wayback machine ^ Jump up to : Robert Wadlow - 8 feet 11.1 inches ( 272cm ) thetallestman.com Jump up ^ `` World 's Tallest Man '' . www.worldslargestthings.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Wadlow , World 's Tallest Man , Alton Illinois '' . Roadside America . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Drimmer , Frederick ( 1991 ) . `` The Tallest Man in the World '' . Born different : amazing stories of very special people . New York : Bantam . p. 60 . ISBN 055315897X . Jump up ^ Robert Wadlow `` worlds tallest man , worlds tallest mason '' Illinois Freemasonry Magazine , Vol. 15 , No. 1 , Winter 2009 p. 5 Jump up ^ `` Tallest man ever '' . Guinness World Records . Jump up ^ Hatzman , Marc ( 2006 ) . American Sideshow . Penguin . ISBN 9781440649912 . Jump up ^ Brannan , Dan ( 2010 - 07 - 14 ) . `` Wadlow died 70 years ago Thursday '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The King of Giants '' . The World 's Strangest Mysteries . New York : Gallery Books . 1987 . p. 702 . ISBN 0 - 8317 - 9678 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Colombraro , Rosemarie ( 2007 ) . `` The world 's tallest Boy Scout '' . Boys ' Life ( February 2007 ) : 24 -- 25 . Further reading Brannan , Dan . ( 2003 ) Boy Giant . Alton Museum of History and Art . Fadner , Frederic , assisted by Harold F. Wadlow. ( 1944 ) The gentleman giant ; the biography of Robert Pershing Wadlow . Boston , B. Humphries , Inc . Hamilton , Sandra . ( 1993 ) Looking back and up : At Robert Pershing Wadlow , The Gentle Giant . Alton Museum of History and Art . Phillips , Jennifer . ( 2010 ) `` Robert Wadlow -- The Unique Life of the Boy Who Became the World 's Tallest Man . '' Nose in a Book Publishing . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert Wadlow . Footage of Robert Wadlow Alton Museum of History and Art article Graveyards.com : Upper Alton Cemetery Robert Wadlow at Find a Grave Records Preceded by John Rogan Tallest recognized person ever 1939 -- present Incumbent VIAF : 36701185 LCCN : no2007088743 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Wadlow&oldid=831404836 '' Categories : 1918 births 1940 deaths American circus performers American people of English descent Infectious disease deaths in Michigan People from Alton , Illinois People with gigantism Burials in Illinois Shurtleff College alumni Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 12 : 42 . 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Little Big Town

Little Big Town - wikipedia Little Big Town Jump to : navigation , search Little Big Town Little Big Town performing live on February 28 , 2008 . ( L -- R : Jimi Westbrook , Karen Fairchild , Phillip Sweet , Kimberly Schlapman ) Background information Origin Homewood , Alabama , U.S. Genres Country Years active 1998 -- present Labels Mercury Nashville Monument Equity Capitol Nashville Website littlebigtown.com Members Karen Fairchild Kimberly Schlapman Phillip Sweet Jimi Westbrook Little Big Town is an American country music group . Founded in 1998 , the group has comprised the same four members since its founding : Karen Fairchild , Kimberly Schlapman ( formerly Kimberly Roads ) , Jimi Westbrook , and Phillip Sweet . Their musical style relies heavily on four - part vocal harmonies , with all four members alternating as lead vocalists ; Westbrook and Sweet also play rhythm guitar . After a recording deal with the Mercury Nashville Records label which produced no singles or albums , Little Big Town released its self - titled debut on Monument Records in 2002 . It produced two minor country chart singles before the group left the label . By 2005 , the group had been signed to Equity Music Group , an independent record label owned by Clint Black . Their second album , The Road to Here , was released that year , and received a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . A Place to Land , their third album , was released via Equity , then re-released via Capitol Nashville after Equity closed in 2008 . Five more albums have followed for Capitol : The Reason Why ( 2010 ) , Tornado ( 2012 ) , Pain Killer ( 2014 ) , Wanderlust ( 2016 ) , and The Breaker ( 2017 ) . All of their albums have accounted for 24 singles on Hot Country Songs and Country Airplay , including the No. 1 singles `` Pontoon '' , `` Girl Crush '' , and `` Better Man '' along with the top 10 hits `` Boondocks '' , `` Bring It On Home '' , `` Little White Church '' , `` Tornado '' , and `` Day Drinking '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Career 2.1 2000 -- 02 : Little Big Town 2.2 2005 -- 09 : The Road to Here and A Place to Land 2.3 2010 -- 13 : The Reason Why , Commercial Success and Tornado 2.4 2014 -- 16 : Pain Killer and Grand Ole Opry invitation 2.5 2016 -- present : Wanderlust , The Breaker , and Ryman residency 3 Discography 4 Tours 5 Personal lives 6 Musical stylings 7 Awards and nominations 7.1 Academy of Country Music Awards ( ACM ) 7.2 American Country Awards ( ACA ) 7.3 American Country Countdown Awards ( ACC ) 7.4 American Music Awards ( AMA ) 7.5 Billboard Music Awards 7.6 British Country Music Association Awards 7.7 Country Music Association Awards ( CMA ) 7.8 CMT Artists of the Year 7.9 CMT Music Awards 7.10 Daytime Emmy Awards 7.11 Grammy Awards 7.12 People 's Choice Awards 7.13 Teen Choice Awards 8 Television Appearances 9 References 10 External links Early years ( edit ) In the mid-1990s , Karen Fairchild sang with the Christian vocal group Truth and was featured as a lead singer in a few of their songs . She also formed a duo called KarenLeigh with Leigh Cappillino ( from the group Point of Grace ) . KarenLeigh produced the singles , `` Save it For a Rainy Day '' and `` This Love Has '' . In 1997 , while attending Samford University in Alabama , she met Kimberly Roads . Eventually , they moved to Nashville , Tennessee , where they reunited and began singing together . Jimi Westbrook joined Roads and Fairchild in 1998 , followed by Phillip Sweet . Career ( edit ) 2000 -- 02 : Little Big Town ( edit ) Little Big Town 's first record deal was with Mercury Nashville Records , although the band was dropped from the label 's roster without releasing a single or album . In 2001 , they sang backing vocals on Collin Raye 's album Ca n't Back Down , while Sweet and Roads co-wrote the song `` Back Where I Belong '' on Sherrié Austin 's 2001 album Followin ' a Feelin ' . A second contract , this time with Monument Records Nashville , began in 2002 . The band 's first album , Little Big Town , was released that year . It produced the singles `` Do n't Waste My Time '' and `` Everything Changes '' , which peaked at 33 and 42 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart . Westbrook 's father died in 2002 , just after the group 's first album was released . Fairchild and Sweet both divorced their spouses shortly afterward , and the group exited Monument when the label 's Nashville branch was dissolved . The four members all took up day jobs to earn additional money , although they continued to tour as well . 2005 -- 09 : the Road to Here and a Place to Land ( edit ) In 2005 , Little Big Town was signed to Equity Music Group , a label started and partially owned by country music singer Clint Black . Their third single , `` Boondocks '' , was released in May , peaking at No. 9 on the country charts in January 2006 . It served as the first of four singles from the group 's second album , The Road to Here , which was released on October 4 , 2005 . `` Bring It On Home '' , the second single from the album , became Little Big Town 's first top 5 hit on Hot Country Songs . It was followed by `` Good as Gone '' and `` A Little More You '' , both of which were top 20 hits . By the end of 2006 , The Road to Here had been certified Platinum in the United States . Unlike their first album , the group 's members co-wrote the majority of the songs on The Road to Here along with Wayne Kirkpatrick , who also produced it . In 2007 , the group sang backing vocals on John Mellencamp 's Freedom 's Road album . Little Big Town released A Place to Land , their third studio album and second with Equity , on November 6 , 2007 . Its lead - off single , `` I 'm with the Band '' , peaked at number 32 on the country chart . On April 23 , 2008 , Little Big Town announced it was leaving Equity for Capitol Nashville . Shortly afterward , they charted with Sugarland and Jake Owen on a live cover of The Dream Academy 's `` Life in a Northern Town '' . Taken from Sugarland 's 2007 tour , it reached number 28 on the country chart based on unsolicited airplay . In October 2008 , Capitol re-released A Place to Land , which added four new songs , and the label promoted two further singles from the album , `` Fine Line '' and `` Good Lord Willing '' . In the fall of 2008 , Little Big Town opened up for Carrie Underwood on her Carnival Ride Tour . They began their first headlining tour in January 2009 in Jacksonville , Florida and continued through April . Fairchild recorded a duet with Mellencamp on his 2008 album , Life , Death , Love and Freedom . The song , `` A Ride Back Home '' , was released as the album 's third single and was accompanied by a music video . Fairchild also duetted with Mellencamp on `` My Sweet Love '' and appears in its music video . Little Big Town was nominated for Vocal Group Of The Year for the fourth year in a row at the 2009 CMA Awards . 2010 -- 13 : the Reason Why , commercial success and Tornado ( edit ) In March 2010 , the group released a new single titled `` Little White Church '' , as the lead - off single to their fourth studio album and first completely new album on Capitol Nashville , The Reason Why , which was released on August 24 , 2010 . `` Little White Church '' peaked at number 6 on the country chart . The album produced two additional singles in `` Kiss Goodbye '' and the title track , but both failed to reach the top 40 of Hot Country Songs . The album 's title track was released as a digital single on July 27 , 2010 , to begin an iTunes countdown to the album release on August 24 , 2010 . Three further digital singles -- `` Kiss Goodbye '' , `` Why , Oh Why '' , and `` All the Way Down '' -- were released weekly leading up until the album release . Also , in promotion of The Reason Why , Little Big Town went on tour as an opening act for Sugarland on The Incredible Machine Tour , as well their own The Reason Why Tour . Little Big Town 's fifth studio album , Tornado , was released on September 11 , 2012 . It was also their first album to be produced by Jay Joyce . `` Pontoon '' was released as the album 's lead single on April 30 , 2012 , and became their first number one hit on Hot Country Songs in September 2012 . It was their first single to receive a Platinum certification . The title track was released as the album 's second single on October 1 , 2012 . It reached number 2 on the Country Airplay chart in 2013 . At the 55th Grammy Awards , `` Pontoon '' won the Grammy Award for Best Country Duo / Group Performance . The album was certified gold by the RIAA in December 2012 . The band joined Rascal Flatts on their Changed Tour , along with Eli Young Band and Edens Edge , for dates spanning Summer 2012 . They played at the C2C : Country to Country festival in London on March 16 , 2013 . The album 's third single , `` Your Side of the Bed '' , was a number 27 hit . The band sang background vocals on Ashley Monroe 's 2013 single , `` You Got Me '' , featured on her 2013 release , Like a Rose . Group member Karen Fairchild co-wrote the song with Monroe . It failed to chart . The album 's fourth single , `` Sober '' , was a number 31 hit . 2014 -- 16 : Pain Killer and Grand Ole Opry invitation ( edit ) Little Big Town performed harmony vocals on David Nail 's 2014 album , I 'm a Fire , on the song `` When They 're Gone ( Lyle County ) '' , co-written by Brett Eldredge . They were also featured on Miranda Lambert 's 2014 album , Platinum , on `` Smokin ' and Drinkin ' '' , a song which the band was going to record themselves ; it debuted on Billboard 's Country Airplay chart at number 38 after their performance at the CMA Awards in 2014 . The band began recording their sixth studio album , Pain Killer , in early 2014 . The lead single , `` Day Drinking '' , was released digitally June 3 , and was sent to country radio on June 9 . It debuted on the Country Airplay chart at number 32 , their highest - ever debut , and went on to peak at number 2 on Country Airplay . It hit number 1 on the Canada Country chart , becoming their second number 1 single and first as songwriters . Pain Killer 's track listing was announced on July 14 , and the album was released on October 21 . On October 3 , 2014 , Reba McEntire invited the group to join the Grand Ole Opry . They accepted and were inducted by Vince Gill on October 17 . The second single from the album , `` Girl Crush '' , was released December 15 , 2014 . Some radio stations were reported to have pulled `` Girl Crush '' from their playlists , in response to concerns from listeners who interpreted the song 's lyrics to be about lesbianism . In response , Fairchild said , `` That 's just shocking to me , the close - mindedness of that , when that 's just not what the song was about ... But what if it were ? It 's just a greater issue of listening to a song for what it is . '' In addition , the label created a short commercial in which the band discusses the song and its actual meaning . Billboard consulted several radio program directors on its panel and found only one who detailed a specific complaint from a listener . The song became their second No. 1 on a Billboard chart in May 2015 and their highest showing on the Billboard Hot 100 after gaining exposure on `` The Voice '' and the 50th Annual ACM Awards . The album 's third single and the title track , `` Pain Killer '' , released to country radio on August 24 , 2015 . On September 9 , 2015 , the group was nominated for five CMA Awards : Vocal Group of the Year , Album of the Year for Pain Killer , Single of the Year for `` Girl Crush '' , Music Video of the Year for `` Girl Crush '' and Musical Event of the Year for their collaboration on the Miranda Lambert single `` Smokin ' and Drinkin ' '' . They tied Eric Church for most nominations that year . Additionally , the songwriters of `` Girl Crush '' were recognized with a Song of the Year win . For the 58th Annual Grammy Awards Pain Killer was nominated for Best Country Album , `` Girl Crush '' was nominated for Best Country Duo / Group Performance , Song of the Year and Best Country Song . Little Big Town only received nominations for Best Country Album and Best Country Duo / Group Performance since they did not write on `` Girl Crush '' . The band will soon begin working on their first Christmas album . On January 24 , 2016 , the band sang the National Anthem before the Arizona / Carolina NFC Championship game . On July 4 of that year , they performed with the Boston Pops at their annual Independence Day concert . 2016 -- present : Wanderlust , the Breaker , and Ryman residency ( edit ) In February 2016 , they appeared on `` Take Me Down '' , a track on Down to My Last Bad Habit , the fourteenth album by Vince Gill . In March 2016 , Little Big Town returned to the UK as part of the C2C : Country to Country tour , becoming one of four acts at the time ( the others being Brantley Gilbert , Sam Hunt and Carrie Underwood ) to perform at the festival twice . They headlined the launch party in 2015 where they announced the full line - up , revealing that they would be supporting Underwood along with Hunt and Maddie & Tae . On May 24 , 2016 , the band announced their seventh studio album titled Wanderlust . The album contains eight tracks produced by Pharrell Williams and was released on June 10 , 2016 . Karen Fairchild describes the album as , `` It 's not a country album '' `` And it 's not like anything we 've ever done . It 's fun to be spontaneous and put it out there to the fans , because we want to , and not to overthink it , but just because it has brought us a lot of joy , and we think it will for them as well . So why not ? We 're going with our gut and putting it out there . It 's just music , you know ? '' Fairchild stated that they are also working on a country record with Jay Joyce . In July , they appeared on the 2000 -- 2005 episode of ABC 's Greatest Hits where they performed covers by Alicia Keys , Oasis and Sheryl Crow . They were also selected as one of 30 artists to perform on `` Forever Country '' , a mash - up track of `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' , `` On the Road Again '' and `` I Will Always Love You '' , which celebrates 50 years of the CMA Awards . The band released `` Better Man '' , which was written by singer - songwriter Taylor Swift , on October 20 , 2016 , as the lead single to their upcoming eighth studio album , The Breaker , that was released on February 24 , 2017 . Initially masking the song 's writer , the band revealed that Swift wrote the song . The song 's music video , directed by Reid Long and Becky Fluke , was released November 1 , 2016 . The band would follow up with a new single `` When Someone Stops Loving You , '' on February 17 , 2017 . The song was inspired by a story Sean Lynch detailed to the band during a tour stop in 2016 . The band announced that they would be the first act in history to have a residency at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville . Little Big Town announced a six - date UK tour supported by Seth Ennis beginning on September 28 and concluding in London on October 5 before revealing that Kacey Musgraves and Midland would support them on the American leg of The Breakers Tour beginning in February 2018 . On October 5 during their show at the Royal Albert Hall , the band revealed that they would be headlining the 2018 C2C : Country to Country festival , making history as the first act to play the event three times . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Little Big Town discography Little Big Town ( 2002 ) The Road to Here ( 2005 ) A Place to Land ( 2007 ) The Reason Why ( 2010 ) Tornado ( 2012 ) Pain Killer ( 2014 ) Wanderlust ( 2016 ) The Breaker ( 2017 ) Tours ( edit ) Headlining The Reason Why Tour ( 2011 ) Tornado Tour ( 2013 ) Pain Killer Tour ( 2014 -- 15 ) The Breakers Tour ( 2017 - 2018 ) Co-Headlining The Bandwagon Tour with Miranda Lambert ( 2018 ) Supporting Still Alive in 06 with Keith Urban ( 2006 ) CMT On Tour : Change for Change Tour with Sugarland and Jake Owen ( 2007 ) George Strait 2008 Arena Tour with George Strait ( 2008 ) The Waking Up Laughing Tour with Martina McBride ( 2007 -- 08 ) ( Legs 1 and 3 ) Carnival Ride Tour with Carrie Underwood ( 2008 ) ( Fall leg ) A Place To Land Tour with Zac Brown Band and Ashton Shepherd The Incredible Machine Tour 2010 with Sugarland and Randy Montana ( 2010 ) ( Fall leg ) The Incredible Machine Tour 2011 with Sugarland , Matt Nathanson and Casey James ( 2011 ) ( Spring leg ) Revolution Continues Tour with Miranda Lambert ( 2011 ) ( Few dates ) Changed Tour with Rascal Flatts , Eli Young Band and Edens Edge ( 2012 ) Light the Fuse Tour with Keith Urban and Dustin Lynch ( 2013 ) C2C : Country to Country with Tim McGraw ( 2013 ) and Carrie Underwood ( 2016 ) Kill The Lights Tour with Luke Bryan and Dustin Lynch ( 2015 -- 16 ) Personal lives ( edit ) Karen Fairchild ( born September 28 , 1969 ) ( age 48 ) Kimberly Roads Schlapman ( born October 15 , 1969 ) ( age 48 ) Jimi Westbrook ( born October 20 , 1971 ) ( age 46 ) Phillip Sweet ( born March 18 , 1974 ) ( age 44 ) Karen Fairchild and Jimi Westbrook married on May 31 , 2006 , although their marriage was not disclosed until two months later . The couple welcomed their first child , a son ( Elijah Dylan Westbrook ) , on March 5 , 2010 , in Nashville . Kimberly Roads married Stephen Schlapman on November 28 , 2006 , and gave birth to a daughter ( Daisy Pearl Schlapman ) on July 27 , 2007 . In January 2017 , Schlapman announced that she and her husband adopted a baby girl ( Dolly Grace Schlapman ) . They welcomed her on December 31 , 2016 . She now goes by her husband 's last name , Schlapman . Kimberly was previously married to Steven Roads , who died from a heart attack in 2005 . He was also the band 's lawyer . Phillip Sweet married Rebecca Arthur , a business owner and wardrobe stylist , on March 30 , 2007 . Arthur gave birth to a daughter ( Penelopi Jane Sweet ) on December 27 , 2007 , at Baptist Hospital in Nashville . Musical stylings ( edit ) Little Big Town 's musical stylings are defined by four - part vocal harmonies . Unlike most vocal groups , Little Big Town does not feature a definitive lead vocalist . Instead , their songs are either led by any one of the four members , or by all four in varying combinations ( such as on `` Boondocks '' and `` Life in a Northern Town '' ) . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Academy of Country Music Awards ( ACM ) ( edit ) Year Nominated Work Category Result 2006 Themselves Top New Vocal Duo / Group Nominated Top Vocal Group Nominated 2007 Top New Vocal Duo / Group Won Top Vocal Group Nominated 2008 Nominated 2009 `` Life in a Northern Town '' ( with Sugarland and Jake Owen ) Vocal Event of the Year Nominated Themselves Top Vocal Group Nominated Nominated 2011 Nominated 2013 `` Pontoon '' Single of the Year Nominated Tornado Album of the Year Nominated `` Tornado '' Music Video of the Year Won Themselves Vocal Group of the Year Won 2014 Nominated 2015 Won Pain Killer Album of the Year Nominated 2016 Themselves Vocal Group of the Year Won `` Girl Crush '' Single Record of the Year Nominated Song of the Year Nominated Video of the Year Nominated Smokin ' And Drinkin ' Vocal Event of the Year ( shared with Miranda Lambert ) Won Themselves Crystal Milestone Award Won 2017 Themselves Vocal Group of the Year Won 2018 Nominated The Breaker Album of the Year Nominated `` Better Man '' Single of the Year Nominated American Country Awards ( ACA ) ( edit ) Year Nominated Work Category Result `` Little White Church '' Music Video : Duo or Group Nominated Single of the Year : Duo or Group Nominated 2012 `` Pontoon '' Music Video of the Year : Group or Collaboration Won 2013 `` Tornado '' Nominated Single of the Year : Duo or Group Nominated Great American Country -- Music Video of the Year Nominated Themselves Artist of the Year : Duo or Group Nominated American Country Countdown Awards ( ACC ) ( edit ) Year Nominated Work Category Result 2016 `` Girl Crush '' Digital Song of the Year Won American Music Awards ( AMA ) ( edit ) Year Nominated Work Category Result 2015 Themselves Favorite Duo or Group - Country Nominated 2017 Themselves Favorite Duo or Group - Country Won Billboard Music Awards ( edit ) Year Nominated Work Category Result 2016 `` Girl Crush '' Top Country Song Nominated Themselves Billboard Chart Achievement Award Nominated 2017 `` Better Man '' Top Country Song Nominated British Country Music Association Awards ( edit ) Year Nominated Work Category Result 2016 Themselves International Act of the Year Nominated Country Music Association Awards ( CMA ) ( edit ) Year Nominated Work Category Result 2006 Themselves Horizon Award Nominated Vocal Group of the Year Nominated 2007 Horizon Award Nominated Vocal Group of the Year Nominated 2008 `` Life in a Northern Town '' ( with Sugarland and Jake Owen ) Musical Event of the Year Nominated 2009 Themselves Vocal Group of the Year Nominated Nominated 2011 Nominated 2012 Won `` Pontoon '' Single of the Year Won Music Video of the Year Nominated 2013 Tornado Album of the Year Nominated `` Tornado '' Music Video of the Year Nominated Themselves Vocal Group of the Year Won 2014 Won 2015 Won `` Girl Crush '' Single of the Year Won Music Video of the Year Nominated Pain Killer Album of the Year Nominated `` Smokin ' and Drinkin ' '' ( with Miranda Lambert ) Musical Event of the Year Nominated 2016 Themselves Vocal Group of the Year Won 2017 Won `` Better Man '' Single of the Year Nominated Music Video of the Year Nominated The Breaker Album of the Year Nominated 2018 Themselves International Artist Achievement Award Won CMT Artists of the Year ( edit ) Year Nominated Work Category Result 2015 Themselves Artist of the Year Won CMT Music Awards ( edit ) Year Nominated Work Category Result 2006 `` Boondocks '' Duo / Group Video of the Year Nominated 2007 `` Good as Gone '' Group Video of the Year Nominated 2009 `` Life in a Northern Town '' ( with Sugarland and Jake Owen ) Collaborative Video of the Year Nominated CMT Performance of the Year Nominated 2011 `` Little White Church '' Group Video of the Year Nominated 2012 `` Fix You '' from Music Builds CMT Performance of the Year Nominated 2013 `` Tornado '' Video of the Year Nominated `` Pontoon '' Group Video of the Year Nominated 2014 `` Your Side of the Bed '' Nominated 2015 `` Day Drinking '' Nominated 2016 `` Girl Crush '' Group / Duo Video of the Year Won Video of the Year Nominated 2017 `` Better Man '' Video of the Year Nominated Group Video of the Year Won Daytime Emmy Awards ( edit ) Year Nominated Work Category Result 2013 `` Good Afternoon '' Outstanding Original Song Won Grammy Awards ( edit ) Year Nominated Work Category Result 2007 The Road to Here Best Country Album Nominated `` Boondocks '' Best Country Vocal Performance by a Duo / Group Nominated 2009 `` Life in a Northern Town '' ( with Sugarland and Jake Owen ) Best Country Collaboration with Vocals Nominated 2011 `` Little White Church '' Best Country Performance by a Duo / Group with Vocals Nominated 2013 `` Pontoon '' Best Country Duo / Group Performance Won 2014 `` Your Side Of The Bed '' Nominated 2015 `` Day Drinking '' Nominated 2016 `` Girl Crush '' Won Pain Killer Best Country Album Nominated 2018 The Breaker Nominated `` Better Man '' Best Country Duo / Group Performance Won Themselves On the Hill Award Won People 's Choice Awards ( edit ) Year Nominated Work Category Result 2016 Themselves Favorite Country Group Nominated 2017 Themselves Won Teen Choice Awards ( edit ) Year Nominated Work Category Result 2011 Themselves Choice Country Group Nominated 2013 Nominated Television Appearances ( edit ) Year Series Role Notes 2006 CMT Crossroads Themselves ( with Lindsey Buckingham ) 2013 - 15 CMA Music Festival : Country 's Night To Rock Themselves / Host 2014 The Voice Themselves / Adviser Season 7 Battle Round with Team Blake 2016 Themselves Season 10 Finale Result Greatest Hits Themselves 2017 Sesame Street Themselves Season 47 , Episode 17 2017 The Voice Themselves Season 12 finale performance References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Brian ( 2006 - 10 - 22 ) . `` Success no longer on Town 's outskirts '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Little Big Town biography '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ca n't Back Down ( CD insert ) . Collin Raye . Epic Records . 2001 . 85794 . Jump up ^ Konicki Dinoia , Maria . `` Followin ' a Feelin ' '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Thom Jurek . `` Freedom 's Road - John Mellencamp - Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Little Big Town Signs With Capitol Nashville '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Little Big Town '' . 2009 - 02 - 08 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` 55th Annual GRAMMY Award Winners '' . GRAMMY Awards . Archived from the original on 1 December 2011 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Little Big Town Wraps Up 2012 With Performance On The Season Finale Of The X-Factor '' . littlebigtown.com . Retrieved 19 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw , Carrie Underwood Set to Headline London 's First - Ever Country to Country Music Festival '' . Taste of Country . 10 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 11 December 2012 . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Stephen L. Betts ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Ashley Monroe , ' Like a Rose ' Album Is Thorns - and - All Approach to Country Music ( Exclusive Interview ) '' . The Boot . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Miranda Lambert Sets ACM Record With 5 Consecutive Female Vocalist Of The Year Wins '' . Sony Music Nashville . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reuter , Annie . `` Listen : Little Big Town Put in Competition for Country Summer Jam with ' Day Drinking ' '' . Radio.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` R&R : Going for Adds : Country : June 9 , 2014 '' . Radio & Records . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 2014 - 07 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Little Big Town to Join the Grand Ole Opry '' . Country Weekly . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yahr , Emily ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Why stations are pulling Little Big Town 's ' Girl Crush ' -- and what that says about country radio '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stark , Phyllis ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Controversy Over Little Big Town 's ' Girl Crush ' & Its ' Lesbian Theme ' Is Mostly Fabricated '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Paulson , Cindy Watts . `` Grammy nominees : Taylor Swift , Chris Stapleton , Little Big Town more '' . Tennessean . Gannett . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bell , Rebekah ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Little Big Town to Release a Christmas Album This Winter '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Willman , Chris ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Little Big Town Explains Their Happy Hookup With Pharrell for Surprise Album ' Wanderlust ' '' . Billboard . Billboard . Jump up ^ Murphy , Eliza ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` 30 Country Music Stars Join Forces for Historic CMA Music Video , ' Forever Country ' - ABC News '' . abcnews.go.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Big Town announce UK tour dates - Entertainment Focus '' . www.entertainment-focus.com . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Little Big Town Announces 2018 `` The Breakers Tour '' With Kacey Musgraves & Midland `` . 20 September 2017 . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Town , Little Big . `` Shared some BIG news tonight from Royal Albert Hall ... Excited to announce that we are headlining @ C2Cfestival ! See you in March ! # C2C2018pic.twitter.com/nRAGKXK7SZ '' . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Little Big Town 's Kimberly Roads Weds '' . Great American Country . 2006 - 12 - 07 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` It 's a Girl for LBT 's Kimberly Roads ! '' . Great American Country . 2007 - 07 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Watts , Cindy ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Surprise ! Little Big Town 's Kimberly Schlapman introduces new baby '' . Tennessean . Gannett . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alan Sculley . `` Little Big Town keeps sound from ' The Road to Here ' '' . CCCT . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Gayle ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Little Big Town Thought Their Career Was Over After the Death of Kimberly Schlapman 's First Husband '' . The Boot . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Kristin Boehm ( 2008 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Little Big Town 's Phillip & Rebecca Sweet Have a Daughter '' . People.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ 53rd ACM Awards Winners . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ US Weekly Staff ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` American Music Awards 2017 : Complete List of Nominees and Winners '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ USA Today Staff ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Grammy Awards 2018 : The winners ' list '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GRAMMYs On The Hill 2018 Honorees Revealed '' . GRAMMY.com. 27 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Little Big Town Studio albums Little Big Town The Road to Here A Place to Land The Reason Why Tornado Pain Killer Wanderlust The Breaker Singles as a lead artist `` Do n't Waste My Time '' `` Boondocks '' `` Bring It On Home '' `` Good as Gone '' `` A Little More You '' `` I 'm with the Band '' `` Fine Line '' `` Little White Church '' `` Pontoon '' `` Tornado '' `` Your Side of the Bed '' `` Sober '' `` Day Drinking '' `` Girl Crush '' `` Pain Killer '' `` Better Man '' `` Happy People '' `` When Someone Stops Loving You '' Guest singles `` Smokin ' and Drinkin ' '' ( with Miranda Lambert ) Karen Fairchild 's guest singles `` Home Alone Tonight '' ( with Luke Bryan ) Other songs `` Go Tell It on the Mountain '' `` Life in a Northern Town '' ( with Sugarland and Jake Owen ) `` Rocket Man '' Related articles Discography Members of the Grand Ole Opry Roy Acuff Trace Adkins David `` Stringbean '' Akeman Bill Anderson Jack Anglin Eddy Arnold Ernest Ashworth Chet Atkins DeFord Bailey Bobby Bare Bashful Brother Oswald Humphrey Bate Dierks Bentley Binkley Brothers ' Dixie Clodhoppers Clint Black Margie Bowes Rod Brasfield Garth Brooks Jim Ed Brown The Browns Carl Butler and Pearl Archie Campbell Bill Carlisle Martha Carson The Carter Sisters Maybelle Carter Johnny Cash June Carter Cash Roy Clark Terri Clark Zeke Clements Patsy Cline Jerry Clower John Conlee Stoney Cooper Wilma Lee Cooper Cowboy Copas Dailey & Vincent Charlie Daniels Skeeter Davis The Delmore Brothers The DeZurik Sisters Diamond Rio Little Jimmy Dickens Joe Diffie Danny Dill Jimmy Driftwood Roy Drusky The Duke of Paducah Holly Dunn The Everly Brothers Lester Flatt Red Foley Curly Fox Lefty Frizzell Larry Gatlin Crystal Gayle Don Gibson Vince Gill Billy Grammer Jack Greene The Gully Jumpers Theron Hale Tom T. Hall George Hamilton IV Sid Harkreader Emmylou Harris Hawkshaw Hawkins George D. Hay Hoot Hester Goldie Hill David Houston Jan Howard Ferlin Husky Alan Jackson Stonewall Jackson Sonny James Chris Janson Norma Jean Jim & Jesse Johnnie & Jack George Jones Grandpa Jones The Jordanaires Doug Kershaw Hal Ketchum Bradley Kincaid Pee Wee King Alison Krauss Little Big Town Hank Locklin Lonzo and Oscar Bobby Lord The Louvin Brothers Charlie Louvin Ira Louvin Patty Loveless Bob Luman Loretta Lynn Uncle Dave Macon Rose Maddox Barbara Mandrell Kerry Marx Martina McBride Del McCoury Mel McDaniel Reba McEntire McGee Brothers Jesse McReynolds Ronnie Milsap Bill Monroe Montgomery Gentry Craig Morgan George Morgan Lorrie Morgan Moon Mullican Willie Nelson Jimmy C. Newman The Oak Ridge Boys Old Crow Medicine Show Osborne Brothers Brad Paisley Dolly Parton Johnny Paycheck Minnie Pearl Stu Phillips Webb Pierce Ray Pillow Ray Price Charley Pride Jeanne Pruett Rascal Flatts Del Reeves Jim Reeves Riders in the Sky Tex Ritter Marty Robbins Darius Rucker Johnny Russell Rusty and Doug Earl Scruggs Jeannie Seely Blake Shelton Ricky Van Shelton Jean Shepard Ricky Skaggs Mississippi Slim Carl Smith Connie Smith Fiddlin ' Arthur Smith Mike Snider Hank Snow Red Sovine Ralph Stanley Marty Stuart Texas Ruby B.J. Thomas Uncle Jimmy Thompson Mel Tillis Pam Tillis Tompall & the Glaser Brothers Randy Travis Travis Tritt Ernest Tubb Justin Tubb Josh Turner Carrie Underwood Keith Urban Leroy Van Dyke Porter Wagoner Billy Walker Charlie Walker Steve Wariner Kitty Wells Dottie West The Whites Slim Whitman The Wilburn Brothers Don Williams Hank Williams Boxcar Willie The Willis Brothers Chubby Wise Del Wood Marion Worth Johnnie Wright Tammy Wynette Trisha Yearwood Chris Young Faron Young BNF : cb16244474s ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0001 2301 717X MusicBrainz : 76e78b58 - f301 - 4975 - 8058 - 7f84d8360738 SUDOC : 15836158X VIAF : 168357857 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Big_Town&oldid=837140789 '' Categories : American country music groups Capitol Records artists Musical groups established in 1998 Vocal quartets Mercury Records artists Equity Music Group artists Monument Records artists Musical quartets Daytime Emmy Award winners Grammy Award winners Country musicians from Alabama Musical groups from Alabama People from Homewood , Alabama People from Toccoa , Georgia 1998 establishments in Alabama Grand Ole Opry members Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 00 : 05 . 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where are members of little big town from

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Steatoda nobilis

Steatoda nobilis - wikipedia Steatoda nobilis Steatoda nobilis Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Arthropoda Class : Arachnida Order : Araneae Family : Theridiidae Genus : Steatoda Species : S. nobilis Binomial name Steatoda nobilis ( Thorell , 1875 ) Steatoda nobilis is a spider in the genus Steatoda , known in the United Kingdom as the noble false widow and often referred to as the false widow . As the common name indicates , the spider superficially resembles and is frequently confused for the black widow and other spiders in the genus Latrodectus , which can have medically significant venom . Steatoda nobilis is native to Madeira and the Canary Islands from where it allegedly spread to Europe , and arrived in England before 1879 , perhaps through cargo sent to Torquay . In England it has a reputation as one of the few local spider species which is capable of inflicting a painful bite to humans , with most bites resulting in symptoms similar to a bee or wasp sting . It has also been found in California and Chile . Contents 1 Description 2 Distribution , habitat and ecology 2.1 Population expansion in UK and Ireland 3 Medical significance 4 Media reaction 4.1 Alleged incidents 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Description ( edit ) Steatoda nobilis has a brown bulbous abdomen with cream coloured markings that are often likened to the shape of a skull . The legs are reddish - orange . Females range in size from about 9.5 to 14 mm in size , while males are 7 to 11 mm . Males are able to produce stridulation sounds during courtship , by scraping 10 - 12 teeth on the abdomen against a file on the rear of the carapace . Male with swollen pedipalps Distribution , habitat and ecology ( edit ) The spider is an introduced species across Europe , plus parts of North Africa , and likely spreading . It was found for the first time in 2011 in Cologne , Germany . It is originally from the Canary Islands and Madeira . In England it has been reported mostly in southern counties , but its range appears to be expanding northwards . In 2011 , the spider was reported as an established invasive species in the USA , in Ventura County , California . In January 2016 , it was reported that Steatoda nobilis had been found in Chile , the first time that the species had been recorded in the southern hemisphere . As with other members of the family Theridiidae , Steatoda nobilis constructs a cobweb which is an irregular tangle of sticky silken fibres . Its ' scaffold web ' differs from others of the genus in the exceptional strength of the silk , and in the tubular retreat that is at least partly concealed in a deep crack or hole . They have poor eyesight and depend mostly on vibrations reaching them through their webs to orient themselves to prey or warn them of larger animals that could injure or kill them . Population expansion in UK and Ireland ( edit ) Steatoda nobilis , Hampshire , England The distribution of Steatoda nobilis is expected to increase northwards in the UK , due to , at least partly , mild winters in recent years . This prediction was reported by Stuart Hine of the Natural History Museum , and is substantiated by the National Recording Scheme . The spider is reported to be an established species in Ireland . Medical significance ( edit ) Female of Steatoda nobilis in Hampshire Like almost all spiders , Steatoda nobilis is venomous , but its bite is almost exclusively of mild effect on humans , without the severe consequences that can occur with black widow spiders . It is often alleged to be one of the spiders whose bite involves venom medically significant for humans , even though the few recorded bites do not typically present long - lasting effects . The symptoms of a bite are typically similar to a bee or wasp sting . The bite of this spider , along with others in the genus Steatoda , can produce a set of symptoms known as steatodism . Symptoms of bites include intense pain radiating from the bite site , along with feverishness or general malaise . Male bites are less severe than those of females . Media reaction ( edit ) Sensationalised stories about the bite of Steatoda nobilis have featured in UK newspaper articles . Stuart Hine from the Natural History Museum , London responded on the naturenet blog , stating , `` Of course I also explain the great value of spiders and how rare the event of spider bite in the UK actually is . I also always explain that up to 12 people die from wasp / bee stings in the UK each year and we do not panic so much about wasps and bees -- but this never makes it past editing . '' Steven Falk , an entomologist , cautioned that without `` hard evidence '' , it is difficult to know how many of the bites reported in the media have been caused by false widow spiders . The arrival of Steatoda nobilis in Chile in 2016 led to a similar media reaction . Alleged incidents ( edit ) In 2006 a Dorchester man spent three days in Dorset County Hospital with symptoms of heart seizure , after suffering a spider bite believed to be caused by Steatoda nobilis . In 2013 a man in Sidcup , Kent was allegedly bitten in his sleep , reporting that his hand had turned black and yellow . His hand remained swollen for five weeks until doctors gave him a course of antibiotics . In October 2013 , it was reported that a man from Romford in Essex had been allegedly bitten by a false widow . He was treated for bacterial infection with antibiotics and needed to have his leg drained of pus . In October 2013 , a British school in the Forest of Dean was closed for a day for fumigation as a result of a dense population of Steatoda nobilis on the site . In 2014 , a woman from County Durham had her left index finger amputated after contracting the flesh - eating bug necrotising fasciitis following a claimed bite from a false widow spider . In October 2014 , an Irish man went into cardiac arrest and spent a day in intensive care after being bitten three times by what was claimed as a false widow , on the hip , side and shoulder . Notes ( edit ) a . The correct and full English name for Steatoda nobilis is `` Noble false widow '' . Media coverage usually abbreviates this to `` false widow '' , although Steatoda nobilis is strictly speaking one of the false widows . Steatoda grossa and Steatoda paykulliana are other examples of false widow spiders . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Snazell , R. & Jones , D. ( 1993 ) . `` The theridiid spider Steatoda nobilis ( Thorell , 1875 ) in Britain '' . Bulletin British Arachnological Society . 9 ( 5 ) : 164 -- 167 . Jump up ^ Jones , D. ( 1993 ) . `` The Return of Steatoda nobilis ( Thorell ) '' . Newsletter of the British Arachnological Society . 49 : 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Kulczycki , A. , Legittimo , C.M. , Simeon , E. and Di Pompeo , P. ( 2012 ) . `` New records of Steatoda nobilis ( Thorell , 1875 ) ( Araneae , Theridiidae ) , an introduced species on the Italian mainland and in Sardinia '' . Bulletin British Arachnological Society . 15 ( 8 ) : 269 -- 272 . doi : 10.13156 / arac. 2012.15. 1.269 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Octavius Pickard - Cambridge ( 1879 ) . `` On some new and rare British spiders , with characters of a new genus '' . Annals and Magazine of Natural History . 5 ( 4 ) : 109 -- 215 . ^ Jump up to : David Sapsted ( 17 November 2006 ) . `` Watch out , the black widow 's sister is ready to bite you '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` False widow spider , Steatoda nobilis '' . Natural History Museum . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Sebastian Salek ( 24 September 2013 ) . `` More sightings of the false widow spider , as Britain 's ' most venomous arachnid ' , with orange legs and white skull markings spotted in Essex '' . The Independent . London . ^ Jump up to : `` Noble false widow spider marches north in the UK '' . Natural History Museum . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Observation by C Wieczorrek '' . 15 December 2006 . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Distribution Map of S. Nobilis '' . British Arachnological Society . Sep -- Oct 2012 . Retrieved 22 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ Harvey , P.R. ; Nellist , D.R. ; M.G. Telfer , eds. ( 2002 ) . Provisional Atlas of British spiders ( Arachnida , Araneae ) . 1 &2 . Huntingdon : Biological Records Centre . ^ Jump up to : `` Summary for Steatoda nobilis ( Araneae ) '' . British Arachnological Society : National Recording Scheme. 2010 -- 2012 . Retrieved 22 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Biting spider widens its web '' . BBC News . 2001 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` European Spider , Steatoda nobilis Theridiidae '' . University of California , Riverside . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Steatoda nobilis ( Araneae : Theridiidae ) in South America : a new alien species for Chile '' . 26 January 2016 . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Primer registro de una mordedura de Steatoda nobilis ( Thorell , 1875 ) ( Arachnida : Araneae : Theridiidae ) en Chile ( First record of a Steatoda nobilis ( Thorell , 1875 ) ( Arachnida : Araneae : Theridiidae ) bite from Chile ) '' ( in Spanish ) . 21 March 2016 . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Ranger 's Blog : The truth about Steatoda nobilis - is it the UK 's most dangerous spider ? '' . 2 May 2007 . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Poisonous false widow spiders spread across Ireland '' . Irish Independent . 18 October 2013 . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Warrell , D.A. , Shaheen , J. , Hillyard , P.D. & D. Jones ( 1991 ) . `` Neurotoxic envenoming by an immigrant spider ( Steatoda nobilis ) in southern England '' . Toxicon. 29 ( 10 ) : 1263 -- 1265 . doi : 10.1016 / 0041 - 0101 ( 91 ) 90198 - Z . PMID 1801319 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Williams , Rob ( 17 October 2013 ) . `` Killer spiders on the loose ! ( or not really ) - a guide to the really quite harmless false widow '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` False widow spiders are n't out to get us -- and their bite is n't dangerous '' . The Guardian . 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` False widow spider bites footballer Steve Harris '' . BBC News . 10 October 2013 . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Faúndez , E.I , & Téllez , F. ( 2016 ) . Considerations about Steatoda nobilis ( Thorell , 1875 ) in Chile . Biodiversity And Natural History , 2 ( 1 ) , 13 - 15 '' ( in Spanish ) . 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Salek , Sebastian ( 19 September 2013 ) . `` Bites reported across London and Kent as south east sees influx of Britain 's most poisonous spider '' . The Independent . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Collier Row dad faced losing leg after false widow spider bite '' . Romford Recorder. 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` False widow spider outbreak shuts Forest of Dean school '' . BBC News . 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Woman ' loses finger after being bitten by a spider ' '' . Sunderland Echo. 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` County Durham mum loses finger after spider bite causes flesh - eating bug '' . ChronicleLive. 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A young father - of - one has told how he almost died when he was attacked and bitten by a lethal false widow spider '' . Irish Independent . 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ The truth about false widow spiders Natural History Museum . Jump up ^ False widow spider , Steatoda paykulliana Natural History Museum . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Steatoda nobilis . World Spider Catalog : Family Theridiidae UKSafari.com : False widow spiders Steatoda nobilis images PatientPlus : Spider bites BBC video of Steatoda nobilis https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299281813_Primer_registro_de_una_mordedura_de_Steatoda_nobilis_Thorell_1875_Arachnida_Araneae_Theridiidae_en_Chile Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q1313475 ADW : Steatoda_nobilis Araneae : 891 BioLib : 234294 BugGuide : 697702 EoL : 1187785 Fauna Europaea : 353410 GBIF : 2157203 iNaturalist : 366894 IRMNG : 11078613 ITIS : 867551 NBN : NBNSYS0000039460 uBio : 2028799 WSC : urn : lsid : nmbe.ch : spidersp : 008093 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steatoda_nobilis&oldid=853592828 '' Categories : Steatoda Tangle - web spiders of Europe Spiders of the Canary Islands Spiders of Macaronesia Arthropods of Madeira Venomous spiders Spiders described in 1875 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Español Français Nederlands Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 21 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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a spider with a skull on its back

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Hop on Pop

Hop on Pop - wikipedia Hop on Pop Jump to : navigation , search Hop on Pop Author Dr. Seuss Illustrator Dr. Seuss Country United States Language English Genre Children 's literature Publication date 1963 ( renewed 1991 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 80029 - 5 Preceded by Dr. Seuss 's ABC Followed by Fox in Socks Hop on Pop ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 80029 - 5 ) is a 1963 children 's picture book by Dr. Seuss ( Theodor Seuss Geisel ) . It was published as part of the Random House Beginner Books series , and is subtitled `` The Simplest Seuss for Youngest Use '' . It contains several short poems about a variety of characters , and is designed to introduce basic phonics concepts to children . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Reception 3 Inspiration for others 4 See also 5 External links 6 References History ( edit ) One of Geisel 's manuscript drafts for the book contained the lines , `` When I read I am smart / I always cut whole words apart . / Con Stan Tin O Ple , Tim Buk Too / Con Tra Cep Tive , Kan Ga Roo . '' Geisel had included the contraceptive reference to ensure that publisher Bennett Cerf was reading the manuscript . Cerf did notice the line , and the poem was changed to the following : `` My father / can read / big words , too . / Like ... / Constantinople / and / Timbuktu . '' Reception ( edit ) A popular choice of elementary school teachers and children 's librarians , Hop on Pop ranked sixteenth on Publishers Weekly 's 2001 list of the all - time best - selling hardcover books for children . Based on a 2007 online poll , the National Education Association named the book one of its `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children . '' One of the book 's most notable advocates is former United States First Lady Laura Bush , who listed it as her favorite book in a 2006 Wall Street Journal article . `` It features Dr. Seuss 's typically wonderful illustrations and rhymes , of course , but the main thing for me is the family memory -- the loving memory -- that the book evokes of George lying on the floor and reading it to our daughters , Barbara and Jenna . They were little bitty things , and they took Hop on Pop literally , and jumped on him -- we have the pictures to prove it , '' she wrote . In 2013 , an official complaint was made to the Toronto Public Library that the book `` encourages children to use violence against their fathers . '' The library decided against removing the book , finding it `` is a humorous and well - loved children 's book designed to engage children while teaching them reading skills . '' Inspiration for others ( edit ) Like many Dr. Seuss books , Hop on Pop has inspired others . Big Brother Mouse , a publishing project in Laos , drew on Hop on Pop to develop The Polar Bear Visits Laos , which matches short sentences that include an internal rhyme with cartoon images . See also ( edit ) Seussical External links ( edit ) Seussville References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Thomas Fensch . The Man Who Was Seuss . New Century Books , 2001 . 149 . Jump up ^ Judith and Neil Morgan . Dr. Seuss and Mr. Geisel . Random House . 1995 . 178 - 9 . Jump up ^ Phillip Nel . Dr. Seuss : American Icon . Continuum International Publishing Group , 2005 . 3 - 4 . Jump up ^ National Education Association ( 2007 ) . `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Laura Bush . `` Pursuits : Books ; Five Best '' . Wall Street Journal . September 30 , 2006 . 8 . Jump up ^ Lauren O'Neil , `` Toronto library asked to ban ' violent ' Dr. Seuss book Hop on Pop , '' CBC News , April 30 , 2014 , URL accessed May 1 , 2014 . Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Fox in Socks Hop on Pop I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew Come over to My House The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? Wacky Wednesday Great Day for Up ! Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! There 's a Wocket in My Pocket I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2018 ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer Geisel PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hop_on_Pop&oldid=803927179 '' Categories : 1963 children 's books Books by Dr. Seuss American children 's picture books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 15 : 31 . About Wikipedia

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Devendra Fadnavis

Devendra Fadnavis - Wikipedia Devendra Fadnavis Jump to : navigation , search The Honourable Devendra Fadnavis 18th Chief Minister of Maharashtra Incumbent Assumed office 31 October 2014 Governor C. Vidyasagar Rao Preceded by President 's Rule Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly for Nagpur South West Incumbent Assumed office 2009 Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly for Nagpur West In office 1999 -- 2009 Preceded by Vinod Gudadhe Patil Succeeded by Sudhakar Shamrao Deshmukh Mayor of Nagpur In office 1997 -- 2001 Personal details ( 1970 - 07 - 22 ) 22 July 1970 ( age 47 ) Nagpur , Maharashtra , India Nationality Indian Political party Bharatiya Janata Party Spouse ( s ) Amruta Fadnavis Children Residence Dharampeth , Nagpur Alma mater Nagpur University , Free University of Berlin Website www.devendrafadnavis.in Devendra Gangadharrao Fadnavis ( born 22 July 1970 ) is an Indian politician and 18th , incumbent Chief Minister of Maharashtra holding the office from 31 October 2014 . A member of Bharatiya Janata Party and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh , at the age of 44 , he became the second youngest Chief Minister of Maharashtra after Sharad Pawar . Fadnavis represents the Nagpur South West constituency in Maharashtra Legislative Assembly . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Political career 2.1 Positions held 2.1. 1 Within BJP 2.1. 2 Legislative 3 Personal life 4 Controversies 5 See also 6 References Early life and education ( edit ) Fadnavis was born on 22 July 1970 in Nagpur . His father , Gangadhar Fadnavis , served as a member of the Maharashtra Legislative Council from Nagpur . His mother Sarita Fadnavis , who is a descendant of the Kaloti family of Amravati , was the former Director of Vidarbha Housing Credit Society . Fadnavis received his initial schooling from Indira Convent , named after then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi . During the Emergency , Fadnavis ' father , Gangadhar , a member of the Jan Sangh , was incarcerated for participating in anti-government protests . Fadnavis subsequently refused to continue his schooling at Indira Convent , because he did not want to attend a school named after the Prime Minister he held responsible for jailing his father . He then transferred to the Saraswati Vidyalaya school , where he received most of his schooling . After completing ten years of schooling , Fadnavis attended Dharampeth Junior College for his intermediate . After completing his 12th standard , he enrolled at Government Law College , Nagpur , for a five - year integrated law degree , and graduated in 1992 . Fadnavis also has a post-graduate degree in Business Management and a diploma in Methods and Techniques of Project Management from DSE ( German Foundation for International Development ) , Berlin . Political career ( edit ) As a college student , Fadnavis was an active member of ABVP . In the ABVP , he started as a grassroots worker . He won his first municipal election from Ram Nagar ward . Five years later Fadnavis became the youngest mayor of the Nagpur Municipal Corporation and became the second youngest mayor in the history of India . In 1999 , he was elected to the Maharashtra state assembly for the first time . He is currently serving his fourth term as MLA as of 2014 . Fadnavis , was selected the legislative party leader by the new BJP MLAs in a meeting at Vidhan Bhavan in the presence of party 's central observers , Union Home minister Rajnath Singh and party 's national general secretary Jagat Prakash Nadda . Fadnavis was sworn in as the chief minister of Maharashtra from the BJP on 31 October 2014 . His government won a confidence motion by voice vote on 12 November 2014 allowing it to govern . Positions held ( edit ) Within BJP ( edit ) Ward President , BJYM ( 1989 ) Office Bearer , Nagpur ( west ) BJP ( 1990 ) Nagpur President , BJYM ( 1992 ) State Vice President , BJYM ( 1994 ) National Vice President , BJYM ( 2001 ) General Secretary , BJP , Maharashtra ( 2010 ) President , BJP Maharashtra ( 2013 ) Legislative ( edit ) Devendra was born in Nagpur Mayor , City of Nagpur -- ( 1997 to 2001 ) Member , Maharashtra Legislative Assembly - 4 consecutive terms , since 1999 Chief Minister of Maharashtra ( 2014 -- incumbent ) Personal life ( edit ) Fadnavis is married to Amruta Fadnavis . The couple have one daughter , Divija Fadnavis . Controversies ( edit ) In April 2016 , while addressing a rally in Nashik , Fadnavis said that , every Indian will have to chant ' Bharat Mata ki Jai ' and those who refuse to chant the slogan should not live in the country instead go to Pakistan or China . , Day after he said that all Indians to chant ' Bharat Mata ki Jai ' , Maharashtra Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis issued clarification after he found himself embroiled in a controversy over the issue See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Devendra Fadnavis . Devendra Fadnavis ministry ( 2014 -- ) Make in Maharashtra References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Devendra Fadnavis sworn is as 27th Chief Minister of Maharashtra '' . Daily News and Analysis . Diligent Media Corporation Ltd . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Devendra Fadnavis Biography - About family , political life , awards won , history '' . www.elections.in . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Devendra Fadnavis ? '' . NDTV.com . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kid who protested Emergency - Nagpur 's Mr Popular set to don CM mantle '' . The Telegraph . ABP Group . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All you need to know about Devendra Fadnavis '' . Daily News and Analysis . Diligent Media Corporation Ltd . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Devendra Fadnavis is known for keeping his word '' . Yahoo India News . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Devendra Fadnavis elected BJP chief in Maharashtra '' . NDTV. 11 April 2013 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Devendra Fadnavis , the CM : City 's gift to Mah '' . The Hitavada . Progressive Writers and Publishers . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Devendra Gangadharrao Fadnavis named Maharashtra BJP president '' . The Times of India . 12 April 2013 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fadnavis 4th CM from Vidarbha '' . The Times of India . Bennett , Coleman & Co. Ltd . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maharashtra 's BJP chief is RSS - backed scholar who wants Vidarbha state '' . The Indian Express . 12 April 2013 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Devendra Fadnavis takes oath as CM to lead first ever BJP govt in Maha '' . Firstpost . Network 18 . 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maharashtra : How Devendra Fadnavis led BJP government won trust vote ... '' Daily News and Analysis . Deepak Rathi. 13 November 2014 . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Congress , Shiv Sena create ripples , but Devendra Fadnavis sails through trust vote '' . The Indian Express . Indian Express Group . 12 November 2014 . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Devendra Fadnavis : The Mr Clean of Maharashtra politics '' . The Economic Times . 29 October 2014 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Photos : Divija spotted with father Devendra Fadnavis at Umang 2017 '' . mid-day . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/those-who-dont-say-bharat-mata-ki-jai-have-no-right-to-stay-in-india-fadnavis/article8429147.ece Jump up ^ http://m.indiatoday.in/story/bharat-mata-ki-jai-controversy-devendra-fadnavis-clarifies-says-there-is-a-limit-to-appeasement/1/634312.html Chief Ministers of Maharashtra Yashwantrao Chavan Marotrao Kannamwar P.K. Sawant Vasantrao Naik Shankarrao Chavan Vasantdada Patil Sharad Pawar A.R. Antulay Babasaheb Bhosale Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar Sudhakarrao Naik Manohar Joshi Narayan Rane Vilasrao Deshmukh Sushilkumar Shinde Ashok Chavan Prithviraj Chavan Devendra Fadnavis Chief Ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party Arunachal Pradesh Gegong Apang Pema Khandu ( incumbent ) Assam Sarbananda Sonowal ( incumbent ) Chhattisgarh Raman Singh ( incumbent ) Delhi Madan Lal Khurana Sahib Singh Verma Sushma Swaraj Goa Manohar Parrikar ( incumbent ) Laxmikant Parsekar Gujarat Keshubhai Patel Suresh Mehta Narendra Modi Anandiben Patel Vijay Rupani ( incumbent ) Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar ( incumbent ) Himachal Pradesh Shanta Kumar Prem Kumar Dhumal Jharkhand Babulal Marandi Arjun Munda Raghubar Das ( incumbent ) Karnataka B.S. Yeddyurappa D.V. Sadananda Gowda Jagadish Shettar Madhya Pradesh Sunder Lal Patwa Uma Bharti Babulal Gaur Shivraj Singh Chouhan ( incumbent ) Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis ( incumbent ) Manipur N. Biren Singh ( incumbent ) Rajasthan Bhairon Singh Shekhawat Vasundhara Raje ( incumbent ) Uttarakhand Nityanand Swami Bhagat Singh Koshyari B.C. Khanduri Ramesh Pokhriyal Trivendra Singh Rawat ( incumbent ) Uttar Pradesh Kalyan Singh Ram Prakash Gupta Rajnath Singh Yogi Adityanath ( incumbent ) Bharatiya Janata Party Lists of chief ministers of Indian states ( and current incumbents ) Andhra Pradesh N. Chandrababu Naidu Arunachal Pradesh Pema Khandu Assam Sarbananda Sonowal Bihar Nitish Kumar Chhattisgarh Raman Singh Delhi Arvind Kejriwal Goa Manohar Parrikar Gujarat Vijay Rupani Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar Himachal Pradesh Virbhadra Singh Jammu and Kashmir Mehbooba Mufti Jharkhand Raghubar Das Karnataka Siddaramaiah Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Singh Chouhan Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis Manipur N. Biren Singh Meghalaya Mukul Sangma Mizoram Lal Thanhawla Nagaland T.R. Zeliang Odisha Naveen Patnaik Puducherry V. Narayanasamy Punjab Amarinder Singh Rajasthan Vasundhara Raje Sikkim Pawan Kumar Chamling Tamil Nadu Edappadi K. Palaniswami Telangana K. Chandrasekhar Rao Tripura Manik Sarkar Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adityanath Uttarakhand Trivendra Singh Rawat West Bengal Mamata Banerjee Women chief ministers From the Bharatiya Janata Party From the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Bharatiya Janata Party Party Presidents Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( 1980 -- 86 ) Lal Krishna Advani ( 1986 -- 91 ) Murli Manohar Joshi ( 1991 -- 93 ) Lal Krishna Advani ( 1993 -- 98 ) Kushabhau Thakre ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Bangaru Laxman ( 2000 -- 01 ) Jana Krishnamurthi ( 2001 -- 02 ) Venkaiah Naidu ( 2002 -- 04 ) Lal Krishna Advani ( 2004 -- 06 ) Rajnath Singh ( 2006 -- 09 ) Nitin Gadkari ( 2009 -- 13 ) Rajnath Singh ( 2013 -- 14 ) Amit Shah ( 2014 -- present ) Current vice presidents Avinash Rai Khanna Prabhat Jha Dr. Vinay Sahasrabuddhe Renu Devi Om Prakash Mathur Shyam Jaju Other prominent leaders Sushma Swaraj Arun Jaitley Bhairon Singh Shekhawat Sunderlal Patwa Ravi Shankar Prasad Pramod Mahajan Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi Sushil Kumar Modi Himanta Biswa Sarma Ram Naik Prime ministers Atal Bihari Vajpayee Narendra Modi Current chief ministers Vijay Rupani Vasundhara Raje Shivraj Singh Chouhan Raman Singh Manohar Parrikar Manohar Lal Khattar Devendra Fadnavis Raghubar Das Sarbananda Sonowal Pema Khandu N. Biren Singh Trivendra Singh Rawat Yogi Adityanath Spokespersons Syed Shahnawaz Hussain Dr. Sudhanshu Trivedi M.J. Akbar Meenakshi Lekhi Dr. Bizay Sonkar Shastri Siddharth Nath Singh Nalin Kohli Sambit Patra Anil Baluni G.V.L. Narsimha Rao Gopal Krishna Agarwal Siddhartha Bhattacharya Gaurav Bhatia Shaina NC Nupur Sharma General secretaries P. Muralidhar Rao Ram Madhav Saroj Pandey Bhupender Yadav Kailash Vijayvargiya Anil Jain Dr. Arun Singh Ram Lal Political wings Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha BJP Mahila Morcha BJP SC Morcha BJP ST Morcha BJP OBC Morcha BJP Minority Morcha BJP Kisan Morcha Related organisations Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Bharatiya Jana Sangh Janata Party Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Others Hindutva Integral humanism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devendra_Fadnavis&oldid=815500279 '' Categories : People from Nagpur Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Living people Mayors of Nagpur Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra Maharashtra MLAs 2009 -- 14 1970 births University of Pune alumni Maharashtra MLAs 2014 -- Chief Ministers of Maharashtra Chief ministers from Bharatiya Janata Party Hidden categories : Use Indian English from June 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from June 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ संस्कृतम् தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 05 : 36 . 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Pan-African flag

Pan-African flag - wikipedia Pan-African flag Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of the Politics series on Pan-African Topics Arts ( show ) African art Black Star of Africa Pan-African colours Pan-African flag Ideology ( show ) African nationalism African philosophy African socialism Afrocentrism Black nationalism Garveyism Lumumbism Mobutism Négritude Nkrumaism Rastafari Sankarism Third International Theory Ujamaa People ( show ) Yosef Ben - Jochannan Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof Cheikh Anta Diop W.E.B. Du Bois Frantz Fanon Muammar Gaddafi Marcus Garvey Félix Houphouët - Boigny C.L.R. James Patrice Lumumba Malcolm X Julius Malema Robert Mugabe Kwame Nkrumah George Padmore Walter Rodney Thomas Sankara Haile Selassie Ahmed Sékou Touré Omali Yeshitela Related ( show ) Africa African and Black Topics Afro - Asian Afro - Latino Anti-Colonialism Black people Reparations for slavery Africa portal Politics portal The red , black , and green Pan-African flag designed by the UNIA in 1920 . The Pan-African flag -- also known as the UNIA flag , Afro - American flag and Black Liberation Flag -- is a tri-color flag consisting of three equal horizontal bands of ( from top down ) red , black and green . The Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League ( UNIA - ACL ) formally adopted it on August 13 , 1920 in Article 39 of the Declaration of the Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World , during its month - long convention at Madison Square Garden in New York City . Variations of the flag can and have been used in various countries and territories in Africa and the Americas to represent Pan-Africanist ideologies . Several Pan-African organizations and movements have often employed the emblematic tri-color scheme in various contexts . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 2010s usage 2 Alternative names 3 Derivative flags 4 Proposed holiday 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Pan-Africanism Sheet Music for `` Every Race Has a Flag but the Coon '' The flag was created in 1920 by members of UNIA in response to the enormously popular 1900 coon song `` Every Race Has a Flag but the Coon '' . which has been cited as one of the three songs that `` firmly established the term coon in the American vocabulary '' . In a 1927 report of a 1921 speech appearing in the Negro World weekly newspaper , Marcus Garvey was quoted as saying : Show me the race or the nation without a flag , and I will show you a race of people without any pride . Aye ! In song and mimicry they have said , `` Every race has a flag but the coon . '' How true ! Aye ! But that was said of us four years ago . They ca n't say it now ... The Universal Negro Catechism , published by the UNIA in 1921 , refers to the colors of the flag meaning : Red is the color of the blood which men must shed for their redemption and liberty ; black is the color of the noble and distinguished race to which we belong ; green is the color of the luxuriant vegetation of our Motherland . Journalist Charles Mowbray White has asserted that Garvey proposed the colors red , black and green for the following reasons : `` Garvey said red because of sympathy for the ' Reds of the world ' , and the Green their sympathy for the Irish in their fight for freedom , and the Black ( for ) the Negro . '' According to the UNIA as of recent ; the three Pan-African colors on the flag represent : red : the blood that unites all people of Black African ancestry , and shed for liberation ; black : black people whose existence as a nation , though not a nation - state , is affirmed by the existence of the flag ; and green : the abundant natural wealth of Africa . The flag later became an African nationalist symbol for the worldwide liberation of people of African origin . As an emblem of Black pride , the flag became popular during the Black Liberation movement of the 1960s . In 1971 , the school board of Newark , New Jersey , passed a resolution permitting the flag to be raised in public school classrooms . Four of the board 's nine members were not present at the time , and the resolution was introduced by the board 's teen member , a mayoral appointee . Fierce controversy ensued , including a court order that the board show cause why they should not be forced to rescind the resolution , and at least two state legislative proposals to ban ethnic flags and national flags ( other than the U.S. flag ) in public classrooms . In the United States , the flag is presently widely available through flag shops or ethnic specialty stores . It is commonly seen at parades commemorating Martin Luther King , Jr . Day , civil rights rallies , and other special events . 2010s usage ( edit ) In the United States , following the refusal of a grand jury to indict a police officer in the August 9 , 2014 shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson , Missouri , a Howard University student replaced the U.S. flag on that school 's Washington , DC campus flagpole with a Pan-African flag flying at half - mast . The incident resulted in the university president , Wayne Frederick , issuing a statement disapproving the flag - raising by unauthorized personnel . Alternative names ( edit ) The flag goes by several other names with varying degrees of popularity : the UNIA flag , after its originators ; the Marcus Garvey flag ; the Universal African flag ; the International African flag ; the Black Liberation flag ; the Pan-African flag ; the Black Nationalist , African Nationalist , or the New Afrikan Liberation flag . the Bendera Ya Taifa ( Kiswahili for `` flag of the Nation '' ) , in reference to its usage during Kwanzaa . Although other designs are also considered to be International African flags or Pan-African flags , the horizontal stripes of red , black , and green , originated by the UNIA in 1920 , is the design most often referenced . Derivative flags ( edit ) Flag of Biafra David Hammons , African American Flag , New York . The Biafran flag another variant of this one , with a sunburst in the center . The flag of Malawi issued in 1964 is very similar , reflects the pan-African flag 's order of stripes . Flag of Malawi African American flag by David Hammons The African National Congress flag is three horizontal stripes , descending black , green , and dark yellow ( gold ) . Flag of Libya Flag of Kenya Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis The United States Postal Service issued a stamp in 1997 to commemorate Kwanzaa with a painting by fine artist Synthia Saint James of a dark - skinned family wearing garments traditional in parts of Africa and fashionable for special occasions among African - Americans . The family members are holding food , gifts , and a flag . The flag in the stamp may have been meant to represent the Pan-African flag , However , instead of the stripes descending red , black , and green , the stamp 's flag transposes the top two bands and descends black , red , and green . In 2000 , artist David Hammons created a work called African - American Flag , which is held by the Museum of Modern Art in New York City . Based on the standard U.S. flag , its stripes are black and red , the field is green , and the stars on the field are black . In response to the controversy over the flying of the Confederate flag , an African American - run company called NuSouth created a flag based on the Confederate naval jack , with the white stars and saltire outline replaced by green and the blue saltire made black . Although Libya is located in Africa and its flag ( introduced in 1951 and re-adopted in 2011 ) resembles a UNIA flag with a wider black band with a star and crescent in the center , it is actually based on the black flag of the Cyrenaica Emirate , with added red and green bands . The flag of Kenya of 1963 is similar , but has white lines inserted in between the colors . The flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis has similar colors , arranged diagonally and separated by yellow lines . Proposed holiday ( edit ) In 1999 , an article appeared in the July 25 edition of The Black World Today suggesting that , as an act of global solidarity , every August 17 should be celebrated worldwide as Universal African Flag Day by flying the red , black , and green banner . August 17 is the birthday of Marcus Garvey . See also ( edit ) Vexillology Pan-African colours Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 25,000 NEGROES CONVENE : International Gathering Will Prepare Own Bill of Rights . 1920 . New York Times ( 1857 - Current file ) , August 2 , Proquest ( Last accessed October 5 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Special to The Christian Science Monitor from its Eastern News Office 1920 . NEGROES ADOPT BILL OF RIGHTS : Convention Approves Plan for African Republic and Sets to Work on Preparation of Constitution of the Colored Race Negro Complaints Aggression Condemned Recognition Demanded . Christian Science Monitor ( 1908 - Current file ) , August 17 , Proquest ( accessed October 5 , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` New Flag for Afro - Americans , '' Africa Times and Orient Review 1 ( October 1912 ) : 134 ; Cited in RACE FIRST : The Ideological and Organizational Struggles of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association ( Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press , 1987 ) , p43 . Jump up ^ Garvey , Marcus ( March 19 , 1927 ) . `` Honorable Marcus Garvey , Gifted Man of Vision , Sets Out In Unanswerable Terms the Reasons Why Negroes Must Build in Africa '' . Negro World ( Vol XXII No. 6 ) . Universal Negro Improvement Association . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Mcguire , George ( 1921 ) . Universal Negro catechism : a course of instruction in religious and historical knowledge pertaining to the race . New York : Universal Negro Improvement Association . p. 34 . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Garvey Papers Vol. 2 , p. 603 . Jump up ^ `` History - Red - Black - Green '' . The Universal Negro Improvement Association . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Howard University President Removes Pan-African Flag Flown at Half - Mast DC Inno '' . Dcinno.streetwise.co. 2014 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Jaschik , Scott ( 2014 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Howard U. President Issues Statement on Flag Protest '' . Insidehighered.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ http://www.nusouth.com/ Jump up ^ `` NuSouth Apparel Confederate Flag Photo by stagolee7 Photobucket '' . Media.photobucket.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . References ( edit ) `` Black Flag , '' unattributed article in Time magazine , December 13 , 1971 . External links ( edit ) Afro - American flags at Flags of the World non-commercial vexillology site Sheet music from the American Memory website of the Library of Congress ' Fly the Red , Black , and Green ' article proposing holiday at The Black World Today , July 25 , 1999 Kwanzaa Stamp U.S. postage depicting similar flag , with explanatory press release MoMA Learning an educational exercise based on David Hammons ' African - American Flag UNIA official website Nusouth website and flag ( hide ) Pan-Africanism Ideology Variants Afrocentrism African nationalism African socialism Black nationalism Garveyism Nkrumaism Sankarism Uhuru Movement Zikism Concepts African century Black Power Négritude Ubuntu Ujamaa United States of Africa Proponents Politicians Nnamdi Azikiwe Amílcar Cabral David Comissiong Muammar Gaddafi Marcus Garvey Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof Kenneth Kaunda Jomo Kenyatta Patrice Lumumba Thabo Mbeki Robert Mugabe Abdias do Nascimento Gamal Abdel Nasser Kwame Nkrumah John Nyathi Pokela Julius Nyerere Thomas Sankara Ahmed Sékou Touré Haile Selassie Robert Sobukwe I. T. A. Wallace - Johnson Others Marimba Ani Molefi Kete Asante Steve Biko Edward Wilmot Blyden Stokely Carmichael John Henrik Clarke Cheikh Anta Diop W.E.B. Du Bois Frantz Fanon John G. Jackson Leonard Jeffries Yosef Ben - Jochannan Maulana Karenga Fela Kuti Malcolm X Zephania Mothopeng George Padmore Motsoko Pheko Runoko Rashidi Paul Robeson Randall Robinson Walter Rodney Burning Spear Henry Sylvester - Williams Issa Laye Thiaw Omali Yeshitela Organizations African Union African Unification Front All - African People 's Revolutionary Party Conseil de l'Entente Convention People 's Party Economic Freedom Fighters International African Service Bureau Organisation of African Unity Pan Africanist Congress of Azania Rassemblement Démocratique Africain UNIA - ACL Symbols Black Star of Africa Lion of Judah Pan-African colours Pan-African flag Related African philosophy African - American leftism Africanization All - African Peoples ' Conference Kwanzaa Year of Africa Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pan-African_flag&oldid=839413809 '' Categories : African - American history Ethnic flags Flags of international organizations African and Black nationalism Pan-Africanism Flags introduced in 1920 Flags of the United States Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Esperanto Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 08 : 00 . 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I Believe (When I Fall in Love It Will Be Forever)

I Believe ( When I Fall in Love it Will Be Forever ) - wikipedia I Believe ( When I Fall in Love it Will Be Forever ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` I Believe ( When I Fall in Love It Will Be Forever ) '' Song by Stevie Wonder from the album Talking Book Released October 28 , 1972 ( 1972 - 10 - 28 ) Recorded 1972 Genre Soul Length 4 : 53 Label Tamla Composer ( s ) Stevie Wonder Lyricist ( s ) Stevie Wonder , Yvonne Wright Producer ( s ) Stevie Wonder `` I Believe ( When I Fall in Love It Will Be Forever ) '' is a soul song co-written and performed by American singer - songwriter Stevie Wonder and Yvonne Wright , for Wonder 's fifteenth studio album Talking Book ( 1972 ) . The song features in the 2000 comedy - drama High Fidelity starring John Cusack and Jack Black , and is included on its soundtrack . Contents ( hide ) 1 E'voke version 1.1 Versions 2 Cover versions 3 References 4 External links E'voke version ( edit ) `` I Believe '' Single by E'voke B - side `` It 's My Life '' Released Format CD , 7 '' vinyl , 12 '' vinyl , Digital download Genre House music Length 5 : 41 Label FFRR Pinball Records Songwriter ( s ) Stevie Wonder Producer ( s ) Barry Leng & Duncan Hannant This song was also recorded by E'voke in 1994 as their debut single ( with the title being shortened to `` I Believe '' ) . A B - side to the track entitled `` It 's My Life '' written by E'voke producers Barry Leng and Duncan Hannant was recorded . Though the track was not a commercial hit ( it reached # 79 in the UK charts and no video was filmed for the track ) , it was a club hit and E'voke moved on to FFRR 's sister label Ffrreedom for their next single `` Runaway '' . The CD single release of the track was released digitally by Pinball records in 2011 . Versions ( edit ) Edited version 4 : 03 12 '' mix 5 : 38 A Tin Tin Out mix 7 : 38 Tall Paul mix 6 : 39 The Gems for Jem mix 7 : 51 `` It 's My Life '' ( B - side ) 5 : 25 Cover versions ( edit ) In the spring of 1974 a rendition by Songbird - entitled `` I Believe '' - was the second single release on the Mushroom label and became the label 's first charting single reaching # 75 on the Canadian chart ( despite its low peak , the single reportedly sold close to 30,000 units ) . ( Songbird was a studio group consisting of producer Mike Flicker , Howard Leese and Rob Deans ) . Also in 1974 , Colleen Hewett had an Australian single release of the song - entitled `` I Believe When I Fall in Love '' ; issued in July 1974 Hewett 's rendition charted nationally with a # 51 peak and was featured on Hewett 's album release M'Lady . The song was also covered by Peter Frampton in 1973 on his Frampton 's Camel album , by Sérgio Mendes in 1975 on his album Sergio Mendes , and by Tina Arena on her debut album Strong as Steel . In 1994 Kate Ceberano recorded a version for her 1994 album Kate Ceberano and Friends , and Mike + The Mechanics included it on their 1995 release Beggar on a Beach of Gold . Petra Haden and Bill Frisell covered it on their 2003 collaboration album Petra Haden & Bill Frisell . It was also covered by Art Garfunkel on his 1975 album Breakaway and by Michael McDonald on his 2003 album Motown . Icelandic singer Friðrik Ómar included an Icelandic version of the song on his 2006 album Annan Dag , under the title Þvílíkt líf . A live performance of the song by George Michael was featured as the b - side to his 1991 hit with Elton John Do n't Let The Sun Go Down On Me . It was later included as a bonus track on the 2011 remastered edition of Faith . Josh Groban covered the song for his album All That Echoes , released in 2013 and released as a single that entered the Adult Contemporary chart and peaked at # 20 . Lee Mead covered the song for his Love Songs album released in 2012 . Clair Marlo released her version of the song on her 1989 album Let it Go . Portions of the song are sampled in `` Don'tcha Wanna '' by Anastacia from the album Freak of Nature ( 2002 ) . June 4 , 2012 saw this song also covered by Darren Percival during Episode 13 of The Voice ( Australia season 1 ) . In January 2014 this song was covered by X Factor ( UK ) finalist Daniel Evans on his official website . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Billboard vol 86 # 49 ( 7 December 1974 ) p. 63 ( hide ) Colleen Hewett Studio albums Colleen Hewett M'Lady Colleen Tenterfield Dreams Black & White Compilation albums Greatest Hits Notable singles `` Superstar '' `` Day by Day '' `` Carry That Weight '' `` Waltzing Matilda '' `` Sit Yourself Down '' `` I Believe When I Fall in Love '' `` If You Could Read My Mind '' `` Dreaming My Dreams with You '' `` The Wind Beneath My Wings '' `` I Hope I Never '' Related articles The Incredible Penguins External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Believe_(When_I_Fall_in_Love_It_Will_Be_Forever)&oldid=818981058 '' Categories : 1972 songs 1974 singles Stevie Wonder songs Colleen Hewett songs Songs written by Stevie Wonder 1994 singles FFRR Records singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 18 : 25 . 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The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)

The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 film ) - wikipedia The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Wizard of Oz Theatrical release poster Directed by Victor Fleming King Vidor George Cukor Norman Taurog Produced by Mervyn LeRoy Screenplay by Noel Langley Florence Ryerson Edgar Allan Woolf Based on The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum Starring Judy Garland Frank Morgan Ray Bolger Bert Lahr Jack Haley Billie Burke Margaret Hamilton Charley Grapewin Music by Herbert Stothart Cinematography Harold Rosson Edited by Blanche Sewell Production company Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Distributed by Loew 's , Inc . Release date August 25 , 1939 ( 1939 - 08 - 25 ) Running time 101 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $2.8 million Box office $3 million ( original release ) $23.3 million ( unadjusted , re-releases ) The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical fantasy film produced by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer . Widely considered to be one of the greatest films in cinema history , it is the best - known and most commercially successful adaptation of L. Frank Baum 's 1900 children 's book , The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . It stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale , alongside Ray Bolger , Jack Haley , Bert Lahr , Frank Morgan , Billie Burke and Margaret Hamilton , with Charley Grapewin , Pat Walshe and Clara Blandick , Terry ( billed as Toto ) , and the Singer Midgets as the Munchkins . Notable for its use of Technicolor , fantasy storytelling , musical score , and memorable characters , it has become an icon of American popular culture . It was nominated for six Academy Awards , including Best Picture , but lost to Gone with the Wind . It did win in two other categories , including Best Original Song for `` Over the Rainbow '' and Best Original Score by Herbert Stothart . While the film was considered a critical success upon release in August 1939 , it failed to generate profit for MGM , earning only $3,017,000 on a $2,777,000 budget , which made it MGM 's most expensive production to date . The 1956 broadcast television premiere of the film on the CBS network reintroduced the film to the wider public and eventually made the presentation an annual tradition , making it one of the best known films in movie history . The film was named the most - viewed motion picture on television syndication by the Library of Congress , which also included the film in its National Film Registry in its inaugural year in 1989 . Designation on the registry calls for efforts to preserve it for being `` culturally , historically , and aesthetically significant '' . It is also one of the few films on UNESCO 's Memory of the World Register . The film is among the top ten in the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 . The Wizard of Oz is the source of many quotes referenced in contemporary popular culture . It was directed primarily by Victor Fleming ( who left production to take over direction on the troubled Gone with the Wind production ) . Noel Langley , Florence Ryerson and Edgar Allan Woolf received credit for the screenplay , but uncredited contributions were made by others . The songs were written by Edgar `` Yip '' Harburg ( lyrics ) and Harold Arlen ( music ) . The musical score and the incidental music were composed by Stothart . The Wizard of Oz theatrical poster Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Munchkins 3 Production 3.1 Development and pre-production 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.3. 1 Richard Thorpe as director 3.3. 2 George Cukor 's brief stint 3.3. 3 Victor Fleming , the main director 3.3. 4 King Vidor 's finishing work as director 3.4 Post-production 4 Music 4.1 Song list 4.2 Underscoring 5 Release 5.1 Box office 6 Reception 7 Re-releases 8 Television 9 Home media 10 Awards and honors 10.1 Academy Awards 10.2 American Film Institute lists 10.3 Other honors 11 Differences from the novel 12 Sequels and reinterpretations 13 Cultural impact 13.1 Ruby slippers 13.2 Impact upon LGBT culture 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 16.1 Bibliography 17 External links Plot ( edit ) Stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale and Terry The Dog , as Toto Margaret Hamilton as The Wicked Witch of the West with Dorothy Gale The film begins in Kansas , which is depicted in a sepia tone . Dorothy Gale lives with her dog , Toto , on her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry 's farm . Toto gets in trouble with a mean neighbor , Miss Almira Gulch , when he bites her . However , Dorothy 's family and the farmhands are all too busy to listen to her troubles . Miss Gulch produces an order from the sheriff allowing her to have Toto put down . She takes him away , but he escapes and returns to Dorothy who , fearing that Miss Gulch will return , decides to run away from home . After some miles Dorothy and Toto encounter Professor Marvel , a kindly fortune teller who , realizing Dorothy has run away , uses his crystal ball to convince her that Aunt Em is ill . Dorothy races home just as a tornado approaches . Locked out of the storm cellar , she seeks safety in the house , where a wind - blown window sash knocks her out . She awakens to find the tornado has sent the house spinning into the sky . Outside the window during the flight she and Toto see farm animals , an old lady knitting in a chair , two men rowing a boat , and finally Miss Gulch , who transforms into a cackling witch riding a broomstick . Dorothy ( Judy Garland , right ) with Glinda the Good Witch of the North ( Billie Burke ) Suddenly the house strikes the ground and all is quiet . As Dorothy opens the door the film changes to technicolor -- she and Toto have landed in Munchkinland , part of the Land of Oz . Glinda the Good Witch of the North and the Munchkins welcome her as their heroine -- the house has landed on and killed the Wicked Witch of the East , leaving only her feet poking out from under . In the middle of the celebration , the Wicked Witch of the West arrives in a ball of smoke and fire to claim her sister 's ruby slippers , but Glinda transports them onto Dorothy 's feet before the witch can get them . The witch swears revenge on Dorothy for her sister 's death . Glinda tells Dorothy to follow the yellow brick road to the Emerald City , where the Wizard of Oz might be able to help her get back home . On her way , Dorothy meets and befriends a Scarecrow , who wants a brain , and invites him to join her on her journey . Eventually they come to an apple orchard where they find and befriend a Tin Man , who desires a heart . After they invite him to come along , the Witch appears and makes threats to them . Deep in the woods , they meet a Cowardly Lion , who is in need of courage and invite him to come along as well . After the Witch attempts to stop them using an enchanted poppy field , they finally reach the Emerald City . Inside , after being initially rejected , they are permitted to see the Wizard , who appears as a large disembodied head surrounded by fire . He agrees to grant their wishes when they bring him the Witch of the West 's broomstick , implying they must kill her to get it . On their journey to the Witch 's castle , they pass through the Haunted Forest , while the Witch views their progress in her crystal ball . She sends her winged monkeys to attack them ; they capture Dorothy and Toto . At the castle , the Witch is stymied by magic when she tries to get the ruby slippers off Dorothy 's feet , then remembers that she must be dead first . Toto escapes and leads the Scarecrow , Tin Man , and Cowardly Lion to the castle . After ambushing three Winkie guards , they march inside wearing the stolen guards ' uniforms and free her , but the Witch discovers and traps them . The Scarecrow provides a distraction and they attempt to escape , being chased by the Witch and her guards , but are finally surrounded . The Witch sets fire to the Scarecrow and Dorothy puts it out with a bucket of water and unwittingly melts and kills the witch as the water splashes on her . The guards rejoice that she is dead and give Dorothy the charred broomstick in gratitude . Back at the Emerald City , they bring the broomstick to the Wizard . But when they ask him to keep his promises , the Wizard delays granting their requests much to their shock and frustration . During the argument , Toto pulls back a curtain and exposes the `` Wizard '' as a normal middle - aged man who has been projecting the fearsome image ; he denies Dorothy 's accusation that he is a bad man , but admits to being a humbug . He then gives the Scarecrow a diploma , the Lion a medal and the Tin Man a ticking heart - shaped clock , making them realize that they had what they wanted all along . They just did not know it yet . He then prepares to launch his hot air balloon to take Dorothy home but Toto runs off , and as she tries to get him back , the balloon leaves without them . Suddenly , Glinda returns and tells her that she can still return home by using the ruby slippers . After sharing a tearful farewell with her friends , Dorothy follows Glinda 's instructions and taps her heels together three times and repeats , `` There 's no place like home '' . She wakes up in bed at her home in Kansas , surrounded by her family , the farmhands , Professor Marvel and Toto . Though they dismiss her adventure as a dream , she insists that it was all real , and that there is no place like home . Cast ( edit ) The film 's main characters ( left to right ) : the Cowardly Lion , Dorothy , Scarecrow , and the Tin Man Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale Frank Morgan as Professor Marvel / The Wizard / Doorman / Cabbie / Guard Ray Bolger as Hunk / Scarecrow Jack Haley as Hickory / Tin Man Bert Lahr as Zeke / Cowardly Lion Billie Burke as Glinda the Good Witch of the North Margaret Hamilton as Miss Almira Gulch / The Wicked Witch of the West Clara Blandick as Aunt Em Charley Grapewin as Uncle Henry Pat Walshe as Nikko ( the Winged Monkey King ) Terry as Toto ( though credited as Toto ) Mitchell Lewis as the Winkie Guard Captain ( credited only in the IMAX version ) Adriana Caselotti as the voice of Juliet in the Tinman 's song `` If I only had a heart '' ( uncredited ) . Bert Lahr as The Cowardly Lion Munchkins ( edit ) Charlie Becker as Munchkin Mayor Meinhardt Raabe as Munchkin Coroner Jakob `` Jackie '' Gerlich as Lollipop Guild / Munchkin Jerry Maren as Lollipop Guild / Munchkin Harry Doll Earles as Lollipop Guild / Munchkin Billy Curtis as Braggart Munchkin Harry Monty as Soldier / Winged Monkey Mickey Carroll as Fiddler / Town Crier / Soldier Karl Slover as Lead trumpeter / Soldier / `` Sleepyhead '' / Villager Olga C. Nardone as the Littlest Lullaby League Margaret Pellegrini as `` Sleepyhead '' Ruth Duccini as a Munchkin Villager The Doll Family as Munchkin Villagers The Singer Midgets as the Munchkins William H. O'Docharty as Munchkin Carriage Footman Production ( edit ) Development and pre-production ( edit ) Development began when Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) showed that films adapted from popular children 's stories and fairytale folklore could be successful . In January 1938 , Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer bought the rights to the hugely popular novel from Samuel Goldwyn , who had toyed with the idea of making the film as a vehicle for Eddie Cantor , who was under contract to the Goldwyn studios and whom Goldwyn wanted to cast as the Scarecrow . The script went through a number of writers and revisions before the final shooting . Mervyn LeRoy 's assistant William H. Cannon had submitted a brief four - page outline . Because recent fantasy films had not fared well , he recommended that the magical elements of the story be toned down or eliminated . In his outline , the Scarecrow was a man so stupid that the only employment open to him was literally scaring crows from cornfields , and the Tin Woodman was a criminal so heartless he was sentenced to be placed in a tin suit for eternity ; this torture softened him into someone gentle and kind . His vision was similar to Larry Semon 's 1925 film adaptation of the story , in which the magical element is absent . After that , LeRoy hired screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz , who soon delivered a 17 - page draft of the Kansas scenes , and a few weeks later , a further 56 pages . Noel Langley and poet Ogden Nash were also hired to write separate versions of the story . None of these three knew about the others , and this was not an uncommon procedure . Nash delivered a four - page outline , Langley turned in a 43 - page treatment and a full film script . He turned in three more , this time incorporating the songs that had been written by Harold Arlen and Yip Harburg . Florence Ryerson and Edgar Allan Woolf submitted a script and were brought on board to touch up the writing . They would be responsible for making sure the story stayed true to the Baum book . However , producer Arthur Freed was unhappy with their work and reassigned it to Langley . During filming , Victor Fleming and John Lee Mahin revised the script further , adding and cutting some scenes . In addition , Jack Haley and Bert Lahr are known to have written some of their own dialogue for the Kansas sequence . The final draft of the script was completed on October 8 , 1938 , following numerous rewrites . All in all , it was a mish - mash of many creative minds , but Langley , Ryerson , and Woolf got the film credits . Along with the contributors already mentioned , others who assisted with the adaptation without receiving credit include : Irving Brecher , Herbert Fields , Arthur Freed , Yip Harburg , Samuel Hoffenstein , Jack Mintz , Sid Silvers , Richard Thorpe , Cukor and Vidor . In addition , songwriter Harburg 's son ( and biographer ) Ernie Harburg reported : `` So anyhow , Yip also wrote all the dialogue in that time and the setup to the songs and he also wrote the part where they give out the heart , the brains , and the nerve , because he was the final script editor . And he -- there was eleven screenwriters on that -- and he pulled the whole thing together , wrote his own lines and gave the thing a coherence and unity which made it a work of art . But he does n't get credit for that . He gets lyrics by E.Y. Harburg , you see . But nevertheless , he put his influence on the thing . '' The original producers thought that a 1939 audience was too sophisticated to accept Oz as a straight - ahead fantasy ; therefore , it was reconceived as a lengthy , elaborate dream sequence . Because of a perceived need to attract a youthful audience through appealing to modern fads and styles , the score had featured a song called `` The Jitterbug '' , and the script had featured a scene with a series of musical contests . A spoiled , selfish princess in Oz had outlawed all forms of music except classical and operetta , and went up against Dorothy in a singing contest in which her swing style enchanted listeners and won the grand prize . This part was initially written for Betty Jaynes . The plan was later dropped . Another scene , which was removed before final script approval and never filmed , was a concluding scene back in Kansas after Dorothy 's return . Hunk ( the Kansan counterpart to the Scarecrow ) is leaving for agricultural college and extracts a promise from Dorothy to write to him . The implication of the scene is that romance will eventually develop between the two , which also may have been intended as an explanation for Dorothy 's partiality for the Scarecrow over her other two companions . This plot idea was never totally dropped , but is especially noticeable in the final script when Dorothy , just before she is to leave Oz , tells the Scarecrow , `` I think I 'll miss you most of all . '' In his book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , Baum describes Kansas as being `` in shades of gray '' . Further , Dorothy lived inside a farmhouse which had its paint blistered and washed away by the weather , giving it an air of grayness . The house and property were situated in the middle of a sweeping prairie where the grass was burnt gray by harsh sun . Aunt Em and Uncle Henry were `` gray with age '' . Effectively , the use of monochrome sepia tones for the Kansas sequences was a stylistic choice that evoked the dull and gray countryside . Much attention was given to the use of color in the production , with the MGM production crew favoring some hues over others . Consequently , it took the studio 's art department almost a week to settle on the final shade of yellow used for the yellow brick road . Casting ( edit ) See also : Munchkin § In the 1939 film LeRoy had always insisted that he wanted to cast Judy Garland to play Dorothy from the start ; however , evidence suggests that negotiations occurred early in pre-production for Shirley Temple to be cast as Dorothy , on loan from 20th Century Fox . A persistent rumor also existed that Fox , in turn , was promised Clark Gable and Jean Harlow as a loan from MGM . The tale is almost certainly untrue , as Harlow died in 1937 , before MGM had even purchased the rights to the story . Despite this , the story appears in many film biographies ( including Temple 's own autobiography ) . The documentary The Wonderful Wizard of Oz : The Making of a Movie Classic states that Mervyn LeRoy was under pressure to cast Temple , then the most popular child star , but at an unofficial audition , MGM musical mainstay Roger Edens listened to her sing and felt that an actress with a different style was needed ; a 50th anniversary documentary for the film suggested that Temple , then 10 years old , was slightly too young for the part . Newsreel footage is included in which Temple wisecracks , `` There 's no place like home '' , suggesting that she was being considered for the part at that time . A possibility is that this consideration did indeed take place , but that Gable and Harlow were not part of the proposed deal . Actress Deanna Durbin , who was under contract to Universal Studios , was also considered for the part of Dorothy . Durbin , at the time , far exceeded Garland in film experience and fan base and both had co-starred in a 1936 two - reeler titled Every Sunday . The film was most notable for exhibiting Durbin 's operatic style of singing against Garland 's jazzier style . Durbin was possibly passed over once it was decided to bring on Jaynes , also an operatic singer , to rival Garland 's jazz in the aforementioned discarded subplot of the film . Buddy Ebsen 's first makeup test as the Tin Man Ray Bolger was originally cast as the Tin Man and Buddy Ebsen was to play the Scarecrow . Bolger , however , longed to play the Scarecrow , as his childhood idol Fred Stone had done on stage in 1902 ; with that very performance , Stone had inspired him to become a vaudevillian in the first place . Now unhappy with his role as the Tin Man ( reportedly claiming , `` I 'm not a tin performer ; I 'm fluid '' ) , Bolger convinced producer Mervyn LeRoy to recast him in the part he so desired . Ebsen did not object ; after going over the basics of the Scarecrow 's distinctive gait with Bolger ( as a professional dancer , Ebsen had been cast because the studio was confident he would be up to the task of replicating the famous `` wobbly - walk '' of Stone 's Scarecrow ) , he recorded all of his songs , went through all the rehearsals as the Tin Man and began filming with the rest of the cast . Bert Lahr was signed for the Cowardly Lion on July 25 , 1938 ; the next month , Charles Grapewin was cast as Uncle Henry on August 12 . W.C. Fields was originally chosen for the role of the Wizard , a role turned down by Ed Wynn as he thought the part was too small , but the studio ran out of patience after protracted haggling over Fields ' fee ; instead , another contract player , Frank Morgan , was cast on September 22 . Gale Sondergaard was originally cast as the Wicked Witch . She became unhappy when the witch 's persona shifted from sly and glamorous ( thought to emulate the wicked queen in Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ) into the familiar `` ugly hag '' . She turned down the role and was replaced on October 10 , 1938 , just three days before filming started , by MGM contract player Margaret Hamilton . Sondergaard said in an interview for a bonus feature on the DVD that she had no regrets about turning down the part , and would go on to play a glamorous villain in Fox 's version of Maurice Maeterlinck 's The Blue Bird in 1940 ; Margaret Hamilton played a role remarkably similar to the Wicked Witch in the Judy Garland film Babes in Arms ( 1939 ) . According to Aljean Harmetz , the `` gone - to - seed '' coat worn by Morgan as the wizard was selected from a rack of coats purchased from a second - hand shop . According to legend , Morgan later discovered a label in the coat indicating it had once belonged to Baum , that Baum 's widow confirmed this , and that the coat was eventually presented to her . But Baum biographer Michael Patrick Hearn says the Baum family denies ever seeing the coat or knowing of the story ; Hamilton considered it a concocted studio rumor . Filming ( edit ) Richard Thorpe as director ( edit ) Filming commenced October 13 , 1938 , on the MGM lot in Culver City , California , under the direction of Richard Thorpe ( replacing original director Norman Taurog , who filmed only a few early Technicolor tests and was then reassigned ) . Thorpe initially shot about two weeks of footage ( nine days in total ) involving Dorothy 's first encounter with the Scarecrow , as well as a number of sequences in the Wicked Witch 's castle , such as Dorothy 's rescue ( which , though unreleased , comprises the only footage of Ebsen 's Tin Man ) . According to most sources , ten days into the shoot , Ebsen suffered a reaction to the aluminum powder makeup he wore . He was hospitalized in critical condition , and subsequently was forced to leave the project ; in a later interview ( included on the 2005 DVD release of The Wizard of Oz ) , he recalled the studio heads appreciated the seriousness of his illness only after seeing him in the hospital . Filming halted while a replacement for him was found . No full footage of him as the Tin Man has ever been released -- only photographs taken during filming and makeup test photos . His replacement , Jack Haley , simply assumed he had been fired . Author and screen - writer George MacDonald Fraser offers an alternative story , told to him by Burt Lancaster 's producing partner , Jim Hill , that Ebsen had refused to be painted silver and was fired . George Cukor 's brief stint ( edit ) LeRoy , after reviewing the footage and feeling Thorpe was rushing the production , adversely affecting the actors ' performances , had Thorpe replaced . During reorganization on the production , George Cukor temporarily took over , under LeRoy 's guidance . Initially , the studio had made Garland wear a blond wig and heavy `` baby - doll '' makeup , and she played Dorothy in an exaggerated fashion ; now , Cukor changed Garland 's and Hamilton 's makeup and costumes , and told Garland to `` be herself '' . This meant that all the scenes Garland and Hamilton had already completed had to be discarded and reshot . Cukor also suggested that the studio cast Jack Haley , on loan from Fox , as the Tin Man . To keep down on production costs , Haley only rerecorded `` If I Only Had a Heart '' and solo lines during `` The Jitterbug '' and `` If I Only Had the Nerve '' ; as such , Ebsen 's voice can still be heard in the remaining songs featuring the Tin Man in group vocals . The makeup used for Haley was quietly changed to an aluminum paste , with a layer of clown white greasepaint underneath to protect his skin ; although it did not have the same dire effect on Haley , he did at one point suffer an eye infection from it . In addition , Bolger 's original recording of `` If I Only Had a Brain '' had been far more sedate compared to the version heard in the film ; during this time , Cukor and LeRoy decided that a more energetic rendition would better suit Dorothy 's initial meeting with the Scarecrow ( initially , it was to contrast with his lively manner in Thorpe 's footage ) , and was rerecorded as such . At first thought to be lost for over seven decades , a recording of this original version was rediscovered in 2009 . Victor Fleming , the main director ( edit ) Director Victor Fleming on set with cast Cukor did not actually shoot any scenes for the film , merely acting as something of a `` creative advisor '' to the troubled production , and , because of his prior commitment to direct Gone with the Wind , he left on November 3 , 1938 , when Victor Fleming assumed directorial responsibility . As director , Fleming chose not to shift the film from Cukor 's creative realignment , as producer LeRoy had already pronounced his satisfaction with the new course the film was taking . Production on the bulk of the Technicolor sequences was a long and cumbersome process that ran for over six months , from October 1938 to March 1939 . Most of the cast worked six days a week and had to arrive as early as 4 : 00 a.m. to be fitted with makeup and costumes , and often did not leave until 7 pm or later . Cumbersome makeup and costumes were made even more uncomfortable by the daylight - bright lighting the early Technicolor process required , which could heat the set to over 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . Bolger later said that the frightening nature of the costumes prevented most of the Oz principals from eating in the studio commissary ; the toxicity of Hamilton 's copper - based makeup forced her to eat a liquid diet on shoot days . It took as many as twelve takes to have Toto run alongside the actors as they skipped down the yellow brick road . All of the Oz sequences were filmed in three - strip Technicolor . The opening and closing credits , as well as the Kansas sequences , were filmed in black and white and colored in a sepia - tone process . Sepia - toned film was also used in the scene where Aunt Em appears in the Wicked Witch 's crystal ball . An extensive talent search produced over a hundred little people to play Munchkins ; this meant that most of the film 's Oz sequences would have to already be shot before work on the Munchkinland sequence could begin . According to Munchkin actor Jerry Maren , the little people were each paid over $125 a week . Meinhardt Raabe , who played the coroner , revealed in the 1990 documentary The Making of the Wizard of Oz that the MGM costume and wardrobe department , under the direction of designer Adrian , had to design over 100 costumes for the Munchkin sequences . They then had to photograph and catalog each Munchkin in his or her costume so that they could correctly apply the same costume and makeup each day of production . In Hamilton 's exit from the Munchkinland a concealed elevator was arranged to lower her below stage as fire and smoke erupted to dramatize and conceal her exit . The first take ran well but in the second take the flames did not go out in time . The flames set fire to her green , copper - based face paint , causing third - degree burns on her hands and face . She spent three months healing before returning to work . King Vidor 's finishing work as director ( edit ) On February 12 , 1939 , Fleming hastily replaced Cukor in directing Gone with the Wind ; the next day , King Vidor was assigned as director by the studio to finish the filming of The Wizard of Oz ( mainly the sepia - toned Kansas sequences , including Garland 's singing of `` Over the Rainbow '' and the tornado ) . In later years , when the film became firmly established as a classic , Vidor chose not to take public credit for his contribution until after the death of his friend Fleming in 1949 . Post-production ( edit ) Principal photography concluded with the Kansas sequences on March 16 , 1939 ; nonetheless , reshoots and pick - up shots were filmed throughout April and May and into June , under the direction of producer LeRoy . After the deletion of the `` Over the Rainbow '' reprise during subsequent test screenings in early June , Garland had to be brought back one more time to reshoot the `` Auntie Em , I 'm frightened ! '' scene without the song ; the footage of Blandick 's Aunt Em , as shot by Vidor , had already been set aside for rear - projection work , and was simply reused . After Hamilton 's torturous experience with the Munchkinland elevator , she refused to do the pick - ups for the scene in which she flies on a broomstick that billows smoke , so LeRoy chose to have stand - in Betty Danko perform the scene , instead ; as a result , Danko was severely injured doing the scene due to a malfunction in the smoke mechanism . At this point , the film began a long arduous post-production . Herbert Stothart had to compose the film 's background score , while A. Arnold Gillespie had to perfect the various special effects that the film required , including many of the rear projection shots . The MGM art department also had to create the various matte paintings for the background of many of the scenes . One significant innovation planned for the film was the use of stencil printing for the transition to Technicolor . Each frame was to be hand - tinted to maintain the sepia tone ; however , because this was too expensive and labor - intensive , it was abandoned and MGM used a simpler and less expensive variation of the process . During the reshoots in May , the inside of the farm house was painted sepia , and when Dorothy opens the door , it is not Garland , but her stand - in , Bobbie Koshay , wearing a sepia gingham dress , who then backs out of frame ; once the camera moves through the door , Garland steps back into frame in her bright blue gingham dress ( as noted in DVD extras ) , and the sepia - painted door briefly tints her with the same color before she emerges from the house 's shadow , into the bright glare of the Technicolor lighting . This also meant that the reshoots provided the first proper shot of Munchkinland ; if one looks carefully , the brief cut to Dorothy looking around outside the house bisects a single long shot , from the inside of the doorway to the pan-around that finally ends in a reverse - angle as the ruins of the house are seen behind Dorothy as she comes to a stop at the foot of the small bridge . Test screenings of the film began on June 5 , 1939 . Oz initially ran nearly two hours long . LeRoy and Fleming knew that at least a quarter of an hour needed to be deleted to get the film down to a manageable running time ; the average film in 1939 ran for just about 90 minutes . Three sneak previews in Santa Barbara , Pomona and San Luis Obispo , California , helped guide LeRoy and Fleming in the cutting . Among the many cuts were `` The Jitterbug '' number , the Scarecrow 's elaborate dance sequence following `` If I Only Had a Brain '' , reprises of `` Over the Rainbow '' and `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' , and a number of smaller dialogue sequences . This left the final , mostly serious portion of the film with no songs , only the dramatic underscoring . One song that was almost deleted was `` Over the Rainbow '' . MGM had felt that it made the Kansas sequence too long , as well as being far over the heads of the target audience of children . The studio also thought that it was degrading for Garland to sing in a barnyard . LeRoy , uncredited associate producer Arthur Freed and director Fleming fought to keep it in , and they all eventually won . The song went on to win the Academy Award for Best Song of the Year , and came to be identified so strongly with Garland herself that she made it her theme song . In 2004 , the song was ranked no . 1 by the American Film Institute on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs list . After the preview in San Luis Obispo in early July , the film was officially released in August 1939 at its current 101 - minute running time . Music ( edit ) Main article : Musical selections in The Wizard of Oz Herbert Stothart conducts the MGM Studio Orchestra for The Wizard of Oz , which was recorded at the MGM studios . Lobby card with still of deleted musical number `` Hail ! Hail ! The Witch is Dead ! '' , sung upon the triumphant return to Emerald City The film is widely noted for its musical selections and soundtrack . The music was composed by Harold Arlen , and the lyrics were written by Yip Harburg , both of whom won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for `` Over the Rainbow '' . The song was ranked first in two lists : the AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs and the Recording Industry Association of America 's `` 365 Songs of the Century '' . MGM composer Herbert Stothart , a well - known Hollywood composer and songwriter , won the Academy Award for Best Original Score in recognition of his original score . Georgie Stoll was associate conductor and screen credit was given to George Bassman , Murray Cutter , Ken Darby and Paul Marquardt for orchestral and vocal arrangements ( as usual , Roger Edens was also heavily involved as an unbilled musical associate to Freed . ) The song `` The Jitterbug '' , written in a swing style , was intended for the sequence in which the group is journeying to the Witch 's castle . Due to time constraints , the song was cut from the final theatrical version . The film footage for the song has been lost , although silent home film footage of rehearsals for the number has survived . The sound recording for the song , however , is intact and was included in the two - CD Rhino Records deluxe edition of the film soundtrack , as well as on the VHS and DVD editions of the film . A reference to `` The Jitterbug '' remains in the film : the Witch remarks to her flying monkeys that they should have no trouble apprehending Dorothy and her friends because `` I 've sent a little insect on ahead to take the fight out of them . '' Another musical number cut before release occurred right after the Wicked Witch of the West was melted and before Dorothy and her friends returned to the Wizard . This was a reprise of `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' ( blended with `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' and `` The Merry Old Land of Oz '' ) with the lyrics altered to `` Hail ! Hail ! The Witch is Dead ! '' This started with the Witch 's guard saying `` Hail to Dorothy ! The Wicked Witch is dead ! '' and dissolved to a huge celebration of the citizens of the Emerald City singing the song as they accompany Dorothy and her friends to see the Wizard . Today , the film of this scene is also lost and only a few stills survive , along with a few seconds of footage used on several reissue trailers . The entire audio still exists and is included on the two - CD Rhino Record deluxe edition of the film soundtrack . In addition , a brief reprise of `` Over the Rainbow '' was intended to be sung by Garland while Dorothy is trapped in the Witch 's castle , but it was cut because it was considered too emotionally intense . The original soundtrack recording still exists , however , and was included as an extra in all home media releases from 1993 - onwards . The songs were recorded in the studio 's scoring stage before filming . Several of the recordings were completed while Ebsen was still with the cast . Therefore , while he had to be dropped from the cast due to illness from the aluminum powder makeup , his singing voice remained in the soundtrack ( as noted in the notes for the CD Deluxe Edition ) . In the group vocals of `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' , his voice can be heard . Haley spoke with a distinct Boston accent , thus did not pronounce the r in wizard . By contrast , Ebsen was a Midwesterner , like Garland , and pronounced it . Haley rerecorded Ebsen 's solo parts later . Judy Garland singing `` Over the Rainbow '' with Terry Song list ( edit ) `` Over the Rainbow '' -- Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale Munchkinland Sequence : `` Come Out ... '' -- Billie Burke as Glinda , and the Munchkins `` It Really Was No Miracle '' -- Judy Garland as Dorothy , Billy Bletcher and the Munchkins `` We Thank You Very Sweetly '' -- Frank Cucksey and Joseph Koziel `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' -- Billie Burke as Glinda ( speaking ) and the Munchkins `` As Mayor of the Munchkin City '' `` As Coroner , I Must Aver '' `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' ( Reprise ) -- The Munchkins `` The Lullaby League '' `` The Lollipop Guild '' `` We Welcome You to Munchkinland '' -- The Munchkins `` Follow the Yellow Brick Road / You 're Off to See the Wizard '' -- Judy Garland as Dorothy , and the Munchkins `` If I Only Had a Brain '' -- Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow , and Judy Garland as Dorothy `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' -- Judy Garland as Dorothy , and Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow `` If I Only Had a Heart '' -- Jack Haley as the Tin Man `` If I Only Had a Heart '' ( original recording ) -- Buddy Ebsen as the Tin Man `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' ( Reprise 1 ) -- Judy Garland as Dorothy , Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow , and Buddy Ebsen as the Tin Man `` If I Only Had the Nerve '' -- Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion , Jack Haley as the Tin Man , Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow , and Judy Garland as Dorothy `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' ( Reprise 2 ) -- Judy Garland as Dorothy , Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow , Buddy Ebsen as the Tin Man , and Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion `` Optimistic Voices '' -- MGM Studio Chorus `` The Merry Old Land of Oz '' -- Frank Morgan as Cabby , Judy Garland as Dorothy , Ray Bolger as Scarecrow , Jack Haley as the Tin Man , Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion and the Emerald City townspeople `` If I Were King of the Forest '' -- Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion , Judy Garland as Dorothy , Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow and Jack Haley as the Tin Man `` The Jitterbug '' -- Although this song was removed from the final film , it is still available on some extended edition CDs . Underscoring ( edit ) Extensive edits in the film 's final cut removed vocals from the last portion of the film . However , the film was fully underscored , with instrumental snippets from the film 's various leitmotifs throughout . There was also some recognizable popular music , including : Excerpts from Schumann 's `` The Happy Farmer '' , at several points early in the film , including the opening scene when Dorothy and Toto are hurrying home after their encounter with Miss Gulch , when Toto escapes from her , and when the house is `` riding '' the tornado . An excerpt of Mendelssohn 's `` Opus 16 , # 2 '' , when Toto escapes from the Witch 's castle . An excerpt of Mussorgsky 's `` Night on Bald Mountain '' , when Dorothy , the Scarecrow , the Tin Man , and the Cowardly Lion are trying to escape from the Witch 's castle . `` In the Shade of the Old Apple Tree '' , when Dorothy and the Scarecrow discover the anthropomorphic apple trees . `` Gaudeamus Igitur '' during the Wizard 's presentation of awards to the group . `` Home ! Sweet Home ! '' , in part of the underscore of the closing scene , at Dorothy 's house in Kansas . ( The above list is excerpted from the liner notes on the Rhino Records collection . ) Release ( edit ) A memorial commemorating the film 's world premiere at the Strand Theatre in Oconomowoc , Wisconsin on August 12 , 1939 The film 's first sneak preview was held in San Bernardino , California . The film was previewed in three test markets : on August 11 , 1939 , at Kenosha , Wisconsin and Cape Cod , Massachusetts , and at the Strand Theatre in Oconomowoc , Wisconsin , on August 12 . The Hollywood premiere was on August 15 , 1939 , at Grauman 's Chinese Theatre . The New York City premiere , held at Loew 's Capitol Theatre on August 17 , 1939 , was followed by a live performance with Garland and her frequent film co-star Mickey Rooney . They continued to perform there after each screening for a week , extended in Rooney 's case for a second week and in Garland 's to three ( with Oz co-stars Ray Bolger and Bert Lahr replacing Rooney for the third and final week ) . The film opened nationwide on August 25 , 1939 . Box office ( edit ) According to MGM records , during the film 's initial release , it earned $2,048,000 in the US and Canada and $969,000 in other countries throughout the world , resulting in total earnings of $3,017,000 . While these were considerable earnings , the high production cost , in association with various distribution and other costs , meant the movie initially recorded a loss of $1,145,000 for the studio . It did not show what MGM considered a profit until a 1949 rerelease earned an additional $1.5 million ( about $15 million today ) . However , for all the risks and cost that MGM undertook to produce the film , it was considered at least more successful than anyone thought it would be . According to Christopher Finch , author of the Judy Garland biography Rainbow : The Stormy Life Of Judy Garland , `` Fantasy is always a risk at the box office . The film had been enormously successful as a book , and it had also been a major stage hit , but previous attempts to bring it to the screen had been dismal failures . '' Finch also writes that after the success of the film , Garland signed a new contract with MGM giving her a substantial increase in salary , making her one of the top - ten box office stars in the United States . Reception ( edit ) The film received much acclaim upon its release . Frank Nugent considered the film a `` delightful piece of wonder - working which had the youngsters ' eyes shining and brought a quietly amused gleam to the wiser ones of the oldsters . Not since Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs has anything quite so fantastic succeeded half so well . '' Nugent had issues with some of the film 's special effects , writing , `` with the best of will and ingenuity , they can not make a Munchkin or a Flying Monkey that will not still suggest , however vaguely , a Singer 's Midget in a Jack Dawn masquerade . Nor can they , without a few betraying jolts and split - screen overlappings , bring down from the sky the great soap bubble in which Glinda rides and roll it smoothly into place . '' According to Nugent , `` Judy Garland 's Dorothy is a pert and fresh - faced miss with the wonder - lit eyes of a believer in fairy tales , but the Baum fantasy is at its best when the Scarecrow , the Tin Man , and the Lion are on the move . '' Writing in Variety , John C. Flinn predicted that the film was `` likely to perform some record - breaking feats of box - office magic , '' noting , `` Some of the scenic passages are so beautiful in design and composition as to stir audiences by their sheer unfoldment . '' He also called Garland `` an appealing figure '' and the musical numbers `` gay and bright . '' Harrison 's Reports wrote , `` Even though some persons are not interested in pictures of this type , it is possible that they will be eager to see this picture just for its technical treatment . The performances are good , and the incidental music is of considerable aid . Pictures of this caliber bring credit to the industry . '' Film Daily wrote : `` Leo the Lion is privileged to herald this one with his deepest roar -- the one that comes from way down -- for seldom if indeed ever has the screen been so successful in its approach to fantasy and extravaganza through flesh - and - blood ... handsomely mounted fairy story in Technicolor , with its wealth of humor and homespun philosophy , its stimulus to the imagination , its procession of unforgettable settings , its studding of merry tunes should click solidly at the box - office . '' Not all reviews were positive . Some moviegoers felt that the 16 - year - old Garland was slightly too old to play the little girl who Baum originally intended his Dorothy to be . Russell Maloney of The New Yorker wrote that the film displayed `` no trace of imagination , good taste , or ingenuity '' and declared it `` a stinkeroo , '' while Otis Ferguson of The New Republic wrote , `` It has dwarfs , music , Technicolor , freak characters , and Judy Garland . It ca n't be expected to have a sense of humor , as well - and as for the light touch of fantasy , it weighs like a pound of fruitcake soaking wet . '' Still , the film placed seventh on Film Daily 's year - end nationwide poll of 542 critics naming the best films of 1939 . Roger Ebert chose it as one of his Great Films , writing that `` The Wizard of Oz has a wonderful surface of comedy and music , special effects and excitement , but we still watch it six decades later because its underlying story penetrates straight to the deepest insecurities of childhood , stirs them and then reassures them . '' Writer Salman Rushdie acknowledged `` The Wizard of Oz was my very first literary influence '' in his 2002 musings about the film . He has written : `` When I first saw The Wizard of Oz , it made a writer of me . '' His first short story , written at the age of 10 , was titled `` Over the Rainbow '' . In a 2009 retrospective article about the film , San Francisco Chronicle film critic and author Mick LaSalle declared that the film 's `` entire Munchkinland sequence , from Dorothy 's arrival in Oz to her departure on the yellow brick road , has to be one of the greatest in cinema history -- a masterpiece of set design , costuming , choreography , music , lyrics , storytelling , and sheer imagination . '' On the film critic aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 99 % based on 109 reviews , with an average score of 9.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` An absolute masterpiece whose groundbreaking visuals and deft storytelling are still every bit as resonant , The Wizard of Oz is a must - see film for young and old . '' At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film received the maximum score of 100 out of 100 , based on 4 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' , which , as of August 2017 , is matched only by five other films . The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , by L. Frank Baum Re-releases ( edit ) Although the 1949 reissue used sepia tone , as in the original release , beginning with the 1955 re-issue , and continuing until the film 's 50th anniversary VHS release in 1989 , these opening Kansas sequences were shown in black and white instead of the sepia tone as originally printed . ( This includes television showings . ) The MGM `` Children 's Matinees '' series rereleased the film twice , in both 1970 and 1971 . It was for this release that the film received a G rating from the MPAA . For the film 's then - upcoming 60th anniversary , Warner Bros. Pictures released a `` Special Edition '' on November 6 , 1998 , digitally restored with remastered audio . In 2002 , the film had a very limited re-release in U.S. theaters , earning only $139,905 . On September 23 , 2009 , the film was rereleased in select theaters for a one - night - only event in honor of its 70th anniversary and as a promotion for various new disc releases later in the month . An encore of this event was released in theaters on November 17 , 2009 . An IMAX 3D theatrical re-release played at 300 theaters in North America for one week only beginning September 20 , 2013 , as part of the film 's 75th anniversary . Warner Bros. spent $25 million on advertising . The studio hosted a premiere of the film 's first IMAX 3D release on September 15 , 2013 , from the newly remodeled TCL Chinese Theatre ( formerly Grauman 's Chinese Theatre , the site of the film 's Hollywood premiere ) in Hollywood . It was the first to play at the new theater and served as the grand opening of Hollywood 's first 3D IMAX screen . It was also shown as a special presentation at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival . This re-release grossed $5.6 million at the North American box office . In 2013 , in preparation for its IMAX 3D release , the film was submitted again to the MPAA for re-classification . According to MPAA rules , a film that has been altered in any way from its original version must be submitted for re-classification , as the 3 - D conversion fell within that guideline . Surprisingly , the 3D version received a PG rating for `` Some scary moments '' , although no change was made to the film 's original story content . The 2D version still retains its G rating . The film was rereleased on January 11 and 14 , 2015 , as part of the `` TCM Presents '' series by Turner Classic Movies . Television ( edit ) Main article : The Wizard of Oz on television The film was first shown on television on November 3 , 1956 , by CBS , as the last installment of the Ford Star Jubilee . Home media ( edit ) The film was released multiple times for the home - video commercial market ( on a limited scale ) on Super 8 film ( 8 mm format ) during the 1970s . These releases include an edited English version ( roughly 10 minutes , and roughly 20 minutes ) , as well as edited Spanish versions of the classic . Also , a full commercial release of it was made on Super 8 ( on multiple reels ) that came out in the 1970s , as well , for the commercial market . The film was among the first videocassettes ( on both VHS and Betamax format for the 1980 release ) by MGM / CBS Home Video in 1980 ; all current home video releases are by Warner Home Video ( via current rights holder Turner Entertainment ) . The first LaserDisc release of it was in 1982 , with two versions of a second ( one from Turner and one from The Criterion Collection with a commentary track ) for the 50th anniversary release in 1989 , a third in 1991 , a fourth in 1993 , a fifth in 1995 and a sixth and final LaserDisc release on September 11 , 1996 . In addition to VHS ( and later , LaserDisc ) , the film has been released multiple times during the 1980s on the Betamax format , beginning in 1980 simultaneously with the VHS release . The film was released for the first and only time on the CED format in 1982 by MGM / UA Home Video . Outside of the North American and European markets , the film has also been released multiple times on the Video CD format since the 1990s in Asia . The first DVD release was on March 26 , 1997 , by MGM / Turner and contained no special features or supplements . It was re-released by Warner Bros. for its 60th anniversary on October 19 , 1999 , with its soundtrack presented in a new 5.1 surround sound mix . The monochrome - to - color transition was more smoothly accomplished by digitally keeping the inside of the house in monochrome while Dorothy and the reveal of Munchkinland are in color . The DVD also contained a behind - the - scenes documentary , The Wonderful Wizard of Oz : The Making of a Movie Classic , produced in 1990 and hosted by Angela Lansbury , which was originally shown on television immediately following the 1990 telecast of the film ; it had been featured in the 1993 `` Ultimate Oz '' LaserDisc release . Outtakes , the deleted `` Jitterbug '' musical number , clips of pre-1939 Oz adaptations , trailers , newsreels , and a portrait gallery were also included , as well as two radio programs of the era publicizing the film . In 2005 , two DVD editions were released , both featuring a newly restored version of the film with an audio commentary and an isolated music and effects track . One of the two DVD releases was a `` Two - Disc Special Edition '' , featuring production documentaries , trailers , various outtakes , newsreels , radio shows and still galleries . The other set , a `` Three - Disc Collector 's Edition '' , included these features , as well as the digitally restored 80th - anniversary edition of the 1925 feature - length silent film version of The Wizard of Oz , other silent Oz adaptations and a 1933 animated short version . The film was released on Blu - ray on September 29 , 2009 , for its 70th anniversary in a four - disc `` Ultimate Collector 's Edition '' , including all the bonus features from the 2005 Collector 's Edition DVD , new bonus features about Victor Fleming and the surviving Munchkins , the telefilm The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story , and the miniseries MGM : When the Lion Roars . For this edition , Warner commissioned a new transfer at 8K resolution from the original film negatives . The restoration job was given to Prime Focus World . This restored version also features a lossless 5.1 Dolby TrueHD audio track . A DVD version was also released as a Two - Disc Special Edition and a Five - Disc Ultimate Collector 's Edition . On December 1 , 2009 , three Blu - ray discs of the Ultimate Collector 's Edition were repackaged as a less expensive `` Emerald Edition '' , with an Emerald Edition four - disc DVD arriving the following week . A single - disc Blu - ray , containing the restored movie and all the extra features of the two - disc Special Edition DVD , also became available on March 16 , 2010 . In 2013 , the film was re-released on DVD , Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D and UltraViolet for the 90th anniversary of Warner Bros. and as part of its 75th anniversary . Also , multiple special editions were released in celebration of the film 's the 75th anniversary in 2013 , exclusively by both Best Buy ( a SteelBook of the 3D Blu - ray ) and another version that came with a keepsake lunch bag released by Target stores . Awards and honors ( edit ) Academy Awards ( edit ) Awards Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient Outcome Academy Awards February 29 , 1940 Best Picture Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Nominated Best Cinematography , Color Harold Rosson Best Art Direction Cedric Gibbons and William A. Horning Best Effects , Special Effects A. Arnold Gillespie and Douglas Shearer Best Music , Original Score Herbert Stothart Won Best Music , Original Song `` Over the Rainbow '' Music by Harold Arlen ; Lyrics by E.Y. Harburg Academy Juvenile Award Judy Garland For her outstanding performance as a screen juvenile during the past year . ( She was jointly awarded for her performances in Babes in Arms and The Wizard of Oz ) . Honorary American film Institute lists ( edit ) The American Film Institute ( AFI ) has compiled various lists which include this film or elements thereof . AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- No. 6 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- No. 43 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : Wicked Witch of the West -- No. 4 villain AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Over the Rainbow '' -- No. 1 `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' -- No. 82 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Toto , I 've a feeling we 're not in Kansas anymore . '' ( Dorothy Gale ) -- No. 4 `` There 's no place like home . '' ( Dorothy ) -- No. 23 `` I 'll get you , my pretty -- and your little dog , too ! '' ( Wicked Witch of the West ) -- No. 99 AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- No. 3 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- No. 26 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- No. 10 AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- No. 1 Fantasy film Other honors ( edit ) 1999 : Rolling Stone 's 100 Maverick Movies -- No. 20 . 1999 : Entertainment Weekly 's 100 Greatest Films -- No. 32 . 2000 : The Village Voice 's 100 Best Films of the 20th Century -- No. 14 . 2002 : Sight & Sound 's Greatest Film Poll of Directors -- No. 41 . 2005 : Total Film 's 100 Greatest Films -- No. 83 . 2005 : ranked among the top ten of the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 . 2007 : Total Film 's 23 Weirdest Films -- No. 1 . 2007 : The Observer ranked the film 's songs and music at the top of its list of 50 greatest film soundtracks . Differences from the novel ( edit ) Roughly 40 identifiable major differences exist between the original book and the MGM interpretation . Sequels and reinterpretations ( edit ) Main article : Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz The film was dramatized as a one - hour radio play on Lux Radio Theatre , which was broadcast on December 25 , 1950 , with Garland reprising her earlier role . In 1964 , a one - hour animated cartoon called Return to Oz was shown as an afternoon weekend special on NBC . An official 1972 sequel , the animated Journey Back to Oz starring Liza Minnelli , daughter of Garland , was produced to commemorate the original film 's 35th anniversary . In 1975 , the stage show The Wiz premiered on Broadway . It was an African American version of The Wizard of Oz reworked for the stage . It starred Stephanie Mills and other Broadway stars and earned a number of Tony Awards . Its financing was handled by actor Geoffrey Holder . Its inspired revivals after it left the stage and an unsuccessful motion picture made in 1978 , starring Diana Ross as Dorothy and Michael Jackson as the Scarecrow . In 1985 , Walt Disney Productions released the live - action fantasy film Return to Oz , which starred ( and introduced ) Fairuza Balk as a young Dorothy Gale . Based loosely on The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) and Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) , it fared rather poorly with critics who were unfamiliar with the Oz books and was not successful at the box office , although it has since become a popular cult film , with many considering it a more loyal and faithful adaptation of what L. Frank Baum envisioned . In 1995 , Gregory Maguire published the novel Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West , which was adapted into the wildly successful Broadway musical Wicked . The story describes the life of the Wicked Witch of the West and other events prior to Dorothy 's arrival . For the film 's 56th anniversary , a 1995 stage show also titled The Wizard of Oz was based upon it and the book by L. Frank Baum . It toured from 1995 to 2012 , except for 2004 . In 2005 , The Muppets Studio produced The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz , a television film for ABC , starring Ashanti as Dorothy , Jeffrey Tambor as the Wizard , David Alan Grier as Uncle Henry , and Queen Latifah as Aunt Em . Kermit the Frog portrayed the Scarecrow , Gonzo portrayed the Tin Thing ( Tin Man ) , Fozzie Bear portrayed the Lion and Miss Piggy portrayed all the Witches of the West , East , North and South . In 2007 , The Sci - Fi Channel released the three - part miniseries Tin Man , a science fiction continuation starring Zooey Deschanel as DG . Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice wrote a stage musical of the same name , which opened in 2011 at the West End 's London Palladium . It features all of the songs from the film plus new songs written by Lloyd Webber and Rice . Lloyd Webber also found Danielle Hope to play Dorothy on the reality show , Over the Rainbow . Another production opened in December 2012 at the Ed Mirvish Theatre in Toronto . A reality TV show , also titled Over the Rainbow , found a Canadian girl , Danielle Wade , to play Dorothy . The Canadian production then began a North American tour in September 2013 . An Australian tour will begin at the Lyric Theatre , Queensland Performing Arts Centre in November 2017 , followed by a season at the Capitol Theatre , Sydney beginning December 2017 . An animated film called Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz was released in 2011 by Warner Home Video , incorporating Tom and Jerry into the story as Dorothy 's `` protectors '' . A sequel titled Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz was released on DVD on June 21 , 2016 . In 2013 , Walt Disney Pictures released a spiritual prequel titled , Oz the Great and Powerful . It was directed by Sam Raimi , and starred James Franco , Mila Kunis , Rachel Weisz and Michelle Williams . It was the second film based on Baum 's Oz series to be produced by Disney , after Return to Oz . It was a commercial success and received a mixed critical reception . In 2014 , now - defunct independent film company Clarius Entertainment released a big - budget animated musical film , Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return , which follows Dorothy 's second trip to Oz . The film was a box office bomb and was received negatively by critics largely for its plot and unmemorable musical numbers . Cultural impact ( edit ) Regarding the original Baum storybook , it has been said that `` The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is America 's greatest and best - loved home grown fairytale . The first totally American fantasy for children , it is one of the most - read children 's books ... and despite its many particularly American attributes , including a wizard from Omaha , The Wonderful Wizard of Oz has universal appeal . '' The film also has been deemed `` culturally significant '' by the United States Library of Congress , which selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry in 1989 . In June 2007 , the film was listed on UNESCO 's Memory of the World Register . The film placed at number 86 on Bravo 's 100 Scariest Movie Moments . In 1977 , Aljean Harmetz wrote The Making of The Wizard of Oz , a detailed description of the creation of the film based on interviews and research ; it was updated in 1989 . Ruby slippers ( edit ) Main article : Ruby slippers Because of their iconic stature , the ruby slippers worn by Judy Garland in the film are now among the most treasured and valuable film memorabilia in movie history . The silver slippers that Dorothy wore in the book series were changed to ruby to take advantage of the new Technicolor process . Adrian , MGM 's chief costume designer , was responsible for the final design . A number of pairs were made , though no one knows exactly how many . After filming , the slippers were stored among the studio 's extensive collection of costumes and faded from attention . They were found in the basement of MGM 's wardrobe department during preparations for a mammoth auction in 1970 . One pair was the highlight of the auction , going for a then unheard of $15,000 to an anonymous buyer , who apparently donated them to the Smithsonian Institution in 1979 . Four other pairs are known to exist ; one sold for $666,000 at auction in 2000 . A pair was stolen from the Judy Garland Museum in Grand Rapids , Minnesota and remains missing . Another , differently styled pair unused in the film was sold at auction with the rest of her collections by owner actress Debbie Reynolds for $510,000 ( not including the buyer 's premium ) in June 2011 . Impact upon LGBT culture ( edit ) For information on the film 's impact on LGBT culture in America , see Friend of Dorothy . See also ( edit ) Oz portal Film portal List of films considered the best Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Wizard of Oz festival Dark Side of the Rainbow The Wizard of Oz , the 2011 stage musical Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE WIZARD OF OZ '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : The Eddie Mannix Ledger , Los Angeles : Margaret Herrick Library , Center for Motion Picture Study . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies '' . www.afi.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Fricke , John ( 1989 ) . The Wizard of Oz : The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History . New York : Warner Books . ISBN 0 - 446 - 51446 - 2 . Jump up ^ Note : All actors share equal billing ; the Singer Midgets are listed in the credits as `` The Munchkins '' . Jump up ^ Nugent , Frank S. ( August 18 , 1939 ) . `` The Screen in Review ; ' The Wizard of Oz , ' Produced by the Wizards of Hollywood , Works Its Magic on the Capitol 's Screen -- March of Time Features New York at the Music Hall at the Palace '' . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` How did ' Wizard of Oz ' fare on its 1939 release ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` To See The Wizard Oz on Stage and Film '' . Library of Congress . December 15 , 2010 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz ( Victor Fleming 1939 ) , produced by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer '' . UNESCO Memory of the World Programme . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2009 . Retrieved September 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fricke , John ; Scarfone , Jay ; Stillman , William ( 1986 ) . The Wizard of Oz : The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History . New York , NY : Warner Books , Inc. p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 446 - 51446 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the Making of a Movie Classic ( 1990 ) . CBS Television , narrated by Angela Lansbury . Co-produced by John Fricke and Aljean Harmetz . ^ Jump up to : Aljean Harmetz ( 2004 ) . The Making of The Wizard of Oz . Hyperion . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8352 - 9 . See the Chapter `` Special Effects . Jump up ^ Coan , Stephen ( December 22 , 2011 ) . `` KZN 's very own screen wizard '' . The Witness . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Warner Bros. `` Wizard of Oz Timeline '' . Warnerbros.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2007 . Retrieved September 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Democracy Now . November 25 , 2004 Archived November 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Fordin , Hugh ( 1976 ) . World of Entertainment . City : Avon Books ( Mm ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 380 - 00754 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Reporter , Oct. 20 , 2005 '' . Jump up ^ Clarke , Gerald ( 2001 ) . Get Happy : The Life of Judy Garland . Delta . p. 94 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 33515 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the Making of a Movie Classic . CBS Television , 1990 , narrated by Angela Lansbury . Co-produced by John Fricke and Aljean Harmetz . Jump up ^ Cemetery Guide , Hollywood Remains to Be Seen , Mark Masek . Jump up ^ Fricke , John and Scarfone and William Stillman . The Wizard of Oz : The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History , Warner Books , 1989 Jump up ^ Hearn , Michael Patrick . Keynote address . The International Wizard of Oz Club Centennial convention . Indiana University , August 2000 . Jump up ^ Smalling , Allen ( 1989 ) . The Making of the Wizard of Oz : Movie Magic and Studio Power in the Prime of MGM . Hyperion . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8352 - 9 . Jump up ^ MacDonald Fraser , George ( 2003 ) . The Light 's on at Signpost. Harper - Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 732563 - 4 . Jump up ^ The Wizard of Oz 70th Anniversary News Archived May 13 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Interview of Ray Bolger ( 1990 ) . The Wonderful Wizard of Oz : 50 Years of Magic . Jack Haley Jr Productions . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Leopold , Ted ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Wizard of Oz ' at 75 : Did you know ... ? '' . CNN . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Margaret Hamilton 's copper - based makeup as the Wicked Witch was poisonous , so she lived on a liquid diet during the film , and the makeup was carefully cleaned off her each day . Jump up ^ Aylesworth , Thomas ( 1984 ) . History of Movie Musicals . New York City : Gallery Books . p. 97 . ISBN 0 - 8317 - 4467 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Making of the Wizard of Oz -- Movie Magic and Studio Power in the Prime of MGM -- and the Miracle of Production # 1060 , 10th Edition , Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group , Inc. / Random House , 1989 . Jump up ^ Jim 's `` Wizard of Oz '' Website Directory . `` '' The Wizard of Oz `` ... A Movie Timeline '' . geocities.com . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2007 . Retrieved September 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Wizard of Oz : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack -- The Deluxe Edition , 2 - CD set , original recording remastered , Rhino Records # 71964 ( July 18 , 1995 ) Jump up ^ Warner Bros. 2005 The Wizard of Oz Deluxe DVD edition , program notes and audio extras . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) - Original Soundtrack - Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ Down The Yellow Brick Road : The Making of The Wizard Of Oz `` McClelland , 1976 Publisher Pyramid Publications ( Harcourt Brace Jonavich ) Jump up ^ Williams , Scott ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` Hello , yellow brick road '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . John Fricke , a historian who has written books about The Wizard of Oz , said that MGM executives arranged advance screenings in a handful of small communities to find out how audiences would respond to the musical adventure , which cost nearly $3 million to produce . Fricke said he believes the first showings were on the 11th , one day before Oconomowoc 's preview , on Cape Cod in Dennis , Massachusetts , and in another southeastern Wisconsin community , Kenosha . ^ Jump up to : Cisar , Katjusa ( August 18 , 2009 ) . `` No Place Like Home : ' Wizard of Oz ' premiered here 70 years ago '' . Madison.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Oconomowoc 's Strand Theatre was one of three small - town movie theaters across the country where `` Oz '' premiered in the days prior to its official Hollywood opening on Aug. 15 , 1939 ... It 's possible that one of the other two test sites -- Kenosha and the Cape Cinema in Dennis , Massachusetts -- screened the film a day earlier , but Oconomowoc is the only one to lay claim and embrace the world premiere as its own . Jump up ^ `` Beloved movie 's premiere was far from L.A. limelight '' . Wisconsin State Journal . August 12 , 2009 . p. a2 . Jump up ^ `` Grauman 's Chinese Makeover : How the Hollywood Landmark Will Be Revamped '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Finch , Christofer ( 1975 ) . Rainbow : The Stormy Life Of Judy Garland . Ballantine Books . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 28407 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Nugent , Frank S. ( August 18 , 1939 ) . `` The Wizard of Oz , Produced by the Wizards of Hollywood , Works Its Magic on the Capitol 's Screen '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Flinn , John C. ( August 16 , 1939 ) . `` Review : ' The Wizard of Oz ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz '' . Harrison 's Reports . New York : Harrison 's Reports , Inc. : 134 August 26 , 1939 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews : The Wizard of Oz '' . Film Daily : 6 . August 10 , 1939 . Jump up ^ Overbey , Erin ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` The Allure of Oz '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meyerson , Harold ; Harburg , Ernie ( 1995 ) . Who Put the Rainbow in the Wizard of Oz ? : Yip Harburg , lyricist . University of Michigan Press . pp. 156 -- 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 08312 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` '' Ten Best '' of 1939 `` . Film Daily : 1 . January 12 , 1940 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 22 , 1996 ) . `` The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rushdie , Salman ( 2000 ) . The Wizard of Oz . BFI Pub . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 300 - 3 . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rushdie , Salman ( 2003 ) . Step Across This Line . Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 78349 - 0 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` Thoughts on ' The Wizard of Oz ' at 70 '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved February 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz garners full approval at Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cruz , Gilbert ( August 30 , 2010 ) . `` The Wizard of Oz '' . Time . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` THE WIZARD OF OZ ( 1939 , U.S. ) '' . Kiddiematinee.com . November 3 , 1956 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2010 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz ( 2002 re-issue ) ( 2002 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . boxofficemojo.com . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz 70th Anniversary Encore Event '' . Creative Loading . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Wizard of Oz ' coming back to theaters for IMAX 3D run '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` Warner Bros. Plans $25 Million Campaign Around ' The Wizard of Oz ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz ( 3D / IMAX ) ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Chris ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Hicks : ' The Wizard of Oz ' reissue could signal the end of the G rating '' . Jump up ^ `` TCM Presents The Wizard of Oz '' . Variety . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2003 ) . `` Ford Star Jubilee '' . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Cable and Network Shows 1946 -- present . Ballantine Books . p. 425 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 45542 - 8 . Last telecast : November 3 , 1956 ... The last telecast of Ford Star Jubilee , however , was really something special . It was the first airing of what later became a television tradition -- Garland 's classic 1939 film The Wizard of Oz , with Judy 's 10 - year - old daughter Liza Minnelli and Lahr ( the Cowardly Lion from the film ) on hand to introduce it . Jump up ^ `` WOO Super 8 '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MGM / CBS Home Video ad '' . Billboard . November 22 , 1980 . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Julien WILK ( February 28 , 2010 ) . `` LaserDisc Database -- Search : Wizard of Oz '' . Lddb.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` WOO Beta '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WOO CED Exclusive '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WOO VCD '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` THE WIZARD OF OZ ( 1939 ) 3D '' . Prime Focus World . Jump up ^ `` Off To See The Wizards : HDD Gets An In Depth Look at the Restoration of ' The Wizard of Oz ' ( UPDATED -- Before and After Pics ! ) '' . Highdefdigest.com . September 11 , 2009 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wizard of Oz ' Goes 3D for W.B. 90th Celebration '' . ETonline.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WOO Best Buy SteelBook Exclusive '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WOO Target Exclusive '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 12th Academy Awards ( 1940 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Fantasy '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Maverick Movies in 100 Years from Rolling Stone '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time by Entertainment Weekly '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Films -- Village Voice '' . Filmsite.org . January 4 , 2000 . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002 -- The rest of the directors ' list '' . BFI . September 5 , 2006 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Total Film ( October 24 , 2005 ) . `` Film news Who is the greatest ? '' . TotalFilm.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 films you should see by the age of 14 '' . Daily Mail . London . July 20 , 2005 . Retrieved September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Total Film 's 23 Weirdest Films of All Time on Lists of Bests '' . Listsofbests.com. April 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2009 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Observer Music Monthly ( March 18 , 2007 ) . `` The 50 Greatest Film Soundtracks '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved September 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jahangir , Rumeana ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` Secrets of the Wizard of Oz '' . BBC . Retrieved March 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Jesse ( January 2009 ) . `` There 's No Place Like Home '' . Smithsonian. 39 ( 10 ) . p. 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz Production Timeline '' . The first official sequel to The Wizard of Oz is released , an animated film titled Journey Back to Oz . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( June 21 , 1985 ) . `` Film : A New ' Oz ' Gives Dorothy New Friends '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Instead of the Wizard of Oz sequel that its title suggests , Return to Oz ... is more of a grim variation . This time , in a story derived largely from L. Frank Baum 's The Land of Oz ( sic ) and Ozma of Oz , a pint - sized Dorothy has been brought to the screen with a different set of sidekicks ; for instance , instead of traveling to Oz with Toto , Dorothy is this time accompanied by a different Baum creation , Billina the Chicken . Once there , she meets a whole new set of friends ... Jump up ^ Geraghty , Lincoln ( 2011 ) . American Hollywood . Intellect Books . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84150 - 415 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Flashback Exclusive : A ' Return to Oz ' '' . ET Online . March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canada to Launch OVER THE RAINBOW Reality Show to Cast ' Dorothy ' in ALW 's THE WIZARD OF OZ '' , Broadway World , September 17 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Over the Rainbow : About the Show '' , Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CBC fall season reflects reduced budget '' , CBC News , September 17 , 2012 Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael and Andrew Gans . `` North American Tour of The Wizard of Oz , Starring Danielle Wade , Kicks Off Sept. 10 in Las Vegas '' Archived July 18 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill , September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Favourite Musical Returns To Australia '' . Wizard of Oz The Musical . The Really Useful Group . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Tom and Jerry & The Wizard of Oz Blu - ray Blu - ray , Retrieved June 17 , 2016 Jump up ^ TOM AND JERRY : BACK TO OZ Warnerbros.com , Retrieved June 18 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Oz The Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tampubolon , Rama ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` 3D Animated Movie , LEGENDS OF OZ : DOROTHY 'S RETURN , Voice Starring Lea Michele , Opens May 9 , 2014 And It 's Coming To Cannes '' . Rama 's Screen . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz : An American Fairy Tale '' . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO chooses The Wizard of Oz as USA 's Memory of the World '' . UNESCO . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Scariest Movie Moments '' . Bravotv.com . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2006 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8352 - 9 Jump up ^ Dwight Blocker Bowers ( January 2010 ) . `` The Ruby Slippers : Inventing an American Icon '' . The Lemelson Center . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Burke , Monte ( December 3 , 2008 ) . `` Inside The Search For Dorothy 's Slippers '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Rhys ( 1989 ) . The Ruby Slippers of Oz . Tale Weaver Pub . ISBN 0 - 942139 - 09 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Debbie Reynolds Auction Breaks Up Historic Hollywood Collection '' . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Memories of a Munchkin : An Illustrated Walk Down the Yellow Brick Road by Meinhardt Raabe and Daniel Kinske ( Back Stage Books , 2005 ) , ISBN 0 - 8230 - 9193 - 7 The Ruby Slippers of Oz by Rhys Thomas ( Tale Weaver , 1989 ) , ISBN 0 - 942139 - 09 - 7 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 942139 - 09 - 9 The Wizardry of Oz : The Artistry And Magic of the 1939 MGM Classic -- Revised and Expanded by Jay Scarfone and William Stillman ( Applause Books , 2004 ) , ISBN 0 - 517 - 20333 - 2 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 20333 - 0 The Munchkins of Oz by Stephen Cox ( Cumberland House , 1996 ) ISBN 1 - 58182 - 269 - 3 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58182 - 269 - 4 `` Did these stories really happen ? '' by Michelle Bernier ( Createspace , 2010 ) ISBN 1 - 4505 - 8536 - 1 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Wizard of Oz ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Wizard of Oz Official website The Wizard of Oz on IMDb The Wizard of Oz at the TCM Movie Database The Wizard of Oz at AllMovie The Wizard of Oz at Box Office Mojo The Wizard of Oz at Rotten Tomatoes The Judy Garland Museum Finding aid author : John N. Gillespie ( 2013 ) . `` The Wizard of Oz recordings and recording logs '' . Prepared for the L. Tom Perry Special Collections , Provo , UT . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . The Wizard of Oz on Lux Radio Theater : December 25 , 1950 Character drawings for The Wizard of Oz , Margaret Herrick Library , Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences The Wizard of Oz Elements `` Surrender Dorothy '' Ruby slippers Music `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' `` If I Only Had a Brain '' `` Optimistic Voices '' `` The Merry Old Land of Oz '' `` If I Were King of the Forest '' `` The Jitterbug '' ( cut from final film ) Versions , sequels , and adaptations Stage musicals : 1942 , 1987 , 2011 The Wizard of Oz in Concert : Dreams Come True On television Was Apocalypse Oz Off to See the Wizard Journey Back to Oz The Wiz The Wizard of Oz ( TV series ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz Wicked Oz the Great and Powerful Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz Lost In Oz Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz Games Arcade game Pinball Video game Related The Making of The Wizard of Oz Friend of Dorothy Over the Rainbow Dark Side of the Rainbow Meco Plays The Wizard of Oz Lego Dimensions L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Canonical books L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz ( 1908 ) The Road to Oz ( 1909 ) The Emerald City of Oz ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1913 ) Tik - Tok of Oz ( 1914 ) The Scarecrow of Oz ( 1915 ) Rinkitink in Oz ( 1916 ) The Lost Princess of Oz ( 1917 ) The Tin Woodman of Oz ( 1918 ) The Magic of Oz ( 1919 ) Glinda of Oz ( 1920 ) Ruth Plumly Thompson The Royal Book of Oz ( 1921 ) Kabumpo in Oz ( 1922 ) The Cowardly Lion of Oz ( 1923 ) Grampa in Oz ( 1924 ) The Lost King of Oz ( 1925 ) The Hungry Tiger of Oz ( 1926 ) The Gnome King of Oz ( 1927 ) The Giant Horse of Oz ( 1928 ) Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz ( 1929 ) The Yellow Knight of Oz ( 1930 ) Pirates in Oz ( 1931 ) The Purple Prince of Oz ( 1932 ) Ojo in Oz ( 1933 ) Speedy in Oz ( 1934 ) The Wishing Horse of Oz ( 1935 ) Captain Salt in Oz ( 1936 ) Handy Mandy in Oz ( 1937 ) The Silver Princess in Oz ( 1938 ) Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Others The Wonder City of Oz ( 1940 ) The Scalawagons of Oz ( 1941 ) Lucky Bucky in Oz ( 1942 ) The Magical Mimics in Oz ( 1946 ) The Shaggy Man of Oz ( 1949 ) The Hidden Valley of Oz ( 1951 ) Merry Go Round in Oz ( 1963 ) Yankee in Oz ( 1972 ) The Enchanted Island of Oz ( 1976 ) The Forbidden Fountain of Oz ( 1980 ) The Ozmapolitan of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wicked Witch of Oz ( 1993 ) The Giant Garden of Oz ( 1993 ) The Runaway in Oz ( 1995 ) The Rundelstone of Oz ( 2000 ) The Emerald Wand of Oz ( 2005 ) Trouble Under Oz ( 2006 ) Alternate Dorothy of Oz ( 1989 ) Locations and elements Land of Oz Emerald City Munchkin Country Gillikin Country Winkie Country Quadling Country Yellow brick road Oogaboo Deadly Desert Nonestica Forest of Burzee Land of Ev Merryland Mo Ix Nome Kingdom Noland Ruby slippers Silver Shoes The Oz Film Manufacturing Company Characters Dorothy Gale Toto Princess Ozma The Wizard of Oz Scarecrow Tin Woodman Cowardly Lion Jack Pumpkinhead Tik - Tok Sawhorse Trot Hungry Tiger Good Witch of the North Glinda , the Good Witch of the South Wicked Witch of the West Wicked Witch of the East Aunt Em Uncle Henry Betsy Bobbin Billina Boq Button - Bright Cap'n Bill Eureka Herby Jellia Jamb Jenny Jump Jinjur Jinnicky the Red Jinn John Dough Kabumpo Mombi Munchkins Nome King Ojo the Lucky Pastoria Patchwork Girl Peter Brown Pigasus Polychrome Queen Lurline Shaggy Man Soldier with the Green Whiskers Winged monkeys Woggle - Bug Other writers Authors John R. Neill Jack Snow Rachel Cosgrove Payes Eloise Jarvis McGraw Dick Martin Alexander Volkov Gregory Maguire Sherwood Smith Roger S. Baum Illustrators William Wallace Denslow Frank Kramer Dirk Gringhuis Dick Martin Eric Shanower William Stout Adaptations and other derivative works Films The Fairylogue and Radio - Plays ( 1908 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1910 ) Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz ( 1910 ) The Land of Oz ( 1910 ) John Dough and the Cherub ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1914 ) The Magic Cloak of Oz ( 1914 ) His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz ( 1914 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1933 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Return to Oz ( 1964 ) The Wonderful Land of Oz ( 1969 ) Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde ( 1971 ) Journey Back to Oz ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1975 ) The Wiz ( 1978 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1982 ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz ( 1987 ) The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story ( 1990 ) Lion of Oz ( 2000 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Dorothy and the Witches of Oz ( 2011 ) After the Wizard ( 2011 ) Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return ( 2014 ) Ozland ( 2014 ) Guardians of Oz ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Stage The Wizard of Oz ( 1902 ) The Woggle - Bug ( 1905 ) The Tik - Tok Man of Oz ( 1913 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1942 ) The Wiz ( 1974 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1981 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2000 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) The Woodsman ( 2012 ) Television Tales of the Wizard of Oz ( 1961 ) Off to See the Wizard ( 1967 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1990 ) The Oz Kids ( 1996 ) Lost in Oz ( 2002 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) The Wiz Live ! ( 2015 ) Lost In Oz ( 2015 ) Emerald City ( 2017 ) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz ( 2017 ) Comics Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 -- 05 ) Adventures in Oz ( 1986 -- 92 ) The Enchanted Apples of Oz ( 1986 ) Oz Squad ( 1991 ) Lost Girls ( 1991 -- 92 ) Oz ( 1994 ) Dorothy of Oz ( 2006 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2009 ) Video games The Wizard of Oz ( 1993 ) The Wizard of Oz : Beyond the Yellow Brick Road ( 2008 ) Emerald City Confidential ( 2009 ) Parodies The Wozard of Iz Os Trapalhões eo Mágico de Oróz The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's Wizard of Odd Reimagining The Wizard of Mars ( 1965 ) Hunter ( 1973 ) Zardoz ( 1974 ) Oz ( 1976 ) The Number of the Beast ( 1980 ) A Barnstormer in Oz ( 1982 ) The Wizard of A.I.D.S. ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz ( 1990 ) Twister ( 1994 ) The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Tin Man ( 2007 ) Dorothy Must Die ( 2014 ) The Wicked Will Rise ( 2015 ) The Wicked Years Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Wicked ( musical ) Characters Others Rainbow Road to Oz MÄR The Wizard of Oz ( pinball ) The Wizard of Oz ( arcade game ) Related The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle Category Portal Judy Garland Discography Performances Songs Awards and honors Studio albums Miss Show Business Judy Alone Judy in Love The Letter That 's Entertainment ! The Garland Touch Live albums Garland at the Grove Judy at Carnegie Hall Judy Garland Live ! `` Live '' at the London Palladium Judy Garland at Home at the Palace : Opening Night Soundtracks Summer Stock A Star Is Born Gay Purr - ee I Could Go On Singing Other Biographies As gay icon Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall Rufus ! Rufus ! Rufus ! Does Judy ! Judy ! Judy ! : Live from the London Palladium Liza Minnelli The Judy Monologues ( 2010 play ) Films directed by Victor Fleming When the Clouds Roll by ( 1919 ) The Mollycoddle ( 1920 ) Mama 's Affair ( 1921 ) Woman 's Place ( 1921 ) The Lane That Had No Turning ( 1922 ) Red Hot Romance ( 1922 ) Anna Ascends ( 1922 ) Dark Secrets ( 1923 ) Law of the Lawless ( 1923 ) To the Last Man ( 1923 ) The Call of the Canyon ( 1923 ) Code of the Sea ( 1924 ) Empty Hands ( 1924 ) The Devil 's Cargo ( 1925 ) Adventure ( 1925 ) A Son of His Father ( 1925 ) Lord Jim ( 1925 ) The Blind Goddess ( 1926 ) Mantrap ( 1926 ) The Way of All Flesh ( 1927 ) Hula ( 1927 ) The Rough Riders ( 1927 ) Abie 's Irish Rose ( 1928 ) The Awakening ( 1928 ) Wolf Song ( 1929 ) The Virginian ( 1929 ) Common Clay ( 1930 ) Renegades ( 1930 ) Around the World in 80 Minutes with Douglas Fairbanks ( 1931 ) Red Dust ( 1932 ) The Wet Parade ( 1932 ) Treasure Island ( 1934 ) Reckless ( 1935 ) The Farmer Takes a Wife ( 1935 ) Captains Courageous ( 1937 ) Test Pilot ( 1938 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1941 ) Tortilla Flat ( 1942 ) A Guy Named Joe ( 1943 ) Adventure ( 1945 ) Joan of Arc ( 1948 ) Arthur Freed musical productions As producer Babes in Arms ( 1939 ) Strike Up the Band ( 1940 ) Little Nellie Kelly ( 1940 ) Lady Be Good ( 1941 ) Babes on Broadway ( 1941 ) Panama Hattie ( 1942 ) For Me and My Gal ( 1942 ) Cabin in the Sky ( 1943 ) DuBarry Was a Lady ( 1943 ) Best Foot Forward ( 1943 ) Girl Crazy ( 1943 ) Meet Me in St. Louis ( 1944 ) Yolanda and the Thief ( 1945 ) The Harvey Girls ( 1946 ) Ziegfeld Follies ( 1946 ) Till the Clouds Roll By ( 1946 ) Good News ( 1947 ) Summer Holiday ( 1948 ) The Pirate ( 1948 ) Easter Parade ( 1948 ) Words and Music ( 1948 ) Take Me Out to the Ball Game ( 1949 ) The Barkleys of Broadway ( 1949 ) On the Town ( 1949 ) Annie Get Your Gun ( 1950 ) Pagan Love Song ( 1950 ) Royal Wedding ( 1951 ) Show Boat ( 1951 ) An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Belle of New York ( 1952 ) Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) The Band Wagon ( 1953 ) Brigadoon ( 1954 ) It 's Always Fair Weather ( 1955 ) Kismet ( 1955 ) Invitation to the Dance ( 1956 ) Silk Stockings ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Bells Are Ringing ( 1960 ) Uncredited as producer The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Meet the People ( 1944 ) Non-musicals The Clock ( 1945 ) Any Number Can Play ( 1949 ) Crisis ( 1950 ) The Subterraneans ( 1960 ) Light in the Piazza ( 1962 ) Busby Berkeley : Choreographer and director Broadway pre-Hollywood Holka Polka ( chor , 1925 ) The Wild Rose ( chor , 1926 ) Lady Do ( chor , 1927 ) A Connecticut Yankee ( chor , 1927 ) White Eagle ( chor , 1927 ) Present Arms ( chor , 1928 ) Earl Carroll 's Vanities ( 1928 ) ( chor , 1928 ) Good Boy ( chor , 1928 ) Rainbow ( chor , 1928 ) Hello , Daddy ( chor , 1928 ) Pleasure Bound ( chor , 1929 ) A Night in Venice ( chor , 1929 ) Broadway Nights ( chor , 1929 ) The Street Singer ( dir & prod , 1929 ) Nine - Fifteen Revue ( chor , 1930 ) The International Review ( chor , 1930 ) Sweet and Low ( chor , 1930 ) 1930s Whoopee ! ( chor , 1930 ) Kiki ( chor , 1931 ) Palmy Days ( chor , 1931 ) Flying High ( chor , 1931 ) Sky Devils ( chor , 1932 ) Girl Crazy ( chor , 1932 ) Night World ( chor , 1932 ) Bird of Paradise ( chor , 1932 ) The Kid From Spain ( chor , 1932 ) 42nd Street ( chor , 1933 ) Gold Diggers of 1933 ( chor , 1933 ) She Had to Say Yes ( dir , 1933 ) Footlight Parade ( chor , 1933 ) Roman Scandals ( chor , 1933 ) Dames ( dir mus nmbrs , 1934 ) Fashions of 1934 ( chor & dir mus nmbrs , 1934 ) Wonder Bar ( chor , 1934 ) Gold Diggers of 1935 ( dir & chor , 1935 ) Bright Lights ( dir , 1935 ) I Live for Love ( dir & chor , 1935 ) In Caliente ( chor & dir mus nmbrs , 1935 ) Stars Over Broadway ( chor & dir mus nmbrs , 1935 ) Stage Struck ( dir , 1936 ) Varsity Show ( dir finale , 1937 ) The Singing Marine ( chor & dir mus nmbrs , 1937 ) Gold Diggers of 1937 ( dir mus nmbrs , 1937 ) The Go Getter ( dir , 1937 ) Hollywood Hotel ( dir & chor , 1937 ) Men Are Such Fools ( dir , 1938 ) Gold Diggers in Paris ( chor & dir mus nmbrs , 1938 ) Garden of the Moon ( dir , 1938 ) Comet Over Broadway ( dir , 1938 ) Broadway Serenade ( dir finale , 1939 ) They Made Me a Criminal ( dir , 1939 ) Fast and Furious ( dir , 1939 ) Babes in Arms ( dir , 1939 ) The Wizard of Oz ( Scarecrow 's dance - cut , 1939 ) 1940s Forty Little Mothers ( dir , 1940 ) Strike Up The Band ( dir , 1940 ) Blonde Inspiration ( dir , 1941 ) Lady Be Good ( dir mus nmbrs , 1941 ) Ziegfeld Girl ( dir mus nmbrs , 1941 ) Babes on Broadway ( dir , 1941 ) For Me and My Gal ( dir , 1942 ) Calling All Girls ( chor & dir mus nmbrs , 1942 ) Born to Sing ( dir finale , 1942 ) Cabin in the Sky ( dir `` Shine '' seq , 1943 ) The Gang 's All Here ( dir & chor , 1943 ) Three Cheers for the Girls ( chor , 1943 ) Girl Crazy ( dir `` I Got Rhythm '' , 1943 ) All Star Musical Revue ( dir mus nmbrs , 1945 ) Cinderella Jones ( dir , 1946 ) Romance on the High Seas ( chor , 1948 ) Take Me Out to the Ball Game ( dir , 1949 ) 1950s Annie Get Your Gun ( dir - cut , 1950 ) Big Town ( dir TV series , 1950 ) Weeks With Love ( chor , 1950 ) Call Me Mister ( chor , 1951 ) Ticket to Broadway ( chor , 1951 ) Million Dollar Mermaid ( chor , 1952 ) Small Town Girl ( chor , 1953 ) Easy to Love ( chor , 1953 ) Rose Marie ( chor , 1954 ) 1960s Billy Rose 's Jumbo ( chor & dir 2nd unit , 1962 ) VIAF : 316753484 LCCN : n88179164 GND : 4301474 - 4 SUDOC : 033392390 BNF : cb12426260d ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)&oldid=827501845 '' Categories : 1939 films English - language films 1930s adventure films 1930s fantasy films American adventure films American drama films American children 's adventure films American fantasy adventure films American musical fantasy films Films scored by Herbert Stothart Films about dreams Films about tornadoes Films based on American novels Films based on children 's books Films based on fantasy novels Films based on The Wizard of Oz Films directed by Victor Fleming Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in the 1900s Films set in Kansas Films partially in color Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award IMAX films Memory of the World Register Musicals by Harold Arlen Musicals by Yip Harburg Screenplays by Herman J. Mankiewicz Witchcraft in film The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 film ) Wizards in film United States National Film Registry films Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2012 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from June 2013 Film articles using image size parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 02 : 32 . 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The New Legends of Monkey

The New Legends of Monkey - wikipedia The New Legends of Monkey The New Legends of Monkey Genre Fantasy Adventure Based on Journey to the West by Wu Cheng - en Written by Jacquelin Perske Craig Irvin Samantha Strauss Directed by Gerard Johnstone Starring Chai Hansen Luciane Buchanan Josh Thomson Emilie Cocquerel Country of origin Australia New Zealand Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Producer ( s ) Rachael Gardner Robin Scholes Running time 24 minutes Production company ( s ) See - Saw Films Jump Film and TV Release Original network ABC Me TVNZ Netflix Original release 28 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) -- present ( present ) The New Legends of Monkey is a television series inspired by Monkey , a Japanese production from the 1970s and 80s which garnered a cult following in New Zealand , Australia , the U.K. and South Africa . The Japanese production was based on the 16th century Chinese novel Journey to the West . The show is a co-production between ABC Me , TVNZ , and Netflix , and consists of ten episodes . The New Legends of Monkey premiered on 28 January 2018 . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Broadcast 5 References 6 External links Premise ( edit ) The new series follows a young monk , escorted by a group of gods , on a journey across an ancient and fantastical land now ruled by evil demons to collect lost scrolls of wisdom . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Chai Hansen as Monkey Luciane Buchanan as Tripitaka Josh Thomson as Pigsy Emilie Cocquerel as Sandy Recurring ( edit ) Jarred Blakiston as Font Demon Josh McKenzie as Davari Jordan Mooney as Raxion Rachel House as Monica Daniel Watterson as Shaman Bryony Skillington as Princess Locke JJ Fong as Lusio Jayden Daniels as Gaxin Chelsie Preston Crayford as Gwen Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Hope Must Never Die '' Gerard Johnstone Jacquelin Perske 28 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) After a demon steals a magical crown from warrior monks , an orphaned girl flees the monastery in a quest to awaken the long - petrified Monkey King . `` The Edge Of Nowhere '' Gerard Johnstone Jacquelin Perske 28 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) Tripitaka learns a troubling legend about Monkey , but the pair gains a surprising new ally before setting out to find the seven sacred scrolls . `` The Journey Begins '' Gerard Johnstone Jacquelin Perske 28 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) A demon jeopardizes the trio 's quest before it even begins . Tripitaka makes a startling discovery about Pigsy , who makes a momentous decision . `` The Monkey King Returns '' Gerard Johnstone Craig Irvin & Jacquelin Perske 29 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) An eccentric clan of loyal Monkey King zealots guides the group toward a sacred scroll 's hiding place , but booby traps and betrayal await them . 5 `` The Breaking Ground '' Craig Irvin Craig Irvin 30 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) A shaman uses trance - like mind games to trick the gods into translating divine scrolls , sending Monkey dangerously far into his own subconscious . 6 `` A Crown Does Not Make You '' Craig Irvin Jacquelin Perske 31 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) Trapped in the depths of his mind , Monkey relives terrible events of centuries before , when his arrogance led to tragedy and his banishment . 7 `` Until I Met You '' Gerard Johnstone Craig Irvin 1 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) The shaman hires nightmarish forest dwellers to hunt the group down . A foe from Monkey 's past sows seeds of doubt in Tripitaka 's mind . 8 `` A Part Of You That 's Missing '' Gerard Johnstone Samantha Strauss 2 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) Tripitaka leaves the quest to find her mother but faces even greater peril . Monkey and Pigsy strike a bargain with the demon hounding them . 9 `` In Search Of Tripitaka '' Craig Irvin Craig Irvin 3 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 03 ) With help from an unlikely ally , Monkey and Pigsy infiltrate Jade Mountain to help Tripitaka thwart the fiendish plans of demon master Davari . 10 `` A Hero To Save Us All '' Craig Irvin Jacquelin Perske 4 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 04 ) As Davari 's quest for immortality nears fruition , Tripitaka races to unlock a secret that could destroy the demon 's hold on power . Broadcast ( edit ) The first three episodes debuted in Australia on 28 January as a single 90 - minute telemovie . Subsequent episodes of the ten - episode series were released daily until 4 February 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lodderhouse , Diana ( 20 April 2017 ) . `` See - Saw & Jump Team On ' Legend Of The Monkey ' For ABC Australia , Netflix '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New Legends of Monkey ( 2017 ) - The Screen Guide - Screen Australia '' . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Robert ( 20 April 2017 ) . `` See - Saw 's ' Legend of the Monkey ' Swings Into Production for ABC Australia , Netflix '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Television : The New Legends of Monkey : episode guide '' . www.australiantelevision.net . External links ( edit ) The New Legends of Monkey on IMDb ABC local programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime Anh 's Brush with Fame ( since 2016 ) Catalyst ( since 2001 ) Cleverman ( since 2016 ) Compass ( since 1988 ) The Ex-PM ( since 2016 ) Gardening Australia ( since 1990 ) Get Krack ! n ( since 2017 ) Glitch ( since 2015 ) Gruen ( since 2008 ; intermittently ) Janet King ( since 2014 ) Julia Zemiro 's Home Delivery ( since 2013 ) The Letdown ( since 2016 ) Rage ( since 1987 ) Rake ( since 2010 ) Ronny Chieng : International Student ( since 2016 ) Rosehaven ( since 2016 ) Think Tank ( since 2018 ) Upper Middle Bogan ( since 2013 ) Utopia ( since 2014 ) The Weekly with Charlie Pickering ( since 2015 ) News 7.30 ( since 2011 ) ABC News ( since 1956 ) ABC News at Noon ( since 2005 ) News Breakfast ( since 2008 ) Australian Story ( since 1996 ) The Drum ( since 2014 ) Foreign Correspondent ( since 1992 ) Four Corners ( since 1961 ) Insiders ( since 2001 ) Landline ( since 1992 ) Media Watch ( since 1989 ; intermittently ) Offsiders ( since 2006 ) Q&A ( since 2008 ) Weekend Breakfast ( since 2012 ) Sport ABC Sport Current Australian children 's television series ABC Kids Play School Giggle and Hoot Wiggle , Wiggle , Wiggle ! 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Play Along with Sam All Australian children shows Wu Cheng'en 's Journey to the West Characters Sun Wukong Tang Sanzang Zhu Bajie Sha Wujing Red Boy Baigujing Princess Iron Fan Others Films The Cave of the Silken Web ( 1927 ) Princess Iron Fan ( 1941 ) Alakazam the Great ( 1960 ) Havoc in Heaven ( 1961 ) Princess Iron Fan ( 1966 ) The Cave of the Silken Web ( 1967 ) Doraemon : The Record of Nobita 's Parallel Visit to the West ( 1988 ) A Chinese Odyssey ( 1995 ) A Chinese Tall Story ( 2005 ) Saiyūki ( 2007 ) Monkey King vs. Er Lang Shen ( 2007 ) The Forbidden Kingdom ( 2008 ) Journey to the West : Conquering the Demons ( 2013 ) The Monkey King ( 2014 ) Monkey King : Hero Is Back ( 2015 ) The Monkey King 2 ( 2016 ) A Chinese Odyssey Part Three ( 2016 ) Journey to the West : The Demons Strike Back ( 2017 ) Wu Kong ( 2017 ) The Monkey King 3 ( 2018 ) Sequels A Supplement to the Journey to the West ( c. 1640 ) TV Gokū no Daibōken ( 1967 ) Monkey ( 1978 ) Science Fiction Saiyuki Starzinger ( 1978 ) Journey to the West ( 1986 and 1999 ) Journey to the West ( 1996 ) Journey to the West II ( 1996 ) Monkey Magic ( 1998 ) Journey to the West -- Legends of the Monkey King ( 1999 ) Shinzo ( 2000 ) Sunny Piggy ( 2000 ) The Monkey King ( 2001 ) The Monkey King : Quest for the Sutra ( 2002 ) Saiyūki ( 2006 ) Wu Cheng'en and Journey to the West ( 2010 ) Journey to the West ( 2010 ) Journey to the West ( 2011 ) A Korean Odyssey ( 2017 ) The New Legends of Monkey ( 2018 ) Stage Monkey : Journey to the West ( play ) Manga and Comics Dragon Ball Saiyūki Patalliro Saiyuki Monkey Typhoon Saint The Monkey King Xin American Born Chinese Games Ether Saga Online Enslaved : Odyssey to the West Fantasy Westward Journey Ganso Saiyūki : Super Monkey Daibōken Legend of Wukong Monkey Hero Monkey Magic Saiyuki : Journey West SonSon Westward Journey Online II Whomp ' Em Yūyūki Literature Monkey ( 1942 novel ) Griever : An American Monkey King in China ( 1986 novel ) Tripmaster Monkey ( 1989 novel ) Four Great Classical Novels Places Gao Village Gao Village Arc Mount Huaguo Shuilian Cave Tepe Narenj Other List of media adaptations of Journey to the West Monkey King Festival Ruyi Jingu Bang Journey to the West ( album ) Netflix original current series Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Club de Cuervos Dinotrux Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a Murderer Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Ask the StoryBots Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage Skylanders Academy The Crown 3 % Luna Petunia The OA Travelers Since 2017 One Day at a Time A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest 21 Thunder Iron Fist Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Cable Girls Buddy Thunderstruck Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E El Chapo Free Rein GLOW The Standups Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood The Toys That Made Us Since 2018 The End of the F * * * ing World My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! Llama Llama The New Legends of Monkey Altered Carbon Dirty Money Queer Eye The Joel McHale Show with Joel McHale Ugly Delicious B : The Beginning Flint Town Girls Incarcerated A.I.C.O. - Incarnation - Nailed It ! On My Block Wild Wild Country Alexa & Katie The Mechanism Requiem Sword Gai : The Animation Lost Song Troy : Fall of a City The Boss Baby : Back in Business Fastest Car Lost in Space Aggretsuko ReBoot : The Guardian Code Spy Kids : Mission Critical The Letdown Luis Miguel A Little Help with Carol Burnett Busted ! The Rain Safe The Who Was ? Show The Break with Michelle Wolf The Hollow The Ballad of Hugo Sánchez Harvey Street Kids Kiss Me First Samantha ! Sacred Games The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants Sugar Rush Dark Tourist Cupcake & Dino : General Services Treehouse Detectives All About the Washingtons Insatiable La casa de las flores Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_Legends_of_Monkey&oldid=850472089 '' Categories : 2018 Australian television series debuts Australian Broadcasting Corporation shows Australian fantasy television series English - language television programs Demons in television Fairies and sprites in television Netflix original programming Television programs based on Journey to the West TVNZ 1 programmes Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 02 : 42 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

the legend of the monkey king tv series

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Public holidays in France

Public holidays in France - Wikipedia Public holidays in France Part of a series on the Culture of France History ( show ) France in the Middle Ages Early Modern France Ancien Régime French Wars of Religion Louis XIV of France French Revolution Napoleonic wars French Third Republic France in the 20th century People Languages ( show ) French Alsatian Breton Catalan Corsican Gallo Languages of New Caledonia Occitan Tahitian Mythology and folklore ( show ) Mythology Cuisine Festivals Religion Art Literature Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Performing arts Media ( show ) Radio Television Cinema Sport Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms France portal French etching from 1789 depicting the storming of the Bastille , commemorated as Bastille Day There are 11 official public holidays in France . The Alsace region and the Moselle department observe 2 additional days ... Contrary to most countries , these holidays do not shift when they fall during a week - end , which means that the average number of observed public holidays falling on weekdays is 8.7 and ranges from 7 to 10 . Most Asian countries and all North American countries observe between 2 and 10 more public holidays per year on weekdays . Public holidays in France are : Date English name Local name Remarks 1 January New Year 's Day Nouvel an / Jour de l'an / Premier de l'an moveable Good Friday Vendredi saint Friday before Easter Sunday . Alsace and Moselle only . moveable Easter Monday Lundi de Pâques Monday after Easter Sunday ( one day after Easter Sunday ) 1 May May Day / Labour Day Fête du Travail / Fête des Travailleurs 8 May Victory in Europe Day Fête de la Victoire End of hostilities in Europe in World War II moveable Ascension Day Ascension Thursday , 39 days after Easter Sunday moveable Whit Monday Lundi de Pentecôte Monday after Pentecost ( 50 days after Easter ) , observed only in some businesses , see notes 14 July Bastille Day Fête Nationale French National Day , commemorates the Feast of the Federation 15 August Assumption of Mary to Heaven Assomption 1 November All Saints ' Day Toussaint 11 November Armistice Day Armistice de 1918 End of World War I 25 December Christmas Day Noël 26 December Saint Stephen 's Day Deuxième jour de Noël Alsace and Moselle only . Notes ( edit ) See Fêtes et jours fériés en France ( Wikipedia page in French ) , to have all the dates ( French Overseas Departments ( DOM ) added ) . Note : French law dictates that work should stop , but be paid , only for the Fête du Travail ( May Day , 1 May ) , except in industries where it is infeasible to stop working . The rest of the public holidays are listed in statute law , but law does not dictate that work should stop ; however a leave from work may be granted by the employer or by convention collective ( agreement between employers ' and employees ' unions ) . In 2005 , French prime minister Jean - Pierre Raffarin removed Pentecost Monday 's status as a public holiday . This decision was eventually overruled by French courts in 2008 . Employers are free to de 2008 - 351 ) < / ref > References ( edit ) Jump up ^ French labor law , L3133 - 3 Jump up ^ French labor law , IDCC 1686 Jump up ^ . French labor law , IDCC 1686 Jump up ^ French wikipédia Jump up ^ Employee holiday entitlement around the world , Mercer Jump up ^ `` France Public Holidays 2017 '' . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` French holidays : French national holidays and important dates 2017 '' . Expatrica . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Holidays in France in 2017 '' . Office Holidays . officeholidays.com . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Public Holidays in France 2017 '' . french-property.com . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` France Public Holidays 2017 '' . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` French holidays : French national holidays and important dates 2017 '' . Expatrica . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Holidays in France in 2017 '' . Office Holidays . officeholidays.com . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Public Holidays in France 2017 '' . french-property.com . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Code du Travail , L3133 - 4 Jump up ^ Code du Travail , L3133 - 6 Jump up ^ Code du Travail , L3133 - 1 France topics History Periods Timeline Prehistory Celtic Gaul Roman Gaul Kingdom of the Visigoths Francia West Francia Middle Ages Early modern era Long nineteenth century Revolutionary era Napoleonic era Belle Époque Twentieth century Regimes Absolute monarchy Ancien Régime First Republic First Empire Constitutional monarchy Bourbon Restoration July Monarchy Second Republic Second Empire Government of National Defense Third Republic France during the Second World War Free France Vichy France Provisional Government of the French Republic Fourth Republic Fifth Republic Geography Administrative divisions Cities Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Politics Constitution Elections presidential Foreign relations Government Human rights Intersex LGBT Judiciary Law enforcement Military Parliament Political parties Economy Agriculture Banking Central bank Economic history Energy Euro Exports Franc ( former currency ) French subdivisions by GDP Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Society Crime Demographics Education Health care People Poverty Religion Social class Welfare Culture Architecture Art Cinema ( comedy ) Cuisine Cultural icons Fashion Gardens Language Literature Media Music Philosophy Public holidays Sport Symbols Theatre Outline Book Portal WikiProject Public holidays in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_holidays_in_France&oldid=854899925 '' Categories : Lists of public holidays by country French society French culture Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from June 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Deutsch Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Lietuvių Nederlands Português Русский ไทย Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 15 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what public holidays do they have in france

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Christopher Kimball

Christopher Kimball - wikipedia Christopher Kimball Christopher Kimball Christopher Kimball in 2016 ( 1951 - 06 - 05 ) June 5 , 1951 ( age 67 ) Rye , New York , U.S. Education Columbia University ( B.A. , 1973 ) Spouse ( s ) Melissa Lee Baldino ( m . 2013 ) ( 1 child ) Adrienne Kimball ( m . 1987 -- 2012 ) ( 4 children ) Culinary career Television show ( s ) ( show ) Hosts Christopher Kimball 's Milk Street ( 2016 - present ) America 's Test Kitchen ( 2000 -- 2015 ) Cook 's Country from America 's Test Kitchen ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Appears On Weekend Today , The Early Show Website https://www.177milkstreet.com/ Christopher Kimball ( born June 5 , 1951 ) is an American chef , editor , publisher , and radio / TV personality . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 Early career 2.2 America 's Test Kitchen 2.3 Christopher Kimball 's Milk Street 2.4 Other 3 Personal life 4 References 5 Sources 6 Further reading 7 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Kimball was born and raised in Westchester County , New York , the son of Mary Alice White and Edward Norris Kimball . The family had a cabin in southwestern Vermont . He graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy and then Columbia University ( 1973 ) with a degree in Primitive Art . Career ( edit ) Early career ( edit ) After graduating from Columbia , he went to work with his stepbrother in a publishing company . Soon after , he worked for The Center for Direct Marketing in Westport , Connecticut and also started taking cooking courses . After securing $100,000 in angel investments from friends and family , he started Cook 's Magazine from a tiny office in Weston , Connecticut in 1980 when he was 29 years old . He sold the magazine to the Bonnier Group in 1989 and moved on to other publishing ventures . America 's Test Kitchen ( edit ) Kimball was a co-founder and has been editor and publisher of America 's Test Kitchen , which produces television and radio shows , and publishes magazines , including Cook 's Illustrated , which Kimball launched in 1993 . It also publishes Cook 's Country magazine , which was launched in 2004 , and former publisher of the now - defunct Cook 's Magazine . The company 's revenue comes from its readers , rather than advertisers , which differentiates them from the competitors . Its cookbook publisher division is Two Pigs Farm . Boston Common Press , a private partnership between Kimball , Eliot Wadsworth II , and George P. Denny III , owns Kimball 's publishing activities . Kimball also hosted the syndicated Public Television cooking shows America 's Test Kitchen and Cook 's Country from America 's Test Kitchen . On November 16 , 2015 , a news release from Boston Common Press , parent company of Cooks Country / Cooks Illustrated / America 's Test Kitchen , announced the departure of Christopher Kimball . The 2016 TV programs had already been filmed and Kimball appeared as host , but his direct participation in the company ended immediately . He remains a minority stockholder in the closely held company . Christopher Kimball 's Milk Street ( edit ) Main article : Christopher Kimball 's Milk Street In 2016 , he embarked on a new venture , Christopher Kimball 's Milk Street , located on Milk Street in Boston , Massachusetts . On October 31 , 2016 , the company behind America 's Test Kitchen and Cook 's Illustrated Magazine filed a lawsuit against Kimball in Suffolk Superior Court , claiming that Kimball `` literally and conceptually ripped off '' his former employer . In the lawsuit , America 's Test Kitchen claims that Kimball built his new venture while still on their payroll , using company resources in the form of recipes and databases to help shape Milk Street Kitchen into a direct competitor . Other ( edit ) He is the author of The Cook 's Bible , The Yellow Farmhouse Cookbook , Dear Charlie , The Dessert Bible and Fannie 's Last Supper , and is a columnist for the New York Daily News and the Boston - based Tab Communications . Other television appearances include This Old House and the morning shows Weekend Today and The Early Show . He is a regular contributor on National Public Radio . On January 8 , 2011 , Kimball began hosting WGBH - FM 's America 's Test Kitchen Radio distributed by PRX . Personal life ( edit ) He has been married three times . He had a son and three daughters with his second wife , Adrienne . They divorced in December 2012 . On June 30 , 2013 , Kimball married Melissa Lee Baldino , executive producer of the America 's Test Kitchen television show . She is now co-founder of Christopher Kimball 's Milk Street . Their son , Oliver Kimball , was born on May 4 , 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Frieswick , Kris , `` Perfection , Inc . '' , The Boston Globe , August 2 , 2009 . ( PDF version ) ^ Jump up to : Lui , Claire , `` Cooking 101 : Chris Kimball ' 73 brings recipes that work from America 's Test Kitchen to your kitchen '' , Columbia College Today , July / August 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Country Style - Boston Magazine '' . Boston Magazine . 15 May 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Down - Home Thanksgiving on the Kimball Farm '' . NPR . ^ Jump up to : `` Thanksgiving Answers From Chris Kimball '' . WBUR . ^ Jump up to : Laskey , Margaux , `` Melissa Baldino , Christopher Kimball : All the Ingredients Were There '' , The New York Times , June 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Christopher Kimball to Leave America 's Test Kitchen '' . Cook 's Illustrated . November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Healy , Beth ; Nanos , Janelle , `` Chris Kimball to launch Milk Street Kitchen cooking venture '' , The Boston Globe , May 31 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` America 's Test Kitchen sues Christopher Kimball over celebrity chef 's new venture - The Boston Globe '' . BostonGlobe.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Krystal , Becky ( 2016 - 11 - 02 ) . `` Six take - aways from America 's Test Kitchen 's lawsuit against Christopher Kimball '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Severson , Kim ( 2016 - 11 - 03 ) . `` Food Fight Heats Up as America 's Test Kitchen Sues a Founder '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` A day in the life of Christopher Kimball 's Milk Street - The Boston Globe '' . BostonGlobe.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Sources ( edit ) Metcalf , Stephen ( October 13 , 2003 ) . `` Sexy Food Nerds : Cooking geeks get hot on America 's Test Kitchen '' . Slate . `` In the Test Kitchen With Christopher Kimball '' . Powell 's Books . `` Tour the Test Kitchen : Cast Biographies '' . America 's Test Kitchen . americastestkitchen.com . Further reading ( edit ) Toasting Fannie Farmer With An Epic Victorian Feast , NPR , October 14 , 2010 Halberstadt , Alex , `` The secret to Christopher Kimball 's success '' , The New York Times Magazine , October 14 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christopher Kimball . Cook 's Illustrated Magazine America 's Test Kitchen Christopher Kimball on IMDb ISNI : 0000 0000 3180 4053 LCCN : n95121855 VIAF : 63264387 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Kimball&oldid=849672877 '' Categories : Living people American magazine founders Phillips Exeter Academy alumni Columbia University alumni American television personalities 1951 births People from Rye , New York PBS people Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 15 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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Waltz

Waltz - wikipedia Waltz Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Waltz ( disambiguation ) . Waltz Music An early moving picture demonstrates the waltz Genre Ballroom dance Time signature Detail from frontispiece to Thomas Wilson 's Correct Method of German and French Waltzing ( 1816 ) , showing nine positions of the Waltz , clockwise from the left ( the musicians are at far left ) . At that time , the waltz was a relatively new dance in England , and the fact that it was a couples dance ( as opposed to the traditional group dances ) , and that the gentleman clasped his arm around the lady 's waist , gave it a dubious moral status in the eyes of some . The waltz ( from German : `` Walzer '' pronounced ( ˈvalt͡sɐ̯ ) ) is a ballroom and folk dance , normally in triple ( help info ) time , performed primarily in closed position . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Variants 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Seikilos epitaph Typical waltz rhythm Melody sung in an approximation of Koine Greek pronunciation and in modern popular vocal style . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Seikilos epitaph God Pan and a Maenad dancing . Ancient Greek red - figured olpe from Apulia , ca . 320 -- 310 BCE . Pan 's right hand fingers are in a snapping position . Play media Waltz There are several references to a sliding or gliding dance that would evolve into the waltz that date from 16th century Europe , including the representations of the printmaker Hans Sebald Beham . The French philosopher Montaigne wrote of a dance he saw in 1580 in Augsburg , where the dancers held each other so closely that their faces touched . Kunz Haas ( of approximately the same period ) wrote , `` Now they are dancing the godless Weller or Spinner '' . `` The vigorous peasant dancer , following an instinctive knowledge of the weight of fall , utilises his surplus energy to press all his strength into the proper beat of the bar , thus intensifying his personal enjoyment in dancing '' . The peasants of Bavaria , Tyrol , and Styria began dancing a dance called Walzer , a dance for couples , around 1750 . The Ländler , also known as the Schleifer , a country dance in 3 4 time , was popular in Bohemia , Austria , and Bavaria , and spread from the countryside to the suburbs of the city . While the eighteenth century upper classes continued to dance the minuet , bored noblemen slipped away to the balls of their servants . In the 1771 German novel Geschichte des Fräuleins von Sternheim by Sophie von La Roche , a high - minded character complains about the newly introduced waltz among aristocrats thus : `` But when he put his arm around her , pressed her to his breast , cavorted with her in the shameless , indecent whirling - dance of the Germans and engaged in a familiarity that broke all the bounds of good breeding -- then my silent misery turned into burning rage . '' Describing life in Vienna ( dated at either 1776 or 1786 ) , Don Curzio wrote , `` The people were dancing mad ... The ladies of Vienna are particularly celebrated for their grace and movements of waltzing of which they never tire . '' There is a waltz in the second act finale of the opera `` Una Cosa Rara '' written by Martin y Soler in 1786 . Soler 's waltz was marked Andante con moto , or `` at a walking pace with motion '' , but the flow of the dance was sped - up in Vienna leading to the Geschwindwalzer , and the Galloppwalzer . In the transition from country to town , the hopping of the Ländler , a dance known as Langaus , became a sliding step , and gliding rotation replaced stamping rotation . In the 19th century , the word primarily indicated that the dance was a turning one ; one would `` waltz '' in the polka to indicate rotating rather than going straight forward without turning . The Viennese custom is to slightly anticipate the second beat of each bar , making it sound as if the third is late and creating a certain buoyancy . The younger Strauss ( Johann Strauss II ) would sometimes break up the one - two - three of the melody with a one - two pattern in the accompaniment along with other rhythms , maintaining the 3 4 time while causing the dancers to dance a two - step waltz . The metronome speed for a full bar varies between 60 and 70 , with the waltzes of the first Strauss ( Johann Strauss I ) often played faster than those of his sons . Shocking many when it was first introduced , the waltz became fashionable in Vienna around the 1780s , spreading to many other countries in the years to follow . According to contemporary singer Michael Kelly , it reached England in 1791 , . During the Napoleonic Wars , infantry soldiers of the King 's German Legion introduced the dance to the people of Bexhill , Sussex from 1804 . It became fashionable in Britain during the Regency period , having been made respectable by the endorsement of Dorothea Lieven , wife of the Russian ambassador . Diarist Thomas Raikes later recounted that `` No event ever produced so great a sensation in English society as the introduction of the waltz in 1813 '' . In the same year , a sardonic tribute to the dance by Lord Byron was anonymously published ( written the previous autumn ) . Influential dance master and author of instruction manuals , Thomas Wilson published A Description of the Correct Method of Waltzing in 1816 . Almack 's , the most exclusive club in London , permitted the waltz though the entry in the Oxford English Dictionary shows that it was considered `` riotous and indecent '' as late as 1825 . Ann Bronte in ' The Tenant of Wildfell Hall ' has a scene set in 1827 where the local vicar Reverend Milward tolerates quadrilles and country dances but intervenes decisively when a waltz is called for , declaring `` No , no , I do n't allow that ! Come , it 's time to be going home '' . The waltz , and especially its closed position , became the example for the creation of many other ballroom dances . Subsequently , new types of waltz have developed , including many folk and several ballroom dances . Variants ( edit ) Waltz ( rhythm ) . Jazz waltz rhythm . In the 19th and early 20th century , numerous different waltz forms existed , including versions performed in 3 4 , 3 8 or 6 8 ( sauteuse ) , and 5 4 time ( 5 4 waltz , half and half ) . In the 1910s , a form called the `` Hesitation Waltz '' was introduced by Vernon and Irene Castle . It incorporated `` hesitations '' and was danced to fast music . A hesitation is basically a halt on the standing foot during the full waltz bar , with the moving foot suspended in the air or slowly dragged . Similar figures ( Hesitation Change , Drag Hesitation , and Cross Hesitation ) are incorporated in the International Standard Waltz Syllabus . The Country Western Waltz is mostly progressive , moving counter clock wise around the dance floor . Both the posture and frame are relaxed , with posture bordering on a slouch . The exaggerated hand and arm gestures of some ballroom styles are not part of this style . Couples may frequently dance in the promenade position , depending on local preferences . Within Country Western waltz , there is the Spanish Waltz and the more modern ( for the late 1930s - early 1950s ) Pursuit Waltz . At one time it was considered ill treatment for a man to make the woman walk backwards in some locations . In California the waltz was banned by Mission priests until after 1834 because of the `` closed '' dance position . Thereafter a Spanish Waltz was danced . This Spanish Waltz was a combination of dancing around the room in closed position , and a `` formation '' dance of two couples facing each other and performing a sequence of steps . `` Valse a Trois Temps '' was the `` earliest '' waltz step , and the Rye Waltz was favoured as a couple dance . In contemporary ballroom dance , the fast versions of the waltz are called Viennese Waltz as opposed to the Slow waltz . In traditional Irish music , the waltz was taught by travelling dancing masters to those who could afford their lessons during the 19th century . By the end of that century , the dance spread to the middle and lower classes of Irish society and traditional triple - tune tunes and songs were altered to fit the waltz rhythm . During the 20th century , the waltz found a distinctively Irish playing style in the hands of Céilidh musicians at dances . Waltz , by Camille Claudel ( 1893 ) International Standard Waltz has only closed figures ; that is , the couple never breaks the embrace . The American Style Waltz , part of the American Smooth ballroom dance syllabus , in contrast to the International Standard Waltz , involves breaking contact almost entirely in some figures . For example , the Syncopated Side - by - Side with Spin includes a free spin for both partners . Open rolls are another good example of an open dance figure , in which the follower alternates between the lead 's left and right sides , with the lead 's left or right arm ( alone ) providing the lead . Waltzes were the staple of many American musicals and films , including `` Waltz in Swing Time '' sung by Fred Astaire . The Scandinavian Waltz , performed as a part of Scandinavian folk dance , can be fast or slow , but the dancers are always rotating . The Peruvian Waltz is called and recognised in Peru as vals criollo . The Mexican Waltz ( vals mexicano ) follows the same basic rhythmic pattern as the standard waltz , but the melodies reflect a strong Spanish influence . Mexico 's Juventino Rosas wrote `` Sobre las Olas '' or `` Over the Waves '' , commonly known in the U.S. as a circus song played during a trapeze show . The Cajun Waltz is danced progressively around the floor , and is characterised by the subtle swaying of the hips and step very close to ordinary walking . It is danced entirely in the closed position . The Cuban ( or Tropical ) Waltz follows the pattern of the standard waltz throughout the song . The Venezuelan waltz provided a basis for distinctive regional musical composition . The Contra Waltz ( Freeform Waltz ) , included in most contra dance evenings , uses both open and closed positions , and incorporates moves from other dances such as swing , modern jive and salsa . Basically the dancers progress around the dance floor with a waltz step , but with no constraints on what moves they can use . The Valse Musette , a form of waltz popular in France , started in the late 19th century . The cross-step waltz ( French Valse Boston ) developed in France in the early 20th century and is popular in social waltz groups today . In folk dance from the Alsace region , waltzes in odd metres such as 5 4 , 8 4 and 11 4 are found . In modern bal folk , waltzes in even higher metres are played and danced . Estonian folk dance Labajalavalss ( flat of the foot waltz ) performed in 3 4 time . Today both the faster Viennese Waltz , made forever popular by the Strauss family , and the slower American and International style waltzes are extremely popular with dancers of all ages . Sama'i ( also known as usul semai ) is a vocal piece of Ottoman Turkish music composed in 6 / 8 metres . This form and metre ( usul in Turkish ) is often confused with the completely different Saz Semaisi , an instrumental form consisting of three to four sections , in 10 / 8 metre , or usul aksak semai ( broken semai in Turkish ) . Semai is one of the most important forms in Ottoman Turkish Sufi music . The Tsamikos ( Greek : Τσάμικος , Tsamikos ) or Kleftikos ( Greek : Κλέφτικος ) is a popular traditional folk dance of Greece , done to music of 3 / 4 metre . References ( edit ) Man and woman dancing a waltz by Eadweard Muybridge. 1887 . Jump up ^ Nettl , Paul . Birth of the Waltz , in Dance Index vol 5 , no . 9 . 1946 New York : Dance Index - Ballet Caravan , Inc. page 211 Jump up ^ Nettl , Paul . Birth of the Waltz , in Dance Index vol 5 , no . 9 . 1946 New York : Dance Index - Ballet Caravan , Inc. pages 208 , 211 Jump up ^ A Dictionary of Music and Musicians ( A.D. 1450 -- 1880 ) By George Grove , Sir George Grove , John Alexander Fuller - Maitland , Adela Harriet Sophia ( Bagot ) Wodehouse . Published 1889 . Macmillan Jump up ^ The History of Lady Sophia Sternheim , trans . Christa Baguss Britt ( State University of New York Press , 1991 ) , p. 160 . ^ Jump up to : Jacob , H.E. ( 2005 ) . Johann Strauss : Father and Son a Century of Light Music . pp. 24 -- 25 . ISBN 1 - 4179 - 9311 - 1 . Jump up ^ The Waltz Emperors . Wechsberg. 1973 . C. Tinling & Company. page 49 , 50 ) Jump up ^ A Dictionary of Music and Musicians ( A.D. 1450 -- 1880 ) By George Grove , Sir George Grove , John Alexander Fuller - Maitland , Adela Harriet Sophia ( Bagot ) Wodehouse . Published 1889 . Macmillan. page 385 Jump up ^ The Waltz Emperors . Wechsberg. 1973 . C. Tinling & Company . pages 59 -- 61 Jump up ^ Gutman , Robert W. ( 1999 ) . Mozart : A Cultural Biography . Harcourt . pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Template : Scholes , Percy , The Oxford Companion to Music , 10th edition 1991 , page 1110 Jump up ^ Template : Sussex Weekly Advertiser 21 January 1805 Jump up ^ Hilton , Boyd ( 2006 ) . A Mad , Bad , and Dangerous People ? England 1783 -- 1846 . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Raikes , Thomas ( 1856 ) . A Portion of the Journal Kept by Thomas Raikes from 1831 to 1847 : Comprising Reminiscences of Social and Political Life in London and Paris During that Period . pp. 240 -- 243 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to ' The Waltz ' '' . Readbookonline.net . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Childers , William ( 1969 ) . `` Byron 's `` Waltz '' : The Germans and Their Georges `` . Keats - Shelley Journal . Keats - Shelley Association of America , Inc. 18 : 81 -- 95 . JSTOR 30212687 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Susannah ( 2012 ) . A dance with Jane Austen : how a novelist and her characters went to the ball ( 1st Frances Lincoln ed . ) . London , England : Frances Lincoln Ltd . pp. 110 -- 111 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7112 - 3245 - 7 . Jump up ^ Template : Penguin edition 1964 , page 42 ^ Jump up to : Blatter , Alfred ( 2007 ) . Revisiting music theory : a guide to the practice . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 97440 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Ballroom Dance in America '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Lloyd ( 1939 ) . Cowboy Dances . The Caxton Printers . pp. 101 -- 103 . ^ Jump up to : Czarnoski , Lucile K ( 1950 ) . Dances of Early California Days . Pacific Books . p. 44 . Jump up ^ Czarnoski , Lucile K ( 1950 ) . Dances of Early California Days . Pacific Books . p. 121 . Jump up ^ `` Information on Styles of Waltz include American , International , C&W , Viennese Waltz and others ! '' . Dancetime.com. 2012 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Vallely , F. ( 1999 ) . The Companion to Traditional Irish Music . New York : New York University Press . pp. 431 -- 433 . Jump up ^ `` Rhythm Definitions - Irish Traditional Music Tune Index '' . Irishtune.info. 2012 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Whirling Dervishes '' . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AllMusic Review by James Manheim '' . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` yamahamusicsoft '' . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Waltz . Waltz video example Waltz The Waltz Dance Steps & Moves Music regarding : Waltz within traditional dances of the County of Nice ( France ) Scroll to `` Five Step Waltz '' for notes about probable 1847 origin and associated music published the same year . Thomas Wilson 's 1816 Waltz Manual The Dance of Death at Project Gutenberg ( 1877 Book critical of the Waltz ) The Regency Waltz Waltzes under CreativeCommons licence on BalLibre.org Dance Did you know ? 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Scales Aeolian mode Dorian mode Ionian mode Mixolydian mode Pentatonic scale Relations Cape Breton fiddling Folk music of England Folk music of Scotland Folk music of Wales Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waltz&oldid=806218912 '' Categories : Waltz Austrian folk dances German folk dances Triple time dances Forms of Ottoman classical music Greek folk music Greek dances Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Greek - language text Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles containing video clips Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Furlan Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 14 : 45 . 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Adaptations of Little Red Riding Hood

Adaptations of Little Red Riding Hood - wikipedia Adaptations of Little Red Riding Hood Jump to : navigation , search Red Riding Hood by George Frederic Watts . The Little Red Riding Hood fairy tale has often been adapted , and into a wide variety of media . Contents ( hide ) 1 Comics 2 Film 3 Literature 3.1 Collections 3.2 Novels 3.3 Picture books 3.4 Poetry 3.5 Short stories 4 Animation 5 Music and music videos 6 Musicals and operas 7 Television 8 Toys 9 Video games 10 Visual art 11 See also 12 References Comics ( edit ) Little Red Riding Hood in one of a number of comic book adaptations . Art by Al Rio , published by Zenescope . In the Tales of Asgard section of Marvel Comics ' series Journey into Mystery # 114 ( 1965 March ) , a story which at the end claims to be the basis of Little Red Riding Hood appears . The goddess Iduna walks the forests of Asgard carrying a bundle of golden apples . These `` Golden Apples of Immortality '' are for All - Father Odin , and Iduna brings them to him every year . Along her journey she meets Haakun the Hunter . Haakun greets her warmly and tells her to go in peace . As Iðunn continues further down the path , wearing her crimson cloak and hood , Fenris the Wolf - God sees her and transforms himself . Iduna next comes upon `` a frail stranger '' . The stranger offers Iduna protection along her journey , but she declines the offer . The stranger takes a strong interest in Iduna 's basket and begins asking her questions . She quickly grows suspicious , saying his hands seem so grasping - so brutal , and he has an odd voice , like the guttural snarl of a wild beast . She finds his manner sinister - frightening , and says his eyes burn with hatred - with pure savagery . She then discovers that the stranger is actually Fenris the Wolf God in disguise . Fenris shape shifts into his true form and attacks her . Haakun the Hunter arrives and drives Fenris away with his enchanted battle ax , causing the Wolf to shrink in an attempt to escape . The ax pursues Fenris and finally strikes him , spiriting him off to the shadowy land of Varinheim . Neil Gaiman worked a darker , more erotic , pre-Perrault version of the Red Riding Hood tale in The Doll 's House arc of The Sandman comics ( 1995 ) . In this version , the wolf kills the old lady , tricks the girl into eating her grandmother 's meat and drinking her blood , orders the girl to undress and lie in bed with him , and finally devours her . According to Gaiman , his portrayal of the tale was based on the one reported in Robert Darnton 's book The Great Cat Massacre : And Other Episodes in French Cultural History . Both the Big Bad Wolf and Little Red Riding Hood are characters in the Fables comic book universe ( 2002 -- present ) . The Big Bad Wolf has taken on human form and become known as Bigby Wolf . He is the sheriff of Fabletown when the series begins . The figure of Red Riding Hood ( `` Ride '' ) appears three times . The first two instances are actually spies working for the Fables ' enemy The Adversary , magically disguising themselves as Little Red Riding Hood ( the second of which is actually the witch Baba Yaga ) . The third Red Riding Hood seems to be the genuine article . In Kaori Yuki 's manga Ludwig Kakumei ( 2004 - 2007 ) , Red Riding Hood is an infamous assassin whose first victims are her parents , after she is tricked by the Prince . The character `` Red '' , in the webcomic No Rest for the Wicked ( 2004 -- present ) , lives alone in the woods and always carries an axe with her . After being attacked by a wolf ( which she has presumably killed and eaten ) , she has systematically killed many other wolves in the forest . Benkyo Tamaoki created a twisted and dark version of Red Riding Hood in the manga Tokyo Red Hood ( 2003 - 2004 ) . It is about a demonic girl dressed as Red Riding Hood who wanted to be devoured by a creature only known as Mr. Wolf . Palmeros ' one - shot manga , Little Red Riding Hood and the Kind Wolf , is a dialogue-less tragedy based on the story of Little Red Riding Hood , portraying the title character as a young girl who befriends a wolf , only for a grim series of events to unfold when she is revealed to have been abused . A comic created by Hector Sevilla and Mike S. Miller called Lullaby features a Red Riding Hood character who is half girl and half wolf ( because she got bitten by The Big Bad Wolf ) . The art can be viewed at DeviantArt . An adaptation of Little Red Riding Hood in Zenescope 's Grimm Fairy Tales comic series depicts Red Riding Hood as a teenage girl nicknamed Red who is going off to bring food to her sick grandmother , who lives deep in the woods . Red gets attacked by a werewolf that kills her grandmother and attacks Red . Red is saved by the woodsman , named Samson , and the wolf turns out be a former lover . This story was a teenager 's dream sequence after she gets into a fight with her boyfriend , who wanted to have sex with her . The manga One Piece references Red Riding Hood in chapter 413 : `` The Hunter '' . One of the protagonists , Sogeking , wears a red cloak and is almost killed by a `` wolfman '' , Jyabura . He is saved by Sanji , `` the hunter '' . Later on , Jyabura , attempting to bluff his way out of a fight , depicts Nico Robin ( in a red hood ) as his sister . Streetfables published a modern , urban adaptation of Little Red Riding Hood called Red . Issue # 1 of the Marvel Comics series Spider - Man Fairy Tales ( 2007 ) is an adaptation of Little Red Riding Hood , with Mary Jane Watson as the protagonist . In Shaun Healey 's webcomic EverAfter , Little Red Riding Hood is depicted as having gone insane inside the Big Bad Wolf 's belly , and emerged a violent sociopath who chopped up the woodsman with his own saw , and needed to be placed in the EverAfter Maximum Security Asylum , along with other twisted fairy tale characters ranging from Tom Thumb to Goldilocks , Hansel and Gretel , Miss Muffet , etc. , all under the care of President Humpty Dumpty and Dr. Crooked ( from a nursery rhyme ) . Serena Valentino and Foo Swee Chin wrote and illustrated an adaptation of Red Riding Hood in Nightmares & Fairy Tales # 8 , wherein Red is known as Luna . This comic version focuses on Luna 's struggle to cope with her fellow villagers ' intense disdain for wolves . When a supposedly `` dead '' wolf kills her father , Luna sympathizes with the animal more than her parent , causing her mother to throw her out of the house in a fit of rage . Luna befriends a kind young man on the way to her grandmother 's house and eventually discovers that her grandmother is a werewolf . When Luna 's mother arrives and kills Luna 's wolf - grandmother , Luna begins to change into a white wolf but is spared a gruesome death when her friend , in wolf - form , rescues her . The origin of Batman 's famous foe , the Joker , is often shown to involve him dressing up as a character the Red Hood , which criminals hoped to use to make him seem like the mastermind of a robbery . Film ( edit ) In the early 1960s , María Gracia starred as Little Red Riding Hood in a trilogy of Mexican films by director Roberto Rodriguez , which were then re-dubbed in English and released in the United States courtesy of K. Gordon Murray : the so - called `` King of the Kiddie Matinee '' . These films were : La Caperucita roja ( Little Red Riding Hood , 1960 ) , Caperucita y sus tres amigos ( Little Red Riding Hood and Her Friends / Little Red Riding Hood and Her Three Friends , 1961 ) and Caperucita y Pulgarcito contra los monstruos ( Little Red Riding Hood and the Monsters , 1962 ) . The latter of these films also starred Cesáreo Quezadas , who reprised his recurring role of Pulgarcito ( Tom Thumb ) . In a 1960 Popeye film called Little Olive Riding Hood , Olive is using a red hood and delivering hamburgers to her sick friend , Wimpy . The Sea Hag wants those hamburgers for herself . Liza Minnelli starred in the television film The Dangerous Christmas of Red Riding Hood ( 1965 ) , with Cyril Ritchard as the Wolf and Vic Damone as the huntsman . This revisionist fairy tale is told from the Wolf 's point of view . The Soviet film studio Belarusfilm ( 1977 ) made the film Pro Krasnuyu Shapochku ( About Red Hat ( Russian : Про Красную Шапочку ) ( in Russian ) . Artist Red Grooms made a 16 - minute farcical film version in 1978 starring his daughter Saskia . In 2014 it was combined with a 1984 immersive sculptural work , The Alley , into an exhibition titled Beware a Wolf in the Alley . Filmmaker Neil Jordan 's horror / fantasy film The Company of Wolves ( 1984 ) , based on the eponymous short story by Angela Carter , told an interweaving series of folkloric tales loosely based on Red Riding Hood that fully exploited its subtexts of lycanthropy , violence and sexual awakening . In the Japanese live - action film The Red Spectacles ( 1987 ; aka Akai Megane ) , the featured `` young lady '' ( as mentioned in the French and German versions of the tale ) , an allegory for Fate , is dressed like the Little Red Riding Hood . An anime version of this character appeared later in the film 's sequel , Jin - Roh . CBC 's television film adaption , The Trial of Red Riding Hood ( 1992 ) , starring figure skater Elizabeth Manley , premiered on the Disney Channel in 1994 . Freeway ( 1996 ) , starring Kiefer Sutherland and Reese Witherspoon , adapts the story into a modern setting in which the major characters become a psychotic but charming serial killer ( named Bob Wolverton ) and a sexually abused teenage girl . Christina Ricci starred in Little Red Riding Hood ( 1997 ) , a short film based on the subject matter . The Belgian short film Black XXX - Mas ( 1999 ) translates the story to a nightmarish , futuristic urban setting . `` The Forest '' is the nickname for the jungle - like city , and `` Wolfy '' is a crooked police officer who hounds this film 's Little Red . The Kenneth Liu short film Falsehood ( 2001 ) refigures the Little Red Riding Hood story as a legal drama , with the Big Bad Wolf on trial and Little Bo Peep as his attorney . Scenes between Peep and the Wolf pay homage to the Clarice Starling / Hannibal Lecter scenes in The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) . The horror film Red Riding Hood ( 2003 ) , directed by Giacomo Cimini , was a darker take on the classic story . Singapore cult director Tzang Merwyn Tong directed the 45 - minute short film A Wicked Tale ( 2005 ) . Hoodwinked ( 2005 ) is an American computer - animated family comedy film that retells the folktale Little Red Riding Hood as a police investigation , using flashbacks to show multiple characters ' points of view . The film Hard Candy ( 2005 ) , in which a young girl ensnares and tortures a suspected paedophile , was not originally intended to be a Red Riding Hood homage ; however , the film 's star , Ellen Page , incidentally chose a red hoodie to wear in the final scenes , giving them an unintended metaphoric subtext that was later exploited in advertising for the film . Red Riding Hood ( 2006 ) is a musical film adaptation directed by Randal Kleiser and test - released in late 2004 . The experimental virtual reality features were then enhanced for over an additional year . The film stars Morgan Thompson as `` Red '' ; also among the actors are Henry Cavill , Ashley Rose Orr , Andrea Bowen , and music opera entertainers well known on Broadway : Lainie Kazan , Debi Mazar , and Joey Fatone . The short film Big Bad Wolves ( 2006 ) by Rajneel Singh takes a black - comedy - meets - fantasy approach by having the story told from the point of view of Tarantino - style gangsters who try to convince each other that it is actually a fable about female sexuality . This version features a more classic , fairy tale approach to the narrative and visuals , but also utilizes a werewolf as a literal sexual predator . The horror anthology film Trick r Treat ( 2007 ) contains one story thread inspired by the tale . A girl , played by Anna Paquin , dresses up as Little Red Riding Hood for a Halloween party , but is waylaid by a serial killer in the woods . However , the story twists when she reveals herself to be a werewolf seeking her `` first time '' . The 2007 family film Enchanted depicts Red Riding Hood as the villain of the story who ' tells it a little bit differently ' when relating the events of the fairy tale . Princess Giselle claims that her chipmunk sidekick stopped Red from hacking the innocent wolf to death with an axe . Writer / director Joseph Bat is working on A Take of Little Red Riding Hood ( which was expected to be released in 2009 ) , that will feature a darker re-imagining of the story . The slasher film Red Riding Hood - The Blood of Red Riding Hood is based on the story . The Syfy film Red : Werewolf Hunter ( 2010 ) starring Felicia Day , is a modern , action - film take on the story . The film Red Riding Hood ( 2011 ) , starring Amanda Seyfried , is a period romance / horror film based on the fairy tale . The Dutch short film Rood ( 2013 ; Red ) tells the story of what would have happened if Little Red Riding Hood grew up after the events in the original fairy taie . The film Red ( 2014 ) , starring Jodelle Ferland and Claudia Christian , is a modern adaption and a low - budget psychological thriller shot in San Francisco . The short film Slut ( 2014 ) , directed by Chloe Okuno , tells the story of a naive young girl who becomes the target of a murderous sociopath when she attempts to reinvent herself to impress the boys in her small Texas town . The film Avengers Grimm ( 2015 ) sees Red accompanying the princesses Snow White , Sleeping Beauty , Cinderella and Rapunzel into the modern world while the princesses try to stop the escaped Rumpelstiltskin , although Red 's only focus is the death of Rumplestiltskin 's ally , the Wolf - depicted as a well - built human - to the point that she is considered a danger by the princesses ' leader Snow White . Literature ( edit ) Collections ( edit ) Many of the short stories and poems ( as well as many older texts ) are collected in The Trials and Tribulations of Little Red Riding Hood by Jack Zipes . Novels ( edit ) Wolf by Gillian Cross ( 1990 ) , winner of the 1991 Carnegie Medal . This is a very loose adaptation of the tale set in the modern day . Caperucita en Manhattan by Carmen Martín Gaite ( 1990 ) . Witches Abroad by Terry Pratchett ( 1991 ) parodies a number of fairy tales , including Little Red Riding Hood . In this version Granny Weatherwax and Nanny Ogg stop the wolf before it has a chance to eat the grandmother ( much to its own relief , as it 's acting against its will ) . Nanny Ogg remembers hearing about the same thing happening a couple of villages away , when she was a girl . She also refers obliquely to an incident when she visited her grandmother in a red hood , involving `` Sumpkins the lodger '' . Little Red Riding Hood in the Red Light District by Manlio Argueta ( 1998 ) . Darkest Desire : The Wolf 's Own Tale by Anthony Schmitz ( 1998 ) . Low Red Moon by Caitlín R. Kiernan ( 2003 ) . Little Red Riding Wolf ( Seriously Silly Stories ) ( 2004 ) , a children 's novel by Laurence Anholt and Arthur Robins , in which the roles of the main characters are reversed , so that the ' Big Bad Girl ' terrorises the innocent hero , Little Red Riding Wolf , before meeting her come - uppance from the terrifying Old Granny Wolf . The Book of Lost Things by John Connolly ( 2006 ) . The Sisters Grimm series , in which Red Riding Hood is said to have gone insane after her encounter with the wolf . Red Rider 's Hood ( 2006 ) by Neal Shusterman . Sisters Red ( 2010 ) by Jackson Pearce . Red Hood 's Revenge ( 2010 ) by Jim C. Hines The third book in Hines ' Princess series - starring Danielle Whiteshore ( Cinderella ) , Talia Malak - el - Dahshat ( Sleeping Beauty ) , and Snow White as a trio of ' secret agents ' for Danielle 's mother - in - law - , Roudette has become an assassin known as the Lady of the Red Hood , after her family were killed by the Wild Hunt , a group of monstrous spirits who kill anyone in their path ; the wolf in her story was actually her grandmother wearing an enchanted wolf - skin when she was killed by the Hunt for her long vendetta against them . After her grandmother 's death , Roudette took the skin and combined it with her pre-existing red cloak ; initially enchanted to block magic , Roudette had the runes changed so that they deflect fairy magic , the combination of the two cloaks making Roudette immune to magic cast on her directly and able to transform into a wolf . She is killed at the conclusion of the novel after defeating the Wild Hunt , with her cloak being subsequently claimed by her former rival Talia ( AKA Sleeping Beauty ) . Dust City ( 2010 ) by Robert Paul Weston . Deals more with the wolf . Glasgow Fairytale ( 2010 ) by Alastair D McIver is based on intertwined versions of traditional fairy tales set in and around modern day Glasgow , including the story of Wee Red Hoodie and the Big Bad Wolf . Red Riding Hood ( 2011 ) by Sarah Blakley - Cartwright The Red Hood , Black Hood Trilogy '' ( 2012 ) by Kenneth W. Hether An upcoming adult - contemporary urban fantasy serial - novel series . In which Little Red Riding Hood is executed to awaken the powers of her fabled cloak , which is to be worn by a Grim - Reaper called `` The Red Reaper '' . Scarlet ( 2013 ) by Marissa Meyer . The second book in The Lunar Chronicles , a series of interconnected fairy - tale retellings in a gritty futuristic setting . Picture books ( edit ) The Tale of Jemima Puddle - Duck ( 1908 ) by Beatrix Potter was heavily based upon Red Riding Hood Flossie & the Fox by Patricia McKissack Lon Po Po : A Red - Riding Hood Story from China by Ed Young ( 1990 ) Beware of the Storybook Wolves by Lauren Child The Girl in Red ( 2012 ) , a modern reimagining version of the fairy tale , which is written by Aaron Frisch and illustrated by Roberto Innocenti Little Red Overalls ( 2013 ) by Aaron Burakoff Poetry ( edit ) `` Little Red Riding Hood '' by Olga Broumas , published in Beginning With O ( 1977 ) . `` Little Red Riding Hood and the Wolf '' by Roald Dahl , published in Revolting Rhymes ( 1983 ) - features a comical and violent twist in which Red turns the wolf into a wolf - skin coat . `` The Waiting Wolf '' by Gwen Strauss , published in Trail of Stones ( 1990 ) . `` On a Nineteenth Century Color Lithograph of Red Riding Hood by the Artist J.H. '' by Alice Wirth Gray , published in What the Poor Eat ( 1993 ) . `` Journeybread Recipe '' by Lawrence Schimel , published in Black Thorn , White Rose ( 1994 ) . `` Silver and Gold '' by Ellen Steiber , published in The Armless Maiden ( 1996 ) . `` Little Red Cap '' by Carol Ann Duffy , published in The World 's Wife ( 1999 ) . `` Grandmother '' by Lawrence Syndal , published in Conjunctions # 31 ( 1999 ) . Short stories ( edit ) In 1940 , Howard L. Chace , a professor of French , wrote Ladle Rat Rotten Hut , where the story is told using incorrect homonyms of the correct English words . `` The Company of Wolves '' by Angela Carter , published in The Bloody Chamber ( 1979 ) . This famous and influential version was the basis for the Neil Jordan film ( below ) . `` Wolfland '' by Tanith Lee , published in Red as Blood ( 1983 ) . `` I Shall Do Thee Mischief in the Woods '' by Kathe Koja , published in Snow White , Blood Red ( 1993 ) . `` Little Red '' by Wendy Wheeler , published in Snow White , Blood Red ( 1993 ) . The Apprentice '' by Miriam Grace Monfredo , published in Ellery Queen 's Mystery Magazine ( November , 1993 ) . `` Little Red Riding Hood '' published in James Finn Garner 's Politically Correct Bedtime Stories ( 1994 ) satirises politically correct speech , focusing on such things as womyn 's rights . See also Politically Correct Red Riding Hood , which features a very different outcome . `` The Good Mother '' by Priscilla Galloway , published in Truly Grim Tales ( 1995 ) . `` Riding the Red '' by Nalo Hopkinson , published in Black Swan , White Raven ( 1997 ) . `` Wolf '' by Francesca Lia Block , published in The Rose and the Beast , turns the wolf into a lecherous stepfather who is sexually abusing his stepdaughter ( 2000 ) . `` The Road of Pins '' by Caitlín R. Kiernan , first published in Dark Terrors 6 ( 2002 ) , reprinted in To Charles Fort , With Love ( 2005 ) . `` Little Red and the Big Bad '' by Will Shetterly , published in Swan Sister ( 2003 ) . James Thurber 's short story `` The Little Girl and the Wolf '' features the heroine turning the tables on the Wolf by taking an automatic pistol out of her basket and shooting him . The moral says it all : `` It is not so easy to fool little girls nowadays as it used to be . '' ( 2012 ) A Tale of Red Riding , Rise Of The Alpha Huntress by Neo Edmund ... In this action - packed twist on the beloved Grimm Fairytale , Red Riding will not only face dangerous wolves ; she will have to face the wolf within herself . Gifted with the power to transform into a werewolf , she will rise to become a legendary warrior known as the Alpha Huntress . Accompanied by bad - boy heartthrob Wolfgang Helheim , Red will lead a tribe of loyal followers armed with mystical powers of their own against a vile lunar deity , who plans to thrust Wayward Woods into eternal night . ( 2016 ) Red Riding Hood 's Revenge , is a short thriller story of modern Red Riding Hood by author Sara Troy . In this chiling adaptation , Rose Wood is raised as an assassin to avenge the predatory wolves in the forest who hunt and kill innocent girls . Animation ( edit ) Walt Disney produced a black and white silent short cartoon called `` Little Red Riding Hood '' ( 1922 ) for Laugh - O - Gram Cartoons . Copies of this early work of Disney 's are extremely rare . Van Beuren Studios produced a black and white cartoon called `` Red Riding Hood '' ( 1931 ) in which the Grandma drinks `` Jazz Tonic '' that transforms her into her younger self . The Wolf and the younger Grandma intend to elope , but are thwarted by the Wolf 's wife and children during the ceremony . The Fleischer Brothers produced the theatrical short `` Dizzy Red Riding Hood '' ( 1931 ) , featuring Betty Boop and Bimbo , in which Bimbo defeats the wolf on the way to Grandma 's house , and puts on the wolf 's skin to pursue Betty , while Grandma has gone out to the Firemen 's Ball . Tex Avery 's Red Hot Riding Hood ( 1943 ) recasts the story in an adult - oriented urban setting , with the suave , suited wolf howling after the night club singer Red . Tex Avery also utilized the same cast and themes in a number of other cartoons in this series , such as Little Rural Riding Hood ( 1949 ) , which set the story in the modern day and featured Red and the wolf as hillbillies . Early Bugs Bunny cartoons , such as Little Red Riding Rabbit ( 1944 ) , utilize characters from fairy tales such as Little Red Riding Hood . In one cartoon comic version , Red Riding Hoodwinked ( 1955 ) , Little Red Riding Hood is accompanied by Tweety Bird while the villains are played by a Wolf and Sylvester , who almost come to blows over who is going to play `` Grandma '' . Another Sylvester parody is Little Red Rodent Hood ( 1952 ) . A few Loopy de Loop cartoons such as `` Tale of a Wolf '' feature Little Red Riding Hood . The anime television series Grimm 's Fairy Tale Classics ( 1987 ) features Little Red Riding Hood in one episode . The Japanese children 's anime television series Akazukin Chacha features the eponymous heroine Chacha who is visually reminiscent of Little Red Riding Hood ( ' akazukin ' relates to her red hood and cape ) . One of the major themes of the series is a sort of pre-adolescent love triangle between Chacha and her two male friends , one of whom is a werewolf , the other a boy - witch . Jetlag Productions ' animated film Little Red Riding Hood ( 1995 ) adapts the classic fairy tale and at the same time adds its own original twists and additions to the story in order to stretch the plotline to their regular 48 - minute length . The film features three original songs , and was written by George Bloom and produced by Mark Taylor . Jan Kounen directed Le dernier chaperon rouge ( 1996 ; The Last Riding Hood , literal translation ) , a French fantasy musical short film starring Emmanuelle Béart . Disney Television Animation released Redux Riding Hood ( 1997 ) , a re-imagining of the ending where the wolf is so traumatized by the failure to catch Little Red Riding Hood that he builds a time machine to go back in time and finish the deed with his past self . The film was nominated for an Academy Award , but lost the award and was shelved by Disney for 14 years before director Steve Moore uploaded the video on YouTube . The Japanese animated film Jin - Roh ( 1999 ; also known as Jin - Roh : The Wolf Brigade ) , about a secret society within an anti-terrorist unit of an alternative post-World War II Japan , makes several literary and visual references to the German oral version of the story ( most notably a Rotkäppchen book offered to the main character by one of the female bomb couriers ) , which is closer to the Perrault version , than the tale of Grimm , with an anti-terrorist commando as the wolf ( the title is literally `` Man - wolf '' in Japanese `` ) , and a former terrorist courier as the young lady . The main character of the anime Otogi Jushi Akazukin has as is a girl named Akazukin , who is a Fairy Musketeer and has to protect a boy named Souta , who 's the Elde Key , from the world of Science . Akazukin comes from Fandavale , the world of Magic , and for protect Souta , she has help of Val , her Wolf Familiar and the others two Musketeers , Shirayuki ( Snow White ) and Ibara ( Sleeping Beauty ) . The Enemies are Randagio ( one of the Bremen Town Musicians ) , Hansel and Gretel , who works for Cinderella , who wants the Elde 's Key . The computer - animated children 's film , Hoodwinked ! ( 2005 ) , uses the anachronistic parody approach to the tale typified by the Shrek films , envisioning the story as a Rashomon - like mystery in which the anthropomorphised animal police of the forest question the four participants of the story after they are detained for an apparent domestic disturbance that the police suspect is tied to the mysterious `` Goodie Bandit '' , a thief who has been stealing sweet shop store owners ' books . One by one , each character is interviewed and explains to the police their story of how they got to Granny 's house and why , and each story is followed in a lengthy flashback . All four characters are discovered to not quite be what they initially appear to be , and all of their stories have overlap with each other : Red Puckett is a worldly wise delivery girl , who gets her name from the red hooded cloak she wears . She is determined to protect her Granny 's recipe book after someone breaks into Granny 's store . Granny Puckett secretly lives a double life as an extreme sports athlete named `` Triple G '' . She participates in a ski race and is nearly killed by the Bandit 's henchmen . After incapacitating them by staging an avalanche , she ends up bound and gagged in her own closet when the parachute and ripcord she uses to escape get caught in her ceiling fan after she comes down the chimney . The Wolf ( full name Wolf W. Wolf ) is an investigative journalist . He and his assistant , a hyperactive squirrel named Twitchy , think that Red is somehow involved in the Goodie Bandit thefts . Kirk Kirkkendall , the woodsman , is not a lumberjack , but an out - of - work actor who spends his days selling schnitzel out of a truck and has just been auditioned for a foot ointment commercial . After someone raids and cannibalizes his truck , he starts cutting down trees with an axe to try to get into the shoes of a woodsman . He is accidentally thrown through Granny 's cottage window after trying to cut down a very large tree . In the film Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) , Little Red Riding Hood is portrayed as one of the villains ; she is seen pick pocketing in one scene during Prince Charming 's pillage . Interestingly enough , the Big Bad Wolf is considered one of the good guys . `` Red Riding Hood '' is a character in Super Why ! ( 2007 ) , in which she calls herself `` Wonder Red , '' wears roller blades , and has `` Word Power '' . The anime Okami - san and her Seven Companions ( 2010 ) is based around the characters Ryōko Ōkami ( Ōkami meaning wolf ) , Ryōshi Morino ( his name also meaning `` The Forest 's Hunter '' in Japanese ) and Ringo Akai ( representing Little Red Riding Hood ) and the rest of the `` trading '' club named the `` Otogi High School Bank '' as they fix students problems , whatever they may be , in exchange for the students helping them out later . Almost all of the characters in the anime are based on characters from Little Red Riding Hood or other fairytales . The ending theme song , `` Akazukin - chan Goyoujin '' ( Little Red Riding Hood , Be Careful ) by OToGi , makes many references to Little Red Riding Hood and its characters as well . In the Mattel doll franchise and webseries , Ever After High , Cerise Hood is the daughter of both Red Riding Hood and the Big Bad Wolf . She shares her fathers ears and even has a pet wolf named Carmine . She also has a sister named Ramona Badwolf . The character Ruby Rose in the web series RWBY is inspired by Red Riding Hood , as Ruby wears a red hood and fights against wolves in the series reveal ' Red ' Trailer . Music and music videos ( edit ) `` Little Red Riding Hood '' is a name of one etude from series of studies `` Étude - Tableau '' by Sergej Rachmaninov . The song `` How Could Red Riding Hood ( Have Been So Very Good ) ? , '' written by A.P. Randolph in 1925 and published in 1926 ( see 1966 hit song `` Lil ' Red Riding Hood '' ) . The music video for the VAST ( Visual Audio Sensory Theater ) song `` Pretty when you Cry '' is heavily inspired by Little Red Riding Hood . It focuses heavily on the sexual undertones of the story and psychology of sexual predation . The last four tracks of Japanese black metal band Kadenzza 's 2005 album The Second Renaissance follow the plot of Little Red Riding Hood . Bowling For Soup recorded a cover version of Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs ' `` Lil ' Red Riding Hood '' for the soundtrack to the werewolf film Cursed . This song is included in their 2005 compilation album Bowling for Soup Goes to the Movies . The Blessed Virgin Larry released a remake and music video of Lil ' Red Riding Hood on their 2005 CD `` The United Police States Of America '' Evanescence 's music video for the song `` Call Me When You 're Sober '' is heavily inspired by Little Red Riding Hood . Nerdcore rapper MC Frontalot retells the Little Red Riding Hood story in his song `` Start Over '' . Children Of Bodom 's album Hate Crew Deathroll contains a song named `` Lil ' Bloodred Ridin ' Hood '' . The music video for `` Ordinary Day '' by Dolores O'Riordan features a young girl in a red hood running through a wooded area . The lyrics of `` Hungry Like the Wolf '' by Duran Duran were inspired by Little Red Riding Hood . The songs ' Wolf ' and ' Paint Hell Red ' by Angelspit are both inspired by Little Red Riding Hood , particularly the sexual undertones . An adaptation of Little Red Riding Hood was used in the music video for the Mika song `` Lollipop '' , in which the main character , instead of being little red riding hood , is called the lollipop girl , and does not have a red hood and is , at the end the music video , eaten up by the wolf . Belgian dance act Lasgo released a music video for their song All Night Long in which singer Evi Goffin plays little red riding hood . The Wolf by Fever Ray is based on the little red riding hood story and is featured in Red Riding Hood The videoclip for Lickanthrope ( 2013 ) by Moonspell is a free adaptation of the `` Little Red Riding Hood '' theme including references to horror films and to movies such as Kill Bill and From Dusk till Dawn . In the video , the Little Red Riding Hood is actually a Japanese female sword fighter confronting a werewolf in a `` freak tavern '' similar to the one found in From Dusk till Dawn . The song `` Little Red '' by singer / songwriter Kate Nash from the 2005 album Made of Bricks uses imagery from the story ( the girl 's name ; description of a fairytale community ) . The song `` Through Wolf 's Eyes '' by power metal / folk metal band on their album `` Era '' retells the story of Little Red Riding Hood through the view of the Wolf , though in the song the Wolf desires love instead of outright eating Little Red . Musicals and operas ( edit ) Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine 's musical Into the Woods plays with the typical devices of a number of different fairy tales , including Little Red Riding Hood . The tale seems to hold a particular attraction for Greek composers ; opera versions of it have been produced by George Kouroupos ( 1988 ) , Kharálampos Goyós ( 1998 ) , and Georges Aperghis ( 2001 ) . A new stage musical adaptation Red Riding Hood by London - based writing team Jake Brunger and Pippa Cleary opened at the Singapore Repertory Theatre in November 2013 , where it ran for 6 weeks . Television ( edit ) In 1974 , The Carol Burnett Show featured a retelling of La Caperucita Roja , the Mexican version of Little Red Riding Hood , with Carol Burnett as La Caperucita Roja ( Little Red Riding Hood ) , Carl Reiner as El Toro the Bull ( instead of a wolf ) and Harvey Korman as the Grandmother . Probably the most famous use of Little Red Riding Hood in television advertising is the Chanel No. 5 commercial directed by Luc Besson with music by Danny Elfman and starring Estella Warren . In this advertisement , Warren plays a modern - day Red Riding Hood getting ready to enjoy the Paris nightlife , much to the lamentation of her household wolf . The commercial can be viewed here . In the season 5 episode of Charmed entitled `` Happily Ever After '' , Piper Halliwell is transformed into Little Red Riding Hood by an evil queen recently escaped from her magic mirror prison . Her deceased grandmother becomes corporeal again , but is swallowed whole by a wolf sent by the queen . The wolf now in the form of the grandmother then swallows Piper whole to fulfill the queen 's plan , but Piper uses her power and blows the wolf up from the inside , freeing herself and her grandmother . Piper then enters the queen 's realm through a fairy tales book and destroys the queen . In the 2011 ABC TV Series Once Upon A Time , a different take on the tale was told during the episode `` Red - Handed '' . The village they lived in was plagued by deadly were - wolf attacks and several hunters have been plotting to kill the beast . Red initially assumes that the beast was her boyfriend Peter so decides to tie him around a tree to help control him . Her plan eventually backfires when the beast was later revealed to be herself . Granny then reveals that it all started when she was bit by her late husband thus their children and grandchildren became wolves as well . She eventually lost the ability to turn at a later age but still has the scent . She had asked a wizard to make a red cloak for Red to wear in order to control it . In Storybrooke , Granny becomes the owner of the town 's inn while her granddaughter , now named Ruby , is an unruly young woman who wants to leave town , but stays to care for her and help out with the family business . Red Riding Hood is played by Meghan Ory . On the television show Grimm , the tale is re-imagined in the pilot . In it , a wolf / human creature is kidnapping young girls who wear red hoodies / jackets . He lures them by leaving a small figurine . The main character must find him after a little girl is reported missing on her way to her grandfather 's house . Though not explicitly an adaptation , in an episode of Kamen Rider Ghost entitled `` Real Worth ! The Power of Fun ! '' , Takeru Tenkuji transforms into Kamen Rider Ghost Mugen Damashii in the Dream World , while dressed as Little Red Riding Hood . Toys ( edit ) The Lego Minifigure , `` Grandma Visitor '' , is based on Little Red Riding Hood . Todd McFarlane 's `` Twisted Fairy Tales '' action figure line includes a more voluptuous Red Riding Hood holding a dead wolf with its entrails and Grandma dripping out of its stomach . A similar but less gory figure is part of the `` Scary Tales '' line of figures ( not by McFarlane ) . Video games ( edit ) An unlicensed game called Little Red Hood was produced for the Nintendo Entertainment System . Final Fantasy Fables : Chocobo Tales includes a pair of storybooks entitled `` Mini Red Riding Hood '' , which uses the popular story as its basis , but instead of being threatened by a wolf , Red has to contend with the lightning spirit Ramuh on her way to her grandmother 's house . World of Warcraft : The Burning Crusade features The Big Bad Wolf as one of the random encounters in the Karazhan opera event . The Wolf transforms a random player into Red Riding Hood and chases her around the room . Little Red Riding Hood is the title of the second episode of the episodic game series American McGee 's Grimm ( 2008 ) which features a dwarf ( `` Grimm '' ) bent on returning fairy tales to their supposedly much darker origins . American McGee also returned to the theme of Red Riding Hood with his 2010 interactive story for the iPad : `` Akaneiro : A Red Riding Hood Story . '' A 2008 action video game called Little Red Riding Hood 's Zombie BBQ was released for the Nintendo DS . It was developed by EnjoyUp and published by Destineer ( known for other DS games such as Fullmetal Alchemist : Dual Sympathy and Candy Factory ) and got a successful review score of 8.6 at IGN.com . The French publisher Anuman Interactive launched an edutainment software based on Perrault 's tale , Little Red Riding Hood , on PC . Former Capcom designer Akira `` Akiman '' Yasuda created a character entitled B.B. Hood ( an acronym for `` Baby Bonnie Hood '' , Japanese name `` Bulleta '' ) , who is inspired by the protagonist in the Little Red Riding Hood fables . `` Hood '' as - it - were is something of a loose interpretation of the character ; in that her persona is far more eccentric , volatile , and outlandish then what is typically depicted in the classic tale . This particular character has been seen in subsequent Capcom video game releases including : the Darkstalkers video game series ( in which she first appeared ) , and the second installment of the fan - favorite video game Marvel vs. Capcom . The Path , a 2009 art game by Belgian developer Tale of Tales , is primarily inspired by various older versions of the Red Riding Hood tale . Overlord : Dark Legend features a mysterious young girl named Li'l Red who asks the Overlord to escort her through the Withering Woods to her grandmother 's house near the beginning of the game . However , once they reach her grandmother 's house it is revealed that she is actually a `` Wolf Queen '' in disguise , essentially taking the place of both Little Red Riding Hood and the Big Bad Wolf . Adventure Quest Worlds has a brunette variation of Red Riding Hood , called Red Hunting Hood here . She is a skilled hunter who wants the players ' help to hunt down several monsters . Fairytale Fights has Lil ' Red as a playable character . In Dark Parables : The Red Riding Hood Sisters , the fourth installment in the Dark Parables franchise , you play as the fabled detective and investigate the appearance the Wolf Queen ! Centuries ago , the first Red Riding Hood Isabella was saved from the wolf by the huntsman . He adopted the orphaned girl and taught her how to fight . After he was killed in a wolf attack Isabella established the `` Order of Red Riding Hood Sisters '' in the Vosges Mountains , Eastern France . A video game adaptation was made from the comic Fables where you play as the Big Bad Wolf , Bigby Wolf . The character Red ( Little red riding hood ) is only mentioned briefly , mentioning that she did n't survive after the fables escaped their homelands . Visual art ( edit ) For the Grimm 's Fairy tales 200th anniversary , Google featured the Red Little Riding Hood Story as the Google Doodle Postage stamps were issued in Germany , in 1960 , and Switzerland , in 1985 , depicting the tale of Little Red Riding Hood See also ( edit ) Little Red Riding Hood Category : Works based on Little Red Riding Hood References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gaiman , Neil ( November 1 , 2001 ) . `` Archive '' . NeilGaiman.com . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` elsevilla.deviantart.com '' . Deviant Art . Jump up ^ `` Red '' . Streetfables . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ The Dangerous Christmas of Red Riding Hood ( 1965 TV movie ) on IMDb Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/28/arts/design/red-grooms-beware-a-wolf-in-the-alley.html Jump up ^ http://marlboroughchelsea.com/broome-st/exhibitions/red-grooms-beware-a-wolf-in-the-alley Jump up ^ Salon review of film Jump up ^ The Making of Hard Candy , Hard Candy DVD Jump up ^ Big Bad Wolves ( 2006 short ) on IMDb Jump up ^ `` BD Horror News - New ' Little Red Riding Hood ' Tale '' . Bloody-disgusting.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Red Riding Hood Movie '' . Red Riding Hood Movie . 2009 - 08 - 24 . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` TV : SyFy Spins Horrific Fairy Tales on Saturday Nights '' . Bloody-disgusting.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Syfy Unveils New Saturday Night Original Movies Re-Imagined Classic Fairy Tales , Legends And Pop Culture Characters From Little Red Riding Hood To Hansel And Gretel '' . Thefutoncritic.com. 2010 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` TV : First Look at Felicia Day in SyFy 's ' Red ' '' . Bloody-disgusting.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Red on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Red '' official site Archived May 31 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/74141/exclusive-filmmaker-chloe-okuno-talks-screamfest-premiere-slut-trailers-carpet-photos/ Jump up ^ `` Book Review : Glasgow Fairytale '' . The Scotsman. 30 October 2010 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Kutzer , M. Daphne ( 2003 ) . Beatrix Potter : Writing in Code . New York & London : Routledge . pp. 107 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 94352 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Little Red Overalls '' , A farm - friendly adaptation of the timeless fairy tale Jump up ^ `` Little Red Riding Hood and the Wolf * Roald Dahl '' . Xs4all.nl . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Little Red Riding Hood '' . Philip.greenspun.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Funny Pages - Politically Correct Little Red Riding Hood '' . Funnies.paco.to. 1995 - 05 - 06 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Red Riding Hood (. ogv cartoon ) . Van Beuren Studios . 1931 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0536648/ Jump up ^ 8 juli 2007 . `` Chanel No. 5 Estella Warren '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Haase , Donald ( 2008 ) . The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales : Q-Z . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 918 . Retrieved 16 November 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.collectorsweekly.com/stories/117451-1960--w-germany-red-riding-hood-post Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adaptations_of_Little_Red_Riding_Hood&oldid=815230150 '' Categories : Creative works in popular culture Works based on Little Red Riding Hood Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Russian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 15 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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A Picture of Me (Without You) (song)

A picture of Me ( without You ) ( song ) - Wikipedia A picture of Me ( without You ) ( song ) `` A Picture of Me ( Without You ) '' Single by George Jones from the album A Picture of Me ( Without You ) B - side `` Man Worth Loving You '' Released October 1972 Genre Country Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Norro Wilson George Richey Producer ( s ) Billy Sherrill George Jones singles chronology `` Wrapped Around Her Finger '' ( 1972 ) `` A Picture of Me ( Without You ) '' ( 1972 ) `` What My Woman Ca n't Do '' ( 1973 ) `` Wrapped Around Her Finger '' ( 1972 ) `` A Picture of Me ( Without You ) '' ( 1972 ) `` What My Woman Ca n't Do '' ( 1973 ) `` A Picture of Me ( Without You ) '' Single by Lorrie Morgan from the album Something in Red B - side `` Tears on My Pillow '' Released June 1991 Genre Country Length 3 : 39 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Norro Wilson George Richey Producer ( s ) Richard Landis Lorrie Morgan singles chronology `` We Both Walk '' ( 1991 ) `` A Picture of Me ( Without You ) '' ( 1991 ) `` Except for Monday '' ( 1991 ) `` We Both Walk '' ( 1991 ) `` A Picture of Me ( Without You ) '' ( 1991 ) `` Except for Monday '' ( 1991 ) `` A Picture of Me ( Without You ) '' is a country music song written by Norro Wilson and George Richey . Contents 1 Background 2 Content 3 Other versions 4 Chart performance 4.1 George Jones 4.2 Lorrie Morgan 4.2. 1 Year - end charts 5 References Background ( edit ) According to Rich Kienzle 's liner notes for the 1994 Sony retrospective The Essential George Jones : The Spirit of Country , the song was written specifically for Jones with co-writer Norro Wilson singing the song for George `` imitating the Jones style to show how he wanted it sung . Even with the string arrangement , the country feel remained undiminished '' . The song is similar to an older Webb Pierce song called `` That 's Me Without You '' . It was originally recorded by George Jones , whose version peaked at # 5 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1972 . In his 1995 autobiography I Lived to Tell It All , Jones quoted lines from the song to describe his own sadness at the passing of his brother - in - law W.T. `` Dub '' Scroggins in 1993 . The song was covered by Lorrie Morgan on her 1991 album Something in Red . Morgan 's version was released as the album 's second single in June 1991 and reached # 9 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in November 1991 . Content ( edit ) In the song , the narrator tells his lover to imagine incomplete things , like `` a world where no music is playing , a church where nobody 's praying , a sky with no blue , and by seeing this , she can see his picture without her by his side . Other versions ( edit ) The song was also recorded in 2007 , as a duet , by Vern Gosdin and Kimber Sparks . Chart performance ( edit ) George Jones ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 5 Canadian RPM Country Tracks 13 Lorrie Morgan ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 6 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 9 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 95 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lorrie Morgan Hot Country Songs Chart History Jump up ^ `` George Jones Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 1682 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . November 23 , 1991 . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lorrie Morgan Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1991 '' . RPM . December 21 , 1991 . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . George Jones singles Singles `` No Money in This Deal '' `` Why Baby Why '' `` Achin ' , Breakin ' Heart '' `` Seasons of My Heart '' `` Too Much Water '' `` Just One More '' `` Do n't Stop the Music '' `` Color of the Blues '' `` White Lightning '' `` The Window Up Above '' `` Tender Years '' `` She Thinks I Still Care '' `` I 'll Share My World with You `` The Race Is On '' `` Love Bug '' `` Walk Through This World with Me '' `` If My Heart Had Windows '' `` Good Year for the Roses '' `` Loving You Could Never Be Better '' `` A Picture of Me ( Without You ) '' `` The Grand Tour '' `` The Door '' `` He Stopped Loving Her Today '' `` I 'm Not Ready Yet '' `` If Drinkin ' Do n't Kill Me ( Her Memory Will ) '' `` Still Doin ' Time '' `` Same Ole Me '' `` Shine On ( Shine All Your Sweet Love on Me ) '' `` I Always Get Lucky with You '' `` Tennessee Whiskey '' `` You 've Still Got a Place in My Heart '' `` She 's My Rock '' `` Hallelujah , I Love You So '' `` Who 's Gonna Fill Their Shoes '' `` The One I Loved Back Then ( The Corvette Song ) '' `` Somebody Wants Me Out of the Way '' `` Wine Colored Roses '' `` The Right Left Hand '' `` I Turn to You '' `` I 'm a One Woman Man '' `` I Do n't Need Your Rockin ' Chair '' `` Choices '' `` Funny How Time Slips Away '' Collaborative singles `` We Must Have Been Out of Our Minds '' ( w / Melba Montgomery ) `` Let 's Invite Them Over '' ( w / Melba Montgomery ) `` What 's in Our Heart '' ( w / Melba Montgomery ) `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' ( w / Melba Montgomery ) `` We 're Gonna Hold On '' ( w / Tammy Wynette ) `` Golden Ring '' ( w / Tammy Wynette ) `` Near You '' ( w / Tammy Wynette ) `` Maybellene '' ( w / Johnny Paycheck ) `` Two Story House '' ( w / Tammy Wynette ) `` You Better Move On '' ( w / Johnny Paycheck ) `` Yesterday 's Wine '' ( w / Merle Haggard ) `` C.C. Waterback '' ( w / Merle Haggard ) Guest singles `` A Few Ole Country Boys '' ( w / Randy Travis ) `` You Do n't Seem to Miss Me '' ( w / Patty Loveless ) `` A Country Boy Can Survive ( Y2K version ) '' ( w / Chad Brock and Hank Williams , Jr . ) `` Murder on Music Row '' ( w / Dierks Bentley ) Related articles Albums discography Singles discography Discography with Tammy Wynette Awards Lorrie Morgan Studio albums Leave the Light On Something in Red Watch Me War Paint Greater Need Shakin ' Things Up Secret Love My Heart I Finally Found Someone Show Me How A Moment in Time Dos Divas Compilation albums Reflections : Greatest Hits To Get to You : Greatest Hits Collection Holiday albums Merry Christmas from London Notable singles `` Trainwreck of Emotion '' `` Dear Me '' `` Out of Your Shoes '' `` Five Minutes '' `` He Talks to Me '' `` We Both Walk '' `` A Picture of Me ( Without You ) '' `` Except for Monday '' `` Something in Red '' `` Watch Me '' `` What Part of No '' `` I Guess You Had to Be There '' `` Half Enough '' `` Crying Time '' `` My Night to Howl '' `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' `` Back in Your Arms Again '' `` By My Side '' ( with Jon Randall ) `` Good as I Was to You '' `` Go Away '' `` One of Those Nights Tonight '' `` Maybe Not Tonight '' ( with Sammy Kershaw ) Guest singles `` ' Til a Tear Becomes a Rose '' ( with Keith Whitley ) Related articles Discography George Morgan This 1990s country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Picture_of_Me_(Without_You)_(song)&oldid=831987375 '' Categories : 1972 singles 1991 singles George Jones songs Lorrie Morgan songs Songs written by Norro Wilson Songs written by George Richey Song recordings produced by Billy Sherrill Epic Records singles RCA Records singles Song recordings produced by Richard Landis 1972 songs 1990s country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 04 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Defecation

Defecation - wikipedia Defecation Jump to : navigation , search See also Defecation ( band ) , defector , and defalcation . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Anatomy of the anus and rectum Defecation is the final act of digestion , by which organisms eliminate solid , semisolid , or liquid waste material from the digestive tract via the anus . Humans expel feces with a frequency varying from a few times daily to a few times weekly . Waves of muscular contraction ( known as peristalsis ) in the walls of the colon move fecal matter through the digestive tract towards the rectum . Undigested food may also be expelled this way , in a process called egestion . Open defecation , the practice of defecating outside without using a toilet of any kind , is still widespread in some developing countries , for example in India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Physiology 1.2 Voluntary and involuntary control 2 Posture 3 Health aspects 4 Society and culture 4.1 Anal cleansing after defecation 4.2 Mythology and tradition 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Description Physiology The rectum ampulla ( anatomically also : ampulla recti ) temporarily stores fecal waste . As the waste fills the rectum and expands the rectal walls , nervous system stretch receptors in the rectal walls stimulate the desire to defecate . This urge to defecate arises from the reflex contraction of rectal muscles , relaxation of the internal anal sphincter , and an initial contraction of the skeletal muscle of the external anal sphincter . If the urge is not acted upon , the material in the rectum is often returned to the colon by reverse peristalsis , where more water is absorbed and the faeces is stored until the next mass peristaltic movement of the transverse and descending colon . If defecation is delayed for a prolonged period the fecal matter may harden , resulting in constipation . If defecation occurs too fast , before excess liquid is absorbed , diarrhea may occur . When the rectum is full , an increase in intra-rectal pressure forces apart the walls of the anal canal , allowing the fecal matter to enter the canal . The rectum shortens as material is forced into the anal canal and peristaltic waves push the feces out of the rectum . The internal and external anal sphincters along with the puborectalis muscle allow the feces to be passed by muscles pulling the anus up over the exiting feces . Defecation is normally assisted by taking a deep breath and trying to expel this air against a closed glottis ( Valsalva maneuver ) . This contraction of expiratory chest muscles , diaphragm , abdominal wall muscles , and pelvic diaphragm exerts pressure on the digestive tract . Ventilation at this point temporarily ceases as the lungs push the chest diaphragm down to exert the pressure . Thoracic blood pressure rises and as a reflex response the amount of blood pumped by the heart decreases . Death has been known to occur in cases where defecation causes the blood pressure to rise enough to cause the rupture of an aneurysm or to dislodge blood clots ( see thrombosis ) . Also , in releasing the Valsalva maneuver blood pressure falls ; this , coupled with standing up quickly to leave the toilet , can result in a blackout . During defecation , the external sphincter muscles relax . The anal and urethral sphincter muscles are closely linked . Experiments by Harrison Weed at the Ohio State University Medical Center have shown they can only be contracted together , not individually , and that both show relaxation during urination . This explains why defecation is frequently accompanied by urination . Voluntary and involuntary control Defecation may be involuntary or voluntary . Young children learn voluntary control through the process of toilet training . Once trained , loss of control , called fecal incontinence , may be caused by physical injury , nerve injury , prior surgeries ( such as an episiotomy ) , constipation , diarrhea , loss of storage capacity in the rectum , intense fright , inflammatory bowel disease , psychological or neurological factors , childbirth , or death . Posture Main article : Human defecation postures The positions and modalities of defecation are culture - dependent . Squat toilets are used by the vast majority of the world , including most of Africa , Asia , and the Middle East . The use of sit - down toilets in the Western world is a relatively recent development , beginning in the 19th century with the advent of indoor plumbing . Health aspects Attempting forced expiration of breath against a closed airway ( the valsalva maneuver ) is sometimes practiced to induce defecation while on a toilet . Cardiac arrest and other cardiovascular complications can in rare cases occur due to attempting to defecate using the valsalva maneuver . Valsalva retinopathy is another pathological syndrome associated with the Valsalva maneuver . Society and culture Anal cleansing after defecation Main article : Anal cleansing The anus and buttocks may be cleansed after defecation with toilet paper , similar paper products , or other absorbent material . In many cultures , such as Hindu and Muslim , water is used for anal cleansing after defecation , either in addition to using toilet paper or exclusively . When water is used for anal cleansing after defecation , toilet paper may be used for drying the area afterwards . Mythology and tradition The caganer is a defecating figurine in Spanish Nativity scenes Some peoples have culturally significant stories in which defecation plays a role . For example : In an Alune and Wemale legend from the island of Seram , Maluku Province , Indonesia , the mythical girl Hainuwele defecates valuable objects . One of the traditions of Catalonia ( Spain ) relates to the Caganer , a figurine depicting the act of defecation which appears in nativity scenes in Catalonia and neighbouring areas with Catalan culture . The exact origin of the Caganer is lost , but the tradition has existed since at least the 18th century . See also Artist 's Shit Constipation Hemorrhoid Rectal tenesmus - a feeling of incomplete defecation Shit References This article lacks ISBNs for the books listed in it . Please make it easier to conduct research by listing ISBNs . If the ( ( Cite book ) ) or ( ( citation ) ) templates are in use , you may add ISBNs automatically , or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( February 2017 ) Jump up ^ WHO and UNICEF ( 2017 ) Progress on Drinking Water , Sanitation and Hygiene : 2017 Update and SDG Baselines . Geneva : World Health Organization ( WHO ) and the United Nations Children 's Fund ( UNICEF ) , 2017 Jump up ^ NIH . `` Bowel Movement '' . Medline . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ ( Cardio - vascular Events at Defecation : Are They Unavoidable ? - Medical Hypotheses , Jul 1990 , 32 ( 3 ) : 231 - 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Fecal incontinence - Causes '' . Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research . Retrieved 9 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kira , Alexander ( 1976 ) . The Bathroom ( 2 . ed . New and expanded ed . ) . New York , N.Y. : Viking Pr . pp. 115 -- 116 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 00612 - 2 . Jump up ^ A History of Technology , Vol. IV : The Industrial Revolution , 1750 - 1850 . ( C. Singer , E Holmyard , A Hall , T. Williams eds ) Oxford Clarendon Press , pps. 507 - 508 , 1958 Jump up ^ Fisher - Hubbard AO , Kesha K , Diaz F , Njiwaji C , Chi P , Schmidt CJ ( 2016 ) . `` Commode Cardia - Death by Valsalva Maneuver : A Case Series '' . Journal of Forensic Sciences . 61 ( 6 ) : 1541 -- 1545 . PMC 3526029 . PMID 22961088 . doi : 10.1111 / 1556 - 4029.13196 . Jump up ^ Ikeda T , Oomura M , Sato C , Anan C , Yamada K , Kamimoto K ( 2016 ) . `` Cerebral infarction due to cardiac myxoma developed with the loss of consciousness immediately after defecation - a case report '' . Rinsho Shinkeigaku ( Clinical Neurology ) . 56 ( 5 ) : 328 -- 333 . PMID 27151226 . doi : 10.5692 / clinicalneurol. cn - 000856 . Jump up ^ Gibran , SK ; Kenawy , N ; Wong , D ; Hiscott , P ( 2007 ) . `` Changes in the retinal inner limiting membrane associated with Valsalva retinopathy '' . British Journal of Ophthalmology. 91 ( 5 ) : 701 -- 2 . PMC 1954736 . PMID 17446519 . doi : 10.1136 / bjo. 2006.104935 . Jump up ^ Connor AJ ( 2010 ) . `` Valsalva - related retinal venous dilation caused by defaecation '' . Acta Ophthalmologica. 88 ( 4 ) : 328 -- 33 . PMID 27151226 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1755 - 3768.2009. 01624. x . Jump up ^ `` Hainuwele '' . The Oxford Companion to World Mythology . ISBN 9780195156690 . Jump up ^ `` A traditional Nativity scene , Catalan - style '' . BBC News . 23 December 2010 . Retrieved 23 December 2010 . Further reading This article lacks ISBNs for the books listed in it . Please make it easier to conduct research by listing ISBNs . If the ( ( Cite book ) ) or ( ( citation ) ) templates are in use , you may add ISBNs automatically , or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( February 2017 ) Deeb , Benjamin ( 2004 ) . Healthy to the Core : How to Measure Effective Defecation . Greenwood Press . Widmaier , Raff & Strang ( 2006 ) . Vanders ' Human Physiology , the mechanisms of body function . Chapter 15 . McGraw Hill . Symptoms and signs : digestive system and abdomen ( R10 -- R19 , 787,789 ) Upper Nausea Vomiting Heartburn Aerophagia Dysphagia oropharyngeal esophageal Odynophagia Halitosis Xerostomia Hypersalivation Burping Wet burp Defaecation Flatulence Fecal incontinence Encopresis Blood : Fecal occult blood Rectal tenesmus Constipation Obstructed defecation Diarrhea Rectal discharge Psoas sign Obturator sign Rovsing 's sign Hamburger sign Heel tap sign Aure - Rozanova 's sign Dunphy sign Alder 's sign Lockwood 's sign Rosenstein 's sign Abdomen Abdominal pain Acute abdomen Colic Baby colic Abdominal guarding Rebound tenderness Abdominal distension Bloating Ascites Tympanites Shifting dullness Bulging flanks Fluid wave test Abdominal mass Hepatosplenomegaly Hepatomegaly Splenomegaly Jaundice Mallet - Guy sign Puddle sign Toilets Equipment Automatic toilet paper dispenser Ballcock Bidet Bidet shower Brush Cistern Electronic bidet Flushometer Roll holder Seat Seat cover Self - cleaning toilet bowl Self - cleaning toilet seat Toilet paper Trap ( U-bend ) Types Aircraft Accessible Arborloo Bedpan Blair Board Bucket Cathole Chemical Composting Container - based Dry Dual flush Dunny Flush Freezing Head ( boat ) Hudo ( Scouting ) Incinerating Latrine Low - flush Passenger train Pay Pit Pig Portable Public Sanisette ( self - cleaning ) Space Squat Treebog Unisex public Urine - diverting dry Washlet Cultural aspects Adult diaper Bathroom privileges Feminine hygiene Flying toilet Honeywagon Incontinence pad Islamic toilet etiquette Istinja Latrinalia Manual scavenging Outhouse Privatization of public toilets Rest area Scatology Shit Museum Slopping out Toilet ( room ) Toilet god Toilet humor Toilet paper orientation Toileting Toilet training Toilet - related injuries and deaths Toilets in Japan Toilet Twinning Urinary segregation Washroom attendant Urine - related aspects Female urination device Interactive urinal Pissoir Pollee Urination Urinal Urinal ( health care ) Urine collection device Urine diversion Feces - related aspects Anal cleansing Defecation postures Fecal sludge management Open defecation Historical terms Aphedron Chamber pot Close stool Commode Garderobe Gong farmer Groom of the stool Pail closet Privy midden Reredorter See also History of water supply and sanitation Sanitation Sewage treatment World Toilet Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defecation&oldid=801936491 '' Categories : Digestive system Colorectal surgery Medical signs Feces Excretion Symptoms and signs : Digestive system and abdomen Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles needing additional references from March 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007 Articles lacking ISBNs Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 21 : 50 . 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Reaction rate

Reaction rate - wikipedia Reaction rate Jump to : navigation , search Iron rusting has a low reaction rate . This process is slow . Wood combustion has a high reaction rate . This process is fast . The reaction rate or rate of reaction is the speed at which reactants are converted into products . For example , the oxidative rusting of iron under Earth 's atmosphere is a slow reaction that can take many years , but the combustion of cellulose in a fire is a reaction that takes place in fractions of a second . For most reactions , the rate decreases as the reaction proceeds . Chemical kinetics is the part of physical chemistry that studies reaction rates . The concepts of chemical kinetics are applied in many disciplines , such as chemical engineering , enzymology and environmental engineering . Contents ( hide ) 1 Formal definition 2 Influencing factors 3 Rate equation 3.1 Example of a complex reaction : Reaction of hydrogen and nitric oxide 4 Temperature dependence 5 Pressure dependence 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links Formal definition ( edit ) Consider a typical chemical reaction : a A + b B → p P + q Q The lowercase letters ( a , b , p , and q ) represent stoichiometric coefficients , while the capital letters represent the reactants ( A and B) and the products ( P and Q ) . According to IUPAC 's Gold Book definition the reaction rate r for a chemical reaction occurring in a closed system under isochoric conditions , without a build - up of reaction intermediates , is defined as : r = − 1 a d ( A ) d t = − 1 b d ( B ) d t = 1 p d ( P ) d t = 1 q d ( Q ) d t ( \ displaystyle r = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( a ) ) ( \ frac ( d ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) ) ( dt ) ) = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( b ) ) ( \ frac ( d ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) ) ( dt ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( p ) ) ( \ frac ( d ( \ mathrm ( P ) ) ) ( dt ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( q ) ) ( \ frac ( d ( \ mathrm ( Q ) ) ) ( dt ) ) ) where ( X ) denotes the concentration of the substance X ( = A , B , P or Q ) . Reaction rate usually has the units of mol / L / s The rate of a reaction is always positive . A negative sign is present to indicate that the reactant concentration is decreasing . ) The IUPAC recommends that the unit of time should always be the second . The rate of reaction differs from the rate of increase of concentration of a product P by a constant factor ( the reciprocal of its stoichiometric number ) and for a reactant A by minus the reciprocal of the stoichiometric number . The stoichiometric numbers are included so that the defined rate is independent of which reactant or product species is chosen for measurement . For example , if a = 1 and b = 3 then B is consumed three times more rapidly than A , but v = - d ( A ) / dt = - ( 1 / 3 ) d ( B ) / dt is uniquely defined . An additional advantage of this definition is that for an elementary and irreversible reaction , r is equal to the product of probability of overcoming the transition state activation energy and the number of times per second the transition state is approached by reactant molecules . When so defined , for an elementary and irreversible reaction , r is the rate of successful chemical reaction events leading to the product . The above definition is only valid for a single reaction , in a closed system of constant volume , an assumption which should be stated explicitly in the definition . If water is added to a pot containing salty water , the concentration of salt decreases , although there is no chemical reaction . For an open system , the full mass balance must be taken into account : in − out + generation − consumption = accumulation F A 0 − F A + ∫ 0 V v d V = d N A d t ( \ displaystyle F_ ( \ mathrm ( A ) 0 ) - F_ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) + \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( V ) v \ , dV = ( \ frac ( dN_ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) ) ( dt ) ) ) , where F is the inflow rate of A in molecules per second , F the outflow , and v is the instantaneous reaction rate of A ( in number concentration rather than molar ) in a given differential volume , integrated over the entire system volume V at a given moment . When applied to the closed system at constant volume considered previously , this equation reduces to : r = d ( A ) d t ( \ displaystyle r = ( \ frac ( d ( A ) ) ( dt ) ) ) , where the concentration ( A ) is related to the number of molecules N by ( A ) = N / N V. Here N is the Avogadro constant . For a single reaction in a closed system of varying volume the so - called rate of conversion can be used , in order to avoid handling concentrations . It is defined as the derivative of the extent of reaction with respect to time . r = d ξ d t = 1 ν i d n i d t = 1 ν i d ( C i V ) d t = 1 ν i ( V d C i d t + C i d V d t ) ( \ displaystyle r = ( \ frac ( d \ xi ) ( dt ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ nu _ ( i ) ) ) ( \ frac ( dn_ ( i ) ) ( dt ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ nu _ ( i ) ) ) ( \ frac ( d ( C_ ( i ) V ) ) ( dt ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ nu _ ( i ) ) ) \ left ( V ( \ frac ( dC_ ( i ) ) ( dt ) ) + C_ ( i ) ( \ frac ( dV ) ( dt ) ) \ right ) ) Here ν is the stoichiometric coefficient for substance i , equal to a , b , p , and q in the typical reaction above . Also V is the volume of reaction and C is the concentration of substance i . When side products or reaction intermediates are formed , the IUPAC recommends the use of the terms rate of appearance and rate of disappearance for products and reactants , properly . Reaction rates may also be defined on a basis that is not the volume of the reactor . When a catalyst is used the reaction rate may be stated on a catalyst weight ( mol g s ) or surface area ( mol m s ) basis . If the basis is a specific catalyst site that may be rigorously counted by a specified method , the rate is given in units of s and is called a turnover frequency Influencing factors ( edit ) The nature of the reaction : Some reactions are naturally faster than others . The number of reacting species , their physical state ( the particles that form solids move much more slowly than those of gases or those in solution ) , the complexity of the reaction and other factors can greatly influence the rate of a reaction . Concentration : Reaction rate increases with concentration , as described by the rate law and explained by collision theory . As reactant concentration increases , the frequency of collision increases . Pressure : The rate of gaseous reactions increases with pressure , which is , in fact , equivalent to an increase in concentration of the gas. The reaction rate increases in the direction where there are fewer moles of gas and decreases in the reverse direction . For condensed - phase reactions , the pressure dependence is weak . Order : The order of the reaction controls how the reactant concentration ( or pressure ) affects reaction rate . Temperature : Usually conducting a reaction at a higher temperature delivers more energy into the system and increases the reaction rate by causing more collisions between particles , as explained by collision theory . However , the main reason that temperature increases the rate of reaction is that more of the colliding particles will have the necessary activation energy resulting in more successful collisions ( when bonds are formed between reactants ) . The influence of temperature is described by the Arrhenius equation . For example , coal burns in a fireplace in the presence of oxygen , but it does not when it is stored at room temperature . The reaction is spontaneous at low and high temperatures but at room temperature its rate is so slow that it is negligible . The increase in temperature , as created by a match , allows the reaction to start and then it heats itself , because it is exothermic . That is valid for many other fuels , such as methane , butane , and hydrogen . Reaction rates can be independent of temperature ( non-Arrhenius ) or decrease with increasing temperature ( anti-Arrhenius ) . Reactions without an activation barrier ( e.g. , some radical reactions ) , tend to have anti Arrhenius temperature dependence : the rate constant decreases with increasing temperature . Solvent : Many reactions take place in solution and the properties of the solvent affect the reaction rate . The ionic strength also has an effect on reaction rate . Electromagnetic radiation and intensity of light : Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy . As such , it may speed up the rate or even make a reaction spontaneous as it provides the particles of the reactants with more energy . This energy is in one way or another stored in the reacting particles ( it may break bonds , promote molecules to electronically or vibrationally excited states ... ) creating intermediate species that react easily . As the intensity of light increases , the particles absorb more energy and hence the rate of reaction increases . For example , when methane reacts with chlorine in the dark , the reaction rate is very slow . It can be sped up when the mixture is put under diffused light . In bright sunlight , the reaction is explosive . A catalyst : The presence of a catalyst increases the reaction rate ( in both the forward and reverse reactions ) by providing an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy . For example , platinum catalyzes the combustion of hydrogen with oxygen at room temperature . Isotopes : The kinetic isotope effect consists in a different reaction rate for the same molecule if it has different isotopes , usually hydrogen isotopes , because of the relative mass difference between hydrogen and deuterium . Surface Area : In reactions on surfaces , which take place for example during heterogeneous catalysis , the rate of reaction increases as the surface area does . That is because more particles of the solid are exposed and can be hit by reactant molecules . Stirring : Stirring can have a strong effect on the rate of reaction for heterogeneous reactions . Diffusion limit : Some reactions are limited by diffusion . All the factors that affect a reaction rate , except for concentration and reaction order , are taken into account in the reaction rate coefficient ( the coefficient in the rate equation of the reaction ) . Rate equation ( edit ) Main article : Rate equation For a chemical reaction a A + b B → p P + q Q , the rate equation or rate law is a mathematical expression used in chemical kinetics to link the rate of a reaction to the concentration of each reactant . It is often of the type : r = k ( T ) ( A ) n ( B ) m ( \ displaystyle \ , r = k ( T ) ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) ^ ( n ) ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) ^ ( m ) ) For gas phase reaction the rate is often alternatively expressed by partial pressures . In these equations k ( T ) is the reaction rate coefficient or rate constant , although it is not really a constant , because it includes all the parameters that affect reaction rate , except for concentration , which is explicitly taken into account . Of all the parameters influencing reaction rates , temperature is normally the most important one and is accounted for by the Arrhenius equation . The exponents n and m are called reaction orders and depend on the reaction mechanism . For elementary ( single - step ) reactions the order with respect to each reactant is equal to its stoichiometric coefficient . For complex ( multistep ) reactions , however , this is often not true and the rate equation is determined by the detailed mechanism , as illustrated below for the reaction of H and NO . For elementary reactions or reaction steps , the order and stoichiometric coefficient are both equal to the molecularity or number of molecules participating . For a unimolecular reaction or step the rate is proportional to the concentration of molecules of reactant , so that the rate law is first order . For a bimolecular reaction or step , the number of collisions is proportional to the product of the two reactant concentrations , or second order . A termolecular step is predicted to be third order , but also very slow as simultaneous collisions of three molecules are rare . By using the mass balance for the system in which the reaction occurs , an expression for the rate of change in concentration can be derived . For a closed system with constant volume , such an expression can look like d ( P ) d t = k ( T ) ( A ) n ( B ) m ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( d ( \ mathrm ( P ) ) ) ( dt ) ) = k ( T ) ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) ^ ( n ) ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) ^ ( m ) ) Example of a complex reaction : reaction of hydrogen and nitric oxide ( edit ) For the reaction 2 H ( g ) + 2 NO ( g ) → N ( g ) + 2 H O ( g ) the observed rate equation ( or rate expression ) is : r = k ( H 2 ) ( NO ) 2 ( \ displaystyle r = k ( ( \ ce ( H2 ) ) ) ( ( \ ce ( NO ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , ) As for many reactions , the experimental rate equation does not simply reflect the stoichiometric coefficients in the overall reaction : It is third order overall : first order in H and second order in NO , even though the stoichiometric coefficients of both reactants are equal to 2 . In chemical kinetics , the overall reaction rate is often explained using a mechanism consisting of a number of elementary steps . Not all of these steps affect the rate of reaction ; normally the slowest elementary step controls the reaction rate . For this example , a possible mechanism is : 2 NO ( g ) ⇌ N O ( g ) ( fast equilibrium ) N O + H → N O + H O ( slow ) N O + H → N + H O ( fast ) Reactions 1 and 3 are very rapid compared to the second , so the slow reaction 2 is the rate determining step . This is a bimolecular elementary reaction whose rate is given by the second order equation : r = k 2 ( H 2 ) ( N 2 O 2 ) ( \ displaystyle r = k_ ( 2 ) ( ( \ ce ( H2 ) ) ) ( ( \ ce ( N2O2 ) ) ) \ , ) , where k is the rate constant for the second step . However N O is an unstable intermediate whose concentration is determined by the fact that the first step is in equilibrium , so that ( N O ) = K ( NO ) , where K is the equilibrium constant of the first step . Substitution of this equation in the previous equation leads to a rate equation expressed in terms of the original reactants r = k 2 K 1 ( H 2 ) ( NO ) 2 ( \ displaystyle r = k_ ( 2 ) K_ ( 1 ) ( ( \ ce ( H2 ) ) ) ( ( \ ce ( NO ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , ) This agrees with the form of the observed rate equation if it is assumed that k = k K . In practice the rate equation is used to suggest possible mechanisms which predict a rate equation in agreement with experiment . The second molecule of H does not appear in the rate equation because it reacts in the third step , which is a rapid step after the rate - determining step , so that it does not affect the overall reaction rate . Temperature dependence ( edit ) Main article : Arrhenius equation Each reaction rate coefficient k has a temperature dependency , which is usually given by the Arrhenius equation : k = A e − E a R T ( \ displaystyle k = Ae ^ ( - ( \ frac ( E_ ( \ mathrm ( a ) ) ) ( RT ) ) ) ) E is the activation energy and R is the gas constant . Since at temperature T the molecules have energies given by a Boltzmann distribution , one can expect the number of collisions with energy greater than E to be proportional to e . A is the pre-exponential factor or frequency factor . The values for A and E are dependent on the reaction . There are also more complex equations possible , which describe temperature dependence of other rate constants that do not follow this pattern . A chemical reaction takes place only when the reacting particles collide . However , not all collisions are effective in causing the reaction . Products are formed only when the colliding particles possess a certain minimum energy called threshold energy . As a rule of thumb , reaction rates for many reactions double for every 10 degrees Celsius increase in temperature , For a given reaction , the ratio of its rate constant at a higher temperature to its rate constant at a lower temperature is known as its temperature coefficient ( Q ) . Q is commonly used as the ratio of rate constants that are 10 ° C apart . Pressure dependence ( edit ) The pressure dependence of the rate constant for condensed - phase reactions ( i.e. , when reactants and products are solids or liquid ) is usually sufficiently weak in the range of pressures normally encountered in industry that it is neglected in practice . The pressure dependence of the rate constant is associated with the activation volume . For the reaction proceeding through an activation - state complex : A + B ⇌ A ⋯ B → P the activation volume , ΔV , is : Δ V ‡ = V _̄ ‡ − V _̄ A − V _̄ B ( \ displaystyle \ Delta V ^ ( \ ddagger ) = ( \ bar ( V ) ) _ ( \ ddagger ) - ( \ bar ( V ) ) _ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) - ( \ bar ( V ) ) _ ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) ) where V̄ denotes the partial molar volume of a species and ‡ indicates the activation - state complex . For the above reaction , one can expect the change of the reaction rate constant ( based either on mole - fraction or on molar - concentration ) with pressure at constant temperature to be : ( ∂ ln ⁡ k x ∂ P ) T = − Δ V ‡ R T ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ partial \ ln k_ ( x ) ) ( \ partial P ) ) \ right ) _ ( T ) = - ( \ frac ( \ Delta V ^ ( \ ddagger ) ) ( RT ) ) ) In practice , the matter can be complicated because the partial molar volumes and the activation volume can themselves be a function of pressure . Reactions can increase or decrease their rates with pressure , depending on the value of ΔV . As an example of the possible magnitude of the pressure effect , some organic reactions were shown to double the reaction rate when the pressure was increased from atmospheric ( 0.1 MPa ) to 50 MPa ( which gives ΔV = − 0.025 L / mol ) . See also ( edit ) Rate of solution Dilution ( equation ) Diffusion - controlled reaction Steady state approximation Collision theory and transition state are chemical theories that attempt to predict and explain reaction rates . Isothermal microcalorimetry Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : IUPAC , Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version : ( 2006 -- ) `` Rate of reaction '' . ^ Jump up to : Laidler , K.J. ; Meiser , J.H. ( 1982 ) . Physical Chemistry . Benjamin / Cummings . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 5682 - 7 . Jump up ^ Laidler , K.J. ( 1987 ) . Chemical Kinetics ( 3rd ed . ) . Harper & Row . p. 277 . ISBN 0060438622 . Jump up ^ Connors , Kenneth ( 1990 ) . Chemical Kinetics : The Study of Reaction Rates in Solution . VCH Publishers . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 72020 - 1 . Jump up ^ Isaacs , Neil S. ( 1995 ) . `` Section 2.8. 3 '' . Physical Organic Chemistry ( 2nd ed . ) . Harlow : Addison Wesley Longman . ISBN 9780582218635 . External links ( edit ) Chemical kinetics , reaction rate , and order ( needs flash player ) Reaction kinetics , examples of important rate laws ( lecture with audio ) . Rates of reaction Overview of Bimolecular Reactions ( Reactions involving two reactants ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaction_rate&oldid=837151140 '' Categories : Chemical kinetics Chemical reaction engineering Temporal rates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 01 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

factors that decrease the rate of a chemical reaction

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LSU Tigers football

LSU Tigers football - wikipedia LSU Tigers football Jump to : navigation , search LSU Tigers football 2017 LSU Tigers football team First season 1893 Athletic director Joe Alleva Head coach Ed Orgeron 1st season , 15 -- 5 (. 750 ) Stadium Tiger Stadium ( Capacity : 102,321 ) Field surface Grass Location Baton Rouge , Louisiana Conference Southeastern Conference Division Western Past conferences Independent ( 1893 -- 1895 ) Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( 1896 -- 1921 ) Southern Conference ( 1922 -- 1932 ) All - time record 784 -- 411 -- 47 (. 650 ) Bowl record 25 -- 22 -- 1 (. 531 ) Claimed nat'l titles 3 ( 1958 , 2003 , 2007 ) Unclaimed nat'l titles 5 ( 1908 , 1935 , 1936 , 1962 , 2011 ) Conference titles 14 ( ! 1 SEC ) Division titles 8 Rivalries Alabama Crimson Tide Arkansas Razorbacks Ole Miss Rebels Texas A&M Heisman winners Billy Cannon Consensus All - Americans 31 Current uniform Colors Purple and Gold Fight song Fight for LSU Mascot Mike the Tiger Marching band Louisiana State University Tiger Marching Band Website LSUSports.net The LSU Tigers football program , also known as the Fighting Tigers , represents Louisiana State University in the sport of American football . The Tigers compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . As of the end of the 2016 season , LSU has compiled 772 victories , the 16th most in NCAA Division I FBS history , and the fourth most of any SEC team , behind Alabama , Tennessee , and Georgia . The Tigers also have the 11th highest winning percentage among teams with at least 1,000 games played . LSU has won three National Championships : in 1958 , 2003 and 2007 . LSU won the BCS National Championship in 2004 ( 2003 season ) with a 21 -- 14 win over Oklahoma in the Nokia Sugar Bowl in New Orleans , and the 2008 BCS National Championship Game ( 2007 season ) versus the Ohio State Buckeyes with a 38 -- 24 score , thus becoming the first team since the advent of the BCS to win multiple BCS national titles . LSU has been featured in a game with ESPN College GameDay on location a total of 25 times , and the show has aired from Baton Rouge a total of 13 times . The Tigers made at least one appearance on the show every year from 2003 to 2016 . In recent years , LSU has had a high number of players drafted into the National Football League ( NFL ) . As of the beginning of the 2017 NFL season , there were 51 former LSU players on active rosters in the NFL , the most of any college program . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1800s ( 1893 -- 1899 ) 1.2 Building the program ( 1900 -- 1934 ) 1.3 Moore and Tinsley era ( 1935 -- 1954 ) 1.4 Paul Dietzel era ( 1955 -- 1961 ) 1.5 Charles McClendon era ( 1962 -- 1979 ) 1.6 Stovall , Arnsparger , Archer , and Hallman ( 1980 -- 1994 ) 1.7 Gerry Dinardo era ( 1995 -- 1999 ) 1.8 Nick Saban era ( 2000 -- 2004 ) 1.9 Les Miles era ( 2005 -- 2016 ) 1.10 Ed Orgeron era ( 2016 -- present ) 2 Championships 2.1 National championships 2.2 National championship game appearances 2.3 Conference championships 2.4 Divisional championships 3 Logos and uniforms 4 Traditions 4.1 Tiger Stadium 4.2 Songs and cheers 4.3 Jersey No. 18 4.4 `` DBU '' 5 Rivalries 5.1 Alabama Crimson Tide 5.2 Arkansas Razorbacks 5.3 Auburn Tigers 5.4 Florida Gators 5.5 Mississippi State Bulldogs 5.6 Ole Miss Rebels 5.7 Texas A&M Aggies 5.8 Tulane Green Wave 6 Yearly records 6.1 LSU Tigers football seasons 6.2 All - time record vs. current SEC members through 2017 6.3 All - time record vs. opponents through 2017 6.4 College Football Playoff rankings and polls 6.5 Bowl games 7 Individual accomplishments 7.1 Player awards 7.2 Heisman Trophy voting history 7.3 Coaches awards 7.4 All - Americans 7.5 College Football Hall of Fame inductees 7.6 Retired numbers 7.7 Statistical leaders 8 LSU and the NFL 8.1 LSU Tigers players in the NFL Draft 8.2 Pro Football Hall of Fame 9 Stadium 9.1 Tiger Stadium 9.2 State Field 10 Practice and Training facilities 11 Coaching staff 11.1 Head coaching history 11.2 2017 Coaching staff 12 Recruiting 13 Future opponents 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of LSU Tigers football 1800s ( 1893 -- 1899 ) ( edit ) Louisiana State University ( LSU ) played its first football game in school history on November 25 , 1893 , losing to rival Tulane in the first intercollegiate contest in Louisiana . The game sparked a rivalry between the Tigers and the Green Wave that has lasted generations . The Tigers were coached by university professor Dr. Charles E. Coates , known for his work in the chemistry of sugar . Future Louisiana governor Ruffin G. Pleasant was the quarterback and captain of the LSU team . In the first game against Tulane , LSU football players wore purple and gold ribbons on their uniforms . According to legend , purple and gold were chosen because they were Mardi Gras colors , and the green was sold out . The rules of play in 1893 were more like rugby than what might be considered modern football . LSU achieved its first victory by beating Natchez Athletic Club 26 -- 0 in 1894 . Samuel Marmaduke Dinwidie Clark has the honor of scoring the very first touchdown in LSU history . The first football game played on the LSU campus was at State Field on December 3 , 1894 , a loss against Mississippi . LSU 's only touchdown in that game was scored by the head coach , Albert Simmons . This was the first year of play for William S. Slaughter who lettered as an end for 5 years ( 1894 , 1895 , 1896 , 1897 , 1898 ) . Slaughter was LSU 's first five time football letterman . By 1895 , LSU had its first win in Baton Rouge . The 1896 team The 1896 team was the first to be called the `` Tigers '' and went undefeated , winning the school 's first conference championship in the school 's first year as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( SIAA ) , the first southern athletics conference . Coach Allen Jeardeau returned for his second but final year at LSU in 1897 for two games in Baton Rouge . A yellow fever outbreak throughout the South caused the postponement of LSU 's classes starting , and the football season being cut back to only two games . Another outbreak of yellow fever similar to the one in 1897 caused LSU to play only one game in 1898 . By the time LSU was able to play its only game of the season , Allen Jeardeau had departed from the school as head football coach , and no provision had been made to replace him . The job of coach then fell to the team 's captain , Edmond Chavanne . New coach John P. Gregg led the Tigers to a 1 -- 4 season in 1899 , including a loss to the `` iron men '' of Sewanee . The only wins were in an exhibition game against a high school team -- which LSU does not officially record as a win -- and against rival , Tulane . Building the program ( 1900 -- 1934 ) ( edit ) Chavanne was rehired in 1900 , posting a 2 -- 2 record . He was replaced by W.S. Borland as head coach in 1901 , who led the team to a successful 5 -- 1 season . After a 22 -- 2 loss to Tulane , LSU protested to the SIAA and alleged that Tulane had used a professional player during the game . Several months later , the SIAA ruled the game an 11 -- 0 forfeit in favor of LSU . The seven - game 1902 season was the longest yet for the Tigers and also featured the most amount of games on the road . The 1903 season broke the previous season 's record , with nine games . Dan A. Killian coached the team from 1904 to 1906 . Running back René A. Messa made the All - Southern team in 1904 . 1907 LSU Tigers Football Team in Havana , Cuba for the 1907 Bacardi Bowl Edgar Wingard coached the team in 1907 and 1908 . In 1907 , LSU became the first American college football team to play on foreign soil in the 1907 Bacardi Bowl against the University of Havana on Christmas Day in Havana , Cuba . LSU won 56 -- 0 . John Seip ran back a 67 - yard punt return . The 1908 team posted an undefeated 10 -- 0 record . Quarterback Doc Fenton led the nation in scoring with 132 points . He threw a 40 - yard touchdown pass to Mike Lally in the win over Auburn . The National Championship Foundation retroactively awarded 1908 LSU the national championship though it is not claimed by LSU . This season also led to an SIAA championship ; but was clouded by accusations of professionalism from rival school Tulane . Auburn and Vanderbilt were among those listed as alternative conference champions . 1910 was a disastrous year for the Tigers . After a strong 1909 campaign which saw their only conference loss come to SIAA champion Sewanee , the team lost some star power with Lally , Seip , and center Robert L. Stovall all graduating . In 1912 , coach Pat Dwyer developed a `` kangaroo play '' in which back Lawrence Dupont would crawl between offensive lineman Tom Dutton 's legs ; supposedly very effective in short yardage situations . Fullback Alf Reid made the All - Southern team in 1913 . LSU 's largest loss margin came on October 31 , 1914 in a game against Texas A&M in Dallas , Texas . In 1916 , three different coaches led the team for parts of the season . The coaches were E.T. MacDonnell , Irving Pray , and College Football Hall of Fame coach Dana X . Bible . Due to World War I , no games were scheduled or played for the 1918 season by LSU . Pray also served as head coach full seasons in 1919 and 1922 , compiling a total record of 11 -- 9 at LSU . In 1923 , Mike Donahue left Auburn to become the seventeenth head football coach at LSU. 1924 saw the first game played at the newly built Tiger Stadium , with an original seating capacity of 12,000 . Donahue retired after the 1927 season . Vanderbilt coach Dan McGugin recommended Russ Cohen for the LSU coaching job , which he accepted in 1928 . That season , offensive tackle Jess Tinsley made the All - Southern team . In 1931 LSU played its first night game in Tiger Stadium , a 31 -- 0 victory over Spring Hill . In Biff Jones ' first season as head coach , the 1932 team tied for the Southern Conference championship in its last season as a member of the conference . The season included a five - game winning streak in which LSU outscored its opponents by a combined 162 -- 0 . Moore and Tinsley era ( 1935 -- 1954 ) ( edit ) Under head coach Bernie Moore , LSU won their first Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) Championship finishing with a 5 -- 0 conference record and 9 -- 2 -- 0 overall in 1935 . LSU played in their first Sugar Bowl game , falling to # 4 TCU 3 -- 2 at Tulane Stadium . The Tigers and Horned Frogs both took home the Williamson Poll national championship , which is not claimed by LSU . The team was led by Abe Mickal and Gaynell Tinsley , cousin of Jess . The 1936 team won the school 's second SEC Championship finishing with a 6 - 0 conference record and 9 -- 1 -- 1 overall . The Tigers finished runner - up to Minnesota in the AP Poll . LSU won the Williamson Poll and Sagarin Ratings national championships , which are not claimed by the school . LSU 's largest margin of victory , and most points scored in a football game came on November 21 , in a game at Tiger Stadium against USL ( University of Southwestern Louisiana , now the University of Louisiana at Lafayette ) . The final score was LSU 93 , USL 0 . The 1937 team featured Ken Kavanaugh and was upset by Vanderbilt using a hidden ball trick , the school 's first - ever victory over a ranked opponent . Paul Dietzel The 1946 team played in one of the most notable instances of the Cotton Bowl Classic -- `` Ice Bowl . '' LSU , led by head coach Moore and quarterback Y.A. Tittle , entered the game against Arkansas with a 9 -- 1 record . Ice , sleet and snow pelted the stadium as LSU players filled oil drums with charcoal and started fires for makeshift heaters while fans built fires in the stands . LSU dominated the game with a 271 -- 54 advantage in total yards and 15 -- 1 advantage in first downs , but that did n't equate to the numbers on the scoreboard . The game ended in a 0 -- 0 tie and LSU finished the season 9 -- 1 -- 1 . Paul Dietzel era ( 1955 -- 1961 ) ( edit ) In 1955 , Paul Dietzel became the head coach at LSU . During Dietzel 's first three years , none of his teams had a winning season . In 1958 , however , Dietzel came up with a unique `` three - platoon system . '' Instead of replacing individual players during the game , Dietzel would bring in an entirely new set of players between plays and series . The three teams were called the White Team ( the first - string offense and defense ) , the Go Team ( the second - string offense ) , and the Chinese Bandits ( the second - string defense ) . The system worked , as the 1958 team won the school 's first claimed national championship , beating No. 12 Clemson 7 -- 0 in the Sugar Bowl . The only score was a pass from Billy Cannon to sophomore Mickey Mangham , one of the smallest players on the team . Billy Cannon Cannon won the Heisman Trophy in 1959 . On Halloween , late in the game between No. 1 LSU and No. 3 Ole Miss , LSU was trailing 3 -- 0 . Cannon returned a punt 89 yards for a TD , breaking seven tackles . This has become known as Cannon 's Halloween Run . The Rebels then drove down the field but were stopped on the LSU 1 - yard line as the game ended resulting in a 7 -- 3 victory for LSU in Tiger Stadium . In the Sugar Bowl , one of the most anticipated rematches in college football history took place . This game , however , would not be the classic that transpired only weeks before . Ole Miss dominated the game from start to finish and came away with a decisive 21 -- 0 win over the Tigers . LSU finished the season having only given up 29 points . Charles McClendon era ( 1962 -- 1979 ) ( edit ) In the 1966 Cotton Bowl , unranked LSU upset undefeated and # 2 ranked Arkansas , winning the game 14 -- 7 and snapping Arkansas ' 22 - game winning streak . LSU - Tulane , 1973 In 1972 , No. 6 LSU survived an upset bid from unranked Ole Miss in Tiger Stadium by winning the game on a TD pass from QB Bert Jones to RB Brad Davis . Ole Miss fans say the 1972 contest featured a few seconds of free football . The Tigers trailed the Rebels 16 -- 10 with four seconds to play . After a lengthy incompletion by Jones , the game clock still showed one second remaining . The Tigers used the precious second to win the game on the `` last play , '' 17 -- 16 . A song was written to commemorate the game , called `` One Second Blues '' , ( track # 11 ) which is featured on the CD `` Hey Fightin ' Tigers '' . The alleged home - clock advantage inspired a sign at the Louisiana state line ( as you left Mississippi ) reading , `` You are now entering Louisiana . Set your clocks back four seconds . '' Stovall , Arnsparger , Archer , and hallman ( 1980 -- 1994 ) ( edit ) LSU defeated Alabama 20 -- 10 in Birmingham , Alabama in what was Bear Bryant 's last game coaching against LSU , in 1982 . LSU 's defense held Alabama to 119 yards of total offense , as the Tigers defeated the Tide for the first time since 1970 . Later that week , LSU 's defensive front seven of Melancon and Joiner ( OLBs ) ; Richardson and Williams ( ILBs ) ; and Marshall , Elko and Dardar ( DL ) were named the `` Associated Press Sportswriters ' Defensive Player of the Week . '' It was the first time an entire front - seven unit was so named . In 1988 , unranked LSU staged a near - literal , earth - shattering upset victory over No. 4 Auburn in Tiger Stadium , winning the game 7 -- 6 with 1 : 41 remaining on a touchdown pass from quarterback Tommy Hodson to running back Eddie Fuller . The reaction of the crowd was so immense that it registered as an earthquake on a seismograph in LSU 's Howe - Russell Geoscience Complex . It has been dubbed the `` Earthquake Game . '' Gerry DiNardo era ( 1995 -- 1999 ) ( edit ) Wearing its white jerseys at home in Tiger Stadium for the first time since 1982 , LSU upset No. 5 Auburn in 1995 , winning the game 12 -- 6 as LSU DB Troy Twillie intercepted Auburn QB Patrick Nix 's 11 - yard pass into the end zone with no time remaining . This game marked a return to national significance in just head coach Gerry DiNardo 's first season . After nine straight losses to Steve Spurrier - led Florida , the No. 14 Tigers shocked the No. 1 - ranked defending national champion Gators 28 -- 21 in Tiger Stadium in 1997 , making the cover of Sports Illustrated . It was the first time LSU beat a No. 1 ranked team and the first time the goalposts were ever torn down in Tiger Stadium . Nick Saban era ( 2000 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) 2004 Sugar Bowl , LSU 21 - Oklahoma 14 In head coach Nick Saban 's first season of 2000 , LSU returned to national prominence by beating No. 11 Tennessee in overtime 38 -- 31 on ESPN , after which the goal posts were torn down for only the second time in the history of Tiger Stadium . The victory over Tennessee also marked the first time that LSU played in an overtime game at home . Just a few weeks later , the goal posts were again ripped down as LSU beat Alabama 30 -- 28 on CBS in Baton Rouge for the first time in 31 years . This was the third and final time that the goal posts came down in Death Valley . In 2001 , No. 21 LSU staged an upset victory over No. 2 Tennessee in the SEC Championship , winning 31 -- 20 . The victory earned LSU a spot in its first Sugar Bowl since 1986 , and knocked the Volunteers out of national title contention . No. 16 LSU survived an upset bid from unranked Kentucky in 2002 by winning the game 33 -- 30 on a 75 - yard Hail Mary pass as time expired known as the `` Bluegrass Miracle . '' Kentucky coach Guy Morriss had received the traditional Gatorade bath right before the Hail Mary . Kentucky fans , believing they had won , had already rushed the field and torn down one goal post . In 2003 , No. 11 LSU outlasted No. 7 Georgia , 17 -- 10 . With ESPN College Gameday on hand for the first time since 1997 , Quarterback Matt Mauck found wide receiver Skyler Green for a 34 - yard touchdown with 3 : 03 remaining in the game . All - American cornerback Corey Webster sealed the victory with an interception in the final minute . LSU won its second title and became the BCS national champion by defeating Oklahoma 21 -- 14 in the 2004 Sugar Bowl . Les Miles era ( 2005 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) In Les Miles 's first season as head coach in 2005 at LSU was moved to Arizona State 's Sun Devil Stadium due to the effects of Hurricane Katrina . With one endzone painted with `` www.KatrinaSRF.com '' and the other with `` Together We Stand '' along with logos of the states of Louisiana and Arizona , LSU rallied in the fourth quarter for a 35 -- 31 comeback victory . 2008 BCS National Championship Game , LSU 38 -- Ohio State 24 No. 2 LSU played what was hyped as one of the most exciting games ever played in Tiger Stadium against No. 9 Florida in 2007 . The game is also known for the LSU students leaving thousands of messages on the phone of Florida quarterback , Tim Tebow , prompting him to give a `` telephone '' hand gesture to the LSU student section following an early touchdown . Florida began the fourth quarter with a 24 -- 14 lead , but behind solid defense and being a perfect 5 for 5 on fourth down conversions , the Tigers were able to take the lead 28 -- 24 with 1 : 06 left in the game after a Jacob Hester touchdown to defeat the Gators . It was LSU 's first national primetime game on CBS since 1981 . LSU went on to defeat No. 1 Ohio State in the BCS national championship 38 -- 24 , becoming the first school to win two BCS national championship titles and improving their BCS record to 4 -- 0 , the best of any team . They also became the first two loss team to ever play in the BCS national championship . Alabama - LSU , 2011 The ninth regulation game of the 2011 season for LSU found the number 1 nationally ranked Tigers against the second - ranked Alabama Crimson Tide in a match called `` The Game of the Century '' or the `` Matchup of the Year '' . Both teams were undefeated and both were also coming off a bye week ; viewed as important to the BCS Championship Game as the `` inside track '' by many of the sportswriters , the press built up the game in a Super Bowl - style atmosphere . Ultimately , the game came down to field position and a series of field goals as the top - ranked defenses of both teams prevented any touchdowns . Alabama missed three field goals and a fourth was blocked during regulation , leading to a 6 -- 6 tie heading into overtime . On the first possession of overtime , Alabama again missed a field goal from 52 yards out , only to watch LSU earn the win on the next possession with a chip - shot field goal . As a result , it was the second - lowest scoring match - up between number 1 and number 2 teams in the history of the NCAA , with a 9 -- 6 decision . For the first time in BCS National Championship history , two SEC teams , number 1 LSU and number 2 Alabama again faced each other in the National Championship Game . Alabama won the game , 21 -- 0 . The SEC - only title game added impetus to the push for a national playoff system and hastened the death of the BCS system as implemented up to that time . On September 25 , 2016 , Miles was fired . Ed Orgeron was named interim head coach . Miles compiled a win -- loss record of 114 -- 34 (. 770 ) with LSU . Ed Orgeron era ( 2016 -- present ) ( edit ) Ed Orgeron was named permanent head coach on November 26 , 2016 . Championships ( edit ) National championships ( edit ) The NCAA 's website states that `` the NCAA does not conduct a national championship in Division I-A football and is not involved in the selection process . '' It goes on to say that `` a number of polling organizations provide a final ranking of Division I-A football teams at the end of each season . '' LSU officially claims three national championships ( 1958 , 2003 & 2007 ) ; however , the school has been recognized as national champions by polling organizations on five additional occasions : 1908 ( National Championship Foundation ) , 1935 ( Williamson System ) , 1936 ( Williamson System , Sagarin Ratings ) , 1962 ( Berryman - QPRS ) , and 2011 ( Anderson & Hester , Congrove Computer Rankings ) . ( The NCAA officially changed the `` I-A '' designation to the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) in 2006 . ) In the 2007 season , LSU became the first program to win multiple BCS National Championship Games and the second program to win a national championship with multiple losses . Year Coach Selector Record Bowl Result 1958 Paul Dietzel AP , Coaches 11 -- 0 Sugar Bowl LSU 7 Clemson 0 2003 Nick Saban BCS , Coaches 13 -- 1 Sugar Bowl LSU 21 Oklahoma 14 2007 Les Miles BCS , AP , Coaches 12 -- 2 BCS National Championship Game LSU 38 Ohio State 24 Total national championships : 3 1958 The 1958 LSU Tigers football team under head coach Paul Dietzel , cruised to an undefeated season capped by a win over Clemson in the 1959 Sugar Bowl . LSU was named the national champion in both the AP Poll and the Coaches ' Poll prior to their 7 - 0 Sugar Bowl victory over Clemson . It was the first recognized national championship for LSU in the poll era . 2003 The 2003 LSU Tigers football team was coached by Nick Saban . LSU won the BCS National Championship , the first national championship for LSU since 1958 . The Tigers battled for an 11 -- 1 regular season record and then defeated Georgia in the SEC Championship Game . The LSU Tigers faced off against Oklahoma for the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) national title . LSU beat Oklahoma 21 -- 14 in the 2004 Sugar Bowl designated as the BCS National Championship Game . 2007 The 2007 LSU Tigers football team , coached by Les Miles , won the Southeastern Conference championship and the national championship with a 12 -- 2 record . The LSU Tigers took on the top ranked Ohio State Buckeyes in the 2008 BCS National Championship Game defeating them 38 -- 24 . This win made the LSU Tigers the first team to win two BCS National Championships in its history . On their way to the BCS championship , the Tigers won their tenth Southeastern Conference championship by defeating Tennessee in the 2007 SEC Championship Game . National championship game appearances ( edit ) Since the BCS system came into existence in 1998 , LSU has played in the national championship game three times , compiling a 2 - 1 record . All three of the Tigers ' appearances have come in the Superdome in New Orleans . Year Coach Selector Record Bowl Result 2003 Nick Saban BCS 13 -- 1 Sugar Bowl LSU 21 , Oklahoma 14 2007 Les Miles BCS 12 -- 2 BCS National Championship Game LSU 38 , Ohio State 24 2011 Les Miles BCS 13 -- 1 BCS National Championship Game Alabama 21 , LSU 0 Total national championship game appearances : 3 Conference championships ( edit ) LSU has won a total of fourteen conference championships in three different conferences . Since becoming a founding member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) in 1933 , LSU has won eleven SEC championships . Year Conference Coach Overall Record Conference Record 1896 † SIAA Allen Jeardeau 6 -- 0 4 -- 0 1908 SIAA Edgar R. Wingard 10 -- 0 3 -- 0 1932 † SoCon Biff Jones 6 -- 3 -- 1 4 -- 0 1935 SEC Bernie Moore 9 -- 2 -- 0 5 -- 0 1936 SEC Bernie Moore 9 -- 1 -- 1 6 -- 0 1958 SEC Paul Dietzel 11 -- 0 6 -- 0 1961 † SEC Paul Dietzel 10 -- 1 6 -- 0 1970 SEC Charles McClendon 9 -- 3 5 -- 0 1986 SEC Bill Arnsparger 9 -- 3 5 -- 1 1988 † SEC Mike Archer 8 -- 4 6 -- 1 2001 SEC Nick Saban 10 -- 3 5 -- 3 2003 SEC Nick Saban 13 -- 1 7 -- 1 2007 SEC Les Miles 12 -- 2 6 -- 2 2011 SEC Les Miles 13 -- 1 8 -- 0 Total conference championships : 14 † Denotes co-champions Divisional championships ( edit ) Since the SEC began divisional play in 1992 , LSU has won or shared the SEC West title 8 times , and is 4 -- 1 in the SEC Championship game . Year Division Championship SEC CG Result Opponent PF PA 1996 † SEC West - N / A ( lost tiebreaker to Alabama ) N / A N / A 1997 † SEC West - N / A ( lost tiebreaker to Auburn ) N / A N / A 2001 † SEC West Tennessee 31 20 2002 † SEC West - N / A ( lost tiebreaker to Arkansas ) N / A N / A 2003 † SEC West Georgia 34 13 2005 † SEC West Georgia 14 34 2007 SEC West Tennessee 21 14 2011 SEC West Georgia 42 10 Totals 8 4 -- 1 - 142 91 † Denotes co-champions Logos and uniforms ( edit ) Helmets Pre-1946 , LSU wore leather helmets . From 1947 through 1955 , LSU wore an old gold helmet . In 1956 , head coach Paul Dietzel changed the color of the helmet to a yellow - gold similar to that of the Green Bay Packers . It featured a white one - inch center stripe with purple three - quarter inch flanking stripes . From 1957 through 1971 , LSU added jersey numbers to the sides of the helmet . In 1972 , the first logo was introduced , a tiger head inside a purple circle with LSU written underneath the tiger head . In 1977 , LSU introduced its current helmet . The logo features curved LSU lettering written above the Tiger head logo . Purple face masks were introduced in 1980 . In 2014 , LSU introduced a new Tiger head logo . Special helmets In 1997 , LSU wore White helmets in the Independence Bowl vs Notre Dame . In 2007 , LSU wore white helmets in a game against Tulane to promote relief for Hurricane Katrina . In 2009 , LSU wore `` old '' gold styled helmets in a game against Arkansas as part of a Nike Pro Combat promotion . The uniforms were donned `` Couchon De Lait '' which is cajun for pig roast . The name stemmed from LSU 's proximity to the cajun culture of the nearby Acadiana area and the mascot of Arkansas being the razorbacks , a type of wild boar or pig . In 2011 for a Nike Pro Combat promotion , the Tigers wore a white helmet with old gold and purple stripes to accompany a white uniform . In 2015 , LSU wore their white helmets in a game against South Carolina that was moved from Williams - Brice Stadium to Tiger Stadium due to the flooding disaster in South Carolina and again at Ole Miss where LSU wore all - white uniforms . A special throwback helmet with LSU 's original `` L '' that is still used by their L Club and the jersey number of each player was used in a home game against Mississippi State in 2016 along with a special gold throwback jersey with a custom number font replicating jerseys from the Y.A. Tittle era at LSU . Jerseys The Tigers coming out of the tunnel The current style of jerseys were introduced by coach Paul Dietzel in 1957 with `` TV '' numerals on the shoulders . Those numbers were moved to the sleeves in 1959 . LSU 's white jerseys have purple numbers on the front , back and sleeves with a gold center stripe flanked by two purple stripes encircling the shoulders . LSU 's purple jerseys have white numbers on the front , back and sleeves with a white center stripe flanked by two yellow stripes encircling the shoulders . LSU has worn gold jerseys four times : vs. Vanderbilt in 1996 , vs. Notre Dame in the 1997 Independence Bowl , at Florida in 1998 and throwbacks vs. Mississippi State in 2016 . LSU also wore gold jerseys as their primary jerseys during the 1940s . Save for the throwback jerseys , LSU wore gold due to the intense dislike of purple exhibited by then - LSU coach Gerry DiNardo . Since the wearing of white jerseys has become a tradition for LSU football , the white jerseys are typically worn for both home and away games . The exception is for non-SEC home games , other than the home opener , where LSU wears purple jerseys . Also , though rare , in the case of away games the home teams may choose to wear white , and if so , purple is the default for LSU . From 1983 through 1994 , LSU was mandated to wear purple jerseys at home , due to an NCAA rule which required the visiting team to wear white jerseys . In 1995 , the NCAA changed the rule to allow the home team to wear white if it obtained prior approval of the visiting team . In 1997 , the Southeastern Conference ruled the home team would have choice of jersey color without consent of the visitors for conference games . Pants LSU on defense The team traditionally wears one style of pants , which are gold with white and purple trim . For a 1995 game at Kentucky , the Tigers wore purple pants , which had no stripes and a tiger head logo on the left thigh . LSU lost to the Wildcats 24 -- 16 and the pants were never worn again . LSU has worn white pants on 10 occasions since 1996 : Three times with gold jerseys vs. Vanderbilt in 1996 , vs. Notre Dame in the 1997 Independence Bowl , and at Florida in 1998 . In 2016 , LSU wore gold throwback jerseys with white pants vs. Mississippi State . Three times with purple jerseys , in a 2007 game at Tulane to promote relief for Hurricane Katrina , A 2015 game against South Carolina that was moved from Williams - Brice Stadium to Tiger Stadium due to the flood disaster in that state , and a 2016 home game against Southern Miss . Three times with white jerseys , in a 2009 game against Arkansas , a 2011 game against Auburn for a Nike Pro Combat promotion , and a 2015 game at Ole Miss . These uniforms were made to look like white tigers . Traditions ( edit ) Main article : Louisiana State University traditions Tiger Stadium ( edit ) 5 - yard lines -- Tiger Stadium is notable for putting all 5 - yard line numbers on the field , not just those that are multiples of 10 . However , the 10 - yard line numbers are the only numbers that get directional arrows , as the rules make no provision for 5 - yard line numbers . H - style goal posts -- LSU 's Tiger Stadium sports `` H '' style goal posts , as opposed to the more modern `` Y '' style used by most other schools today . This `` H '' style allows the team to run through the goal post in the north endzone when entering the field . The crossbar from the goalposts which stood in the north end zone of Tiger Stadium from 1955 through 1984 is now mounted above the door which leads from LSU 's locker room onto the playing field . The crossbar is painted with the word `` WIN ! '' , and superstition dictates every player entering the field touch the bar on his way out the door . Night games in Tiger Stadium -- The tradition of playing night games in Tiger Stadium began on October 3 , 1931 when LSU defeated Spring Hill 35 - 0 . Several reasons were cited for playing at night such as avoiding the heat and humidity of afternoon games , avoiding scheduling conflicts with Tulane and Loyola football and giving more fans the opportunity to see the Tigers play . Attendance increased and night football became an LSU tradition . LSU has also traditionally played better during night games based on winning percentage . LSU Golden Girls Pregame show -- Louisiana State University Tiger Marching Band `` pregame show '' was created in 1964 , and revised over the next nine years into its current format . The marching band lines up along the end zone shortly before kick off . Then the band strikes up a drum cadence and begins to spread out evenly across the field . When the front of the band reaches the center of the field , the band stops and begins to play an arrangement of `` Pregame '' ( Hold That Tiger ) . While it does this , the band turns to salute the fans in all four corners of the stadium . Then the band , resuming its march across the field , begins playing `` Touchdown for LSU '' . Tailgating -- For home football games , thousands of LSU fans gather on the Baton Rouge campus . They set up motor homes and tents as early as Thursday before Saturday football games . Tailgating is found across the entire campus with many fans tailgating in the same spot year after year . LSU has continually been ranked as the top tailgating location in the country . ESPN.com ranked LSU as the top tailgating destination in America . The Sporting News proclaimed `` Saturday Night in Death Valley '' and Tiger tailgating as the top tradition in college football . Sports Illustrated said , `` When It Comes To Great Tailgating , Nothing Compares To LSU . '' LSU 's tailgating was named No. 1 in an Associated Press poll on top tailgating spots and by a CNN network survey on top tailgating locations . Victory Gold -- In 2012 , a new tradition was established at Tiger Stadium . Following an LSU football victory , the lights that illuminate the upper arches on the north end of the stadium light up in LSU `` Victory Gold '' . Victory Hill -- The LSU football players , coaches , cheerleaders and Mike the Tiger in his cage , `` Walk Down Victory Hill '' on North Stadium Drive prior to each home game on their way to Tiger Stadium . Thousands of fans line both sides of the road to watch and cheer for the Tigers football team . The practice was started under head coach Gerry Dinardo and it endures today . The LSU Tiger Marching Band or The Golden Band from Tigerland , Golden Girls and Colorguard , `` March Down Victory Hill '' about an hour prior to each home game . Fans line both sides of the road and listen for the cadence of drums announcing the band 's departure from the Greek Theatre and await the arrival of the band . The band stops on top of Victory Hill and begins to play their drum cadence while beginning to march down Victory Hill . The band then stops on Victory Hill and begins to play the opening strains of the `` Pregame Salute . '' Then , while playing the introduction to `` Touchdown for LSU , '' the band begins to run in tempo through the streets and down the hill amidst the crowd of cheering fans . From there , the band enters the PMAC and plays a pep ralley for TAF members . White jerseys -- LSU is notable as one of the few college football teams that wears white jerseys for home games as opposed to their darker jerseys ( in their case , purple ) . Most other NCAA football teams wear their darker jerseys in home games , even though football is one of the few college sports that do not require a specific jersey type for each respective team ( for instance , college basketball requires home teams to wear white or light - colored jerseys while the away team wears their darker jerseys ) , and is similar to the National Football League in letting the home team decide what to wear . The tradition started in 1958 , when Coach Paul Dietzel decided that LSU would wear white jerseys for home games . Another story is the tradition first started when Dietzel had LSU wear white at home for good luck against a ranked Georgia Tech team in 1957 because Georgia Tech 's team had long been known for wearing white at home . LSU won the game and he continued that tradition for the 1958 season and LSU went on to win the national championship that year . Since the 1958 championship season , LSU continued to wear white jerseys at home games through the 18 - year tenure of Charles McClendon . Then in 1983 , new NCAA rules prohibited teams from wearing white jerseys at home . Because of this , LSU wore purple jerseys during home games from 1983 to 1994 . The team 's fans believed wearing purple jerseys were `` bad luck '' and often complained about being forced to wear purple jerseys at home . In 1995 , LSU 's new coach , Gerry DiNardo , was determined to restore LSU 's tradition of white home jerseys . DiNardo personally met with each member of the NCAA Football Rules Committee , lobbying LSU 's case . DiNardo was successful , and LSU again began wearing white jerseys at home when the 1995 season began . In LSU 's first home game with the white jerseys , unranked LSU prevailed in a 12 -- 6 upset victory over No. 6 Auburn . The 1995 rule allowing LSU to wear white at home had one stipulation : the visiting team must agree for conference and non-conference games . In 1997 , the SEC amended its rule to allow the home team its choice of jersey color for conference games without prior approval of the visiting team . Therefore , only for non-conference home games does the home team seek permission to wear white jerseys at home . In 2009 , the NCAA further relaxed the previous rule that required most away teams to wear white . The rule now states that teams must simply wear contrasting colors . After the 1995 rule change , on three occasions LSU was forced to wear colored jerseys at Tiger Stadium . The first time was in 1996 against Vanderbilt , who was still angry at LSU for hiring Gerry DiNardo , who left Vanderbilt to become LSU 's head coach after the 1994 season . LSU wore gold jerseys for that game ( a 35 -- 0 LSU victory ) , and fans were encouraged to wear white in an effort to `` white out '' the Commodores . The other was in 2004 when Oregon State did not want to suffer in its black jerseys due to the humid weather of Louisiana in late summer , thus forcing LSU to wear its purple jerseys for a nationally televised game on ESPN . On October 10 , 2015 , LSU was scheduled to play a road conference game at South Carolina , but due to massive flooding in the state of South Carolina , the game was relocated from Columbia to Baton Rouge . Despite the game being played at Tiger Stadium , South Carolina was still the designated home team and had first choice of jersey selection . South Carolina chose to wear white as they had originally planned , forcing LSU to wear their purple jerseys at Tiger Stadium for an SEC game for the first time since 1994 . After the 1995 rule change , LSU was forced to wear colored jerseys on the road on four occasions . In 1998 and 2000 , Florida coach Steve Spurrier exercised this option and forced LSU to don a colored jersey at Gainesville . The Tigers wore gold in 1998 under Gerry DiNardo ( lost 22 -- 10 ) and purple in 2000 under Nick Saban ( lost 41 -- 9 ) . In 2007 and 2009 , LSU also wore its purple jerseys on the road at Mississippi State , but the Tigers emerged victorious both times ( 45 -- 0 in 2007 and 30 -- 26 in 2009 ) . Songs and cheers ( edit ) Callin ' Baton Rouge -- The Garth Brooks song `` Callin ' Baton Rouge '' is played over the PA system in Tiger Stadium prior to kickoff for each game . LSU cheerleader First , second , and third - down cheers -- When the Tigers are on offense and earn a first down , the fans perform the `` First Down Cheer '' . It includes the `` Hold that Tiger '' musical phrase from `` Tiger Rag '' played by the LSU band and the fans shout `` Geaux Tigers '' at the end of each phrase . The `` Second Down Cheer '' is a musical selection that is followed by the crowd chanting L-S-U ! The `` Third Down Cheer '' is based on the song `` Eye of the Tiger '' by Survivor . Geaux Tigers -- A common cheer for all LSU athletics , Geaux Tigers , pronounced `` Go Tigers '' , is derived from a common ending in Cajun French names , - eaux . Fans began using this spelling in the 1990s to add local flavor to the standard cheer . The phrase was trademarked by the university in 2005 . Hot Boudin -- A cheer before and during games about famous food in Louisiana . It goes `` Hot boudin , cold coush - coush , come on tigers , push push push . '' Push is pronounced poosh to rhyme with coush - coush ( koosh - koosh ) . Coush - coush is a Cajun dish generally served for breakfast . Tiger bait -- LSU fans will yell `` Tiger Bait , Tiger Bait '' at visiting fans . Tiger Bandits -- Whenever LSU forces a turnover or gets the ball back via a defensive stop , the LSU band plays the Tiger Bandits song and LSU fans bow in respect to the defensive stop . The original title of the song was called `` Chinese Bandits '' , but the title was eventually changed to `` Tiger Bandits '' ( or just simply `` Bandits '' ) to make the tradition more inclusive . The term `` Chinese Bandits '' originated as the nickname that LSU Coach Paul Dietzel gave to the defensive unit he organized in 1958 , which helped LSU to win its first national championship . The next season , the 1959 Chinese Bandit defense held their opponents to an average of only 143.2 yards per game . No LSU defense since has done better . Jersey No. 18 ( edit ) Jersey No. 18 is an LSU tradition established in 2003 when quarterback Matt Mauck guided LSU to a national championship . After Mauck 's final season , he passed jersey No. 18 to running back Jacob Hester , who helped LSU win the 2007 national championship . The jersey became synonymous with success on and off the field as well as having a selfless attitude . Each season , a player is chosen by the coaching staff to wear the No. 18 jersey . In 2017 , LSU awarded the jersey to two players , one each on offense and defense . No. 18 by season : 2003 : Matt Mauck , quarterback 2004 -- 2007 : Jacob Hester , running back 2008 -- 2009 : Richard Dickson , tight end 2010 : Richard Murphy , running back 2011 : Brandon Taylor , safety 2012 : Bennie Logan , defensive tackle 2013 : Lamin Barrow , linebacker 2014 : Terrence Magee , running back 2015 -- 2016 : Tre'Davious White , cornerback 2017 : Christian LaCouture , defensive end and J.D. Moore , fullback `` DBU '' ( edit ) In recent years , LSU has had a high number of defensive backs earn recognition for their play , leading to both current and former players to refer to the school as `` Defensive Back University '' , or `` DBU '' . This has led to a sense of pride among LSU defensive backs , who strive to continue the tradition of excellence at the position . Since 2005 , 17 LSU defensive backs have been drafted into the NFL , including six in the first round : LaRon Landry ( 6th pick in 2007 ) , Patrick Peterson ( 5th pick in 2011 ) , Morris Claiborne ( 6th pick in 2012 ) , Eric Reid ( 18th pick in 2013 ) , Jamal Adams ( 6th pick in 2017 ) , and Tre'Davious White ( 27th pick in 2017 ) . Rivalries ( edit ) Alabama Crimson Tide ( edit ) Main article : Alabama -- LSU football rivalry LSU and Alabama have played every year since the 1960s , with Alabama holding a historic edge in the series , 51 -- 25 -- 5 . Many trace the origins of the rivalry back to a 15 - game undefeated streak Alabama had in Tiger Stadium , which is generally considered to be one of the most hostile atmospheres in college football . While their rivalries against Auburn and Tennessee may overshadow their rivalry with LSU , the significance of this rivalry increased after Alabama hired former LSU coach Nick Saban in 2007 . The LSU - Alabama rivalry continued after the November 5 , 2011 game and the 2012 National Championship where the two teams faced off . Alabama currently owns a six - game winning streak over LSU . Arkansas razorbacks ( edit ) Main article : Arkansas -- LSU football rivalry The Golden Boot trophy is awarded to the annual winner of the Arkansas - LSU football game . After the Razorbacks left the Southwest Conference in 1990 , Arkansas joined the SEC in 1991 and began a yearly rivalry with LSU . During their first year in the SEC , Arkansas would defeat LSU for the first time , since 1929 , the razorbacks first win over LSU in Fayetteville . The winner takes home the Golden Boot , a trophy in the shape of the states of Arkansas and Louisiana that resembles a boot . The trophy was created by the SEC to try to help develop fan and player interest in the new rivalry . The game , played the day after Thanksgiving until the 2010 season , was usually the last regular season game for each team and is broadcast on CBS . In 2002 , the rivalry gained momentum as the game winner would represent the Western Division of the SEC in the SEC Championship Game . Arkansas won on a last second touchdown pass by Matt Jones . In 2006 , the Razorbacks , who had already clinched the SEC Western Division and were on a 10 - game winning streak , were beaten by LSU in Little Rock . In 2007 , Arkansas defeated top - ranked LSU in triple overtime , giving them their first win in Baton Rouge since 1993 , and again defended the Golden Boot trophy with a last minute touchdown drive in 2008 . Fifteenth - ranked LSU won back the trophy for the first time in two years in 2009 after Razorback kicker Alex Tejada missed a field goal that would have sent the game into a second overtime , and LSU went on to the Capital One Bowl . In 2011 , with both teams ranked in the top 3 in the AP Poll , # 1 LSU would demolish # 3 Arkansas by a score 41 - 17 , sending LSU to the SEC title game . Auburn Tigers ( edit ) Main article : Auburn -- LSU football rivalry While Auburn 's rivalries against Alabama and Georgia may overshadow its rivalry with LSU , in the 2000s , LSU had a heated rivalry with the Auburn Tigers . The two share more than just a nickname , as they have both enjoyed success in the SEC 's Western Division and plenty of memorable match ups . Either Auburn or LSU has won at least a share of the SEC Western Division championship for eight of the last eleven years . The home team won every game from 2000 through 2007 . Florida Gators ( edit ) Main article : Florida -- LSU football rivalry Although both universities were founding members of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) in December 1932 , the Florida Gators and Tigers did not meet on the gridiron for the first time until 1937 . LSU is Florida 's permanent inter-divisional rival . LSU has played Florida every year since 1971 . Florida leads the series 32 -- 29 -- 3 . The longest winning streak in the LSU -- Florida series is held by Florida , with nine victories from 1988 to 1996 . LSU 's longest winning streak is four , from 1977 to 1980 . The winner of the Florida - LSU game went on to win the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) national championship game from 2006 to 2008 . Some of the notable games in this rivalry include the 1960 : Wristband Robbery , 1964 : Hurricane Delay , 1972 : Flooded Swamp , 1989 : College Football 's First Overtime Game , 1997 : LSU 's Revenge , 2006 : Tebow Domination , 2007 : 5 for 5 on fourth down , and 2016 : Hurricane Delay Pt 2 . With a few exceptions , this rivalry has been known for close games in recent years , with both teams usually coming into the match - up highly ranked . The Gators and Tigers have combined to win five national championships and eleven SEC titles over the past two decades . Mississippi State Bulldogs ( edit ) Main article : LSU -- Mississippi State football rivalry The LSU -- Mississippi State rivalry , is an annual football game between the Louisiana State Tigers and Mississippi State Bulldogs . Both universities are founding members of the Southeastern Conference , as well as the Western Division . This rivalry is LSU 's longest rivalry with 108 meetings . LSU is second only to Ole Miss ( 3 games behind ) on Mississippi St. 's list of most - commonly played opponents . The Tigers lead the series 73 -- 34 -- 3 . Mississippi State 's 34 -- 29 victory on September 20 , 2014 was the Bulldogs ' first over LSU since 1999 , their first in Baton Rouge since 1991 , and just their fourth overall since 1985 . Ole Miss Rebels ( edit ) Magnolia Bowl trophy Main article : Magnolia Bowl LSU 's traditional SEC rival is Ole Miss . Throughout the fifties and sixties , games between the two schools featured highly ranked squads on both sides and seemingly every contest had conference , and at times national , title implications . The Magnolia Bowl Trophy is now awarded to the winner of the LSU - Ole Miss rivalry now known as the `` Magnolia Bowl '' . Recently , the second to last regular season game has been between these two colleges . There is still a strong rivalry between both schools . From 1961 through 1988 , LSU did not play on the Ole Miss campus in Oxford , Mississippi . Instead , all of the Rebels ' home dates in the series were contested at Mississippi Veterans Memorial Stadium in Jackson . LSU and Ole Miss played at Oxford in 1989 for the first time in 29 seasons , then moved the series permanently to Vaught -- Hemingway Stadium in 1994 after the 1991 and 1992 contests returned to Jackson . Texas A&M Aggies ( edit ) Main article : LSU -- Texas A&M football rivalry Texas A&M is LSU 's ninth oldest collegiate - football rivalry . LSU leads the series 33 -- 20 -- 3 . The Tigers and Aggies have faced each other in two bowl games . LSU won the January 1 , 1944 , Orange Bowl 19 -- 14 and LSU won the January 7 , 2011 Cotton Bowl Classic 41 -- 24 . From 1945 to 1973 was the most dominant span by either team in the series history . LSU was 17 -- 3 -- 1 vs Texas A&M during this span . LSU won the first ever SEC matchup between the two teams 24 -- 19 at Kyle Field . It currently has been 23 years since Texas A&M has defeated LSU in a football game . LSU is the only SEC team Texas A&M has not defeated since joining the conference . Tulane Green Wave ( edit ) Main article : Battle for the Rag LSU 's oldest rival is Tulane ; the first LSU - Tulane football game was played in 1893 and for the first fifty or so years of Tiger football , no team was more hated by LSU fans than the Green Wave . The series , in which they battle for the Tiger Rag , was played continuously from 1919 to 1994 . The intrastate rivalry featured two teams which were geographically close ( Baton Rouge and New Orleans are roughly 80 miles ( 130 km ) apart ) and drew on socio - political tensions between the state 's capital and seat of government and its biggest and most culturally important city . As opponents in the SIAA , Southern Conference and SEC , the Tulane rivalry flourished for many years but slowly declined after Tulane left the SEC and de-emphasized athletics . Until 1949 , the series was very competitive , with LSU leading 23 -- 18 -- 5 ; since 1949 , LSU has dominated , going 45 -- 4 -- 2 . The two teams renewed the annual series in 2006 and ended it again after the 2009 meeting . Yearly records ( edit ) LSU Tigers football seasons ( edit ) Main article : List of LSU Tigers football seasons All - time record vs. current SEC members through 2017 ( edit ) School LSU record Streak 1st meeting Last meeting Alabama 25 -- 51 -- 5 Lost 6 1895 2016 Arkansas 38 -- 22 -- 2 Won 1 1901 2016 Auburn 29 -- 22 -- 1 Won 1 1901 2017 Florida 29 -- 32 -- 3 Won 1 1937 2017 Georgia 16 -- 13 -- 1 Lost 1 1928 2013 Kentucky 40 -- 16 -- 1 Won 2 1949 2014 Ole Miss 61 -- 41 -- 4 Won 2 1894 2017 Mississippi State 73 -- 35 -- 3 Lost 1 1896 2017 Missouri 1 -- 1 -- 0 Won 1 1978 2016 South Carolina 18 -- 2 -- 1 Won 6 1930 2015 Tennessee 10 -- 20 -- 3 Won 5 1925 2017 Texas A&M 33 - 20 -- 3 Won 7 1899 2017 Vanderbilt 22 -- 7 -- 1 Won 7 1902 All - time record vs. opponents through 2017 ( edit ) School LSU record 1st meeting Last meeting Akron 1 - 0 - 0 1997 1997 Alabama 25 - 51 - 5 1895 2016 Appalachian State 2 - 0 - 0 2005 2008 Arizona 3 - 0 - 0 1984 2006 Arizona State 1 - 0 - 0 2005 2005 Arkansas 38 - 22 - 2 1901 2016 Arkansas State 3 - 0 - 0 1991 Army 0 - 1 - 0 1931 1931 Auburn 28 - 22 - 1 1901 2016 Baylor 8 - 3 - 0 1907 1985 Boston College 2 - 0 - 0 1947 1953 Cal State Fullerton 1 - 0 - 0 Centenary 3 - 1 - 1 1895 1933 Chattanooga 1 - 0 - 0 1954 1954 Cincinnati 0 - 1 - 0 1897 1897 Citadel 1 - 0 - 0 2002 2002 Clemson 2 - 1 - 0 1959 2012 Colorado 5 - 1 - 0 1962 1980 Colorado State 1 - 1 - 0 1985 1992 Cumberland 0 - 1 - 0 1903 1903 Dakota Wesleyan 1 - 0 - 0 1930 1930 Duke 1 - 1 - 0 1929 1958 East Carolina 1 - 0 - 0 1985 1985 Eastern Michigan 1 - 0 - 0 2015 2015 Florida 28 - 32 - 3 1937 2016 Florida State 2 - 7 - 0 1968 1991 Fordham 2 - 0 - 0 1942 1946 Fresno State 1 - 0 - 0 2006 2006 Furman 1 - 0 - 0 2013 2013 George Washington 1 - 0 - 0 1934 1934 Georgia 16 - 13 - 1 1928 2013 Georgia Tech 7 - 12 - 0 1915 2008 Hardin - Simmons 1 - 0 - 0 1958 1958 Haskell Indian Nations 1 - 1 - 0 1908 1914 Havana University 1 - 0 - 0 1907 1907 Holy Cross 2 - 1 - 0 1939 1941 Houston 2 - 1 - 0 2000 Howard 1 - 0 - 0 1907 1907 Idaho 2 - 0 - 0 1998 2012 Illinois 1 - 0 - 0 2002 2002 Indiana 2 - 1 - 0 1924 1978 Iowa 1 - 1 - 0 2013 Iowa State 1 - 0 - 0 1971 1971 Jacksonville State 1 - 0 - 0 2016 2016 Jefferson College 6 - 0 - 0 1913 1920 Kansas State 1 - 0 - 0 1980 1980 Kent State 1 - 0 - 0 2013 2013 Kentucky 40 - 16 - 1 1949 2014 Louisiana College 2 - 0 - 0 1928 1929 Louisiana - Lafayette ( 1 ) 22 - 0 - 0 1902 2009 Louisiana - Monroe ( 2 ) 3 - 0 - 0 2003 2014 Louisiana Tech 18 - 1 - 0 1901 2009 Louisville 1 - 0 - 0 2016 2016 Loyola ( New Orleans ) 4 - 1 - 0 1922 1939 Manhattan 1 - 0 - 0 1935 1935 Maryland 0 - 3 - 0 1951 1955 McNeese State 1 - 0 - 0 Mercer 1 - 0 - 0 1940 1940 Miami ( Fla . ) 9 - 3 - 0 1946 2005 Miami ( Ohio ) 2 - 1 - 0 1986 2002 Michigan State 1 - 0 - 0 1995 1995 School LSU record 1st meeting Last meeting Middle Tennessee 2 - 0 - 0 2001 2007 Millsaps 2 - 1 - 0 1900 1933 Mississippi 60 - 41 - 4 1894 2016 Mississippi College 9 - 0 - 1 1910 1923 Mississippi State 73 - 34 - 3 * 1896 2016 Missouri 1 - 1 - 0 1978 2016 Nebraska 0 - 5 - 1 1971 New Mexico State 2 - 0 - 0 2014 North Carolina 6 - 1 - 0 1948 Northwestern State ( 3 ) 11 - 0 - 0 1911 2011 Notre Dame 5 - 6 - 0 1970 2014 North Texas 4 - 0 - 0 1995 2012 Ohio 1 - 0 - 0 1989 1989 Ohio State 1 - 1 - 1 2007 Oklahoma 1 - 1 - 0 1950 Oklahoma State 1 - 0 - 0 1956 1956 Oregon 3 - 1 - 0 1932 2011 Oregon State 4 - 0 - 0 1976 Pacific 3 - 0 - 0 1950 1972 Penn State 0 - 2 - 0 2009 Rice 37 - 13 - 5 1915 1995 Rutgers 0 - 1 - 0 1922 1922 San Jose State 1 - 0 - 0 1999 1999 Santa Clara 0 - 2 - 0 1937 1938 Sewanee 3 - 6 - 0 1899 1932 SMU 0 - 1 - 1 1922 1934 South Carolina 18 - 2 - 1 1930 2015 Southeastern Louisiana 1 - 0 - 0 1949 1949 Southern California 1 - 1 - 0 1979 1984 Southern Mississippi 2 - 1 - 0 1951 2016 Southwestern ( Tenn . ) 1 - 0 - 0 1908 1908 Sam Houston State 1 - 0 - 0 2014 2014 Southwestern Texas 1 - 0 - 0 1911 1911 Spring Hill 8 - 0 - 0 1920 1932 Stanford 0 - 1 - 0 1977 1977 Syracuse 2 - 1 - 0 1965 2015 TCU 6 - 2 - 1 1931 2013 Tennessee 9 - 20 - 3 1925 2011 Texas 7 - 9 - 1 1896 2003 Texas A&M 32 - 20 - 3 1899 2016 Texas - El Paso 1 - 0 - 0 1997 1997 Texas Tech 3 - 0 - 0 1954 2015 Towson 1 - 0 - 0 2012 2012 Transylvania 1 - 0 - 0 1909 1909 Troy 2 - 0 - 0 2008 Tulane 69 - 22 - 7 1893 2009 UAB 1 - 1 - 0 2000 2013 Utah 2 - 0 - 0 1976 Utah State 2 - 0 - 0 1993 2001 Vanderbilt 22 - 7 - 1 1902 Virginia Tech 1 - 1 - 0 2002 2007 Wake Forest 3 - 0 - 0 1960 1979 Washington 3 - 0 - 0 2012 West Virginia 2 - 0 - 0 2011 Western Carolina 1 - 0 - 0 2000 2000 Western Illinois 1 - 0 - 0 2003 2003 Western Kentucky 2 - 0 - 0 2011 2015 Wichita State 1 - 0 - 0 1984 1984 Wisconsin 3 - 1 - 0 1971 2016 Wyoming 3 - 0 - 0 1968 1978 LSU has an 18 - 4 record in official games against a group of opponents consisting of military and club teams included in their overall record . ( 1 ) - Formerly Southwestern Louisiana ( 2 ) - Formerly Northeast Louisiana ( 3 ) - Formerly Louisiana Normal * - 1975 and 1976 games forfeited to LSU by NCAA College football Playoff rankings and polls ( edit ) Main article : List of LSU Tigers football College Football Playoff rankings and Poll history College Football Playoff rankings The LSU Tigers football team finished in the Top 25 in the first College Football Playoff rankings . Preseason polls The LSU Tigers football team has been ranked # 1 in the Pre-season Associated Press Poll ( AP Poll ) in 1959 and the Pre-season Coaches ' Poll in 2012 . Final polls The LSU Tigers football team finished the season ranked # 1 in the Final Associated Press Poll ( AP Poll ) in 1958 and 2007 . The Tigers were ranked # 1 in the Final Coaches ' Poll in 1958 , 2003 and 2007 . The Tigers also finished # 2 in the Final AP Poll in 2003 and 2011 and the Final Coaches Poll in 2011 . Bowl games ( edit ) Main article : List of LSU Tigers bowl games LSU has played in 48 bowl games , compiling a record of 25 -- 22 -- 1 . The Tigers have played in 17 straight bowl games since 2000 , the fifth longest active streak in the NCAA and second longest in the Southeastern Conference . Individual accomplishments ( edit ) Player awards ( edit ) Heisman Trophy Billy Cannon ( 1959 ) Bronko Nagurski Trophy Glenn Dorsey ( 2007 ) Chic Harley Award Billy Cannon ( 1958 ) Billy Cannon ( 1959 ) Chuck Bednarik Award Patrick Peterson ( 2010 ) Tyrann Mathieu ( 2011 ) Dave Rimington Trophy Ben Wilkerson ( 2004 ) Fred Biletnikoff Award Josh Reed ( 2001 ) Jack Tatum Trophy Patrick Peterson ( 2010 ) Jim Thorpe Award Patrick Peterson ( 2010 ) Morris Claiborne ( 2011 ) Knute Rockne Memorial Trophy Ken Kavanaugh ( 1939 ) Lombardi Award Glenn Dorsey ( 2007 ) Lott Trophy Glenn Dorsey ( 2007 ) Manning Award JaMarcus Russell ( 2006 ) Outland Trophy Glenn Dorsey ( 2007 ) Paul Hornung Award Odell Beckham Jr. ( 2013 ) Sporting News Player of the Year Billy Cannon ( 1958 ) Billy Cannon ( 1959 ) Bert Jones ( 1972 ) UPI Player of the Year Billy Cannon ( 1958 ) Billy Cannon ( 1959 ) Walter Camp Football Foundation - All - Century Team Tommy Casanova ( 1969 -- 1971 ) Walter Camp Memorial Trophy Billy Cannon ( 1959 ) Jerry Stovall ( 1962 ) William V. Campbell Trophy Rudy Niswanger ( 2005 ) Wuerffel Trophy Rudy Niswanger ( 2005 ) Heisman Trophy voting history ( edit ) Year Player Place Votes 1939 Ken Kavanaugh 7th 1958 Billy Cannon 3rd 975 1959 Billy Cannon 1st 1,929 1962 Jerry Stovall 2nd 618 1972 Bert Jones 4th 351 1977 Charles Alexander 9th 54 1978 Charles Alexander 5th 282 2007 Glenn Dorsey 9th 30 2011 Tyrann Mathieu 5th 327 2015 Leonard Fournette 6th 110 Coaches awards ( edit ) AFCA Coach of the Year Paul Dietzel ( 1958 ) Charles McClendon ( 1970 ) Les Miles ( 2011 ) AP Coach of the Year Nick Saban ( 2003 ) Les Miles ( 2011 ) Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year Paul Dietzel ( 1958 ) Nick Saban ( 2003 ) Home Depot Coach of the Year Les Miles ( 2011 ) Liberty Mutual Coach of the Year Award Les Miles ( 2011 ) Paul `` Bear '' Bryant Award Nick Saban ( 2003 ) Walter Camp Coach of the Year Jerry Stovall ( 1982 ) Les Miles ( 2011 ) Broyles Award ( Assistant ) John Chavis ( 2011 ) All - Americans ( edit ) Main article : List of LSU Tigers football All - Americans LSU has had 31 players selected as consensus All - Americans , with nine of those being selected unanimously . Consensus All - Americans Gaynell Tinsley : 1935 , 1936 Ken Kavanaugh : 1939 Sid Fournet : 1954 Billy Cannon : 1958 , 1959 Roy Winston : 1961 Jerry Stovall : 1962 Mike Anderson : 1970 Tommy Casanova : 1970 , 1971 Bert Jones : 1972 Charles Alexander : 1977 , 1978 Nacho Albergamo : 1987 Wendell Davis : 1987 Alan Faneca : 1997 Chad Kessler : 1997 Josh Reed : 2001 Chad Lavalais : 2003 Marcus Spears : 2004 Ben Wilkerson : 2004 LaRon Landry : 2006 Glenn Dorsey : 2007 Craig Steltz : 2007 Josh Jasper : 2010 Patrick Peterson : 2010 Morris Claiborne : 2011 Tyrann Mathieu : 2011 Leonard Fournette : 2015 Tre'Davious White : 2016 College football Hall of Fame inductees ( edit ) LSU has had nine players and five head coaches inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame . Players Player Pos . Career Induction Gaynell Tinsley 1934 -- 1936 1956 Ken Kavanaugh 1937 -- 1939 1963 Abe Mickal RB 1933 -- 1935 1967 Doc Fenton QB , E 1904 -- 1909 1971 Tommy Casanova CB 1969 -- 1971 1995 Billy Cannon RB 1957 -- 1959 2008 Jerry Stovall RB 1960 -- 1962 Charles Alexander RB 1975 -- 1978 2012 Bert Jones QB 1969 -- 1972 2016 Coaches Coach Years Induction Dana X . Bible 1916 1951 Michael `` Iron Mike '' Donahue 1923 -- 1927 1951 Lawrence `` Biff '' Jones 1932 -- 1934 1954 Bernie Moore 1935 -- 1947 1954 Charles McClendon 1962 -- 1979 1986 Retired numbers ( edit ) No . Player Pos . Career Year no. retired 20 Billy Cannon RB 1957 -- 59 1960 37 Tommy Casanova DB 1969 -- 71 2009 Statistical leaders ( edit ) Main article : LSU Tigers football statistical leaders LSU and the NFL ( edit ) LSU Tigers players in the NFL Draft ( edit ) Main article : List of LSU Tigers in the NFL Draft The LSU Tigers football team has had 318 players drafted into the National Football League ( NFL ) . This includes 38 players taken in the first round and two overall number one picks : Billy Cannon in the 1960 NFL Draft and 1960 AFL Draft , and Jamarcus Russell in the 2007 NFL Draft . Pro football Hall of Fame ( edit ) Three former LSU football players have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Year inducted Player Season ( s ) at LSU NFL team ( s ) Years with NFL team ( s ) 1965 Steve Van Buren 1940 -- 43 Philadelphia Eagles 1944 -- 51 1971 Y.A. Tittle 1944 -- 47 Baltimore Colts 1948 -- 51 San Francisco 49ers 1951 -- 60 New York Giants 1961 -- 64 1976 Jim Taylor 1956 -- 57 Green Bay Packers 1958 -- 66 New Orleans Saints 1967 Reference : Additionally , Ron Estay is a member of the Canadian Football Hall of Fame , inducted in 2003 for his time with the BC Lions ( 1972 -- 1973 ) and Edmonton Eskimos ( 1973 -- 1982 ) . Stadium ( edit ) Tiger Stadium ( edit ) Main article : Tiger Stadium ( LSU ) Tiger Stadium Tiger Stadium is the 102,321 capacity home of the LSU Tigers football team . The stadium is the sixth largest on - campus stadium in the NCAA and the ninth largest stadium in the world . The current record attendance of 102,321 was set on September 20 , 2014 when LSU played host to Mississippi State . Tiger Stadium contains 70 skyboxes , called `` Tiger Den '' suites and a 3,200 seat club level named `` The Stadium Club '' . The Paul Manasseh Press Box is located in the west upper - deck . Tiger Stadium On April 27 , 2012 , the LSU Board of Supervisors voted unanimously in favor of a $80 million south end - zone upper deck expansion that added approximately 60 `` Tiger Den '' suites , 3,000 club seats and 1,500 general public seats to bring the total capacity of Tiger Stadium to 102,321 , making it the 6th - largest college football stadium in the country . Tiger Stadium first opened its gates in the fall of 1924 with a seating capacity of 12,000 . In the season finale , LSU hosted Tulane in the first game . As of the 2012 season , LSU has gone on to post a 384 - 143 - 18 (. 722 ) mark in Tiger Stadium . Moreover , Tiger Stadium is also known for night games , an idea that was first introduced in 1931 against Spring Hill ( a 35 - 0 LSU victory ) . In 2006 , LSU celebrated its 75th year of playing night football in Tiger Stadium . LSU has played the majority of its games at night and the Tigers have fared better under the lights than during the day . From 1960 to 2012 , LSU is 221 -- 60 -- 4 (. 782 ) at night in Tiger Stadium compared to a 25 -- 26 -- 3 (. 491 ) record during the day over that span . 384 - 143 - 18 (. 722 ) State field ( edit ) Main article : State Field State Field was the former home stadium of the LSU Tigers football team from 1893 to 1923 . The field was located on the old downtown Baton Rouge campus of LSU . Practice and training facilities ( edit ) Charles McClendon Practice Facility Main article : Charles McClendon Practice Facility Charles McClendon Practice Facility The Charles McClendon Practice Facility is the name of the LSU Tigers football practice facility . The facility features the LSU Football Operations Center , the Tigers Indoor Practice Facility and four outdoor 100 - yard football practice fields . In 2002 , it was named after former LSU head coach and College Football Hall of Fame member , Charles McClendon . LSU Football Operations Center LSU Football Operations Center Main article : LSU Football Operations Center The LSU Football Operations Center , built in 2006 , is an all - in - one facility that includes the Tigers locker room , players ' lounge , weight room , training room , equipment room , video operations center and coaches offices . The operations center atrium holds team displays and graphics , trophy cases and memorabilia of LSU football . LSU Indoor Practice Facility LSU Indoor Practice Facility and Outdoor Practice Fields Main article : LSU Indoor Practice Facility The LSU Indoor Practice Facility , built in 1991 , is a climate - controlled 82,500 square feet facility connected to the Football Operations Center . It holds the 100 - yd Anderson - Feazel LSU indoor field with Momentum Field Turf by SportExe . The indoor practice facility is located behind the football operations center . LSU Outdoor Practice Fields The four outdoor practice fields are directly adjacent to the football operations center and indoor practice facility . Three of the fields are natural grass , while the fourth , The Scott & Espe Moran Outdoor Turf Field has a Momentum Field Turf by SportExe playing surface . Coaching staff ( edit ) Head coaching history ( edit ) Main article : List of LSU Tigers head football coaches LSU has had 32 head coaches since organized football began in 1893 . In that time , 11 coaches have led the Tigers in postseason bowl games : Bernie Moore , Gus Tinsley , Paul Dietzel , Charles McClendon , Jerry Stovall , Bill Arnsparger , Mike Archer , Gerry DiNardo , Nick Saban , Les Miles and Ed Orgeron . Five of those coaches also won conference championships after LSU left the Southern Conference to join the SEC : Moore , Dietzel , McClendon , Arnsparger , Archer , Saban and Miles won a combined eleven as a member of the SEC . During their tenures , Dietzel , Saban , and Miles each won national championships awarded by major selectors while with the Tigers . Of the 32 different head coaches who have led the Tigers , Dana X . Bible , Michael Donahue , Lawrence `` Biff '' Jones , Moore and McClendon have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame . 2017 Coaching staff ( edit ) Head Coach Ed Orgeron Name Position Ed Orgeron Head coach Matt Canada Offensive coordinator / quarterbacks coach Dave Aranda Defensive coordinator James Cregg Offensive line coach Tommie Robinson Running backs coach Mickey Joseph Wide receivers coach Steve Ensminger Tight ends coach Pete Jenkins Defensive line coach Dennis Johnson Linebackers coach Corey Raymond Defensive backs coach Assistants Special teams Tommy Moffitt Strength and conditioning coordinator Recruiting ( edit ) Main article : List of LSU Tigers football recruiting history Compiled by Rivals.com ( Yahoo ! Sports ) , Scout.com ( Scout Media ) , Scouts Inc . ( ESPN ) , 247Sports.com ( CBS Sports ) Future opponents ( edit ) Non-division opponents LSU plays Florida as a permanent non-division opponent annually and rotates around the East division among the other six schools . 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 at Florida at Florida vs Florida at Florida vs Florida at Florida vs Florida at Florida vs Florida at Tennessee vs Georgia at Vanderbilt vs South Carolina at Kentucky vs Tennessee at Missouri vs Vanderbilt at Georgia Non-conference opponents Announced schedules as of July 1 , 2017 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vs BYU ( Houston , TX ) vs Miami ( FL ) ( Arlington , TX ) vs Georgia Southern vs UT - San Antonio at UCLA vs Arizona State at Arizona State vs UCLA vs Chattanooga vs SE Louisiana at Texas vs Texas vs McNeese St vs Rice vs Syracuse vs Louisiana Tech vs Northwestern State vs Rice ( at NRG Stadium , Houston ) vs Troy vs Rice vs Utah St . vs Nicholls State See also ( edit ) Louisiana State University traditions LSU Tigers and Lady Tigers Tiger Athletic Foundation List of NCAA Division I FBS football programs List of undefeated NCAA Division I football teams Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ An LSU baseball team had also worn purple and gold in its first varsity game against Tulane earlier in 1893 , even though LSU 's official colors at the time were actually blue and white . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Award Winners '' ( PDF ) . Fs.ncaa.org . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ LSU Athletics Brand Identity Guidelines for Internal , Vendor or Media Use ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cyr , Andrew ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Colleges most represented on 2017 NFL Opening Day rosters '' . NCAA.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Herb . `` LSU Football Vault , The History of the Fighting Tigers '' . Whitman Publishing , LLC . Atlanta , GA. 2008 . page 7 . Jump up ^ Vincent 2008 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Auburn Goes Down Before Louisiana '' , Montgomery Advertiser , November 1 , 1908 . Jump up ^ `` From ' The LSU Football Vault ' : The 1908 Season '' . Jump up ^ National Collegiate Athletic Association ( 1911 ) . `` Louisiana State University '' . The Official National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Guide : 227 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Dutton '' . Jump up ^ `` Composite All - Southern Eleven Chosen By Eighteen Dopesters '' . Atlanta Constitution . December 2 , 1913 . p. 8 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Edwin Pope ( 1955 ) . Football 's Greatest Coaches . p. 341 . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 -- via archive.org . Jump up ^ Vincent 2008 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Vincent 2008 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ `` Flashback : Hidden - ball play beat LSU in 1937 '' . Jump up ^ LSU Gumbo Yearbook 1956 , LSU Press , p. 318 - 319 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 University of Alabama Football Statistics '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alfano , Peter ( November 7 , 1982 ) . `` L.S.U Defeats Alabama '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LSU vs Auburn seismogram , October 08 , 1988 : : LSU University Archives Print Materials Collection '' . www.louisianadigitallibrary.org . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Footneauxts of ' 88 '' . The War Eagle Reader . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` In No. 1 Upset of the Day , LSU Beats Florida , 28 - 21 '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . October 12 , 1997 . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andy Staples ( 2011 - 11 - 06 ) . `` After all the buildup , Game of Century decided by ... kickers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Michael Bonnette ( 2011 - 11 - 05 ) . `` It 's GameDay : The Matchup of the Year '' . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Jayson Love ( 2011 - 11 - 06 ) . `` 5 . Lowest Scoring No. 1 vs. No. 2 Matchup Since 1946 '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Thomas Watts ( 2012 - 06 - 21 ) . `` College Football Playoff : I Did n't Say You Stole the Money '' . Bama Hammer . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Dellenger , Ross ( September 25 , 2016 ) . `` Behind the scenes of Les Miles ' firing : When decision made , how players took news , what ex-coach told players '' . The Advocate . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berryman , Clyde ( January 2014 ) . `` QPRS American College Football National Champions ( 1920 -- 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . Wisc.edu . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Photo of LSU vs. Arkansas 2009 '' . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Luke Johnson ( 2011 - 10 - 21 ) . `` LSU football team to change its stripes with new uniforms for Auburn game '' . New Orleans Times - Picayune , NOLA.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Football . `` Football to Wear Traditional White Jerseys in BCS Game - L guru SUsports.net - The Official Web Site of LSU Tigers Athletics '' . LSUsports.net . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Rabalais , Scott ( 2008 ) . The Fighting Tigers , 1993 2008 : Into a New Century of LSU Football ( illustrated ed . ) . LSU Press . p. 24 . ISBN 0807133701 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` LSU Football -- Tiger Stadium '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 LSU Tigers Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Louisiana State University . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com - Page2 - Welcome to Death Valley '' . Espn.go.com . September 18 , 2003 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bash On The Bayou : When It Comes To Great Tailgating , Nothing Compares To LSU '' . si.com. 2017 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ ( 2013 ) , LSU Tigers Football media guide ^ Jump up to : `` LSU 's Tiger Stadium ( 102,321 ) '' . LSUsports.net . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Band '' . LesMiles.net . Louisiana State University Athletic Department . Retrieved June 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rabalais 2008 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Rosetta , Randy ( September 17 , 2015 ) . `` Former LSU coach Gerry DiNardo helped ' bring back the magic , ' pump life into rivalry with Auburn '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA changing rules to accommodate USC - UCLA jersey tradition '' . Los Angeles Times . February 19 , 2009 . Retrieved October 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` LSU will wear purple for an SEC game in Tiger Stadium for first time in 21 years '' . Scout.com . October 7 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nightingale , Cory . `` The tradition of LSU 's famed home white jerseys '' . Saturday Down South . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brasted , Chelsea ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Garth Brooks tells Today show ' Callin ' Baton Rouge ' is his favorite song to play live '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Branch , Chris ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` Postcard From L.S.U. : Geaux ? Just Go With It '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guilbeau , Glenn ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` From Larose to LSU head coach for now -- Ed Orgeron '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` coush - coush Definition in the Food Dictionary at '' . Epicurious.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Orgera , Ryan ; Parent , Wayne ( 2014 ) . The Louisiana field guide : understanding life in the Pelican State . p. 235 . ISBN 9780807157770 . Jump up ^ LSU Sports Information Office . `` LSU Football 2015 Official Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . LSUsports.net . LSU Publications Office . p. 179 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Guilbeau , Glenn ( August 8 , 2015 ) . `` How the No. 18 became an LSU tradition '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dellenger , Ross ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` From 130 to 18 , J.D. Moore joins Christian LaCouture donning LSU 's traditional jersey '' . The Advocate . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , Rachel ( August 30 , 2010 ) . `` Football : Richard Murphy takes new leadership role with the Tigers '' . The Daily Reveille . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clarkson , Roger ( December 2 , 2011 ) . `` LSU 's Taylor continues No. 18 tradition '' . Athens Banner - Herald . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Laney , Gary ( August 16 , 2012 ) . `` LSU 's Bennie Logan wears No. 18 well '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gisclair , Casey ( August 20 , 2013 ) . `` LSU 's new No. 18 hopes to make his mark '' . Tri-Parish Times . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dellenger , Ross ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Terrence Magee to wear LSU 's tradition - based No. 18 jersey '' . The Advocate . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roser , Jerit ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` LSU 's No. 18 jersey awarded to junior cornerback Tre'Davious White '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goodbread , Chase ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` LSU stakes claim to ' DBU ' over Florida '' . NFL.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Laney , Gary ( July 19 , 2012 ) . `` Even after draft , Reid says LSU is DBU '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Klemko , Robert ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Jamal Adams and LSU 's ' DBU ' Tradition '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kleinpeter , Jim ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` LSU is DBU : Ranking drafted Tiger DBs , 17 -- 1 '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NCAAF Football : Series records : Alabama vs. LSU '' . mcubed . January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cessna , Robert ( November 27 , 2015 ) . `` Cessna : Texas A&M - LSU series needs some Aggie Ws to be rivalry '' . The Eagle . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LSU Football Series Record vs. All Opponents - LSUsports.net - The Official Web Site of LSU Tigers Athletics '' . LSUsports.net . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 LSU Football Media Guide '' . LSUsports.net . Jump up ^ `` LSU Fighting Tigers Bowls '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Active Bowl Streaks in College Football '' . Scout.com . December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana State Fighting Tigers All - America Selections '' . Sports - Reference . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` LSU Retires Three Legends ' Jerseys '' . LSUsports.net . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Draft History by School -- LSU '' . nfl.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Tigers in the NFL Draft -- LSU '' . lsusports.net . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Hall of Fame . `` Inductees by College '' . PFHOF . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Football Hall of Fame - Ron Estay '' . cfhof.ca . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com : NCF - LSU renames practice facility in honor of former coach '' . Jump up ^ Glier , Ray . How the SEC Became Goliath : The Making of College Football 's Most Dominant Conference . New York City : Simon and Schuster . p. 83 . ISBN 1476710309 . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Football Operations Center '' . lsutaf . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking the SEC 's football facilities '' . espn.com . June 14 , 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` A Look At LSU 's Facilities '' . Football.com . August 11 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` LSU Football Guide '' . lsusports.net . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` L.S.U. Gets Ready for Reunion With Saban '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ 2010 LSU Football Media Guide . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : LSU Sports Information Office . 2010 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Football - Coaches - LSUsports.net - The Official Web Site of LSU Tigers Athletics '' . LSUsports.net . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` LSU promotes Eric Mateos as new TE coach , hires Pete Jenkins as DL coach '' . nola.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` SEC Future Football Schedule Rotation Announced '' . fbschedules.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` LSU to open 2020 season at home against UT - San Antonio '' . nola.com. 2017 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Official website LSU Tigers football Venues State Field ( 1893 -- 1924 ) Tiger Stadium ( 1924 -- present ) Charles McClendon Practice Facility LSU Football Operations Center LSU Indoor Practice Facility LSU Academic Center for Student - Athletes Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Alabama Arkansas Auburn Florida Mississippi State Ole Miss : Magnolia Bowl Texas A&M Tulane : Battle for the Rag Culture & lore History Mike the Tiger LSU Tiger Marching Band Songs of LSU Golden Girls and Colorguard LSU Cheerleaders Chinese Bandits Jersey No. 18 Cannon 's Halloween Run Earthquake Game Bluegrass Miracle 2011 `` Game of the Century '' People Head coaches All - Americans LSU Hall of Fame inductees College Football Hall of Fame inductees NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold Louisiana State University Located in : Baton Rouge , Louisiana Academics LSU System Center for Computation and Technology E.J. 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Hundred Years' War

Hundred Years ' war - wikipedia Hundred Years ' war Jump to : navigation , search Hundred Years ' War Clockwise , from top left : The Battle of La Rochelle , The Battle of Agincourt , The Battle of Patay , Joan of Arc at the Siege of Orléans Date 24 May 1337 -- 19 October 1453 Location France , the Low Countries , Great Britain , Iberian peninsula Result French victory House of Valois retains the French throne English and French monarchies remain separate England permanently loses almost all of its continental possessions English claims to the French throne de facto abandoned Strengthening of the French monarchy Problems in England lead to the Wars of the Roses Rise of nationalistic identities in England and France Decline of chivalry Decline of feudalism Territorial changes France acquired the English continental possessions England retained ownership of the Channel Islands and Calais Belligerents Kingdom of France County of Flanders Duchy of Burgundy Duchy of Brittany Kingdom of Scotland Kingdom of Bohemia Duchy of Lorraine Republic of Genoa Crown of Castile Crown of Aragon Kingdom of Majorca Avignon Papacy Kingdom of England Principality of Wales Duchy of Aquitaine English Kingdom of France Duchy of Brittany Duchy of Burgundy County of Flanders County of Hainaut Kingdom of Portugal Kingdom of Navarre Papal States Commanders and leaders Philip VI ( 1337 -- 1350 ) John II ( 1350 -- 1364 ) Charles V ( 1364 -- 1380 ) Charles VI ( 1380 -- 1422 ) Charles VII ( 1422 -- 1453 ) Edward III ( 1337 -- 1377 ) Richard II ( 1377 -- 1399 ) Henry IV ( 1399 -- 1413 ) Henry V ( 1413 -- 1422 ) Henry VI ( 1422 -- 1453 ) Hundred Years ' War Edwardian phase ( 1337 -- 60 ) Cadzand Arnemuiden English Channel Sluys Saint - Omer Tournai Bergerac Auberoche Caen Blanchetaque Crécy Calais Neville 's Cross Calais Lunalonge Les Espagnols sur Mer ( Winchelsea ) Saintes Ardres Poitiers Jacquerie Chartres War of the Breton Succession Champtoceaux Vannes Hennebont Brest Morlaix Cadoret Saint - Pol - de-Léon La Roche - Derrien The Thirty Mauron Montmuran Rennes Auray Hundred Years ' War Caroline phase ( 1369 -- 89 ) Cocherel Limoges Pontvallain La Rochelle Chiset Roosebeke Hundred Years ' War Lancastrian phase ( 1415 -- 53 ) Harfleur Agincourt Valmont Rouen 2nd La Rochelle Baugé Meaux Cravant La Brossinière Verneuil St. James Orléans Herrings Loire Jargeau Meung - sur - Loire Beaugency Patay Reims Paris La Charité Compiègne Gerberoy Calais Tartas Formigny Castillon Hundred Years ' War Edwardian phase War of the Breton Succession War of the Two Peters Castilian Civil War Caroline phase Despenser 's Crusade 1383 -- 85 Crisis Lancastrian phase Armagnac -- Burgundian conflict Anglo - French wars 1202 -- 04 1213 -- 14 1215 -- 17 1242 -- 43 1294 -- 1303 1337 -- 1453 ( 1337 -- 60 , 1369 -- 89 , 1415 -- 53 ) 1496 - 98 1512 -- 14 1522 -- 26 1542 -- 46 1557 -- 59 1627 -- 29 1666 -- 67 1689 -- 97 1702 -- 13 1744 -- 48 1744 -- 1763 1754 -- 63 1778 -- 83 1793 -- 1802 1803 -- 14 1815 The Hundred Years ' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet , rulers of the Kingdom of England , against the House of Valois , rulers of the Kingdom of France , over the succession to the French throne . Each side drew many allies into the war . It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages , in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe . The war marked both the height of chivalry and its subsequent decline , and the development of strong national identities in both countries . Ever since the Norman conquest of 1066 , the King of England held lands in France , which made him a vassal of the King of France . Tensions over the status of the English monarch 's French fiefs led to conflicts between the crowns of France and England , and the extent of these lands varied throughout the medieval period . The French kings had endeavored , over the centuries , to reduce these possessions , to the effect that only Gascony was left to the English . The confiscation or threat of confiscating this duchy had been part of French policy to check the growth of English power , particularly whenever the English were at war with the Kingdom of Scotland , an ally of France . In 1316 , a principle was established denying women succession to the French throne . When Charles IV of France died without sons or brothers in 1328 , his closest male relative was his nephew Edward III of England . Edward 's mother , Isabella of France , sister of Charles IV , claimed the French throne for her son , but the French rejected it , maintaining that Isabella could not transmit a right that she did not possess . A French count , Philip of Valois , first cousin of Charles IV in the male line , succeeded to the throne as Philip VI of France . For about nine years ( 1328 -- 1337 ) , the English had accepted the Valois succession to the French throne , but several disagreements between both monarchs prompted Philip VI to confiscate Edward III 's lands in France , which in turn convinced Edward III to reassert his claim to the French throne . Several overwhelming English victories in the war -- especially at Crécy , Poitiers , and Agincourt -- raised the prospects of an ultimate English triumph , and convinced the English to continue pouring money and manpower into the war over many decades . However , the greater resources of the French monarchy precluded a complete conquest . Starting in 1429 , decisive French victories at Orléans , Patay , Formigny , and Castillon concluded the war in favour of France , with England permanently losing most of its possessions on the continent . Historians commonly divide the war into three phases separated by truces : the Edwardian War ( 1337 -- 1360 ) ; the Caroline War ( 1369 -- 1389 ) ; and the Lancastrian War ( 1415 -- 1453 ) . Local conflicts in neighbouring areas , which were contemporarily related to the war , including the War of the Breton Succession ( 1341 -- 1365 ) , the Castilian Civil War ( 1366 -- 1369 ) , the War of the Two Peters ( 1356 -- 1369 ) in Aragon , and the 1383 -- 1385 succession crisis in Portugal , were availed by the parties to advance their agendas . Later historians adopted the term `` Hundred Years ' War '' as a historiography periodization to encompass all of these events , thus constructing the longest military conflict in European history . The war owes its historical significance to multiple factors . By its end , feudal armies had been largely replaced by professional troops , and aristocratic dominance had yielded to a democratisation of the manpower and weapons of armies . Although primarily a dynastic conflict , the war gave impetus to ideas of French and English nationalism . The wider introduction of weapons and tactics supplanted the feudal armies where heavy cavalry had dominated , and artillery became important . The war precipitated the creation of the first standing armies in Western Europe since the time of the Western Roman Empire and thus helping to change their role in warfare . With respect to the belligerents , in France , civil wars , deadly epidemics , famines , and bandit free - companies of mercenaries reduced the population drastically . English political forces over time came to oppose the costly venture . The dissatisfaction of English nobles , resulting from the loss of their continental landholdings , became a factor leading to the civil wars known as the Wars of the Roses ( 1455 -- 1487 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the conflict 1.1 Dynastic turmoil in France : 1316 -- 1328 1.2 The dispute over Guyenne : a problem of sovereignty 1.3 Gascony under the King of England 1.4 Franco - Scot alliance 2 Beginning of the war : 1337 -- 1360 2.1 End of homage 2.2 Outbreak , the English Channel and Brittany 2.3 Battle of Crécy and the taking of Calais 2.4 Battle of Poitiers 2.5 Reims Campaign and Black Monday 3 First peace : 1360 -- 1369 4 French ascendancy under Charles V : 1369 -- 1389 4.1 Aquitaine and Castile 4.2 1373 campaign of John of Gaunt 4.3 English turmoil 4.3. 1 1380 campaign of the Earl of Buckingham 4.4 French turmoil 5 Second peace : 1389 -- 1415 6 Resumption of the war under Henry V : 1415 -- 1429 6.1 Burgundy alliance and the seizure of Paris 6.1. 1 Battle of Agincourt ( 1415 ) 6.1. 2 Treaty of Troyes ( 1420 ) 6.1. 3 Death of Clarence ( 1421 ) 6.2 English success 7 French victory : 1429 -- 1453 7.1 Joan of Arc and French revival 7.2 Henry 's coronations and the desertion of Burgundy 7.3 French resurgence 7.4 Fall of Gascony 7.5 End of the war 8 Significance 8.1 Historical significance 8.2 Military significance 9 Timeline 9.1 Battles 10 Important figures 10.1 France 10.2 England 10.3 Burgundy 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Origin of the conflict ( edit ) The root causes of the conflict can be found in the demographic , economic and political crises of 14th century Europe . The outbreak of war was motivated by a gradual rise in tension between the kings of France and England about Gascony , Flanders and Scotland . The dynastic question , which arose due to an interruption of the direct male line of the Capetians , was the official pretext . Dynastic turmoil in France : 1316 -- 1328 ( edit ) Main article : English claims to the French throne The question of female succession to the French throne was raised after the death of Louis X in 1316 . Louis X left only a daughter , and his posthumous son John I lived only a few days . Philip , Count of Poitiers , brother of Louis X , asserted that women were ineligible to succeed to the French throne . Through his political sagacity he won over his adversaries and succeeded to the French throne as Philip V. By the same law that he procured , his daughters were denied the succession , which passed to his younger brother , Charles IV , in 1322 . Philip III King of France r . 1270 -- 1285 Philip IV King of France King of Navarre r . 1285 -- 1314 Charles of France Count of Valois d . 1325 Louis of France Count of Evreux ( 1276 -- 1319 ) Louis X King of France King of Navarre r . 1314 -- 1316 Philip V King of France King of Navarre r . 1316 -- 1322 Charles IV King of France King of Navarre r . 1322 -- 1328 Isabella Edward II King of England Philip VI King of France r . 1328 -- 1350 Philip of Evreux King of Navarre as Philip III r . 1328 -- 1343 Joan II Queen of Navarre b . 1312 Joan III of Burgundy b . 1308 Edward III King of England b . 1312 Charles of Évreux King of Navarre as Charles II b . 1332 Philip of Burgundy b . 1323 Charles IV died in 1328 , leaving a daughter and a pregnant wife . If the unborn child was male , he would become king ; if not , Charles left the choice of his successor to the nobles . A girl ended up being born , therefore rendering the main male line of the House of Capet extinct . By proximity of blood , the nearest male relative of Charles IV was his nephew Edward III of England . Edward was the son of Isabella , the sister of the dead Charles IV , but the question arose whether she should be able to transmit a right to inherit that she did not herself possess . The French nobility , moreover , balked at the prospect of being ruled by Isabelle and her lover Roger Mortimer , who were widely suspected of having murdered the previous English king , Edward II . The assemblies of the French barons and prelates and the University of Paris decided that males who derive their right to inheritance through their mother should be excluded . Thus the nearest heir through male ancestry was Charles IV 's first cousin , Philip , Count of Valois , and it was decided that he should be crowned Philip VI . In 1340 the Avignon papacy confirmed that under Salic law males should not be able to inherit through their mothers . Eventually , Edward III reluctantly recognized Philip VI and paid him homage for his French fiefs . He made concessions in Guyenne , but reserved the right to reclaim territories arbitrarily confiscated . After that , he expected to be left undisturbed while he made war on Scotland . The dispute over Guyenne : a problem of sovereignty ( edit ) Main article : Capetian - Plantagenet rivalry Further information : Peerage of France Homage of Edward I of England ( kneeling ) to Philip IV of France ( seated ) , 1286 . As Duke of Aquitaine , Edward was also a vassal to the French King . Illumination by Jean Fouquet from the Grandes Chroniques de France in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France , Paris . Tensions between the French and English monarchies can be traced back to the 1066 Norman conquest of England , in which the English throne was seized by the Duke of Normandy , a vassal of the King of France . As a result , the crown of England was held by a succession of nobles who already owned lands in France , which put them among the most powerful subjects of the French king , as they could now draw upon the economic power of England to enforce their interests in the mainland . To the kings of France , this dangerously threatened their royal authority , and so they would constantly try to undermine English rule in France , while the English monarchs would struggle to protect and expand their lands . This clash of interests was the root cause of much of the conflict between the French and English monarchies throughout the medieval era . The Anglo - Norman dynasty that had ruled England since the Norman conquest of 1066 was brought to an end when Henry , the son of Geoffrey of Anjou and Empress Matilda and great - grandson of William the Conqueror , became the first of the Angevin kings of England in 1154 as Henry II . The Angevin kings directly ruled over more French territory than the kings of France . However , they still owed homage for these territories to the French king . From the 11th century onward , the Angevins had autonomy within their French domains , effectively neutralising the issue . King John of England inherited the Angevin domains from his brother Richard I . However , Philip II of France acted decisively to exploit the weaknesses of John , both legally and militarily , and by 1204 had succeeded in taking control of much of the Angevin continental possessions . Following John 's reign , the Battle of Bouvines ( 1214 ) , the Saintonge War ( 1242 ) , and finally the War of Saint - Sardos ( 1324 ) , the English king 's holdings on the continent , as Duke of Aquitaine ( Guyenne ) , were limited roughly to provinces in Gascony . The dispute over Guyenne is even more important than the dynastic question in explaining the outbreak of the war . Guyenne posed a significant problem to the kings of France and England : Edward III was a vassal of Philip VI of France because of his French possessions and was required to recognize the suzerainty of the King of France over them . In practical terms , a judgment in Guyenne might be subject to an appeal to the French royal court . The King of France had the power to revoke all legal decisions made by the King of England in Aquitaine , which was unacceptable to the English . Therefore , sovereignty over Guyenne was a latent conflict between the two monarchies for several generations . During the War of Saint - Sardos , Charles of Valois , father of Philip VI , invaded Aquitaine on behalf of Charles IV and conquered the duchy after a local insurrection , which the French believed had been incited by Edward II of England . Charles IV grudgingly agreed to return this territory in 1325 . To recover his duchy , Edward II had to compromise : he sent his son , the future Edward III , to pay homage . The King of France agreed to restore Guyenne , minus Agen . But the French delayed the return of the lands , which helped Philip VI . On 6 June 1329 , Edward III finally paid homage to the King of France . However , at the ceremony , Philip VI had it recorded that the homage was not due to the fiefs detached from the duchy of Guyenne by Charles IV ( especially Agen ) . For Edward , the homage did not imply the renunciation of his claim to the extorted lands . Gascony under the King of England ( edit ) France in 1330 . France before 1214 French acquisitions until 1330 England and Guyenne / Gascony as of 1330 In the 11th century , Gascony in southwest France had been incorporated into Aquitaine ( also known as Guyenne or Guienne ) and formed with it the province of Guyenne and Gascony ( French : Guyenne - et - Gascogne ) . The Angevin kings of England became Dukes of Aquitaine after Henry II married the former Queen of France , Eleanor of Aquitaine , in 1152 , from which point the lands were held in vassalage to the French crown . By the 13th century the terms Aquitaine , Guyenne and Gascony were virtually synonymous . At the beginning of Edward III 's reign on 1 February 1327 , the only part of Aquitaine that remained in his hands was the Duchy of Gascony . The term Gascony came to be used for the territory held by the Angevin ( Plantagenet ) Kings of England in southwest France , although they still used the title Duke of Aquitaine . For the first 10 years of Edward III 's reign , Gascony had been a major point of friction . The English argued that , as Charles IV had not acted in a proper way towards his tenant , Edward should be able to hold the duchy free of any French suzerainty . This argument was rejected by the French so in 1329 the 17 - year - old Edward III paid homage to Philip VI . Tradition demanded that vassals approach their liege unarmed with heads bare . Edward protested by attending the ceremony wearing his crown and sword . Even after this pledge of homage the French continued to pressure the English administration . Gascony was not the only sore point . One of Edward 's influential advisers was Robert III of Artois . Robert was an exile from the French court , having fallen out with Philip VI over an inheritance claim . He urged Edward to start a war to reclaim France and was able to provide extensive intelligence on the French court . Franco - Scot alliance ( edit ) See also : Auld Alliance France was an ally of the Kingdom of Scotland as English kings had for some time tried to subjugate the area . In 1295 , a treaty was signed between France and Scotland during the reign of Philip the Fair . Charles IV formally renewed the treaty in 1326 , promising Scotland that France would support the Scots if England invaded their country . Similarly , France would have Scotland 's support if its own kingdom was attacked . Edward could not succeed in his plans for Scotland if the Scots could count on French support . Philip VI had assembled a large naval fleet off Marseilles as part of an ambitious plan for a crusade to the Holy Land . However , the plan was abandoned and the fleet , including elements of the Scottish Navy , moved to the English Channel off Normandy in 1336 , threatening England . To deal with this crisis , Edward proposed that the English raise two armies , one to deal with the Scots `` at a suitable time '' , the other to proceed at once to Gascony . At the same time , ambassadors were to be sent to France with a proposed treaty for the French king . Beginning of the war : 1337 -- 1360 ( edit ) Hundred Years ' War Edwardian phase ( 1337 -- 60 ) Cadzand Arnemuiden English Channel Sluys Saint - Omer Tournai Bergerac Auberoche Caen Blanchetaque Crécy Calais Neville 's Cross Calais Lunalonge Les Espagnols sur Mer ( Winchelsea ) Saintes Ardres Poitiers Jacquerie Chartres Main article : Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 -- 1360 ) End of homage ( edit ) At the end of April 1337 , Philip of France was invited to meet the delegation from England but refused . The arrière - ban , literally a call to arms , was proclaimed throughout France starting on 30 April 1337 . Philip then met with his Great Council in Paris . On 24 May 1337 , it was agreed that the Duchy of Aquitaine , effectively Gascony , should be taken back into the king 's hands on the grounds that Edward III was in breach of his obligations as vassal and had sheltered the king 's ' mortal enemy ' Robert d'Artois . Edward responded to the confiscation of Aquitaine by challenging Philip 's right to the French throne . When Charles IV died , Edward had made a claim for the succession of the French throne , through the right of his mother Isabella ( Charles IV 's sister ) , daughter of Philip IV . Any claim was considered invalidated by Edward 's homage to Philip VI in 1329 . Edward revived his claim and in 1340 formally assumed the title ' King of France and the French Royal Arms ' . On 26 January 1340 , Edward III formally received homage from Guy , half - brother of the Count of Flanders . The civic authorities of Ghent , Ypres and Bruges proclaimed Edward King of France . Edward 's purpose was to strengthen his alliances with the Low Countries . His supporters would be able to claim that they were loyal to the `` true '' King of France and were not rebels against Philip . In February 1340 , Edward returned to England to try to raise more funds and also deal with political difficulties . Relations with Flanders were also tied to the English wool trade , since Flanders ' principal cities relied heavily on textile production and England supplied much of the raw material they needed . Edward III had commanded that his chancellor sit on the woolsack in council as a symbol of the pre-eminence of the wool trade . At the time there were about 110,000 sheep in Sussex alone . The great medieval English monasteries produced large surpluses of wool that were sold to mainland Europe . Successive governments were able to make large amounts of money by taxing it . France 's sea power led to economic disruptions for England , shrinking the wool trade to Flanders and the wine trade from Gascony . Outbreak , the English Channel and Brittany ( edit ) Battle of Sluys from a BNF manuscript of Froissart 's Chronicles , Bruges , c. 1470 . On 22 June 1340 , Edward and his fleet sailed from England and arrived off the Zwin estuary the next day . The French fleet assumed a defensive formation off the port of Sluis . The English fleet deceived the French into believing they were withdrawing . When the wind turned in the late afternoon , the English attacked with the wind and sun behind them . The French fleet was almost completely destroyed in what became known as the Battle of Sluys . England dominated the English Channel for the rest of the war , preventing French invasions . At this point , Edward 's funds ran out and the war probably would have ended were it not for the death of the Duke of Brittany precipitating a succession dispute between the duke 's half brother John of Montfort and Charles of Blois , nephew of Philip VI . In 1341 , conflict over the succession to the Duchy of Brittany began the War of the Breton Succession , in which Edward backed John of Montfort and Philip backed Charles of Blois . Action for the next few years focused around a back and forth struggle in Brittany . The city of Vannes in Brittany changed hands several times , while further campaigns in Gascony met with mixed success for both sides . Battle of Crécy and the taking of Calais ( edit ) Battle of Crécy , 1346 , from the Grandes Chroniques de France . British Library , London . Edward III counting the dead on the battlefield of Crécy In July 1346 , Edward mounted a major invasion across the channel , landing in Normandy 's Cotentin , at St. Vaast . The English army captured the completely unguarded Caen in just one day , surprising the French . Philip mustered a large army to oppose Edward , who chose to march northward toward the Low Countries , pillaging as he went . He reached the river Seine to find most of the crossings destroyed . He moved further and further south , worryingly close to Paris , until he found the crossing at Poissy . This had only been partially destroyed , so the carpenters within his army were able to fix it . He then continued on his way to Flanders until he reached the river Somme . The army crossed at a tidal ford at Blanchetaque , leaving Philip 's army stranded . Edward , assisted by this head start , continued on his way to Flanders once more , until , finding himself unable to outmanoeuvre Philip , Edward positioned his forces for battle and Philip 's army attacked . The Battle of Crécy was a complete disaster for the French , largely credited to the longbowmen and the French king , who allowed his army to attack before it was ready . Philip appealed to his Scottish allies to help with a diversionary attack on England . King David II of Scotland responded by invading northern England , but his army was defeated and he was captured at the Battle of Neville 's Cross , on 17 October 1346 . This greatly reduced the threat from Scotland . In France , Edward proceeded north unopposed and besieged the city of Calais on the English Channel , capturing it in 1347 . This became an important strategic asset for the English , allowing them to safely keep troops in northern France . Calais would remain under English control , even after the end of the Hundred Years ' War , until the successful French siege in 1558 . Battle of Poitiers ( edit ) In 1348 , the Black Death , which had just arrived in Paris , began to ravage Europe . In 1355 , after the plague had passed and England was able to recover financially , King Edward 's son and namesake , the Prince of Wales , later known as the Black Prince , led a Chevauchée from Gascony into France , during which he pillaged Avignonet and Castelnaudary , sacked Carcassonne , and plundered Narbonne . The next year during another Chevauchée he ravaged Auvergne , Limousin , and Berry but failed to take Bourges . He offered terms of peace to King John II of France ( known as John the Good ) , who had outflanked him near Poitiers , but refused to surrender himself as the price of their acceptance . This led to the Battle of Poitiers ( 19 September 1356 ) where his army routed the French . During the battle , the Gascon noble Jean de Grailly , captal de Buch led a mounted unit that was concealed in a forest . The French advance was contained , at which point de Grailly led a flanking movement with his horsemen cutting off the French retreat and succeeding in capturing King John and many of his nobles . With John held hostage , his son the Dauphin ( later to become Charles V ) assumed the powers of the king as regent . After the Battle of Poitiers , many French nobles and mercenaries rampaged , and chaos ruled . A contemporary report recounted : ... all went ill with the kingdom and the State was undone . Thieves and robbers rose up everywhere in the land . The Nobles despised and hated all others and took no thought for usefulness and profit of lord and men . They subjected and despoiled the peasants and the men of the villages . In no wise did they defend their country from its enemies ; rather did they trample it underfoot , robbing and pillaging the peasants ' goods ... From the Chronicles of Jean de Venette Reims campaign and Black Monday ( edit ) Main article : Reims Campaign Black Monday ( 1360 ) , hailstorms and lighting ravage the English army at Chartres Edward invaded France , for the third and last time , hoping to capitalise on the discontent and seize the throne . The Dauphin 's strategy was that of non-engagement with the English army in the field . However , Edward wanted the crown and chose the cathedral city of Reims for his coronation ( Reims was the traditional coronation city ) . However , the citizens of Reims built and reinforced the city 's defences before Edward and his army arrived . Edward besieged the city for five weeks , but the defences held and there was no coronation . Edward moved on to Paris , but retreated after a few skirmishes in the suburbs . Next was the town of Chartres . Disaster struck in a freak hailstorm on the encamped army , causing over 1,000 English deaths -- the so - called Black Monday on Easter 1360 . This devastated Edward 's army and forced him to negotiate when approached by the French . A conference was held at Brétigny that resulted in the Treaty of Brétigny ( 8 May 1360 ) . The treaty was ratified at Calais in October . In return for increased lands in Aquitaine , Edward renounced Normandy , Touraine , Anjou and Maine and consented to reduce King John 's ransom by a million crowns . Edward also abandoned his claim to the crown of France . First peace : 1360 -- 1369 ( edit ) The French king , John II , had been held captive in England . The Treaty of Brétigny set his ransom at 3 million crowns and allowed for hostages to be held in lieu of John . The hostages included two of his sons , several princes and nobles , four inhabitants of Paris , and two citizens from each of the nineteen principal towns of France . While these hostages were held , John returned to France to try and raise funds to pay the ransom . In 1362 John 's son Louis of Anjou , a hostage in English - held Calais , escaped captivity . So , with his stand - in hostage gone , John felt honor - bound to return to captivity in England . The French crown had been at odds with Navarre ( near southern Gascony ) since 1354 , and in 1363 the Navarrese used the captivity of John II in London and the political weakness of the Dauphin to try to seize power . Although there was no formal treaty , Edward III supported the Navarrese moves , particularly as there was a prospect that he might gain control over the northern and western provinces as a consequence . With this in mind , Edward deliberately slowed the peace negotiations . In 1364 , John II died in London , while still in honourable captivity . Charles V succeeded him as king of France . On 7 May 1364 , one month after the dauphin 's accession and three days before his coronation as Charles V , the Navarrese suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Cocherel . French ascendancy under Charles V : 1369 -- 1389 ( edit ) Hundred Years ' War Caroline phase ( 1369 -- 89 ) Cocherel Limoges Pontvallain La Rochelle Chiset Roosebeke Main article : Hundred Years ' War ( 1369 -- 1389 ) See also : Castilian Civil War Aquitaine and Castile ( edit ) Statue of Bertrand du Guesclin in Dinan The Franco - Castilian Navy , led by Admirals de Vienne and Tovar , managed to raid the English coasts for the first time since the beginning of the Hundred Years ' War . In 1366 there was a civil war of succession in Castile ( part of modern Spain ) . The forces of the ruler Peter of Castile were pitched against those of his half - brother Henry of Trastámara . The English crown supported Peter and the French , Henry . French forces were led by Bertrand du Guesclin , a Breton , who rose from relatively humble beginnings to prominence as one of France 's war leaders . Charles V provided a force of 12,000 , with du Guesclin at their head , to support Trastámara in his invasion of Castile . Peter appealed to England and Aquitaine 's Black Prince for help , but none was forthcoming , forcing Peter into exile in Aquitaine . The Black Prince had previously agreed to support Peter 's claims but concerns over the terms of the treaty of Brétigny led him to assist Peter as a representative of Aquitaine , rather than England . He then led an Anglo - Gascon army into Castille . Peter was restored to power after Trastámara 's army was defeated at the Battle of Nájera . Although the Castilians had agreed to fund the Black Prince , they failed to do so . The Prince was suffering from ill health and returned with his army to Aquitaine . To pay off debts incurred during the Castille campaign , the prince instituted a hearth tax . Arnaud - Amanieu VIII , Lord of Albret had fought on the Black Prince 's side during the war . Albret , who already had become discontented by the influx of English administrators into the enlarged Aquitaine , refused to allow the tax to be collected in his fief . He then joined a group of Gascon lords who appealed to Charles V for support in their refusal to pay the tax . Charles V summoned one Gascon lord and the Black Prince to hear the case in his High Court in Paris . The Black Prince answered that he would go to Paris with sixty thousand men behind him . War broke out again and Edward III resumed the title of King of France . Charles V declared that all the English possessions in France were forfeited , and before the end of 1369 all of Aquitaine was in full revolt . With the Black Prince gone from Castile , Henry de Trastámara led a second invasion that ended with Peter 's death at the Battle of Montiel in March 1369 . The new Castilian regime provided naval support to French campaigns against Aquitaine and England . 1373 campaign of John of Gaunt ( edit ) In August 1373 , John of Gaunt , accompanied by John de Montfort , Duke of Brittany led a force of 9,000 men out from Calais on a major chevauchée . While initially successful as French forces were insufficiently concentrated to oppose them , the English began to meet further resistance as they moved south . French forces began to concentrate around the English force but , under specific orders from King Charles V , the French avoided a set battle . Instead , they fell on forces detached from the main body to raid or forage . The French shadowed the English and in October , the English found themselves being trapped against the River Allier by four separate French forces . With some difficulty , the English crossed at the bridge at Moulins but lost all their baggage and loot . The English carried on south across the Limousin plateau but the weather was turning severe . Men and horses died in great numbers and many soldiers , forced to march on foot , discarded their armour . At the beginning of December , the army finally entered friendly territory in Gascony . By the end of December they were in Bordeaux , starving , ill - equipped and having lost over half of the 30,000 horses with which they had left Calais . Although the march across France had been a remarkable feat , it was a military failure . English turmoil ( edit ) With his health continuing to deteriorate , the Black Prince returned to England in January 1371 , where by now his father Edward III was elderly and also in poor health . The prince 's illness was debilitating , and he died on 8 June 1376 . Edward III died the following year on 21 June 1377 ; he was succeeded by the Black Prince 's second son Richard II ( the first son had died some time earlier ) , who was still a child . The treaty at Brétigny left Edward III and England with enlarged holdings in France ; however , a small professional French army under the leadership of du Guesclin pushed the English back and , by the time of Charles V 's death in 1380 , the English only held Calais and a few other coastal cities . It was usual to appoint a regent in the case of a child monarch , but no regent was appointed for Richard II , who nominally exercised the power of kingship from the date of his accession in 1377 . However , between 1377 and 1380 , actual power was in the hands of a series of councils . The political community preferred this to a regency led by the king 's uncle , John of Gaunt , although Gaunt remained highly influential . Richard faced many challenges during his reign , including the Peasants ' Revolt led by Wat Tyler in 1381 and an Anglo - Scottish war in 1384 -- 1385 . His attempts to raise taxes to pay for his Scottish adventure and for the protection of Calais against the French made him increasingly unpopular . 1380 campaign of the Earl of Buckingham ( edit ) In July 1380 , the Earl of Buckingham commanded an expedition to France to aid England 's ally , the Duke of Brittany . The French refused battle before the walls of Troyes on 25 August , so Buckingham 's forces continued their chevauchée and in November laid siege to Nantes . However , expected support from the Duke of Brittany did not appear and , in the face of heavy losses in both men and horses , was forced to abandon the siege in January 1381 . In February 1381 , now reconciled to the regime of the new French king Charles VI , Brittany paid 50,000 francs to Buckingham for him to abandon the siege and the campaign . French turmoil ( edit ) After the deaths of Charles V and du Guesclin in 1380 , France lost its main leadership and overall momentum in the war . Charles VI succeeded his father as king of France at the age of 11 , and he was thus put under a regency led by his uncles , who managed to maintain an effective grip on government affairs until about 1388 , well after Charles had achieved royal majority . With France facing widespread destruction , plague , and economic recession , high taxation put a heavy burden on the French peasantry and urban communities . The war effort against England largely depended on royal taxation , but the population was increasingly unwilling to pay for it , as would be demonstrated at the Harelle and Maillotin revolts in 1382 . Charles V had abolished many of these taxes on his deathbed , but subsequent attempts to reinstate them stirred up hostility between the French government and populace . Difficulties in raising taxes and revenue hampered the ability of the French to fight the English . At this point , the war 's pace had largely slowed down , and both nations found themselves fighting mainly through proxy wars , such as during the 1383 -- 1385 Portuguese interregnum . The independence party in the Kingdom of Portugal , which was supported by the English , won against the supporters of the King of Castile 's claim to the Portuguese throne , who in turn was backed by the French . Second peace : 1389 -- 1415 ( edit ) Owain Glyndŵr 's Revolt Mynydd Hyddgen Tuthill Bryn Glas Shrewsbury Stalling Down Grosmont Pwll Melyn See also : Armagnac -- Burgundian Civil War France in 1388 , just before signing a truce . English territories are shown in red , French royal territories are dark blue , papal territories are orange , and French vassals have the other colors . The war became increasingly unpopular with the English public largely due to the high taxes needed to sustain it . These taxes were seen as one of the reasons for the Peasants ' revolt . Richard 's increasing disinterest in the war together with his preferential treatment of a select few close friends and advisors angered an alliance of lords that included one of his uncles . This group , known as Lords Appellant , managed to successfully press charges of treason against five of Richard 's advisors and friends in the Merciless Parliament . The Lords Appellant were able to gain control of the council in 1388 and tried , unsuccessfully , to reignite the war in France . Although the will was there , the funds to pay the troops was lacking , so in the autumn of 1388 the Council agreed to resume negotiations with the French crown , beginning on 18 June 1389 with the signing of a three - year truce at Leulinghen . In 1389 , Richard 's uncle and supporter , John of Gaunt , returned from Spain and Richard was able to rebuild his power gradually until 1397 , when he reasserted his authority and destroyed the principal three among the Lords Appellant . In 1399 , after John of Gaunt died , Richard II disinherited Gaunt 's son , the exiled Henry of Bolingbroke . Bolingbroke returned to England with his supporters and deposed Richard and had himself crowned Henry IV . In Scotland , the problems brought in by the English regime change prompted border raids that were countered by an invasion in 1402 and the defeat of a Scottish army at the Battle of Homildon Hill . A dispute over the spoils between Henry and Henry Percy , 1st Earl of Northumberland , resulted in a long and bloody struggle between the two for control of northern England , resolved only with the almost complete destruction of the Percy family by 1408 . In Wales , Owain Glyndŵr was declared Prince of Wales on 16 September 1400 . He was the leader of the most serious and widespread rebellion against English authority in Wales since the conquest of 1282 -- 1283 . The rebellion was finally put down only in 1415 and resulted in Welsh semi-independence for a number of years . Assassination of Louis I , Duke of Orléans In 1392 , Charles VI suddenly descended into madness , forcing France into a regency dominated by his uncles and his brother . An open conflict for control over the regency began between his uncle Philip the Bold , Duke of Burgundy , and his brother , Louis of Valois , Duke of Orléans . After Philip 's death , his son and heir John the Fearless continued the struggle against Louis , but with the disadvantage of having no close personal relation to the king . Finding himself outmaneuvered politically , John ordered the assassination of Louis in retaliation . His involvement in the murder was quickly revealed , and the Armagnac family took political power in opposition to John . By 1410 , both sides were bidding for the help of English forces in a civil war . In 1418 Paris was taken by the Burgundians , who were unable to stop the massacre of Count of Armagnac and about 2,500 of his followers by a Parisian mob . Throughout this period , England confronted repeated raids by pirates that heavily damaged trade and the navy . There is some evidence that Henry IV used state - legalised piracy as a form of warfare in the English Channel . He used such privateering campaigns to pressure enemies without risking open war . The French responded in kind and French pirates , under Scottish protection , raided many English coastal towns . The domestic and dynastic difficulties faced by England and France in this period quieted the war for a decade . Henry IV of England died in 1413 and was replaced by his eldest son Henry V . The mental illness of Charles VI of France allowed his power to be exercised by royal princes whose rivalries caused deep divisions in France . Henry V was well aware of these divisions and hoped to exploit them . In 1414 while he held court at Leicester , he received ambassadors from Burgundy . Henry accredited envoys to the French king to make clear his territorial claims in France ; he also demanded the hand of Charles VI 's youngest daughter Catherine of Valois . The French rejected his demands , leading Henry to prepare for war . Resumption of the war under Henry V : 1415 -- 1429 ( edit ) Hundred Years ' War Lancastrian phase ( 1415 -- 53 ) Harfleur Agincourt Valmont Rouen 2nd La Rochelle Baugé Meaux Cravant La Brossinière Verneuil St. James Orléans Herrings Loire Jargeau Meung - sur - Loire Beaugency Patay Reims Paris La Charité Compiègne Gerberoy Calais Tartas Formigny Castillon Main article : Hundred Years ' War ( 1415 -- 1453 ) Burgundy alliance and the seizure of Paris ( edit ) Battle of Agincourt ( 1415 ) ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Agincourt Fifteenth - century miniature depicting the Battle of Agincourt of 1415 . In August 1415 , Henry V sailed from England with a force of about 10,500 and laid siege to Harfleur . The city resisted for longer than expected , but finally surrendered on 22 September 1415 . Because of the unexpected delay , most of the campaign season was gone . Rather than march on Paris directly , Henry elected to make a raiding expedition across France toward English - occupied Calais . In a campaign reminiscent of Crécy , he found himself outmaneuvered and low on supplies and had to fight a much larger French army at the Battle of Agincourt , north of the Somme . Despite the problems and having a smaller force , his victory was near - total ; the French defeat was catastrophic , costing the lives of many of the Armagnac leaders . About 40 % of the French nobility was killed . Henry was apparently concerned that the large number of prisoners taken were a security risk ( there were more French prisoners than there were soldiers in the entire English army ) and he ordered their deaths . Treaty of Troyes ( 1420 ) ( edit ) Main article : Treaty of Troyes Clan Carmichael crest with broken spear commemorating the unseating of the Duke of Clarence . Henry retook much of Normandy , including Caen in 1417 , and Rouen on 19 January 1419 , turning Normandy English for the first time in two centuries . A formal alliance was made with the Duchy of Burgundy , which had taken Paris after the assassination of Duke John the Fearless in 1419 . In 1420 , Henry met with King Charles VI . They signed the Treaty of Troyes , by which Henry finally married Charles ' daughter Catherine of Valois and Henry 's heirs would inherit the throne of France . The Dauphin , Charles VII , was declared illegitimate . Henry formally entered Paris later that year and the agreement was ratified by the Estates - General . Death of Clarence ( 1421 ) ( edit ) On 22 March 1421 Henry V 's progress in his French campaign experienced an unexpected reverse . Henry had left his brother and presumptive heir Thomas , Duke of Clarence in charge while he returned to England . Clarence engaged a Franco - Scottish force of 5000 men , led by Gilbert Motier de La Fayette and John Stewart , Earl of Buchan at the Battle of Baugé . Clarence , against the advice of his lieutenants , before his army had been fully assembled , attacked with a force of no more than 1500 men - at - arms . He then , during the course of the battle , led a charge of a few hundred men into the main body of the Franco - Scottish army , who quickly enveloped the English . In the ensuing melée , the Scot , John Carmichael of Douglasdale , broke his lance unhorsing the Duke of Clarence . Once on the ground , the duke was slain by Alexander Buchanan . The body of the Duke of Clarence was recovered from the field by Thomas Montacute , 4th Earl of Salisbury , who conducted the English retreat . English success ( edit ) Henry V returned to France and went to Paris , then visiting Chartres and Gâtinais before returning to Paris . From there , he decided to attack the Dauphin - held town of Meaux . It turned out to be more difficult to overcome than first thought . The siege began about 6 October 1421 , and the town held for seven months before finally falling on 11 May 1422 . At the end of May , Henry was joined by his queen and together with the French court , they went to rest at Senlis . While there , it became apparent that he was ill ( possibly dysentery ) , and when he set out to the Upper Loire , he diverted to the royal castle at Vincennes , near Paris , where he died on 31 August 1422 . The elderly and insane Charles VI of France died two months later on 21 October 1422 . Henry left an only child , his nine - month - old son , Henry , later to become Henry VI . On his deathbed , Henry V had given the Duke of Bedford responsibility for English France ( as Henry VI was only an infant ) . The war in France continued under Bedford 's generalship and several battles were won . The English won an emphatic victory at the Battle of Verneuil ( 17 August 1424 ) . At the Battle of Baugé , Clarence had rushed into battle without the support of his archers . At Verneuil , the archers fought to devastating effect against the Franco - Scottish army . The effect of the battle was to virtually destroy the Dauphin 's field army and to eliminate the Scots as a significant military force for the rest of the war . French victory : 1429 -- 1453 ( edit ) Joan of Arc and French revival ( edit ) Joan of Arc ( c. 1450 -- 1500 ) The appearance of Joan of Arc at the siege of Orléans sparked a revival of French spirit , and the tide began to turn against the English . The English laid siege to Orléans in 1428 , but their force was insufficient to fully invest the city . In 1429 Joan convinced the Dauphin to send her to the siege , saying she had received visions from God telling her to drive out the English . She raised the morale of the troops , and they attacked the English redoubts , forcing the English to lift the siege . Inspired by Joan , the French took several English strongholds on the Loire . The English retreated from the Loire Valley , pursued by a French army . Near the village of Patay , French cavalry broke through a unit of English longbowmen that had been sent to block the road , then swept through the retreating English army . The English lost 2,200 men , and the commander , John Talbot , 1st Earl of Shrewsbury , was taken prisoner . This victory opened the way for the Dauphin to march to Reims for his coronation as Charles VII , on 16 July 1429 . After the coronation , Charles VII 's army fared less well . An attempted French siege of Paris was defeated on 8 September 1429 , and Charles VII withdrew to the Loire Valley . Henry 's coronations and the desertion of Burgundy ( edit ) Henry VI was crowned king of England at Westminster Abbey on 5 November 1429 and king of France at Notre - Dame , in Paris , on 16 December 1431 . The first Western image of a battle with cannon : the Siege of Orléans in 1429 . Joan of Arc was captured by the Burgundians at the siege of Compiègne on 23 May 1430 . The Burgundians transferred her to the English , who organised a trial headed by Pierre Cauchon , Bishop of Beauvais and member of the English Council at Rouen . Joan was convicted and burned at the stake on 30 May 1431 . ( She was rehabilitated 25 years later by Pope Callixtus III . ) After the death of Joan of Arc , the fortunes of war turned dramatically against the English . Most of Henry 's royal advisers were against making peace . Among the factions , the Duke of Bedford wanted to defend Normandy , the Duke of Gloucester was committed to just Calais , whereas Cardinal Beaufort was inclined to peace . Negotiations stalled . It seems that at the congress of Arras , in the summer of 1435 , where the duke of Beaufort was mediator , the English were unrealistic in their demands . A few days after the congress ended in September , Philip III , duke of Burgundy , deserted to Charles VII , signing the Treaty of Arras that returned Paris to the King of France . This was a major blow to English sovereignty in France . The Duke of Bedford died on 14 September 1435 and was later replaced by Richard Plantagenet , 3rd Duke of York . French resurgence ( edit ) The Battle of Formigny ( 1450 ) The allegiance of Burgundy remained fickle , but the English focus on expanding their domains in the Low Countries left them little energy to intervene in the rest of France . The long truces that marked the war gave Charles time to centralise the French state and reorganise his army and government , replacing his feudal levies with a more modern professional army that could put its superior numbers to good use . A castle that once could only be captured after a prolonged siege would now fall after a few days from cannon bombardment . The French artillery developed a reputation as the best in the world . By 1449 , the French had retaken Rouen . In 1450 the Count of Clermont and Arthur de Richemont , Earl of Richmond , of the Montfort family ( the future Arthur III , Duke of Brittany ) , caught an English army attempting to relieve Caen and defeated it at the Battle of Formigny . Richemont 's force attacked the English army from the flank and rear just as they were on the verge of beating Clermont 's army . Fall of Gascony ( edit ) Charles `` the Victorious '' by Jean Fouquet . Louvre , Paris . After Charles VII 's successful Normandy campaign in 1450 , he concentrated his efforts on Gascony , the last province held by the English . Bordeaux , Gascony 's capital , was besieged and surrendered to the French on 30 June 1451 . Largely due to the English sympathies of the Gascon people , this was reversed when John Talbot and his army retook the city on 23 October 1452 . However , the English were decisively defeated at the Battle of Castillon on 17 July 1453 . Talbot had been persuaded to engage the French army at Castillon near Bordeaux . During the battle the French appeared to retreat towards their camp . The French camp at Castillon had been laid out by Charles VII 's ordnance officer Jean Bureau and this was instrumental in the French success as when the French cannon opened fire , from their positions in the camp , the English took severe casualties losing both Talbot and his son . End of the war ( edit ) Although the Battle of Castillon is considered the last battle of the Hundred Years ' War , England and France remained formally at war for another 20 years , but the English were in no position to carry on the war as they faced unrest at home . Following defeat in the Hundred Years ' War , English landowners complained vociferously about the financial losses resulting from the loss of their continental holdings ; this is often considered a major cause of the Wars of the Roses , that started in 1455 . Burgundian Wars ( 1474 -- 77 ) Neuss Héricourt Planta Grandson Morat Nancy Guinegate The Hundred Years ' War almost resumed in 1474 , when the duke Charles of Burgundy , counting on English support , took up arms against Louis XI . Louis managed to isolate the Burgundians by buying Edward IV of England off with a large cash sum and an annual pension , in an agreement signed at the Treaty of Picquigny ( 1475 ) . The treaty formally ended the Hundred Years ' War with Edward renouncing his claim to the throne of France . However , future Kings of England ( and later of Great Britain ) continued to claim the title until 1803 , when they were dropped in deference to the exiled Count of Provence , titular King Louis XVIII , who was living in England after the French Revolution . Charles the Bold , the last duke of Burgundy , was killed at the Battle of Nancy in 1477 , leaving a daughter , Mary , who lost the provinces of Artois , Flanders , Picardy and Burgundy to Louis XI 's armies . Significance ( edit ) Burgundian territories ( orange / yellow ) and limits of France ( red ) after the Burgundian War Historical significance ( edit ) The French victory marked the end of a long period of instability that had started with the Norman Conquest ( 1066 ) , when William the Conqueror added `` King of England '' to his titles , becoming both the vassal to ( as Duke of Normandy ) and the equal of ( as king of England ) the king of France . When the war ended , England was bereft of its Continental possessions , leaving it with only Calais on the continent . The war destroyed the English dream of a joint monarchy and led to the rejection in England of all things French , but the French language in England , which had served as the language of the ruling classes and commerce there from the time of the Norman conquest , left many vestiges in English vocabulary . English became the official language in 1362 and French was no longer used for teaching from 1385 . National feeling that emerged from the war unified both France and England further . Despite the devastation on its soil , the Hundred Years ' War accelerated the process of transforming France from a feudal monarchy to a centralised state . In England the political and financial troubles which emerged from the defeat was one major cause of the War of the Roses ( 1455 -- 1487 ) . The spread of the Black Death ( with modern borders ) Lowe ( 1997 ) argued that opposition to the war helped to shape England 's early modern political culture . Although anti-war and pro-peace spokesmen generally failed to influence outcomes at the time , they had a long - term impact . England showed decreasing enthusiasm for conflict deemed not in the national interest , yielding only losses in return for high economic burdens . In comparing this English cost - benefit analysis with French attitudes , given that both countries suffered from weak leaders and undisciplined soldiers , Lowe noted that the French understood that warfare was necessary to expel the foreigners occupying their homeland . Furthermore , French kings found alternative ways to finance the war -- sales taxes , debasing the coinage -- and were less dependent than the English on tax levies passed by national legislatures . English anti-war critics thus had more to work with than the French . Bubonic plague and warfare reduced population numbers throughout Europe during this period . France lost half its population during the Hundred Years ' War . Normandy lost three - quarters of its population , and Paris two - thirds . The population of England was reduced by 20 to 33 percent due to plague in the same period . Military significance ( edit ) In 1445 the first regular standing army in Western Europe since Roman times was organised in France partly as a solution to marauding free companies . The mercenary companies were given a choice of either joining the Royal army as compagnies d'ordonnance on a permanent basis , or being hunted down and destroyed if they refused . France gained a total standing army of around 6,000 men , which was sent out to gradually eliminate the remaining mercenaries who insisted on operating on their own . The new standing army had a more disciplined and professional approach to warfare than its predecessors . The Hundred Years ' War was a time of rapid military evolution . Weapons , tactics , army structure and the social meaning of war all changed , partly in response to the war 's costs , partly through advancement in technology and partly through lessons that warfare taught . The feudal system was slowly disintegrating throughout the hundred years war . By the war 's end , although the heavy cavalry was still considered the most powerful unit in an army , the heavily armored horse had to deal with several tactics developed to deny or mitigate its effective use on a battlefield . The English began using lightly armoured mounted troops , known as hobelars . Hobelars tactics had been developed against the Scots , in the Anglo - Scottish wars of the 14th century . Hobelars rode smaller unarmoured horses , enabling them to move through difficult or boggy terrain where heavier cavalry would struggle . Rather than fight while seated on the horse , they would dismount to engage the enemy . Timeline ( edit ) Battles ( edit ) Further information : List of Hundred Years ' War battles Important figures ( edit ) France ( edit ) Arms Historical Figure Life Notes King Philip VI 1293 -- 1350 , reigned 1328 -- 1350 Charles of Valois ' son King John II 1319 -- 1364 , reigned 1350 -- 1364 Philip VI 's son King Charles V 1338 -- 1380 , reigned 1364 -- 1380 John II 's son Bertrand du Guesclin 1320 -- 1380 Commander Louis I , Duke of Anjou 1339 -- 1384 , regent 1380 -- 1382 John II 's son King Charles VI 1368 -- 1422 , reigned 1380 -- 1422 Charles V 's son King Charles VII 1403 -- 1461 , reigned 1422 -- 1461 Charles VI 's son Joan of Arc 1412 -- 1431 Religious visionary La Hire 1390 -- 1443 Commander Jean Poton de Xaintrailles 1390 -- 1461 Commander Jean II , Duke of Alençon 1409 -- 1476 Commander Jean de Dunois 1402 -- 1468 Commander Jean Bureau 1390 -- 1463 Master Gunner Gilles de Rais 1405 -- 1440 Commander England ( edit ) Arms Historical Figure Life Notes Isabella of France 1295 -- 1358 Queen consort of England , wife of Edward II , mother of Edward III , regent of England , sister of Charles IV and daughter of Philip IV of France King Edward III 1312 -- 1377 , reigned 1327 -- 1377 Philip IV 's grandson Henry of Grosmont , 1st Duke of Lancaster 1310 -- 1361 Commander Edward , the Black Prince 1330 -- 1376 Edward III 's son John of Gaunt , 1st Duke of Lancaster 1340 -- 1399 Edward III 's son King Richard II 1367 -- 1400 , reigned 1377 -- 1399 Son of the Black Prince , Edward III 's grandson King Henry IV 1367 -- 1413 , reigned 1399 -- 1413 John of Gaunt 's son , Edward III 's grandson King Henry V 1387 -- 1422 , reigned 1413 -- 1422 Henry IV 's son Catherine of Valois 1401 -- 1437 Queen consort of England , daughter of Charles VI of France , mother of Henry VI of England and by her second marriage grandmother of Henry VII John of Lancaster , 1st Duke of Bedford 1389 -- 1435 , regent 1422 -- 1435 Henry IV 's son Sir John Fastolf 1380 -- 1459 Commander John Talbot , 1st Earl of Shrewsbury 1387 -- 1453 Commander King Henry VI 1421 -- 1471 , reigned 1422 -- 1461 ( also 1422 -- 1453 as king Henry II of France ) Henry V 's son Richard Plantagenet , 3rd Duke of York 1411 -- 1460 Commander Burgundy ( edit ) Arms Historical Figure Life Notes Philip the Bold , Duke of Burgundy 1342 -- 1404 , duke 1363 -- 1404 Son of John II of France John the Fearless , Duke of Burgundy 1371 -- 1419 , duke 1404 -- 1419 Son of Philip the Bold Philip the Good , Duke of Burgundy 1396 -- 1467 , duke 1419 -- 1467 Son of John the Fearless See also ( edit ) Timeline of the Hundred Years ' War French military history British military history Anglo - French relations Medieval demography Second Hundred Years ' War - this is the name given by some historians to the near - continuous series of conflicts between Britain and France from 1688 to 1815 , beginning with the Glorious Revolution and ending with the Battle of Waterloo . List of battles involving France in the Middle Ages Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Flanders fought against England several times as a vassal of France , such as at Cadsand , during the Caroline War , and during Despenser 's Crusade . Jump up ^ Burgundy fought against England as a vassal of France during the Caroline War . Jump up ^ The Breton House of Blois supported the Kingdom of France and her allies against England . Jump up ^ Fought against England during Despenser 's Crusade . Jump up ^ In accordance with the Treaty of Troyes , Henry VI of England became disputed king of France in 1422 , and reigned as Henry II in the areas of France which were loyal to him . Jump up ^ The Breton House of Montfort supported the Kingdom of England and her allies against France . Brittany also adopted a policy of switching sides later in the war , allying with England several times . Jump up ^ Fought with England during Despenser 's Crusade . ^ Jump up to : Brissaud 1915 , pp. 329 -- 330 Jump up ^ Previté - Orton 1978 , p. 872 Jump up ^ Bartlett 2000 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Bartlett 2000 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Gormley 2007 ( 1 ) Ohio State University Jump up ^ Harris 1994 , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Prestwich 1988 , p. 298 Jump up ^ Prestwich 2005 , pp. 292 -- 293 Jump up ^ Wilson 2011 , p. 194 Jump up ^ Prestwich 2005 , p. 394 ^ Jump up to : Prestwich 2005 , p. 306 Jump up ^ Prestwich 2005 , pp. 304 -- 305 Jump up ^ Sumption 1991 , p. 180 Jump up ^ Sumption 1991 , p. 184 Jump up ^ Prestwich 2003 , pp. 149 -- 150 ^ Jump up to : Prestwich 2005 , pp. 307 -- 312 ^ Jump up to : Friar 2004 , pp. 480 -- 481 Jump up ^ R.E. Glassock . England circa 1334 in Darby 1976 , p. 160 Jump up ^ Sumption 1991 , pp. 188 -- 189 Jump up ^ Sumption 1991 , pp. 233 -- 234 ^ Jump up to : Rogers 2010 , pp. 88 -- 89 ^ Jump up to : Prestwich 2005 , pp. 318 -- 319 Jump up ^ Rogers 2010 , pp. 55 -- 45 Jump up ^ Grummitt 2008 , p. 1 Jump up ^ The Black Death , transl . & ed . Rosemay Horrox , ( Manchester University Press , 1994 ) , 9 . Jump up ^ Lee 1903 , p. 388 . ^ Jump up to : Le Patourel 1984 , pp. 20 -- 21 Jump up ^ Wilson 2011 , p. 218 ^ Jump up to : Guignebert 1930 , Volume 1 . pp. 304 -- 307 Jump up ^ de Venette 1953 , p. 66 ^ Jump up to : Prestwich 2005 , p. 326 Jump up ^ Le Patourel 1984 , p. 189 Jump up ^ `` Hail kills English troops - Apr 13 , 1360 - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Le Patourel 1984 , p. 32 ^ Jump up to : Chisholm 1911 , p. 501 Jump up ^ Wagner 2006 , pp. 102 -- 103 Jump up ^ Ormrod 2001 , p. 384 Jump up ^ Backman 2003 , pp. 179 -- 180 -- Nobles captured in battle were held in `` Honorable Captivity '' , which recognised their status as prisoners of war and permitted ransom . Jump up ^ Britannica . Treaty of Brétigny . Retrieved 21 September 2012 Jump up ^ Wagner 2006 , pp. 86 Jump up ^ Curry 2002 , pp. 69 -- 70 ^ Jump up to : Wagner 2006 , p. 78 ^ Jump up to : Wagner 2006 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Wagner 2006 , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Sumption 2009 , pp. 187 -- 196 . Jump up ^ Barber 2004 Jump up ^ Omrod 2008 ^ Jump up to : Tuck 2004 Jump up ^ Francoise Autrand . Charles V King of France in Vauchéz 2000 , pp. 283 -- 284 Jump up ^ Sumption 2009 , pp. 385 -- 390 , 396 -- 399 . Jump up ^ Sumption 2009 , p. 409 . Jump up ^ Sumption 2009 , p. 411 . ^ Jump up to : Baker 2000 , p. 6 ^ Jump up to : Neillands 1990 , pp. 182 -- 184 ^ Jump up to : Curry 2002 , pp. 77 -- 82 Jump up ^ Mortimer 2008 , pp. 253 -- 254 Jump up ^ Mortimer 2008 , pp. 263 -- 264 Jump up ^ Bean 2008 Jump up ^ Smith 2008 Jump up ^ Sizer 2007 Jump up ^ Ian Friel . The English and War at Sea . c. 1200 - c. 1500 in Hattendorf & Unger 2003 , pp. 76 -- 77 ^ Jump up to : Nolan . The Age of Wars of Religion . p. 424 ^ Jump up to : Allmand 2010 ^ Jump up to : Turchin 2003 , pp. 179 -- 180 Historical dynamics : why states rise and fall Jump up ^ Wagner 2006 , pp. 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ Harriss 2010 ^ Jump up to : Griffiths 2010 Jump up ^ Wagner 2006 , pp. 307 -- 308 ^ Jump up to : Davis 2003 , pp. 76 -- 80 ^ Jump up to : Norfolk Record Office , MC 2833 / 1 Jump up ^ Jaques 2007 , p. 777 . ^ Jump up to : Lee 1998 , pp. 145 -- 147 Jump up ^ Sumption 1991 , p. 562 Jump up ^ Nicolle 2012 , pp. 26 -- 35 ^ Jump up to : Wagner 2006 , p. 79 Jump up ^ `` Every version of the complaints put forward by the rebels in 1450 harps on the losses in France '' ( Webster 1998 , pp. 39 -- 40 ) . Jump up ^ Neillands 1990 , pp. 290 -- 291 ^ Jump up to : Ross 1974 , pp. 249 -- 250 Jump up ^ Janvrin & Rawlinson 2016 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Janvrin & Rawlinson 2016 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Jr & Schutz 1948 , p. 61 Jump up ^ `` Every version of the complaints put forward by the rebels in 1450 harps on the losses in France '' ( Jokinenokinen 2007 quoting Webster , Bruce . Wars of the Roses . p. 40 . Jump up ^ Lowe 1997 , pp. 147 -- 195 Jump up ^ Ladurie 1987 , p. 32 The French peasantry , 1450 -- 1660 Jump up ^ Neillands 1990 , pp. 110 -- 111 ^ Jump up to : Preston , Wise & Werner 1991 , pp. 84 -- 91 Jump up ^ Powicke 1962 , p. 189 Jump up ^ Colm McNamee . Hobelars in Rogers 2010 , pp. 267 -- 268 Jump up ^ Jones 2008 , pp. 1 -- 17 References ( edit ) Allmand , C.T ( 2010 ) . `` Henry V ( 1386 -- 1422 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 12952 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Backman , Clifford R ( 2003 ) . The Worlds of Medieval Europe . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 533527 - 9 . Baker , Denise Nowakowski , ed. ( 2000 ) . Inscribing the Hundred Years ' War in French and English Cultures . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 4701 - 4 . Barber , Richard ( 2004 ) . `` Edward , prince of Wales and of Aquitaine ( 1330 -- 1376 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 8523 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Bartlett , Robert ( 2000 ) . J.M. Roberts , ed . England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075 -- 1225 . London : OUP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 925101 - 8 . Bean , J.M.W ( 2008 ) . `` Percy , Henry , first earl of Northumberland ( 1341 -- 1408 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 21932 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Brissaud , Jean ( 1915 ) . Garner , James W. Tr , ed . History of French Public Law . The Continental Legal History series . 9 . Boston : Little , Brown and Company . Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Brétigny '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 501 . Curry , Anne ( 2002 ) . The Hundred Years War 1337 -- 1453 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 269 - 5 . Darby , H.C. ( 1976 ) ( 1973 ) . A New Historical Geography of England before 1600 . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29144 - 5 . Davis , Paul K ( 2003 ) . Besieged : 100 Great Sieges from Jericho to Sarajevo 2nd . Ed . Santa Barbara CA : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 521930 - 9 . `` Encyclopædia Britannica Online '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Friar , Stephen ( 2004 ) . The Sutton Companion to Local History . Sparkford , England : Sutton . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 2723 - 2 . Gormley , Larry ( 2007 ) . `` eHistory : The Hundred Years War : Overview '' . Ohio State University . Retrieved 20 September 2012 . Griffiths , R.A ( 2010 ) . `` Henry VI ( 1421 -- 1471 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 12953 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Grummitt , David ( 2008 ) . The Calais Garrison : War and Military Service in England , 1436 -- 1558 . Woodbridge : The Boydell Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 398 - 7 . Guignebert , Charles ( 1930 ) . A Short History of the French People . 1 . F.G. Richmond Translator . New York : Macmilan Company . Harriss , G.L. ( September 2010 ) . `` Thomas , duke of Clarence ( 1387 -- 1421 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 27198 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Harris , Robin ( 1994 ) . Studies in History 71 : Valois Guyenne . Woodbridge , Surrey : Boydell Press . ISBN 0 - 86193 - 226 - 9 . Hattendorf , John B ; Unger , Richard W , eds. ( 2003 ) . War at Sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance . Woodbridge : The Boydell Press . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 903 - 6 . Holmes , Jr , Urban T ; Schutz , Alexander H ( 1948 ) . A History of the French Language , Revised ed . Columbus , OH : Harold L. Hedrick . Jaques , Tony ( 2007 ) . `` Paris , 1429 , Hundred Years War '' . Dictionary of Battles and Sieges : P-Z . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 777 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33539 - 6 . Jokinenokinen , Anniina ( 26 Apr 2007 ) . `` Causes of the Wars of the Roses : An Overview '' . Luminarium Encyclopedia ( Online Resource . ed . ) . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jones , Robert ( 2008 ) . `` Re-thinking the origins of the Irish Hobelar '' ( PDF ) . Cardiff : Cardiff School of History and Archaeology . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Janvrin , Isabelle ; Rawlinson , Catherine ( 24 July 2016 ) . The French in London : From William the Conqueror to Charles de Gaulle . Bitter Lemon Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 908524 - 66 - 9 . Lee , Cristopher ( 1998 ) . This Sceptred Isle : 55BC - 1901 . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 026133 - 8 . Ladurie , Emmanuel Le Roy ( 1987 ) . The French peasantry , 1450 -- 1660 . Translated by Sheridan , Alan . Berkeley and LA : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 05523 - 3 . Lee , Sidney , ed. ( 1903 ) . `` Edward the Black Prince '' . Dictionary of National Biography . Index and Epitome . Cambridge University Press . p. 388 . Lowe , Ben ( 1997 ) . Imagining Peace : History of Early English Pacifist Ideas . University Park PA : Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0 - 271 - 01689 - 2 . Mortimer , Ian ( 2008 ) . The Fears of Henry IV : the Life of England 's Self - Made King . London : Jonathan Cape . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84413 - 529 - 5 . Omrod , W. M ( 2008 ) . `` Edward III ( 1312 -- 1377 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 8519 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Neillands , Robin ( 1990 ) . The Hundred Years War , Revised ed . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 26131 - 7 . Nicolle , David ( 2012 ) . The Fall of English France 1449 -- 53 . Colchester , Essex : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84908 - 616 - 5 . `` Sir John Fastolf ( MC 2833 / 1 ) '' . Norwich : Norfolk Record Office . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Ormrod , W Mark ( 2001 ) . Edward III . London : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11910 - 7 . Le Patourel , John ( 1984 ) . Jones , Michael , ed . Feudal Empires : Norman and Plantagenet . London : Hambledon Continuum . ISBN 0 - 907628 - 22 - 2 . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . Powicke , Michael ( 1962 ) . Military Obligation in Medieval England . Oxford : OUP . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820695 - X . Preston , Richard ; Wise , Sydney F. ; Werner , Herman O. ( 1991 ) . Men in arms : a history of warfare and its interrelationships with Western society . 5th Edition . Beverley MA : Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc . ISBN 0 - 03 - 033428 - 4 . Prestwich , Michael ( 1988 ) . English Monarchs : Edward I. Berkeley and LA : University of California . ISBN 0 - 520 - 06266 - 3 . Prestwich , Michael ( 2003 ) . The Three Edwards : War and State in England 1272 -- 1377 . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 203 - 60713 - 9 . Prestwich , Michael ( 2005 ) . J.M. Roberts , ed . Plantagenet England . Oxford : OUP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 922687 - 0 . Previté - Orton , C.W ( 1978 ) . The shorter Cambridge Medieval History 2 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 20963 - 3 . Rogers , Clifford J , ed. ( 2010 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology . Vol. 1 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533403 - 6 . Ross , Charles Derek ( 1974 ) . Edward IV . University of California Press , . pp. 249 -- 250 . Sizer , Michael ( 2007 ) . `` The Calamity of Violence : Reading the Paris Massacres of 1418 '' . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Smith , Llinos ( 2008 ) . `` Glyn Dŵr , Owain ( c. 1359 -- c. 1416 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 10816 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Sumption , Jonathan ( 1991 ) . The Hundred Years War I : Trial by Battle . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1655 - 5 . Sumption , Jonathan ( 2009 ) . Divided Houses . The Hundred Years War III . London : Faber & Faber . ISBN 9780571240128 . Tuck , Richard ( 2004 ) . `` Richard II ( 1367 -- 1400 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 23499 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Turchin , Peter ( 2003 ) . Historical dynamics : why states rise and fall . Princeton : Princeton University . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11669 - 5 . Vauchéz , Andre , ed. ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of the Middle ages . Volume 1 . Cambridge : James Clark . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 282 - 6 . de Venette , Jean ( 1953 ) . Newall , Richard A , ed . The Chronicle of Jean de Venette . Translated by Birdsall , Jean . New York : Columbia University Press . Wagner , John A ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War . Westport CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32736 - X . Webster , Bruce ( 1998 ) . The Wars of the Roses . London : UCL Press . ISBN 1 - 85728 - 493 - 3 . Wilson , Derek ( 2011 ) . The Plantagenets . The Kings that made Britain . London : Quercus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85738 - 004 - 3 . Further Reading ( edit ) Corrigan , Gordon ( 2014 ) , A great and glorious adventure ; a military history of the hundred years war , Atlantic Books , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84887 - 927 - 0 Froissart , Jean ( 1895 ) . Macaulay , George Campbell , ed . The Chronicles of Froissart . Translated by Bourchier , John ; Lord Berners . London : Macmillan and Son . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Favier , Jean ( 1980 ) . La Guerre de Cent Ans . Paris : Fayard . ISBN 978 - 2 - 213 - 00898 - 1 . Green , David ( 2014 ) , The Hundred Years War : A People 's History . New Haven and London : Yale . ISBN 0 - 300 - 13451 - 7 Lambert , Craig L. `` Edward III 's siege of Calais : A reappraisal , '' Journal of Medieval History ( 2011 ) 37 # 3 pp 231 -- 342 Seward , Desmond ( 1999 ) , The hundred years war : The English in France 1337 -- 1453 , Penguin Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 028361 - 7 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Hundred Years ' War . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hundred Years ' War . The Hundred Years War and the History of Navarre Timeline of the Hundred Years War The Hundred Years ' War ( 1336 -- 1565 ) by Dr. Lynn H. Nelson , University of Kansas Emeritus The Hundred Years ' War information and game Jean Froissart , `` On The Hundred Years War ( 1337 -- 1453 ) '' from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook Online database of Soldiers serving in the Hundred Years War . University of Southampton and University of Reading . Hundred Years ' War Battles Chevauchées Armagnacs and Burgundians Jacquerie War of the Breton Succession Castilian Civil War GND : 4160808 - 2 HDS : 24646 NDL : 00563842 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Years%27_War&oldid=828189508 '' Categories : Hundred Years ' War 14th century in France 15th century in France Anglo - French wars Wars of the Middle Ages Wars involving Scotland Wars involving Luxembourg Wars involving Portugal Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire Global conflicts Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating information from the Dictionary of National Biography Index and Epitome Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ 98 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 02 : 03 . 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who won the hundred years war and why

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Visa policy of Russia

Visa policy of Russia - wikipedia Visa policy of Russia This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 29 August 2018 . Russian transit visa with entry and exit stamps in a Swedish passport Entry stamp in the Russian federation The visa policy of Russia deals with the requirements which a foreign national wishing to enter the Russian Federation must meet to obtain a visa , which is a permit to travel to , enter and remain in the country . Visa exemptions are based on bilateral or multilateral agreements . Russia has agreements with scores of countries whose citizens are either exempt from visa , or can purchase a visa online . Citizens of countries without such an agreement with Russia must obtain a visa in advance from a Russian diplomatic mission or visa centre . Contents 1 Visa exemption 1.1 Ordinary passports 1.1. 1 Fan ID 1.1. 2 Tour groups 1.1. 3 Land border with Belarus 1.1. 4 Common visa 1.1. 5 Visa - free visits for up to 72 hours for cruise ship and ferry passengers 1.1. 6 Visa - free zones 1.1. 7 Crew members 1.2 E-visa to visit certain regions 1.3 Visa - free transit 1.4 Diplomatic and service category passports 1.5 APEC Business Travel Card 2 Closed cities 3 Areas closed to foreigners 4 Crimea 5 Future changes 6 Agreements 7 Visa 7.1 Types of visa 7.2 Applying for visa 7.3 Exit 7.4 Costs for visa 7.5 Fingerprinting 8 Statistics 9 History 9.1 General Rules 9.1. 1 International events 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Visa exemption ( edit ) Russia The disputed Crimean Peninsula under visa policy of Russia Freedom of movement Visa waiver countries and territories Visa required for entry to Russia Ordinary passports ( edit ) Travelers who are nationals of the following 49 nations are not required to obtain a visa prior to visit Russia as long as their trip lasts no more than the visa waiver limit listed below . From 2014 , citizens of the countries , except Belarus , who have the right to a visa - free entry to Russia must not stay longer than 90 days within any 180 - day period . Resetting the allowed period by leaving and re-entering the country is no longer allowed . Overstaying up to 180 days is punishable by a three - year entry ban , on 180 -- 270 days by a five - year entry ban , over 270 days by ten - year entry ban . Unlimited period Belarus South Ossetia 90 days Abkhazia Armenia Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Moldova Tajikistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Estonia ( holders of an alien passport ) Latvia ( holders of a non-citizen passport ) Non-commercial purposes Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador El Salvador Fiji Grenada Guatemala Guyana Honduras Israel Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis South Africa Uruguay Vanuatu Venezuela 60 days for non-commercial purposes Mauritius Samoa South Korea 30 days for non-commercial purposes Bosnia and Herzegovina Cuba Laos Macao Macedonia Mongolia Montenegro Serbia Seychelles Thailand 14 days for non-commercial purposes Brunei Hong Kong Nauru Notes ^ Internal passport / national identification card accepted . ^ On 18 February 2017 the President of Russia has signed the decree `` About Recognition of the Documents Issued to the Citizens of Ukraine and Persons Without Citizenship Living in Territories of Certain Districts of the Donetsk and Luhansk Regions of Ukraine '' . Holders of passports of Donetsk People 's Republic and Luhansk People 's Republic can carry out entry into the Russian Federation and departure from the Russian Federation without execution of visas . The decree is applied temporarily , for the period before political settlement of a situation in certain districts of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions of Ukraine on the basis of the Minsk Agreement . ^ If holding a letter of guarantee / invitation and a tourist voucher . show Date of visa changes Armenian , Azerbaijani , Belarusian , Kazakhstani , Kyrgyzstani , Moldovan , Tajik , Ukrainian and Uzbekistani citizens have never needed a visa to gain access to Russia 29 July 1994 : Cuba 24 March 2007 : Thailand 20 September 2008 : Israel 31 October 2008 : Macedonia 21 November 2008 : Montenegro 6 March 2009 : Venezuela 10 June 2009 : Serbia 29 June 2009 : Argentina 1 July 2009 : Hong Kong 7 June 2010 : Brazil 3 July 2010 : Nicaragua 18 January 2011 : Chile 11 Mar 2011 : Colombia 25 April 2011 : South Ossetia 26 April 2011 : Abkhazia 21 June 2011 : Peru 27 December 2011 : Uruguay 29 February 2012 : Guatemala 30 September 2012 : Macao 24 November 2012 : Ecuador 1 May 2013 : Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 January 2014 : South Korea 29 July 2014 : Fiji 20 October 2014 : Paraguay 14 November 2014 : Mongolia ( resumed under different terms ) 8 February 2015 : Panama 14 May 2015 : Nauru 11 July 2015 : Honduras 27 November 2015 : Guyana 14 December 2015 : Seychelles 10 April 2016 : Mauritius 27 August 2016 : El Salvador 3 October 2016 : Bolivia 21 October 2016 : Vanuatu 30 March 2017 : South Africa 9 July 2017 : Samoa 21 November 2017 : Saint Kitts and Nevis 2 December 2017 : Laos 24 December 2017 : Grenada 8 January 2018 : Brunei Cancelled : As the Soviet Union East Germany : 1990 As the Russian Federation Estonia and Latvia : 12 May 1993 Vietnam : 20 February 1994 Lithuania : 19 April 1994 Mongolia : 5 May 1995 ( was resumed in 2014 ) North Korea : 22 May 1997 Turkmenistan : 17 July 1999 Slovenia : 1 December 1999 Georgia : 3 December 2000 Czech Republic : 29 May 2000 Slovakia : 1 January 2001 Hungary : 14 June 2001 Bulgaria : 7 May 2002 Poland : 1 October 2003 Cyprus : 1 January 2004 Romania : 1 March 2004 Croatia : 31 March 2013 Turkey : 1 Jan 2016 Fan ID ( edit ) FAN ID 2018 FIFA World Cup holders of tickets for matches of the championship could to enter Russia without a visa with personalized card of viewer ( also known as the passport of a fan or fan - ID ) and national passport from 4 June to 15 July 2018 . Holders of Fan ID previously had to leave Russia no later than 26 July 2018 . Russia extended its visa - free travel regime for foreign soccer fans until the end of 2018 . The Fan - ID system will be used for visitors to international events in the future . Tour groups ( edit ) Citizens of China may visit Russia without a visa for up to 15 days if traveling as part of a tour group ( from 5 to 50 persons ) that is accompanied by a representative of a tour operator registered in both countries . Land border with Belarus ( edit ) Citizens of third countries are n't allowed to cross the Belarus -- Russia land border due to a lack of international border crossing points , because passports must be stamped . Visitors are advised to enter mainland Russia via other countries such as Terehova -- Burachki and Senkivka -- Novye Yurkovichi . The simplified border crossing regime is applied from 4 June to 25 July 2018 for holders of a fan passports or FAN IDs of FIFA . Common visa ( edit ) Russia and Belarus plan to sign an agreement on recognition of visas . Holders of a visa of Belarus will be visa exempt in 2018 . Visa - free visits for up to 72 hours for cruise ship and ferry passengers ( edit ) Since May 2009 international tourists entering by regular ferry via several ports have been able to stay in Russia visa - free for up to 72 hours , provided that they spend the night on - board or in accommodation specifically approved by the travel agency . In addition tourists entering by tourist cruise ships can leave the ship visa - free on tours organized by any authorized local tour company , when entering Russia through the ports of Anadyr , Kaliningrad , Korsakov , Novorossiysk , Murmansk , Sevastopol , Sochi , Saint Petersburg ( Big port Saint Petersburg and Passenger Port of St. Petersburg ) , Vladivostok , Vyborg , Zarubino . Entry to the port of St. Petersburg by regular ferry can be done only from the ports of Tallinn ( Estonia ) or Helsinki ( Finland ) . It is also possible to travel visa - free for 72 hours from the port of Stockholm with the stop in Helsinki . Visa - free zones ( edit ) Japan -- Group travel to central and southern Kuril Islands for pre-approved lists of the Foreign Ministry . Visits are carried out on the basis of identity cards and inserts . No visas for citizens of Japan who visit the burial place of relatives located in the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin Island . By pre - authorized list in the regional Russian - Japanese consultations . United States -- Residents of Alaska who are members of the indigenous population do not require a visa to visit Chukotka Autonomous Okrug if they have relatives ( blood relatives , members of the same tribe , native people who have similar language and cultural heritage ) in Chukotka . Individuals must be invited by a relative in Chukotka and must leave Chukotka within 90 days . Entry points are in Anadyr , Provideniya , Lavrentiya and Uelen . Local border traffic Latvia -- 90 days within any 180 - day period for holders of border traffic permit Agreement on the abolition of the 180 day total period of stay was signed on 14 November 2017 but are not yet ratified . show The territory covered by the agreement . Latvia Alūksne Municipality Alsviķi parish , Alūksne town , Anna parish , Jaunalūksne parish , Jaunanna parish , Jaunlaicene parish , Liepna parish , Maliena parish , Mālupe parish , Mārkalne parish , Pededze parish , Veclaicene parish , Ziemeri parish Baltinava Municipality Balvi Municipality Balvi parish , Balvi town , Bērzkalne parish , Bērzpils parish , Briežuciems parish , Krišjāņi parish , Kubuli parish , Lazduleja parish , Tilža parish , Vectilža parish , Vīksna parish . Cibla Municipality Blonti parish , Cibla parish , Līdumnieki parish , Pušmucova parish , Zvirgzdene parish . Dagda Municipality Bērziņi parish , Ezernieki parish , Ķepova parish , Svariņi parish , Šķaune parish Kārsava Municipality Goliševa parish , Kārsava town , Malnava parish , Mērdzene parish , Mežvidi parish , Salnava parish . Ludza Municipality Briģi parish , Cirma parish , Isnauda parish , Istra parish , Ludza town , Nirza parish , Ņukši parish , Pilda parish , Pureņi parish , Rundēni parish . Rēzekne Municipality Bērzgale parish , Dricāni parish , Gaigalava parish , Ilzeskalns parish , Lendži parish , Nautrēni parish , Strūžāni parish . Rugāji Municipality Lazdukalns parish , Rugāji parish . Viļaka Municipality Kuprava parish , Medņeva parish , Susāji parish , Šķilbēni parish , Vecumi parish , Viļaka town , Žīguri parish . Zilupe Municipality Lauderi parish , Pasiene parish , Zaļesje Parish , Zilupe town . Russia Pskov Oblast Krasnogorodsky District : Krasnogorodsk , Pogranichnaya Volost , Krasnogorodskaya Volost , Partizanskaya Volost . Opochetsky District : Varyginskaya Volost , Makushinskaya Volost , Prigorodnaya Volost . Ostrovsky District : Ostrov , Berezhanskaya Volost , Gorayskaya Volost . Palkinsky District : Palkino , Kachanovskaya Volost , Rodonskaya Volost , Palkinskaya Volost , Novousitovskaya Volost , Vasilyevskaya Volost , Cherskaya Volost . Pechorsky District : Pechory , Lavrovskaya Volost , Kruppskaya Volost , Novoizborskaya Volost , Izborskaya Volost , Panikovskaya Volost . Pytalovsky District : Pytalovo , Gavrovskaya Volost , Linovskaya Volost , Nosovskaya Volost , Skalinskaya Volost , Vyshgorodskaya Volost , Tulinskaya Volost , Utroinskaya Volost . Sebezhsky District : Sebezh , Sosnovy Bor , Sebezhskaya Volost , Mostischenskaya Volost . Norway -- 15 days for holders of border traffic permit show The territory covered by the agreement . Norway Finnmark county : municipality of Sør - Varanger , within a zone of 30 km from the border + area of Neiden . Russia Pechengsky District : Korzunovo municipality , Zapolyarny municipality and the territory of Pechenga municipality and Nickel municipality within a zone of 30 km from the border . Poland -- 30 days , for a maximum total stay of 90 days within a 180 - day period for holders of border traffic permit The agreement was suspended indefinitely from 4 July 2016 . show The territory covered by the agreement . Poland Pomeranian Voivodeship Towns : Gdańsk , Gdynia , Sopot . Gdańsk County , Malbork County , Nowy Dwór Gdański County , Puck County . Warmian - Masurian Voivodeship Towns : Elbląg , Olsztyn . Bartoszyce County , Braniewo County , Elbląg County , Giżycko County , Gołdap County , Kętrzyn County , Lidzbark County , Mrągowo County , Olecko County , Olsztyn County , Węgorzewo County . Russia Kaliningrad Oblast Crew members ( edit ) Visa is not required for crew members of airlines , sea crew , river crew , rail crew that have a bilateral agreement with the Russian government exempting crew members from visa requirements . Citizens of following countries may visit Russia without a visa if they are travelling as part of the airline crew : Afghanistan , Algeria , Austria , Belgium , Bulgaria , Canada , China , Croatia , Cyprus , Czech Republic , Denmark , Egypt , France , Greece Iceland , India , Iraq , Italy , Japan , Jordan , North Korea , Lebanon , Libya , Lithuania , Macedonia , Netherlands , Norway , Oman Poland , Portugal Romania Spain , Sri Lanka , Sweden , Turkmenistan , United Kingdom Vietnam . Agreements signed with Finland , Italy and Luxembourg and are yet to be ratified . Russian Government has instructed the Foreign Ministry to sign an agreement with Georgia and Tunisia . Citizens of following countries may visit Russia without a visa if they are travelling as part of the sea crew : Bulgaria , China , Croatia , Cyprus , DR Congo , Egypt , France , Iran , Iraq North Korea , Lithuania , Poland , Tunisia , Turkey , Turkmenistan , Vietnam . Citizens of following countries may visit Russia without a visa if they are travelling as part of the railway crew : China , North Korea , Turkmenistan . E-visa to visit certain regions ( edit ) From 8 August 2017 , citizens of the following 18 countries can get e-visa to visit to regions in the Russian Far East . Eligible countries Russia The disputed Crimean Peninsula under visa policy of Russia Visa - free access Access to some regions with e-visa Algeria Bahrain Brunei China India Iran Japan North Korea Kuwait Mexico Morocco Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Tunisia Turkey United Arab Emirates Conditions for issuing : e-visa is a single - entry visa and issued for 30 calendar days from the date of its issuance . The permitted stay in Russia with an e-visa is up to 8 days starting from the date of entry , within its validity period e-visa validity and / or the permitted stay under it can not be extended an e-visa is free invitations , hotel booking confirmations or any other documents that confirm the purpose of your journey to Russia are not required for an e-visa the time period for issuing an e-visa is no longer than 4 calendar days from the date of submission of the complete application e-visas can be of the following categories only : ordinary business visa ( purpose of journey is business ) , ordinary tourist visa ( purpose of journey is tourism ) , and ordinary humanitarian visa ( purposes of journey are sports , cultural , scientific and technological ties ) foreign nationals will have the right to freedom of movement within the territory of the region near the point of entry with the exception of territories , organizations and facilities , to enter which a special permission is required in accordance with federal laws of the Russian Federation . foreign citizens who have arrived to Russia with e-visas have the right to freedom of movement within the territory of the constituent entity of Russia which they entered , with the exception of territories , organizations and facilities , to enter which a special permission is required in accordance with federal laws of Russia . foreign citizens should leave the territory of Russia only through checkpoints of the constituent entity of Russia which they entered application form for an e-visa can be filled not earlier than 20 days and no later than 4 days before the intended date of entry into Russia passport must be valid for at least 6 months from the date of application foreign citizens are required to have a medical insurance Regions Russian e-visa for the Far East regions Primorsky Krai Kamchatka Krai Sakhalin Oblast Eligible border crossing points of entry Port of entry Areas permitted to stay Effective date Vladivostok International Airport Primorsky Krai 8 August 2017 Sea passenger terminal of Vladivostok Sea port of Posyet 1 January 2018 Sea port of Zarubino Railway checkpoints : Khasan , Makhalino , Pogranichny Road checkpoints : Poltavka , Turiy Rog Sea port of Petropavlovsk - Kamchatsky Kamchatka Krai Sea port of Korsakov Sakhalin Oblast Blagoveshchensk Airport Amur Oblast 1 September 2018 Khabarovsk Airport Khabarovsk Krai Petropavlovsk - Kamchatsky Airport Kamchatka Krai Ugolny Airport Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Yuzhno - Sakhalinsk Airport Sakhalin Oblast Khrabrovo Airport Kaliningrad Oblast 1 July 2019 Visa - free transit ( edit ) Direct airside transit Passengers travelling through international airports do not need a visa for a transit of less than 24 hours ( except to / from countries of the Eurasian Custom Union , including Belarus , Kazakhstan , Armenia and Kyrgyzstan ) , provided a confirmed onward ticket is held and the traveller remains in the international transit area ( without clearing passport control ) . The following international Russian airports do not have international transit areas , meaning a transit visa is required to connect there : Khabarovsk Airport ( KHV ) Krasnodar Airport ( KRR ) Mineralnye Vody Airport ( MRV ) Rostov Airport ( ROV ) Sochi Airport ( AER ) Vladivostok Airport ( VVO ) Yuzhno - Sakhalinsk Airport ( UUS ) Saimaa canal In accordance with a treaty between Russia and Finland , though there are passport controls at borders , a visa is not required for just passing through the Russian part of the Saimaa canal without leaving the vessel . Värska -- Ulitina road The road from Värska to Ulitina in Estonia , traditionally the only road to the Ulitina area , goes through Russian territory for one kilometre ( 0.6 mi ) of its length , an area called Saatse Boot . This road has no border control , but there is no connection to any other road in Russia . It is not permitted to stop or walk along the road . This area is a part of Russia but is also a de facto part of the Schengen area . Diplomatic and service category passports ( edit ) Russia The disputed Crimean Peninsula under visa policy of Russia Visa - free for holders of diplomatic and service category passports Visa - free for holders of diplomatic passports Under reciprocal agreements , holders of diplomatic or various categories of service passports ( official , service , special , consular ) issued by the following countries and territories are allowed to enter and remain in Russia for up to 90 days ( unless otherwise noted ) without a visa : All European Union citizens ( excluding Ireland and United Kingdom ) Abkhazia Albania Angola Argentina Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Benin Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Burkina Faso Burundi Cape Verde Cambodia Chile China Colombia Congo Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Ethiopia Fiji Gabon Gambia Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guyana Honduras Iceland India Indonesia Iran Jamaica Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Liechtenstein Macedonia Mali Mauritius Mexico Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Nauru Nepal Nicaragua North Korea Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Qatar Saint Kitts and Nevis Samoa Senegal Serbia Seychelles Singapore South Africa South Korea South Ossetia Sri Lanka Switzerland Syria Tajikistan Thailand Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine United Arab Emirates Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vatican Venezuela Vietnam Zimbabwe Holders of diplomatic or service category passports of Israel require a visa . APEC business travel card ( edit ) Holders of passports issued by the following countries who possess an APEC Business Travel Card ( ABTC ) containing the `` RUS '' code on the reverse that it is valid for travel to Russia can enter visa - free for business trips for up to 90 days within any 180 - day period . ABTCs are issued to nationals of : Australia Brunei Chile China Hong Kong Indonesia Japan South Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Singapore Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Closed cities ( edit ) Several closed cities in Russia require special authorization . Areas closed to foreigners ( edit ) Due to the Government Decree of 1992 , parts of 19 subjects of Russian Federation closed for foreigners without special permits . This restriction is not applicable for Russian citizens . Part of them : 1 . Chukotka Autonomous Okrug , all 2 . In Leningrad Oblast - all Russian islands of Gulf of Finland , except Gogland , and 20 - km strip along South coast of Gulf of Finland . 3 . The Republic of North Ossetia - Alania , 85 % of territory . Transit to border with Georgia and to border with South Ossetia are possible along the main roads . Tsey Gorge is opened for foreigners from 2012 . 4 . Part of Kaliningrad Oblast , approx. 15 % . 5 . Part of Moscow Oblast , approx. 10 % . 6 . Part of Arkhangelsk Oblast , include Novaya Zemlya , approx. 30 % . 7 . Part of Murmansk Oblast , approx. 15 % . Transit to / from Norway is possible by main road . 8 . Part of Kamchatka Krai . 9 . Part of Primorsky Krai . Crimea ( edit ) As of 2014 the disputed territory of Crimea is under Russian control and Russia enforces its visa policy there . However , Ukraine requires that foreigners should comply with Ukrainian visa regime including obtaining a Ukrainian visa if one is necessary . Otherwise , Ukraine may impose sanctions for `` support of the temporary occupation of the Ukrainian territory '' . Future changes ( edit ) The Russian Government has instructed the Foreign Ministry to sign an agreement on visa waiver with the following countries : Dominica -- 90 days within any 180 - day period for all passports Jamaica -- 90 days within any year period for ordinary passports Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -- 90 days within any 180 - day period for all passports Suriname -- 90 days within any 180 - day period for all passports Visa waiver agreements have already been signed with the following countries but are not yet ratified or applied : Algeria -- 90 days within any 180 - day period for diplomatic and service passports Costa Rica -- 90 days within any 180 - day period for ordinary passports Cuba -- 90 days within any 180 - day period for all passports Equatorial Guinea -- 90 days within any 180 - day period for diplomatic and service passports Iran -- 15 days for tourist groups Micronesia -- 30 days for all passports Sudan -- 90 days within any 180 - day period for diplomatic passports United Arab Emirates -- 90 days within any 180 - day period for all passports Agreements ( edit ) The Russian Federation has visa waiver agreements with 130 jurisdictions . In the table , red indicates agreements signed but not ratified or temporarily not applied . show Valid bilateral and multilateral visa waiver agreements Country or territory Duration of stay by type of passport Date of signing Effective date Citation Diplomatic Service Official Special Consular Ordinary Abkhazia 90 days 2 Oct 2009 26 Apr 2011 Albania 90 days 7 Apr 1993 6 Aug 1993 Algeria 90 days within any 180 - day period 19 Feb 2018 Angola 90 days 26 Feb 1999 16 Jun 2006 Argentina 3 months 16 May 1994 27 Sep 1994 90 days within any 180 - day period 11 Mar 2009 18 Mar 2009 29 Jun 2009 Armenia 90 days 25 Sep 2000 25 Sep 2000 Azerbaijan 90 days 3 Jul 1997 4 May 1998 Bahrain 90 days within any 180 day - period 16 Dec 2015 26 Jun 2016 Bangladesh 30 days 22 Sep 2016 12 Feb 2017 Belarus Unlimited 30 Nov 2000 7 Jun 2002 Benin 90 days 21 Jun 2001 20 Aug 2001 Bolivia 3 month 11 Apr 1995 28 Apr 1997 90 days within any 180 - day period 12 Apr 2016 3 Oct 2016 Bosnia and Herzegovina 90 days 30 days within any 60 - day period 31 May 2013 20 Oct 2013 Botswana 90 days 10 Feb 2005 11 Apr 2005 Brazil 90 days 16 Apr 1991 16 May 1991 90 days within any 180 - day period 26 Nov 2008 7 Jun 2010 Brunei 14 days 7 Oct 2009 12 Oct 2009 11 Nov 2009 14 days , for a maximum total stay of 90 days within any 180 - day period 8 Nov 2017 8 Jan 2018 Bulgaria 90 days within any 180 - day period 5 Mar 2002 7 May 2002 Burkina Faso 90 days 2 Mar 2000 2 Mar 2000 Burundi 90 days within any 180 - day period 6 Feb 2018 30 June 2018 Cape Verde 90 days 14 Jul 1995 14 Sep 1995 Cambodia 90 days 17 Mar 1988 28 May 1988 Chile 3 months 14 Feb 1995 1 Oct 1996 3 months 4 Oct 2002 12 Feb 2004 90 days within any 180 - day period 24 Sep 2010 18 Jan 2011 China 30 days 22 Mar 2013 26 Apr 2014 15 days for tourist groups 29 Feb 2000 9 Nov 2000 Colombia 90 days 26 Nov 1997 28 Mar 1998 90 days within any 180 - day period 24 Sep 2010 11 Mar 2011 Congo 90 days 18 Dec 2014 1 Jan 2016 Costa Rica 3 month 16 Oct 1997 30 Apr 1998 90 days within any 180 - day period 3 May 2018 28 May 2018 Croatia 90 days within any 6 - month period 2 Mar 2010 31 Mar 2013 Cuba 30 days 3 Dec 1993 29 Jul 1994 90 days within any 180 day period 22 May 2018 Cyprus 90 days within any half - year period 8 Jun 2005 20 May 2006 Denmark 90 days within any 180 - day period 27 May 2008 1 Oct 2009 Dominican Republic 90 days 9 Sep 2009 9 Apr 2010 Ecuador 90 days within any year period 18 Feb 1999 15 May 1999 90 days within any 180 - day period 24 Sep 2010 24 Nov 2012 Egypt 90 days 17 Jul 2003 17 Jul 2003 El Salvador 90 days 25 Jan 1999 29 Jan 1999 30 Mar 1999 90 days within any 180 - day period 26 Mar 2015 27 Aug 2016 Equatorial Guinea 90 days within any 180 - day period 7 Apr 2017 Ethiopia 90 days 11 Dec 2002 11 Jan 2003 European Union countries 25 states ( show ) Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden ( excluding Denmark , Ireland and United Kingdom ) 90 days within any 180 - day period 25 May 2006 1 Jun 2007 ; for Croatia from 1 Jul 2013 Fiji 90 days 28 Jun 2013 29 Jul 2014 Gabon 90 days 5 Apr 2011 25 Sep 2011 Gambia 90 days 4 May 2017 15 Aug 2018 Grenada 90 days within any 180 - day period 20 Sep 2017 24 Dec 2017 Guatemala 3 months 24 May 1999 24 Jul 1999 90 days within any 180 - day period 22 Sep 2011 29 Feb 2012 Guinea 90 days 7 Jan 1998 8 Mar 1998 Guyana 90 days 3 Nov 2005 12 Feb 2006 90 days 7 Jun 2017 24 Jul 2017 17 Nov 2017 90 days within any 180 - day period 27 Sep 2015 27 Nov 2015 Honduras 90 days 21 Sep 1999 20 Nov 1999 90 days within any 180 - day period 26 Sep 2014 11 Jul 2015 Hong Kong 14 days 23 Apr 2009 1 Jul 2009 Hungary 90 days 14 Jun 2001 14 Jun 2001 Iceland 90 days within any 180 - day period 24 Sep 2008 1 Mar 2010 India 90 days 3 Dec 2004 15 Feb 2005 Indonesia 14 days 1 Dec 2006 22 Mar 2008 Iran 30 days 29 Mar 1993 28 Apr 1993 15 days for tourist groups 28 Mar 2017 Israel 90 days within any 180 - day period 20 Mar 2008 20 Sep 2008 Jamaica 90 days 23 Jun 2000 1 Sep 2000 Jordan 90 days within any 180 - day period 11 Sep 2017 25 Jan 2018 Kazakhstan 90 days 30 Nov 2000 7 Jun 2002 Kuwait 90 days within any 180 - day period 10 Nov 2015 10 Apr 2016 Kyrgyzstan 90 days 30 Nov 2000 7 Jun 2002 Laos 30 days 29 Nov 2004 30 Dec 2004 30 days , for a maximum total stay of 90 days within any 180 - day period 8 Sep 2016 2 Dec 2017 Liechtenstein 90 days within any 180 - day period 12 Nov 2013 1 Apr 2015 Macao 30 days 19 Jun 2012 30 Sep 2012 Macedonia 90 days 30 days 19 Jun 2008 31 Oct 2008 Mali 90 days 27 May 2009 27 May 2009 Mauritius 60 days , for a maximum total stay of 90 days within any 180 - day period 23 Dec 2015 10 Apr 2016 Mexico 90 days 28 Jan 1997 5 Jul 1997 Micronesia 30 days 21 Sep 2017 Moldova 90 days 30 Nov 2000 30 Nov 2000 Mongolia 30 days , for a maximum total stay of 90 days within any 180 - day period 3 Sep 2014 14 Nov 2014 Montenegro 90 days 30 days 24 Sep 2008 21 Nov 2008 Morocco 90 days 15 Oct 2002 15 Oct 2002 Mozambique 30 days 30 Dec 2009 30 May 2010 Myanmar 90 days 3 Jul 2000 3 Aug 2000 Nauru 14 days 24 Sep 2014 14 May 2015 Nepal 90 days 16 Apr 2002 16 May 2002 Nicaragua 90 days 28 Nov 1997 13 Jan 1998 90 days within any 180 - day period 28 Jul 2009 3 Jul 2010 North Korea 90 days 24 Jan 1997 22 May 1997 Norway 90 days within any 180 - day period 8 Jun 2007 1 Dec 2008 Oman 90 days 3 Feb 2016 27 Oct 2016 Pakistan 90 days 4 Jun 1994 4 Jul 1994 Panama 90 days 16 Jun 1995 22 Jun 1995 20 Aug 1995 90 days within any 180 - day period 3 Dec 2014 9 Dec 2014 8 Feb 2015 Paraguay 3 months 20 Nov 1995 2 Feb 1997 90 days within any 180 - day period 25 Sep 2013 20 Oct 2014 Peru 90 days 14 Jul 1999 19 Nov 1999 90 days within any 180 - day period 13 Nov 2010 21 Jun 2011 Philippines 90 days 3 Aug 2007 22 Dec 2008 Poland 90 days 18 Sep 2003 1 Oct 2003 Qatar 90 days 18 Jan 2016 14 Aug 2016 Romania 90 days 26 Aug 2002 1 Mar 2004 Saint Kitts and Nevis 90 days within any 180 - day period 21 Sep 2017 21 Nov 2017 Samoa 60 days 4 Apr 2017 9 July 2017 Senegal 90 days 2 Jul 2015 6 Feb 2017 Serbia 90 days 30 days 20 Feb 2009 10 Jun 2009 Seychelles 30 days 2 Sep 2015 14 Dec 2015 Singapore 90 days 17 Nov 2015 2 Jan 2016 Slovakia 90 days 29 Dec 2000 29 Dec 2000 South Africa 90 days 5 Aug 2010 15 Dec 2010 90 days 24 Jan 2017 27 Feb 2017 30 Mar 2017 South Korea 90 days 21 Sep 2004 21 Nov 2004 90 days 17 Oct 2006 31 Dec 2006 60 days , for a maximum total stay of 90 days within any 180 - day period 13 Nov 2013 1 Jan 2014 South Ossetia Unlimited ; 90 days until 30 Jul 2015 1 Feb 2010 25 Apr 2011 Sri Lanka 30 days 13 Aug 2015 24 Oct 2015 Sudan 90 days within any 180 - day period 24 Nov 2017 Syria 90 days 20 Mar 2008 2 Jul 2008 Switzerland 90 days within any 180 - day period 21 Sep 2009 1 Feb 2011 Tajikistan 90 days 30 Nov 2000 7 Jun 2002 Thailand 90 days 17 Oct 2002 6 Mar 2003 30 days 13 Dec 2005 24 Mar 2007 Tunisia 90 days within any 180 - day period 28 Jun 2012 13 Feb 2013 Turkey 90 days 5 Nov 1999 6 Jan 2000 30 days ( temporarily not applied from 15 Apr 2016 ) 12 May 2010 16 Apr 2011 30 days ( temporarily not applied from 1 Jan 2016 ) Turkmenistan 30 days 17 Jul 1999 17 Jul 1999 Ukraine 90 days 16 Jan 1997 10 Mar 1997 United Arab Emirates 90 days 27 Jun 2010 31 Mar 2013 90 days within any 180 - day period 6 July 2018 Uruguay 3 months 13 Jul 1999 3 Oct 1999 90 days within any 180 - day period 26 Sep 2011 27 Dec 2011 Uzbekistan 90 days 30 Nov 2000 24 Nov 2009 Vanuatu 90 days 20 Sep 2016 21 Oct 2016 Vatican 90 days within any 180 - day period 22 Aug 2017 29 Dec 2017 Venezuela 90 days 28 Jun 1993 1 Nov 1993 90 days within any 180 - day period 26 Nov 2008 6 Mar 2009 Vietnam 90 days 28 Oct 1993 20 Feb 1994 Zimbabwe 90 days 23 Jan 1991 31 Jan 1991 31 Jan 1991 Notes : ^ Agreement include the item `` Total period of permitted stay in the territory of the state for a certain period of time is set in accordance with the laws of the state . '' From 2014 , it is 90 days within any 180 - day period . ^ Agreement concluded through an exchange of diplomatic notes . ^ Agreement between Russia and EU . Article 14 `` ... the provisions < of the agreement > shall prevail over the provisions of any bilateral or multilateral agreements or arrangements between the Russian Federation and the Member States ... ^ Only for group tourism ( from 5 to 50 persons ) organized by accredited travel agencies in both countries . show Unilateral visa waiver concessions Country Type of passport Duration of stay Date of signing Effective date Citation Estonia Alien 's passport 90 days within any 180 - day period 17 Jun 2008 17 Jun 2008 Latvia Non-citizen passport 90 days within any 180 - day period Monaco Diplomatic passport 90 days within any 180 - day period 3 Sep 2017 3 Sep 2017 Russia has concluded agreements that facilitate procedures for issuing visas to both Russian citizens and citizens of the partner jurisdiction on a reciprocal basis . Such agreements are in force with the following countries or political associations : show Visa facilitation agreements Country Entry into force Bulgaria 2002 Croatia 2013 Cyprus 2006 China 2014 Denmark 2009 Egypt 2011 European Union ( excluding Denmark , Ireland and United Kingdom ) 2007 France 2005 Germany Iceland India 2011 , 2015 , 2016 Indonesia Iran 1996 , 2016 Israel 2002 , 2016 Italy 2005 Japan 2013 , 2017 Latvia 1995 2013 Liechtenstein 2015 Lithuania 2003 Norway 2012 2017 Poland 2003 2012 Romania South Africa South Korea 1992 , 2002 , 2010 Spain 1990 , 2015 Switzerland 2011 Turkmenistan 1999 United Kingdom United States 2012 , 2013 Vietnam 1994 , 2005 Yemen Russia has agreements on cancellation of consular fees , for execution of visas , with the following countries : Algeria ( 1965 ) , Angola ( 15 Apr 1985 ) , Cambodia ( 26 Sep 1983 ) , Iran ( 15 Feb 1966 ) , Japan ( 1 Apr 1965 ) , Mauritania ( 1967 ) , New Zealand ( 1 Apr 1962 ) . Agreements were denounced in 2017 -- 2018 with Bangladesh and Pakistan . Visa waiver agreements which ceased to apply show Canceled agreements Country or territory Duration of stay by type of passport Date of signing Effective date Cancellation date Citation Diplomatic Service category Ordinary Bosnia and Herzegovina 90 days 90 days with an invitation 30 days with a voucher 24 Sep 2007 1 May 2008 20 Oct 2013 Bulgaria During a term of official trips For tourism trips with tourist documents For a private trips with an invitation Transit without a visa 2 Nov 1978 6 Jul 1979 7 May 2002 During a term of official trips For tourism trips with tourist documents For a private trip with an invitation up to 90 days 3 Nov 1969 24 Jan 1970 6 Jul 1979 About private trips 20 May 1965 1 Jun 1965 24 Jan 1970 no text CIS countries 9 states ( show ) Armenia Belarus Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Moldova Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan ( excluding Azerbaijan and Ukraine ) Unlimited 9 Oct 1992 9 Oct 1992 ; for Georgia 1 Aug 1995 3 Dec 2000 ; for Turkmenistan 19 Jun 1999 China 30 days 29 Feb 2000 25 May 2001 25 Apr 2014 Yes Including passport for public affairs 29 Dec 1993 29 Jan 1994 25 May 2001 Yes ( on duty ) Including passport for public affairs 15 Jul 1988 14 Aug 1988 29 Jan 1994 Yes 13 Jun 1985 13 Jul 1985 14 Aug 1988 Cuba During a term of official trips For tourism trips with tourist documents For a private trip with an invitation 10 Jan 1985 29 Jul 1994 For tourism trips 7 Jul 1981 24 Sep 1981 24 Sep 1981 1985 Cyprus During a term of official trips 90 days 27 Dec 1994 15 Jun 1995 1 Jan 2004 Czech Republic During a term of official trips 30 days for all passports 7 Dec 1994 3 Sep 1995 29 May 2000 Czechoslovakia During a term of official trips For tourism trips with tourist documents For private trips with an invitation Transit without a visa 17 Dec 1981 30 May 1982 for Czech Republic 28 Sep 1995 ; for Slovakia 7 Aug 1994 During a term of official trips For tourism trips with tourist documents For private trips with an invitation up to 90 days Transit without a visa 16 Sep 1969 16 Sep 1969 30 May 1982 90 days with an invitation 17 Sep 1965 17 Sep 1965 15 Sep 1969 18 Dec 1962 17 Sep 1965 East Germany During a term of official trips For tourism trips with tourist documents For private trips with an invitation Transit without a visa 6 Apr 1979 30 Aug 1979 3 Oct 1990 During a term of official trips For tourism trips with tourist documents For private trips with an invitation up to 90 days Transit without a visa 28 Nov 1969 12 Jan 1970 30 Aug 1979 Hungary During a term of official trips For tourism trips with tourist documents For a private trips with an invitation Transit without a visa 24 Nov 1978 14 Jun 2001 During a term of official trips For tourism trips with tourist documents For private trips with an invitation up to 90 days 4 Mar 1969 11 Jun 1969 North Korea During a term of official trips For tourism trips with tourist documents For private trips with an invitation 22 Jan 1986 17 Sep 1986 22 May 1997 Laos Yes 20 Dec 1984 30 Dec 2004 Lithuania 30 days for the Kaliningrad region 24 Feb 1995 25 Jun 1995 1 Jan 2003 Mongolia During a term of official trips For tourism trips with tourist documents For private trips with an invitation 20 December 1979 5 May 1995 During a term of official trips For tourism trips with tourist documents For private trips with an invitation up to 90 days 26 Jan 1971 23 May 1971 Poland During a term of official trips For tourism trips with tourist documents For private trips with an invitation Transit without a visa 13 Dec 1979 22 May 1980 1 Oct 2003 During a term of official trips For tourism trips with tourist documents For private trips with an invitation up to 90 days 5 Feb 1970 12 May 1970 22 May 1980 Romania Yes 11 Mar 1991 24 October 1991 1 Mar 2004 During an office mission For tourism trips with tourist documents For private trips with an invitation up to 45 days 30 Jun 1969 1 Jan 1970 24 October 1991 Without visas on office affairs For a private trips with an invitation up to 45 days within year Transit on private affairs without visa 4 Mar 1966 23 Jun 1966 1 Jan 1970 About trips for a visit to close relatives 1963 23 Jun 1966 no text About visa - free trips of citizens on diplomatic , service , all - civil passports and collective certificates 1956 23 Jun 1966 no text Slovakia 30 days for all passports During a term of official trips 13 Feb 1995 25 Aug 1995 1 Jan 2001 1 Jun 1994 7 Aug 1994 25 Aug 1995 no text Vietnam During a term of official trips For tourism trips with tourist documents Visa free transit for tourism and official purposes 15 Jul 1981 14 Aug 1982 20 Feb 1994 no text Yugoslavia During a term of official trips For tourism trips with a voucher For private trips with an invitation up to 90 days 31 Oct 1989 26 Apr 1990 for Croatia 31 Mar 2013 ; for Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 May 2008 ; for Macedonia 31 Oct 2008 ; for Montenegro 21 Nov 2008 ; for Slovenia 1 Dec 1999 ; for Serbia 10 Jun 2009 For tourism trips with a voucher 3 June 1967 27 Nov 1967 27 Dec 1967 26 Apr 1990 Yes Yes On duty 26 Oct 1965 25 Jan 1966 Visa ( edit ) The Russian visa is a machine - readable document , which is placed in the holder 's passport . All fields are indicated in both Russian and English , but are filled out only in Russian . The holder 's name appears in both the Roman and Cyrillic alphabets . The name that appears in the machine - readable zone at the bottom of the visa represents the holder 's Cyrillic name mapped into the Roman alphabet . This allows Russian computer systems to read the Cyrillic name , despite the machine readers only being able to read Roman alphabet letters . As a result , the spelling of a name in the machine - readable zone does not necessarily reflect its spelling in the visa 's name field . For example , the name `` Christoph '' would appear in the field as `` Kpиcтoф / Christoph '' , but the MRZ would contain the name `` Kristof '' . Contrary to guidelines for machine - readable documents , the issuing country 's ISO code ( RUS ) is not shown at positions 3 - 5 ( i.e. V < RUS ) . Instead , the first line is formatted as : VSURNAME < < GIVEN < NAMES . While not necessarily printed on the visa ( depending on the embassy ) , a photo is required in the visa application . The visa application form may be filled online and submitted to the diplomatic mission . Types of visa ( edit ) Depending on the purpose of entry into the Russian Federation and the purposes of stay , visas are categorized as : Private Business Tourist Educational Working Humanitarian Entry ( for receiving shelter or to obtain citizenship in Russia ) Diplomatic visa A diplomatic visa shall be issued to a foreign citizen holding a diplomatic passport . A diplomatic visa is issued : to foreign heads of state , foreign heads of government , members of the foreign official delegations , family members of such persons traveling with them or accompanying them - for a period of up to one year . to diplomatic agents of diplomatic missions and consular officials of consular establishments , the staff of representations of the international organizations in the Russian Federation which have the diplomatic status in the Russian Federation , to family members of specified persons for a period of up to one year . to foreign diplomatic and consular couriers for the term of business trip . to officials of the foreign states who have the official status in the Russian Federation have the right to a diplomatic visa and who come for a working visit to diplomatic missions or consular establishments of the foreign states in the Russian Federation or to the international organizations or their representations in the Russian Federation , for a period of up to one year . Service visa A service visa is issued to the foreign citizen having service ( consular , official , special ) passport . A service visa is issued : to members of foreign official delegations , family members of such persons traveling with them or accompanying them - for a period of up to one year . to administrative and technical and service personnel of diplomatic missions , consular employees and service personnel of consular establishments of the foreign states in the Russian Federation , representations of the international organizations in the Russian Federation and to family members of such persons for a period of up to one year . to military personnel of armed forces of the foreign states and family members of such persons for a period of up to one year . Extension of term of stay in the Russian Federation by issuance of the multiple entry visa for a period of validity of the foreign trade contract registered in accordance with the established procedure , but no more than for five years is allowed to the military personnel of armed forces of the foreign states driving to the Russian Federation for implementation of international treaties of the Russian Federation and ( or ) decisions of public authorities of the Russian Federation in the field of military and technical cooperation , and family members of such persons . to foreign state officials who have the official status in the Russian Federation have the right to be issued a service visa and those who travel for a working visit to diplomatic missions or consular establishments of the foreign states in the Russian Federation or in the international organizations or their representations in the Russian Federation , for a period of up to one year . Ordinary visa Depending on the purpose of entry of the foreign citizen into the Russian Federation and the purpose of his stay in the Russian Federation ordinary visas are subdivided on private , business , tourist , educational , working , humanitarian and entry visas to the Russian Federation for temporary residence or citizenship ceremony : An ordinary private visa is issued for a period of up to three months or on the basis of the principle of reciprocity for a period of up to one year to foreign citizens traveling to Russia for a short visit on the basis of an invitation letter . An ordinary business visa is issued for a period of up to one year to foreign citizens traveling to Russia for a business trip . An ordinary tourist visa is issued for a period of up to one month or on the basis of the principle of reciprocity for a period of up to six months to foreign citizens traveling to Russia as tourists , if holding an invitation letter by a Russian tour operator . Invitations can be issued by many hotels on request ( sometimes for a fee ) or through various online services associated with Russian tour operators . An ordinary tourist group visa is issued for a period of up to one month to foreign citizens traveling to Russia as a tourist in an organized tourist group ( not less than five people ) , of holding a confirmation by an organization in the unified federal register of tour operators . An ordinary student visa is issued for a period of up to one year to foreign citizens traveling to Russia for training in the educational institution . An ordinary work visa is issued to foreign citizens visiting Russia for work purposes for a period of validity of the employment contract or civil contract for performance of work ( rendering services ) , but no more than for one year . An ordinary humanitarian visa is issued for a period of up to one year or on the basis of the principle of reciprocity for a period of up to five years to foreign citizens visiting Russia for a scientific , cultural , political or a sport visit , religious communication and contacts , pilgrimage , charity , delivery of humanitarian aid . An ordinary entry visa to Russia for receiving a shelter is issued to foreign citizens for a period of up to three months if holding a decision of the federal executive authority authorized on implementation of functions on control and supervision in the sphere of migration on recognition of this foreign citizen as a refugee on the territory of Russia . An ordinary entry visa to Russia to obtain citizenship of the Russian Federation is issued to foreign citizens for a period of up to one year if holding a decision on recognition of such foreign citizen as a native speaker of Russian . An ordinary entry visa to Russia to obtain permission for temporary resident is issued to foreign citizens for a period of up to four months . Transit visa A Transit visa is issued for a period of up to ten days to the foreign citizen for transit through the territory of Russia . Visa of temporary living person A visa of temporarily living person is issued for four months to the foreign citizen to whom entry into Russia is allowed for temporary residence , within a quota of delivery of permissions to temporary residence . Applying for visa ( edit ) Entry and exit passport stamps issued at Saint Petersburg port . All types of Russian entry visas are received through Russian embassies and consulates . Provided all the documents are ready , the process usually takes no more than 3 - 10 workdays for Russian travel visa . Russian Tourist Visa requirements : Original passport One photo ( colour , passport size photo ) Tourist invitation Russian Consulate Application Form The Russian Consulate requires the visa application form to be printed on A4 paper with right and bottom margins of 5mm . A failure to meet these requirements invalidates the form . Exit ( edit ) Russia requires that an alien who needs a visa on entry be in possession of a valid visa upon exit . To satisfy this formal requirement , exit visas sometimes need to be issued . Russia requires an exit visa if a visitor stays well past the expiration date of their visa . They must then extend their visa or apply for an exit visa and are not allowed to leave the country until they show a valid visa or have a permissible excuse for overstaying their visa ( e.g. , a note from a doctor or a hospital explaining an illness , missed flight , lost or stolen visa ) . In some cases , the Ministry of Foreign Affairs can issue a Return - Home certificate that is valid for ten days from the embassy of the visitor 's native country , thus eliminating the need for an exit visa . A foreign citizen granted a temporary residence permit in Russia needs a temporary resident visa to take a trip abroad ( valid for both exit and return ) . It is also colloquially called an exit visa . Costs for visa ( edit ) Some Russian embassies and consulates , but not all , require visa applications to be submitted in person to visa processing centres instead of directly to the consular section . Costs differ per administration center . Fingerprinting ( edit ) From January 2015 visa applicants from the United Kingdom , Denmark , Myanmar and Namibia will be obliged to provide fingerprint scans . After a trial period it will be decided whether to expand this to other countries as well . Russia plans to require , from 1 July 2019 , fingerprinting and photographing of all foreign citizens entering the Russian Federation without a visa and staying for more than 30 days . Statistics ( edit ) Visitor statistics According to the Border Service of the Federal Security Service and the Federal State Statistics Service , most visitors arriving to Russia were from the following countries of nationality : show Nationality Total ( includes all types of purposes of visits ) 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Ukraine 9,817,008 9,737,405 10,314,757 9,842,990 7,080,991 6,502,543 6,072,775 4,198,030 Kazakhstan 4,137,613 4,686,059 5,180,246 4,215,161 3,848,899 3,630,342 3,049,406 2,747,358 Uzbekistan 2,350,007 2,116,480 2,163,256 2,353,140 2 , 967444 2,677,322 2,086,359 1,584,086 China 1,780,200 1,565,524 1,353,051 1,125,098 1,071,515 978,988 845,588 747,640 Tajikistan 1,350,356 1,293,270 1,200,972 1,202,260 1,348,868 1,134,150 955,455 830,160 Azerbaijan 1,143,243 1,156,703 1,071,324 1,021,204 1,196,759 1,116,238 1,045,525 979,778 Finland 1,063,348 1,376,646 1,476,412 1,446,169 1,388,036 1,375,614 1,211,520 1,012,621 Armenia 857,212 833,577 850,137 794,098 882,864 700,332 550,349 459,040 Kyrgyzstan 836,946 792,042 842,396 725,664 763,418 623,970 592,960 552,909 Moldova 803,916 699,112 770,965 923,625 1,374,690 1,194,291 1,073,637 988,084 Poland 765,544 1,056,013 1,766,612 1,823,143 1,644,657 1,190,003 704,610 394,872 Germany 629,082 613,370 595,200 635,153 686,557 671,676 629,391 611,367 Abkhazia 436,368 415,606 422,130 362,811 293,429 273,964 202,440 52,289 Estonia 432,803 433,926 382,031 363,942 430,164 494,282 519,402 474,949 Mongolia 416,293 542,196 505,429 225,972 226,673 365,236 212,117 157,367 Belarus 382,022 320,372 424,531 495,999 418,207 372,942 267,233 259,191 Latvia 330,266 360,603 348,338 374,701 391,304 461,162 571,374 569,300 Stateless persons 318,393 321,383 326,841 349,400 463,640 523,333 618,705 679,757 United States 293,011 248,990 242,104 257,070 305,954 286,551 275,239 262,060 South Korea 276,560 181,024 153,189 135,676 107,942 94,922 91,335 90,622 Lithuania 256,009 281,168 270,600 487,206 539,308 553,896 622,740 760,728 France 211,673 201,260 191,643 219,210 225,860 225,343 213,473 194,248 Italy 206,860 208,689 204,710 219,976 225,933 212,411 207,476 198,002 United Kingdom 193,522 190,278 190,775 228,346 259,676 231,670 221,418 212,847 Israel 185,426 182,438 165,003 152,853 136,827 123,974 114,380 100,291 Turkey 181,285 120,035 323,039 361,416 385,147 305,429 249,109 196,704 Philippines 172,278 160,734 163,010 162,990 149,213 130,541 99,405 81,385 South Ossetia 137,427 115,382 125,444 117,283 94,159 73,863 47,739 33,409 India 130,400 108,498 95,527 94,259 95,542 80,127 60,191 53,364 Spain 118,642 116,032 110,247 100,206 109,089 101,536 129,730 110,601 Georgia 117,204 65,378 69,095 58,264 48,440 35,511 30,415 24,568 Japan 114,207 95,675 93,550 105,220 102,408 86,806 76,204 78,188 Iran 91,862 75,203 46,760 29,743 20,657 23,085 21,575 20,576 Serbia 87,899 79,575 79,406 87,048 107,601 70,371 57,177 47,939 Vietnam 77,391 66,939 60,882 75,840 81,073 62,961 53,529 50,823 Netherlands 73,729 68,017 63,469 80,543 86,402 81,212 87,549 80,720 Turkmenistan 65,749 56,258 51,170 47,002 40,238 43,720 39,579 35,017 Austria 59,501 56,663 57,242 67,392 74,277 71,863 70,388 67,606 Canada 53,890 43,158 43,663 53,370 61,234 54,730 52,238 48,559 Norway 53,197 46,631 49,535 57,423 54,433 50,115 48,614 45,340 Switzerland 53,167 52,656 46,200 50,838 54,898 52,852 47,978 44,964 Thailand 52,697 32,222 29,482 25,585 23,919 19,375 17,023 15,192 Australia 49,259 43,940 39,613 46,072 46,861 43,105 34,868 30,583 Czech Republic 49,232 47,288 46,432 68,875 76,530 62,980 46,776 40,565 Greece 41,205 46,730 41,210 46,450 48,280 36,474 33,569 33,396 Bulgaria 39,191 41,290 37,035 42,230 47,154 45,312 42,031 38,446 Belgium 38,868 37,492 33,714 37,441 40,316 37,025 36,430 33,571 Brazil 38,344 29,704 35,531 33,301 37,386 33,647 29,840 21,950 Sweden 32,095 39,153 40,424 49,908 53,340 58,900 60,840 54,253 Cuba 30,711 26,667 12,349 11,609 9,625 5,293 4,099 4,053 Mexico 27,713 21,071 22,922 18,223 21,527 16,431 16,759 13,767 Romania 26,330 23,684 25,970 28,391 30,886 24,792 21,993 17,884 Argentina 25,892 19,944 17,322 13,614 15,944 13,976 12,316 9,044 Hungary 25,659 25,313 24,849 28,421 27,155 23,047 23,241 20,736 Indonesia 25,425 20,211 18,100 20,330 21,088 18,572 18,313 14,448 Slovakia 25,213 23,555 19,876 24,962 27,554 24,161 20,445 18,512 Portugal 20,347 17,729 15,475 15,181 14,952 15,398 15,814 18,434 North Korea 19,641 22,036 20,893 23,902 23,604 22,071 18,901 21,167 Total N / A N / A 33,729,187 32,421,490 30,792,091 28,176,502 24,932,016 N / A Visa statistics Most visas were issued in the following countries : Location Number of visas issued in 2015 Number of visas issued in 2016 Germany 299,791 153,727 China 357,040 129,744 France 119,314 61,999 Finland 112,655 55,415 Italy 117,123 52,107 United Kingdom 87,863 42,524 United States 85,974 46,180 Estonia 77,953 37,445 Latvia 70,328 30,933 Spain 57,001 25,262 History ( edit ) Main article : Visa history of Russia General rules ( edit ) Visa policy of the Russian Federation Russia Visa free access The law `` On the legal status of foreign citizens in the USSR '' was used by the Russian Federation . Action extended from 1 January 1993 . Chapter III of the law `` entry into the USSR and exit from the USSR Foreign citizens '' was replaced adopted the Federal Law No. 114 - FZ 1996 `` On the Order of Exit from the Russian Federation '' . The law was repealed with the adoption of the Federal Law 115 - FZ on 25 Jul 2002 On the Legal Status of Foreign Citizens in the Russian Federation . The laws establishes that as a general rule all foreign citizens and stateless persons need visas for entry and exit from the territory of Russia and the period of temporary stay ( 90 days within any 180 days ) . It also establishes a number of exceptions addressing certain groups of travelers . It should be noted that the basis of the legal status of foreign citizens and stateless persons are secured primarily by the Constitution of the Russian Federation 1993 - Art . 62 and Art . 63 . According to the Russian Constitution , international treaties of Russia override the domestic legislation . Russia has concluded a number of bilateral or multilateral treaties on visa abolishing or simplification and is seeking to negotiate new such treaties . The visa policy Russia applies the principle of reciprocity , the principle of specular . Visa - free 72 - hour transit In September , 2013 the president of Russia has sent the bill of introduction of 72 - hour visa - free transit to parliament . The list of the airports and the list of the states which citizens will be able to use visa - free transit in the tourist purposes , will be approved by the Government of the Russian Federation after ratification . In 2014 the parliament has suspended ratification of the bill for an indefinite term . Crimea In April 2014 Crimea 's Tourism Minister proposed a visa - free regime for foreign tourists staying at Crimean resorts for up to 12 days and a 72 - hour visa - free stay for cruise passengers . Visa - free access for Chinese citizens was proposed in June 2014 . Visa - free entrance in cruise courts to Sevastopol began to be carried out from September 2015 Other of the proposals has been not realized . International events ( edit ) Art events Participants and members of delegations coming to participate in the musical events are either provided with a simplified visa regime ( e.g. Eurovision Song Contest 2009 ) or the right of visa - free entry ( e.g. International Tchaikovsky Competition 2015 ) . Currently ( September 2015 ) the law providing permanent visa abolition for participants and jury members of art competitions is being planned by the Government of Russia . The focus of this regulation will be on the International Tchaikovsky Competition . Economic events Participants of the 1st Eastern Economic Forum in Vladivostok did not require a visa . Entrance was allowed with passport and the accreditation certificate only . Participants of East Economic Forum in Vladivostok can visit an event without visas from 8 to 15 September 2018 . Sporting events Prior to the adoption of a special law , participants and members of delegations arriving to sporting events , could count on a visa - free entry or visa facilitation ( determined by law for each event which has to pass ratification in parliament and to be signed by the president ) . For the 2008 Champions League Final held in Moscow , also spectators were given such visa - free entry . On 13 May 2013 the presidential decree on the abolition of visas for athletes , coaches , team leaders and members of foreign official delegations , as well as judges from the international sports competitions came into effect . It envisages entry on the basis of passport and accreditation certificate . The order of the President or the Government of Russia is sufficient for visa abolition or simplification of registration of visas . Visas were abolished for participants of the 2013 Summer Universiade , the 2014 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Moscow , the 2014 World Judo Championships in Chelyabinsk and the 16th FINA World Championships in Kazan . Participants of the XVI World Aquatics Championships in the Masters category were exempted from visa fees . The right to enter Russia without a visa was also given to visitors during the 2014 Winter Olympics and 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi if they were in a possession of tickets for the event . Players of 2016 IIHF World Championship were able to obtain visas on arrival , for the fans were simplified procedure for issuing visas . 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup holders of tickets for matches of the championship could enter Russia without a visa with personalized card of viewer ( also known as the passport of a fan or fan - ID ) and national passport from 7 June to 12 July 2017 , if holding a laminated FIFA FAN ID card ; from 14 June to 2 July 2017 , if holding a printed FIFA FAN ID electronic format card . The foreign citizens could use their FAN IDs for multiple visa - free entry into and exit from the Russian Federation . 2018 FIFA World Cup holders of tickets for matches of the championship were able to enter Russia without a visa with personalized card of viewer ( also known as the passport of a fan or fan - ID ) and national passport from 4 June to 25 July 2018 . Foreigners participating in events and athletes included in the lists of FIFA , will have to obtain visas , but in a simplified manner . In particular , visas for this category of citizens will be issued within 3 working days from the date of filing and without consular fees . This procedure will be applied until 31 December 2018 . Foreigners involved in activities and not participating in sporting events , will travel to and from Russia by an ordinary multiple - entry work visas that will be issued for a period of 1 year . Foreigners , attracted by the FIFA , its subsidiaries and contractors , confederations , national football associations , the Russian football Union , organizing Committee `` Russia - 2018 '' will be entitled to work in Russia without obtaining a patent . See also ( edit ) Russia portal Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Russia . Visa requirements for Russian citizens List of diplomatic missions of Russia Foreign relations of Russia Visa history of Russia References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Country information ( visa section ) '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Федеральный закон `` О внесении изменений в статью 27 Федерального закона `` О порядке выезда из Российской Федерации и въезда в Российскую Федерацию '' от 31.12. 2014 N 524 - ФЗ ( действующая редакция , 2016 ) / КонсультантПлюс `` . Consultant.ru. 2014 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ limited recognition state Jump up ^ limited recognition state Jump up ^ `` Указ о признании документов , выданных гражданам Украины и лицам без гражданства , проживающим на территориях отдельных районов Донецкой и Луганской областей Украины '' ( The decree on recognition of the documents issued to the citizens of Ukraine and persons without citizenship living in territories of certain districts of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions of Ukraine ) . Kremlin.ru ( in Russian ) . Официальный сайт Президента России / Official site of the President of Russia . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Previous visa - free agreements under different terms were applied in period 1981 - 1985 and 1985 - 1994 . Jump up ^ Previous visa - free agreement was applied in period 1990 - 2008 . Jump up ^ Previous visa - free agreement under different terms was applied in period 1990 - 2008 . Jump up ^ Previous visa - free agreement under different terms were applied in period 1965 ( on duty ) / 1967 ( for tourism ) - 1990 as Yugoslavia and 1990 - 2009 . Jump up ^ `` О вступлении в силу Соглашения между Правительством Российской Федерации и Правительством Республики Никарагуа об отмене визовых требований при взаимных поездках граждан Российской Федерации и граждан Республики Никарагуа '' ( About entry into force of the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Nicaragua on the abolition of visa requirements for mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Republic of Nicaragua ) . Mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Министерство Иностранных Дел России / The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` О вступлении в силу Соглашения между Правительством Российской Федерации и Правительством Республики Чили об условиях отказа от визовых формальностей при взаимных поездках граждан Российской Федерации и граждан Республики Чили '' ( About entry into force of the Agreement Between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Chile on the conditions of waiver of visa formalities for mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Republic of Chile ) . Mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Министерство Иностранных Дел России / The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` О вступлении в силу Соглашения между Правительством Российской Федерации и Правительством Республики Колумбии об условиях отказа от визовых формальностей при взаимных поездках граждан Российской Федерации и граждан Республики Колумбии '' . Mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Министерство Иностранных Дел России / The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` О вступлении в силу Соглашения между Правительством Российской Федерации и Правительством Республики Южная Осетия о взаимных безвизовых поездках граждан Российской Федерации и Республики Южная Осетия '' . Mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Министерство Иностранных Дел России / The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` О вступлении в силу Соглашения между Правительством Российской Федерации и Правительством Республики Абхазия о взаимных безвизовых поездках граждан Российской Федерации и Республики Абхазия '' . Mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Министерство Иностранных Дел России / The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` О вступлении в силу Соглашения между Правительством Российской Федерации и Правительством Республики Перу об условиях отказа от визовых формальностей при взаимных поездках граждан Российской Федерации и граждан Республики Перу '' . Mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Министерство Иностранных Дел России / The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` О предстоящем вступлении в силу Соглашения между Правительством Российской Федерации и Правительством Восточной Республики Уругвай об условиях отказа от визовых формальностей при взаимных поездках граждан Российской Федерации и граждан Восточной Республики Уругвай '' . Mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Министерство Иностранных Дел России / The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` О вступлении в силу соглашения о взаимных безвизовых поездках граждан России и Гватемалы '' . Mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Министерство Иностранных Дел России / The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` О вступлении в силу российско - эквадорского Соглашения о взаимных безвизовых поездках граждан '' . Mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Министерство Иностранных Дел России / The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Previous visa - free agreements under different terms were applied in period 1990 - 2008 and 2008 - 2013 . Jump up ^ `` О вступлении в силу Соглашения между Правительством Российской Федерации и Советом министров Боснии и Герцеговины об условиях взаимных поездок граждан Российской Федерации и граждан Боснии и Герцеговины '' . Mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Министерство Иностранных Дел России / The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` О вступлении в силу Соглашения между Правительством Российской Федерации и Правительством Республики Корея о взаимной отмене визовых требований '' . Mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Министерство Иностранных Дел России / The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Между Россией и Парагваем с 20 октября вводится безвизовый режим '' . Tourism.interfax.ru ( in Russian ) . Интерфакс . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` О вступлении в силу российско - монгольского Соглашения об условиях взаимных поездок граждан '' . Mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Министерство Иностранных Дел России / The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` О подписании Соглашения между Правительством Российской Федерации и Правительством Республики Панама об условиях отказа от визовых формальностей при взаимных поездках граждан двух стран '' . Mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Министерство Иностранных Дел России / The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` О вступлении в силу российско - науруанского Соглашения о взаимной отмене визовых требований '' . Mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Министерство Иностранных Дел России / The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` О вступлении в силу российско - гондурасского Соглашения о взаимных безвизовых поездках граждан '' . Mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Министерство Иностранных Дел России / The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` О вступлении в силу российско - гайанского Соглашения о взаимных безвизовых поездках граждан '' . Mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Министерство Иностранных Дел России / Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Россия и Сейшелы взаимно отменили визы '' . Tourism.interfax.ru . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` О вступлении в силу российско - маврикийского соглашения о взаимной отмене визовых требований '' . Mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Министерство Иностранных Дел России / The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` О вступлении в силу российско - сальвадорского Соглашения о взаимных безвизовых поездках граждан '' . Mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Министерство Иностранных Дел России / The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` О вступлении в силу российско - боливийского Соглашения о взаимных безвизовых поездках граждан '' . Mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Министерство Иностранных Дел России / The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` О вступлении в силу российско - южноафриканского Протокола о взаимной отмене визовых требований '' . Mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Министерство Иностранных Дел России / The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` О вступлении в силу российско - самоанского Соглашения о взаимной отмене визовых требований для граждан Российской Федерации и граждан Независимого Государства Самоа '' . Mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Министерство Иностранных Дел России / The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` О вступлении в силу Соглашения между Российской Федерацией и Федерацией Сент - Китс и Невис от 21 сентября 2017 года о взаимных безвизовых поездках граждан '' . Mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Министерство Иностранных Дел России / The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` О Соглашении между Правительством Российской Федерации и Правительством Лаосской Народно - Демократической Республики о взаимной отмене визовых требований для владельцев заграничных паспортов '' . Mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Министерство Иностранных Дел России / The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` О вступлении в силу Соглашения между Правительством Российской Федерации и Правительством Гренады от 20 сентября 2017 года о взаимных безвизовых поездках граждан '' . Mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Министерство Иностранных Дел России / The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Visa - free agreements were applied in period 1970 - 1979 , 1979 - 1990 Jump up ^ `` Постановление Совета Министров - Правительства РФ от 13.04. 1993 N 309 `` О введении визового ( разрешительного ) порядка въезда граждан Латвийской Республики и Эстонской Республики на территорию Российской Федерации '' `` . base.garant.ru . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Was applied from 14 August 1982 . Jump up ^ `` Постановление Правительства РФ от 29.03. 1994 N 241 `` О введении визового ( разрешительного ) порядка въезда граждан Литовской Республики на территорию Российской Федерации '' `` . base.garant.ru . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Was applied from 23 May 1971 . Jump up ^ Was applied from 22 January 1986 . ^ Jump up to : Was applied as Yugoslavia from 26 April 1990 . Jump up ^ Visa - free agreements under different terms were applied in period 1962 - 1965 , 1965 - 1969 , 1969 - 1982 , 1982 - 1995 as Czechoslovakia and 1995 - 2000 . Jump up ^ Visa - free agreements under different terms were applied in period 1962 - 1965 , 1965 - 1969 , 1969 - 1982 , 1982 - 1994 as Czechoslovakia and 1994 - 1995 , 1995 - 2001 . Jump up ^ Was applied from 15 June 1995 . Jump up ^ Was applied from 16 April 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` РСТ : иностранные туристы не смогут въехать в Россию через пропускной пункт под Смоленском '' . Tourism.interfax.ru . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.dw.com/ru/ почему - граждане - ес - больше - не - могут - въехать - в - россию - через - беларусь / a-36007927 Jump up ^ `` Crossing Russia - Belarus border '' . Polish Embassy in Belarus. 2016 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Постановление Правительства РФ N 397 О порядке пребывания на территории РФ иностранных граждан и лиц без гражданства , прибывающих в Российскую Федерацию в туристических целях на паромах '' . Travel.ru . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Information For Cruise Ship Passengers '' . Petersburg CITY . Retrieved 2 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sevastopol included into list of ports for visa - free entry of ferry passengers '' . En.portnews.ru . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Пассажиры туристических паромов теперь могут посетить Мурманскую область без виз Правительство Мурманской области '' . Gov-murman.ru. 2016 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Visa free rule - Peterline '' . Stpeterline.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Russian visa : how to visit Russia visa - free ? '' . Tripsget Travel Blog. 2016 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ The intergovernmental agreement on visa - free exchanges between the USSR and Japan ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` Министерство инвестиций и внешних связей Сахалинской области '' . Mininvest.admsakhalin.ru . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Безвизовый режим введен для коренных жителей Чукотки и Аляски РИА Новости - события в России и мире : темы дня , фото , видео , инфографика , радио '' . Ria.ru. 2015 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ http : / / чукотка. рф / en / authorities / visa - registration / Jump up ^ `` More visa - free traveling in the Baltic '' . Barentsobserver.com . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Liia.lv . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Latvian Republic on facilitation of mutual trips of residents of border territories of the Russian Federation and the Latvian Republic ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ `` Visa - free zone between Norway and Russia '' . Visahouse.com . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Kingdom of Norway on facilitation of mutual trips of residents of border territories of the Russian Federation and Kingdom of Norway ( in Russian ) ^ Jump up to : Protocol on amendments to the Annex to the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Kingdom of Norway on facilitation of mutual trips of residents of border territories of the Russian Federation and Kingdom of Norway ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` EU makes visa exception for Kaliningrad '' . Barentsobserver.com . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Poland on rules of local border traffic ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ 01.07. 2016 12 : 58 . `` Польша временно останавливает действие соглашения о местном приграничном передвижении '' . Gov39.ru . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ @ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Jump up ^ See Agreement section Jump up ^ From 1968 The regulatory framework of bilateral consular relations with Afganistan ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 1974 The regulatory framework of bilateral consular relations with Algeria ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 1 Jul 1990 ; for Austrian Airlines from 1986 Agreement between the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Austrian Federal Government on a simplified procedure of entry , departure and temporary stay of members of crews of aircraft of the Soviet and Austrian airlines ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 28 Apr 2014 Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Kingdom of Belgium on simplified rules of entry , stay , departure of the first crew members of aircraft of the airlines of the Russian Federation and the Kingdom of Belgium ( in Russian ) ^ Jump up to : From 7 May 2002 Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and Government of the Republic of Bulgaria on mutual trips of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 20 Dec 1989 Agreement between the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Government of Canada on a simplified procedure of entry and departure of crew members of aircraft of Aeroflot and Canadian Airlines International Ltd. ( in Russian ) ^ Jump up to : From 26 Apr 2014 Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the government of the people 's Republic of China about simplification of trips of citizens ( in Russian ) ^ Jump up to : From 31 Mar 2013 ^ Jump up to : Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Croatia on mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Republic of Croatia ( in Russian ) ^ Jump up to : From 20 Jan 2006 Agreement Between the Government of the Russian Federation and Government of the Republic of Cyprus on conditions of trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and Citizens of the Republic of Cyprus ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 21 Jul 2014 Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Czech Republic about the simplified rules of entry , stay and exit the territory of their States members of crews of aircraft of airlines of the Russian Federation and the Czech Republic ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 1 Jan 1993 Agreement between the government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark on the establishment of a simplified procedure of entry and departure of crew members of airlines of Russia and Denmark ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 1997 The regulatory framework of bilateral consular relations with Egypt ( in Russian ) ^ Jump up to : From 1 May 2005 Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the French Republic to facilitate on a mutual basis of conditions of entrance , trips and departure of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the French Republic ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 15 Jun 2017 Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Hellenic Republic about the simplified rules of entry , stay and departure of crew members of aircraft of the airlines of the Russian Federation and the Hellenic Republic ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 5 Jun 2013 Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Iceland on simplified rules of entry , stay and departure of crew members of aircraft of the airlines of the Russian Federation and Iceland ( scan copy , in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` Двусторонние договоры '' . Mid.ru . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ From 1972 The regulatory framework of bilateral consular relations with Iraq ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 29 Jan 1990 , for Alitalia only Agreement between the Government of the USSR and the Government of the Italian Republic on visa issues ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 22 Jun 1969 , 25 Dec 1996 , for Japan Airlines only The regulatory framework of bilateral consular relations with Japan ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 8 Apr 2014 Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the government of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan on simplified rules of entry , stay and departure of crew members of aircraft of the airlines of the Russian Federation and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ( in Russian ) ^ Jump up to : From 22 May 1997 Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and Government of Democratic People 's Republic of Korea on mutual trips of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 1987 Jump up ^ The regulatory framework of bilateral consular relations with Lebanon ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 1980 , for Libyan Airlines , for Tripoli - Moscow line only The regulatory framework of bilateral consular relations with Libya ( in Russian ) ^ Jump up to : From 1 Jan 2003 Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Lithuania on mutual trips of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 31 Oct 2008 Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Macedonia on the conditions of mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Republic of Macedonia ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 30 Jul 2009 Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands , on simplifying the rules of entry and exit for crew members of aircraft of the airlines of the Russian Federation and the Kingdom of the Netherlands ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 1 Jan 1993 Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Kingdom of Norway on the facilitation of entry and exit of crew members of aircraft of the airlines of Russia and Norway ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` Соглашение между Правительством Российской Федерации и Правительством Султаната Оман об упрощенных правилах въезда , пребывания и выезда для членов экипажей воздушных судов авиапредприятий Российской Федерации и Султаната Оман ( заключено путем обмена нотами от 15 июля 2013 года и 3 июля 2017 года , вступило в силу 28 марта 2018 года ) '' . publication.pravo.gov.ru . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : From 1 Oct 2003 Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and Government of the Republic of Poland on conditions of mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Republic of Poland ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 24 May 2015 Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Portuguese Republic about the simplified rules of entry , stay and departure of crew members of aircraft of the airlines of the Russian Federation and the Portuguese Republic ( scan copy , in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 1 Mar 2004 Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and government of Romania on mutual trips of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 13 July 2015 ; for Iberia from 26 Oct 1990 The Memorandum between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Kingdom of Spain on the procedure of issuing visas ( in Russian ) Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Kingdom of Spain on amending the Memorandum between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Kingdom of Spain on the procedure of issuing visas on 26 October 1990 ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 4 Dec 2012 Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka on simplified rules of entry , stay and departure of crew members of aircraft of the airlines of the Russian Federation and the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 3 Jan 1993 Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Kingdom of Sweden on the establishment of the simplified order of entrance and departure of crew members of aircraft of the airlines of Russia and Sweden ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 17 Jul 1999 Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Turkmenistan on mutual trips of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 28 Dec 1990 Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics concerning the Entry and Exit Procedures for Aircraft Crews on Flights between the USSR and the UK ^ Jump up to : From 20 Feb 1994 Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam about conditions of mutual trips of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` Двусторонние договоры '' . Mid.ru . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation the government of the Italian Republic about the simplified rules of entry , stay and departure of crew members of aircraft of the airlines of the Russian Federation and the Italian Republic ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` Двусторонние договоры '' . Mid.ru . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Официальный интернет - портал правовой информации '' . publication.pravo.gov.ru . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Официальный интернет - портал правовой информации '' . publication.pravo.gov.ru . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ From 19 May 1979 The regulatory framework of bilateral consular relations with Democratic Republic of Congo ( in Russian ) Agreement between the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Executive Council of the Republic of Zaire on the shipping industry ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 1975 The regulatory framework of bilateral consular relations with Egypt ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 6 Feb 2016 Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran on simplification of conditions of mutual trips of certain categories of citizens of the Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 1974 The regulatory framework of bilateral consular relations with Iraq ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 24 Sep 1984 Agreement between the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the government of the Tunisian Republic on Maritime navigation ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 17 Jul 1999 Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Turkmenistan on mutual trips of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ From 22 May 1997 Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and Government of Democratic People 's Republic of Korea on mutual trips of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Turkmenistan on mutual trips of citizens ( in Russian ) From 17 Jul 1999 Jump up ^ `` E-visa '' . electronic-visa.kdmid.ru . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` О начале выдачи электронных виз иностранным гражданам для посещения свободного порта Владивосток '' . Mid.ru . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Under visa waiver agreement from 8 January 2018 Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Jump up ^ ( 9 ) Jump up ^ -- Visas `` Transit Visas '' Check url = value ( help ) . Embassy of the Russian Federation , The Netherlands . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Transit Visa '' . Consular Information -- Visas . Embassy of the Russian Federation , Washington D.C . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Finnish Republic on leasing to the Finnish Republic of the Russian part of Saimaa canal and adjoining territory and on the conditions of navigation through Saimaa canal , article 6 , paragraph 3 . Jump up ^ `` Консульский Департамент МИД России '' . Kdmid.ru . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ limited recognition state Jump up ^ limited recognition state Jump up ^ `` Официальный интернет - портал правовой информации '' . publication.pravo.gov.ru . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Law onб ═ entry into Russia ofб ═ foreign nationals holders ofб ═ APEC Business Travel Cards Б ─ ╒ President ofб ═ Russia '' . En.kremlin.ru . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` ABTC Summary - APEC Business Travel Card '' . travel.apec.org . Archived from the original on 19 October 2016 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russian Federation Country Specific Information - Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Постановление Правительства РФ от 04.07. 1992 N 470 `` Об утверждении Перечня территорий Российской Федерации с регламентированным посещением для иностранных граждан '' ( с изменениями и дополнениями ) `` . base.garant.ru . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Foreigners need visas to travel to Crimea - Apr. 01 , 2014 '' . Kyivpost.com. 1 April 2014 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ukraine insists on right of issuing Crimean visa '' . News.xinhanet.com . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Правительство Российской Федерации '' ( PDF ) . government.ru . Retrieved 27 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Официальный интернет - портал правовой информации '' . publication.pravo.gov.ru . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Официальный интернет - портал правовой информации '' . publication.pravo.gov.ru . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Официальный интернет - портал правовой информации '' . publication.pravo.gov.ru . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 10 ) Jump up ^ `` Официальный интернет - портал правовой информации '' . publication.pravo.gov.ru . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ О подписании Соглашения об отмене виз для граждан России и Коста - Рики при взаимных поездках Jump up ^ `` Официальный интернет - портал правовой информации '' . publication.pravo.gov.ru . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ http://tass.ru/politika/5222850 Jump up ^ `` Официальное опубликование правовых актов в электронном виде '' . Publication.pravo.gov.ru . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Двусторонние договоры '' . Mid.ru . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Двусторонние договоры '' . Mid.ru . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Press release on Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov 's meeting with high representatives of small island states of the South Pacific '' . Mid.ru . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Официальное опубликование правовых актов в электронном виде '' . Publication.pravo.gov.ru . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Встреча Дмитрия Медведева с Президентом Судана Омаром Баширом '' . government.ru . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Официальный интернет - портал правовой информации '' . publication.pravo.gov.ru . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 11 ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Abkhazia on mutual visa - free trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Abkhazia ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Albania on mutual trips of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` Соглашение между Правительством Российской Федерации и Правительством Алжирской Народной Демократической Республики о взаимной отмене визовых требований для владельцев дипломатических или служебных паспортов '' . mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Angola on visa - free trips on diplomatic and service passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Argentine Republic on visa - free trips on diplomatic , official or service passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Argentinian Republic on visa - free trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Argentinian Republic ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Armenia on mutual visa - free trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Republic of Armenia ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Armenia on amending the agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Armenia on mutual visa - free for citizens of the Russian Federation of citizens of the Republic of Armenia , dated 25 September 2000 ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Azerbaijan on visa - free trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Azerbaijan ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Kingdom of Bahrain on mutual abolition of visa requirements for holders of diplomatic , service and special passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the People 's Republic of Bangladesh on visa - free trips for holders of diplomatic and service ( official ) passports ( in Russian ) ^ Jump up to : Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Belarus , the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan , the Kyrgyz Republic , the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan on mutual visa - free trips of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Benin on visa - free trips on diplomatic and service passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Bolivia on visa - free trips on diplomatic , official or service passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and Government of Plurinational State of Bolivia on visa - free trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of Plurinational State of Bolivia ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and Government of Plurinational State of Bolivia on visa - free trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of Plurinational State of Bolivia ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Council of Ministers Bosnia and Herzegovina on terms of mutual trips of citizens The Russian Federation and citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Botswana on visa - free trips on diplomatic and service passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Government of the Federative Republic of Brazil on the abolition of visas for holders of diplomatic and service passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Federative Republic of Brazil about refusal from visa requirements for short trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Republic of Brazil ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Brunei Darussalam concerning the abolition of visa formalities for holders of diplomatic and service ( official ) passports in the implementation of short trips in the form of an exchange of notes between the Ministry of foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation and the Embassy of Brunei Darussalam ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Brunei Darussalam concerning the abolition of visa formalities for holders of diplomatic and service ( official ) passports in the implementation of short trips in the form of an exchange of notes between the Ministry of foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation and the Embassy of Brunei Darussalam ( Scan in English , in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` Соглашение между Правительством Российской Федерации и Правительством Его Величества Султана и Янг ди - Пертуана Государства Бруней - Даруссалам о взаимной отмене визовых требований для владельцев обычных паспортов '' . mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Bulgaria on mutual trips of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Burkina Faso on visa - free trips on diplomatic and service passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` Соглашение между Правительством Российской Федерации и Правительством Республики Бурунди о взаимном отказе от визовых формальностей для владельцев дипломатических и служебных паспортов '' . mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Cape Verde on visa - free trips on diplomatic and service passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Engaged in the agreement between the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the government of the People 's Republic of Kampuchea on visa - free regime for citizens of both countries , sourcause official trips on diplomatic or service passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Chile on visa - free trips on diplomatic passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Chile on the abolition of visas for holders of service Russian passports and official Chilean passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement Between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Chile on the conditions of waiver of visa formalities for mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Republic of Chile ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the government of the people 's Republic of China about simplification of trips of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the People 's Republic of China on visa - free group tourist trips ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Colombia on the abolition of visas for holders of diplomatic , service or official passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the government of the Russian Federation and the government of the Republic of Colombia on the conditions of waiver of visa formalities for mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Republic of Colombia ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Congo on visa - free trips for holders of diplomatic and official passports ( scan in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Costa Rica on the abolition of visas for holders of diplomatic and service oassports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` Соглашение между Правительством Российской Федерации и Правительством Республики Коста - Рика об условиях отказа от визовых формальностей при взаимных поездках граждан Российской Федерации и граждан Республики Коста - Рика '' . mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Cuba on mutual trips of citizens of both countries . With amendments dated 25 October 1996 ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` Соглашение между Правительством Российской Федерации и Правительством Республики Куба об условиях отказа от визовых формальностей при взаимных поездках граждан Российской Федерации и граждан Республики Куба '' . mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Cyprus on visa - free trips on diplomatic and service passports . rtf ( in Russian ) ^ Jump up to : Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark on simplification of issue of visas to citizens of the Kingdom of Denmark of the Russian Federation ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Dominican Republic on mutual abolition of visas for holders of diplomatic and service passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Ecuador on the abolition of visas for holders of diplomatic and official Russian and diplomatic , official and special passports of Ecuador ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Ecuador on the conditions of waiver of visa formalities for mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Ecuador ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Memorandum between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt on visa - free trips on diplomatic , service and special passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of El Salvador on visa - free trips on diplomatic and service passports of the Russian Federation and the diplomatic and official passports of the Republic of El Salvador . It concluded by an exchange of notes ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of El Salvador on conditions of abolition of visa formalities at mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Republic of El Salvado '' . Kdmid.ru ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Соглашение между Правительством Российской Федерации и Правительством Республики Экваториальная Гвинея о безвизовых поездках владельцев дипломатических , официальных и служебных паспортов '' . mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia on visa - free trips for diplomatic and service passports ( in Russian ) ^ Jump up to : Agreement between the European Community and the Russian Federation on the facilitation of the issuance of visas to the citizens of the European Union , Article 11 ( in English ) `` Соглашение между Российской Федерацией и Европейским Сообществом об упрощении выдачи виз гражданам Российской Федерации и Европейского Союза ( статья 11 ) '' . kdmid.ru . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Fiji on mutual abolition of visa requirements for citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Republic of Fiji ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Gabonese Republic on the abolition of visas for holders of diplomatic and service passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` Соглашение между Правительством Российской Федерации и Правительством Республики Гамбии о безвизовых поездках владельцев дипломатических или служебных паспортов '' . mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Grenada on the waiver of visa requirements for mutual visits of the nationals of the Russian Federation and the nationals of Grenada ( in Russian , in English ) Jump up ^ Agreement in the form exchange of notes between Government of the Russian Federation and the Government the Republic of Guatemala on the abolition of visas for holders of diplomatic and official passports the Russian Federation and of diplomatic , consular and official of passports the Republic of Guatemala ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Guatemala on the conditions of waiver of visa formalities for mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Republic of Guatemala ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government the Republic of Guinea on visa - free trips on diplomatic and service passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana of the visa - free trips for holders of diplomatic and service Russian passports and diplomatic Guyanese passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana on amendments to the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana of the visa - free trips for holders of diplomatic and service Russian passports and diplomatic Guyanese passports : Note No. 1653 / KD - n 7 Jun 2017 ; Note No. 1135 / 2017 24 July 2017 ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana on the conditions of waiver of visa formalities for mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana PDF . Scan. ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government the Republic of Honduras on visa - free trips on diplomatic and service passports citizens of the Russian Federation and the diplomatic and the official passports citizens of the Republic Honduras ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Honduras on the conditions of waiver of visa formalities for mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Republic Hondura ( scan in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the government of the Special Administrative region of Hong Kong , People 's Republic of China on mutual abolition of visa requirements for citizens of the Russian Federation and permanent residents of the Special Administrative region of Hong Kong , People 's Republic of China ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and Government of the Hungarian Republic on visa - free trips on diplomatic and service passports ( in Russian ) ^ Jump up to : Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Iceland on the simplification of issuing visas to citizens of the Russian Federation and Iceland ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of India on mutual trips for holders of diplomatic and service ( official ) passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia on the waiver of visa formalities for the exercise by holders of diplomatic and official passports , short - term trips ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Memorandum between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran of visa - free trips on diplomatic and service passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` Соглашение между Правительством Российской Федерации и Правительством Исламской Республики Иран о безвизовых групповых туристических поездках граждан Российской Федерации и граждан Исламской Республики Иран '' . mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the state of Israel on waiver of visa requirements for mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the State of Israel ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement Between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Jamaica on the abolition of visas for holders of diplomatic and official passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the government of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan on the abolition of visa regime for holders of diplomatic , special or service passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the State of Kuwait on visa - free trips for holders of diplomatic , service and special passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Lao people 's Democratic Republic about mutual trips of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian and the Government of the Lao people 's Democratic Republic on mutual abolition of visa requirements for holders of foreign passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and Government of the Principality of Liechtenstein on simplification of procedure of issue of visas to citizens of the Russian Federation and Principality of Liechtenstein ( scan in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` Agreement between the Government of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China and the Government of the Russian Federation on mutual exemption of visa requirements '' . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . ( in Russian , in English ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Macedonia on the conditions of mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Republic of Macedonia ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and Government of the Republic of Mali on visa - free trips on diplomatic and service passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Mauritius on mutual abolition of visa requirements ( in English ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Mauritius on mutual abolition of visa requirements ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the United Mexican States on visa - free trips on diplomatic , service and official passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` Соглашение между Правительством Российской Федерации и Правительством Федеративных Штатов Микронезии о взаимной отмене визовых требований для граждан Российской Федерации и граждан Федеративных Штатов Микронезии '' . mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and Government of the Republic of Moldova on mutual visa - free trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Republic of Moldova ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and Government of Mongolia on conditions of mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of Mongolia ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Montenegro on conditions of mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of Montenegro ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and Government of the Kingdom of Morocco on visa - free trips on diplomatic and service passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Mozambique on visa - free trips for holders of diplomatic and service passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Union of Myanmar concerning the abolition of visas for holders of diplomatic , service and official passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Nauru on mutual abolition of visa requirements for citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Republic of Nauru ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Kingdom of Nepal concerning the abolition of visas for holders of diplomatic and official passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Nicaragua on visa - free trips on diplomatic , service and official passports. ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Nicaragua on the abolition of visa requirements for mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Republic of Nicaragua ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and Government of Democratic People 's Republic of Korea on mutual trips of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Kingdom of Norway on simplification of issue of visas to citizens of the Russian Federation and the Kingdom of Norway ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Sultanate of Oman on mutual visa abolition for holders of diplomatic , special and service passports ( doc . ) ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on visa - free trips on diplomatic and service passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the government of the Republic of Panama on visa - free trips on diplomatic , official , consular , official and special passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Panama about the conditions of waiver of visa formalities for mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Republic of Panama ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Paraguay on visa - free trips on diplomatic , service or official Russian Paraguayan passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Paraguay on the conditions of waiver of visa formalities for mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Republic of Paraguay ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Peru on the abolition of visas for holders of diplomatic , service and special passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Peru on the conditions of waiver of visa formalities for mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Republic of Peru ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of the Philippines on terms of mutual trips for holders of diplomatic and service ( official ) passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Poland on mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Republic of Poland ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the State of Qatar on waiver of visa requirements for holders of diplomatic passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Romania on mutual trips of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis on the conditions of waiver of visa formalities for mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Independent State of Samoa on mutual abolition of visa requirements for citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Independent State of Samoa ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and Government of the Republic of Senegal on visa - free trips for holders of diplomatic or service passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Diplomatic note on 28 September 2015 between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Senegal about introduction of amendments to the agreement ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Serbia on the conditions of mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Republic of Serbia ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Seychelles on the abolition of visa requirements for short trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Republic of Seychelles ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Singapore on mutual abolition of visa requirements for holders of diplomatic and service ( official ) passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Slovak Republic on visa - free trips for holders of diplomatic passports or service passports ( in Slovak ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the South African Republic on the waiver of visa requirements for holders of diplomatic and service / official passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the government of the Republic of South Africa on mutual abolition of visa requirements for holders of foreign passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Korea on the abolition of visa formalities for holders of diplomatic passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Korea on mutual abolition of visas for holders of service / official passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Korea on mutual abolition of visa requirements ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of South Ossetia on mutual visa - free trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and the Republic of South Ossetia ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka on visa - free travel for holders of diplomatic and service ( official ) passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` Соглашение между Правительством Российской Федерации и Правительством Республики Судан о безвизовых поездках владельцев дипломатических паспортов '' . mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ 30 days until 6 May 2010 Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic on visa - free travel for holders of diplomatic , service and special passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` Консульский Департамент МИД России '' . Kdmid.ru . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and Federal Council of the Swiss Confederation on simplification of issue of visas to citizens of the Russian Federation and Swiss Confederation ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand on mutual waiver of visa requirements for holders of diplomatic and service passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand on the conditions of waiver of visa formalities for mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and subjects of the Kingdom of Thailand ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Tunisia on the abolition of visa regime for holders of diplomatic , special or service passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and Government of the Republic of Turkey on visa - free trips on diplomatic passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and Government of the Republic of Turkey on conditions of mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and Republic of Turkey ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Turkmenistan on mutual trips of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and Government of Ukraine on visa - free trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and Ukraine ( edition of 14.03. 2007 ) ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the United Arab Emirates on the mutual abolition of visas for holders of diplomatic passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` Соглашение между Правительством Российской Федерации и Правительством Объединенных Арабских Эмиратов о взаимной отмене визовых требований для граждан Российской Федерации и граждан Объединенных Арабских Эмиратов '' . mid.ru ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 14 Aug 2018 . Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay on the abolition of visas for holders of diplomatic , service and official passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay on the conditions of waiver of visa formalities for mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan on mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Vanuatu on mutual abolition of visa requirements for citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Republic of Vanuatu ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Vatican Secretariat of State ( Holy See ) on visa - free trips for holders of diplomatic passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Venezuela on visa - free trips on diplomatic and service passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela on waiver of visa requirements for mutual visits of nationals of the two countries ( in English ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela on waiver of visa requirements for mutual visits of nationals of the two countries ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the government of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam on the conditions of mutual trips of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Republic of Zimbabwe on visa - free regime for citizens of the Soviet Union and Zimbabwe , engaged in mutual travel for diplomatic and service passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Decree of the Russian President `` On the procedure of entry to the Russian Federation and departure from Russian Federation of persons without the citizenship , consisting in citizenship of the USSR and living in the Latvian Republic or the Estonian Republic '' ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` Официальный интернет - портал правовой информации '' . publication.pravo.gov.ru . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Decree of the Russian President on 3 September 2017 No. 409 `` On the order of entry to the Russian Federation and exit from the Russian Federation for citizens of the Principality of Monaco '' ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Citizens of Monaco carry out entry into Russia and departure from Russia according to the procedure similar to the procedure provided for citizens of the foreign State Parties of the Agreement Russia - European Community Agreement between the European Community and the Russian Federation on the facilitation of the issuance of visas to the citizens of the European Union ( in English ) Agreement between the Russian Federation and the European Community on the facilitation of the issuance of visas to the citizens of the European Union ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and Government of the Republic of Bulgaria on mutual trips of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement Between the Government of the Russian Federation and Government of the Republic of Cyprus on conditions of trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and Citizens of the Republic of Cyprus ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the government of the People 's Republic of China on simplification of trips of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt on the facilitation of the issuance of visas to citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Arab Republic of Egypt ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the French Republic to facilitate on a mutual basis of conditions of entrance , trips and departure of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the French Republic ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the government of the Federal Republic of Germany on simplification of mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of Federal Republic of Germany ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of India on simplification of mutual trips of certain categories of citizens of the two countries ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ The Protocol on amendments to the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of India on simplification of mutual trips of certain categories of citizens of the two countries ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Diplomatic notes on the arrangement of issuing six - month multiple entry tourist visas for citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Republic of India on mutual basis ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Memorandum of understanding between the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia on the simplified order of issue of visas ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Memorandum of understanding between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran on visa questions ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran on simplification of conditions of mutual trips of certain categories of citizens of the Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the State of Israel on terms and order of issue of visas for owners of diplomatic and service passports ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement in the form of exchange of notes between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the State of Israel and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation about a registration order on the basis of the principle of reciprocity of multi-visas for up to 90 days to citizens of the State of Israel -- the owners of diplomatic and service passports following in a long business trip to the Russian Federation ( in English , in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and Government of the Republic of Italy on simplification of issue of visas to citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Republic of Italy ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Japan on simplification of procedure of issuing visas to citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of Japan ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement in the form of an exchange of diplomatic notes between the Russian Federation and Japan for extradition on a reciprocal basis , multiple - entry six - month tourist visas , multiple annual private visas , as well as multiple five - year business and humanitarian visas for citizens of Japan ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and Government of the Republic of Latvia on mutual trips of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and Government of the Principality of Liechtenstein on simplification of procedure of issue of visas to citizens of the Russian Federation and Principality of Liechtenstein (. doc file in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Lithuania on mutual trips of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Kingdom of Norway on simplification of issue of visas to citizens of the Russian Federation and the Kingdom of Norway ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and Government of the Republic of Poland on conditions of mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Republic of Poland ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and government of Romania on mutual trips of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Protocol between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of South Africa on consular questions ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Memorandum of understanding between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Korea concerning issue of visas ( with changes for 29 May 2002 ) ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Protocol on modification of the Memorandum of understanding between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Korea concerning issue of visas of 18 March 1992 ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Korea on simplification of the procedure of issue of visas for implementation of mutual short - term trips of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Memorandum between the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Kingdom of Spain of an order of issue of visas ( with changes for 7 November 2014 ) ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ greement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Kingdom of Spain on modification of the Memorandum between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Kingdom of Spain on an order of issue of visas of 26 October 1990 ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement Between the Government of the Russian Federation and Government of Turkmenistan on mutual trips of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ The memorandum of understanding between the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning issue of visas to citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of Russian Federation and the United States on the simplification of visa procedures for citizens of the two countries ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement on the recommendatory list of documents for the consideration of visa applications of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement on reduce consular fees for issuing visas on a reciprocal basis ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam about conditions of mutual trips of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement in the form of exchange of notes on introduction of amendments to the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam about conditions of mutual trips of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ ( 12 ) ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ ( 13 ) Jump up ^ Protocol on exchange of Notes between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People 's Republic Angola and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics about mutual refusal of collection of consular fees for commission of consular actions by citizens and the HPA and USSR organizations ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the People 's Republic Kampuchea and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on mutual refusal of collection of consular fees for commission of all consular actions ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Exchange of letters between the ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the USSR in Iran and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Iran about mutual to cancellation of collection of consular fees for issue of visas ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Exchange of letters between the ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the USSR in Japan and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Japan on mutual refusal of consular fees for issue of visas ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ http://www.kdmid.ru/docs.aspx?lst=country_wiki&it=/ Нормативная % 20база % 20двусторонних % 20консульских % 20отношений % 20с % 20Мавританией. aspx Jump up ^ Exchange of diplomatic notes between the Mission of the USSR in New Zealand and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of New Zealand about the mutual termination of collection of consular fees for issue of visas ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between USSR and Bangladesh on 19 May 1973 Jump up ^ `` Официальный интернет - портал правовой информации '' . publication.pravo.gov.ru . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Agreement between USSR and Pakistan on 13 April 1965 Jump up ^ `` Официальный интернет - портал правовой информации '' . publication.pravo.gov.ru . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and Council of ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina on conditions of mutual trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and Government of the National Republic of Bulgaria on conditions of mutual visa - free trips of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement on an order of mutual visa - free trips of citizens of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and citizens of the National Republic of Bulgaria ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement on visa - free movement of citizens of the Commonwealth of Independent States on the territory of its participants ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` Соглашение между Правительством Российской Федерации и Правительством Китайской Народной Республики о взаимных поездках граждан ( прекратило действие с 26.04. 2014 на основании международного соглашения от 22.03. 2013 ) , Международное соглашение от 29 февраля 2000 года '' . Jump up ^ `` Соглашение между Правительством Российской Федерации и Правительством Китайской Народной Республики о безвизовых поездках по дипломатическим и служебным паспортам ( прекратило действие с 25.05. 2001 на основании международного соглашения от 29.02. 2000 ) , Международное соглашение от 29 декабря 1993 года '' . Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Government of the Republic of Cuba on mutual trips of citizens ( scan in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` Двусторонние договоры '' . Mid.ru . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dohody mezi vládou České republiky a vládou Ruské federace o bezvízových cestách občanů '' ( in Czech ) . Jump up ^ `` Соглашение между Правительством Союза Советских Социалистических Республик и Правительством Чехословацкой Социалистической Республики об условиях взаимных поездок граждан обоих государств ( утратило силу на основании Соглашения от 07.12. 94 ) , Международное соглашение от 17 декабря 1981 года '' . Jump up ^ Agreement on mutual visa - free trips of citizens of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and citizens of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Protocol on refusal of visa requirements for citizens of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics at private trips to the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( in Slovak ) Jump up ^ `` Соглашение между Правительством Союза Советских Социалистических Республик и Правительством Германской Демократической Республики об условиях взаимных безвизовых поездок граждан обоих государств '' ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Соглашение между Правительством Союза Советских Социалистических Республик и Правительством Германской Демократической Республики о взаимных безвизовых поездках граждан обоих государств '' ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and Government of the Hungarian National Republic on conditions of mutual visa - free trips of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement on an order of mutual visa - free trips of citizens of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and citizens of the Hungarian National Republic ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Government Democratic People 's Republic of Korea about mutual trips of citizens ( in Russian ) ( PDF , scan copy ) Jump up ^ `` Соглашение между Правительством Союза Советских Социалистических Республик и Правительством Лаосской Народно - Демократической Республики о безвизовом режиме для граждан обоих государств , совершающих служебные поездки ... ( прекратило действие ) , Международное соглашение от 20 декабря 1984 года '' . Jump up ^ `` Временное соглашение между Правительством Российской Федерации и Правительством Литовской Республики о взаимных поездках граждан , Международное соглашение от 20 февраля 1995 года , Международный договор от 20 февраля 1995 года '' . Jump up ^ `` Угода між Урядом Союзу Радянських Соціалістичних Республік та Урядом Монгольської Народної Республіки про умови взаємних безвізових поїздок громадян '' . Zakon3.rada.gov.ua . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Agreement on an order of mutual visa - free trips of citizens of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and citizens of the Monolsky National Republic ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Abkhazia on mutual visa - free trips of citizens of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Abkhazia Agreement between the Government of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and Government of the Polish National Republic on mutual visa - free trips of citizens of both states ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and Government of the Polish National Republic on mutual visa - free trips of citizens of both states ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Government of Romania on the abolition of visa regime ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ The agreement between the Government of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and the Government of the Socialist Republic of Romania on visa abolition for office , tourist , private and transit trips ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ The agreement between the Government of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and the Government of the Socialist Republic of Romania on cancellation of the entrance - exit visas at trips on office affairs , on a visit to relatives and acquaintances and about cancellation of transit visas ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Slovak Republic on visa - free travel ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and Allied Executive Veche of Skupstina of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on mutual trips of citizens ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` visa.kdmid.ru '' . visa.kdmid.ru . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Federal law on the procedure for exiting and entering the Russian Federasion ( in Russian ) Archived 2016 - 03 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Getting your Russian travel visa - tips and tricks '' . Moscow Russia Insider 's Guide . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Russia Visa requirements '' . SSCvisa . Jump up ^ `` Russian Visa -- problems and solutions '' . Visahouse.com . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 14 ) Archived 2015 - 08 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` What is a visa to Russia : all about visas and invitations '' . Visalink-russia.com . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Interfax ( 29 September 2014 ) . `` Russia to introduce fingerprint scanning for visa applicants in UK , Denmark , Myanmar , Namibia '' . Rbth.com . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` МВД с 2019 года введет обязательную дактилоскопию для въезжающих в РФ без визы иностранцев '' . Tass.ru . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Въезд иностранных граждан в РФ '' . Fedstat.ru. 2017 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ ( 15 ) Jump up ^ ( 16 ) Jump up ^ `` Federal Law No. 114 - FZ OF August 15 , 1996 On the Procedure for Exiting and Entring the Russian Federation '' . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Автоматизированная система обеспечения законодательной деятельности '' ( in Russian ) . Asozd2.duma.gov.ru . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Crimea proposes lifting visas for tourists '' . voiceofrussia.com . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crimea visits to be visa - free for Chinese travellers -- Russia tourism chief '' . In.rbth.com . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` СФ одобрил закон об отмене виз для участников международного конкурса имени Чайковского '' . Tass.ru . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Россия отменит визы для артистов '' . Rg.ru. 14 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ PrimaMedia . `` Иностранные участники Восточного экономического форума приедут во Владивосток без визы - PrimaMedia '' . Primamedia.ru . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ https://ria.ru/economy/20180704/1523912347.html?referrer_block=index_archive_31 Jump up ^ `` Определён порядок въезда и выезда из страны иностранных граждан -- участников международных спортивных соревнований '' . Kremlin.ru . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ВЗГЛЯД / Медведев отменил визы для участников универсиады в Казани '' . M.vz.ru. 2012 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` З - Мнбнярх - Аег Бхг Б Пняяхч Оепбшлх Бзеуюкх Свюярмхйх Велохнмюрю Лхпю Он Цпеаке Х Йюмнщ '' . Kommersant.ru . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ 07 : 18 , 21 марта 2015 . `` Участники чемпионата мира по водным видам спорта в Казани получат российские визы бесплатно '' . Interfax.ru . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Владимир Путин : Гости Олимпиады могут приехать в Сочи на Олимпийские игры без виз , а только на основе аккредитации - Новости - Советский Спорт '' . Sovsport.ru . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Хоккеисты НХЛ , которые приедут на ЧМ в Россию , смогут получить визы прямо в аэропорту - Газета. Ru Новости '' . Gazeta.ru. 2015 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` FAN ID '' . Fan-id.ru . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Путин подписал закон о въезде иностранцев в РФ на ЧМ - 2018 по паспорту болельщика '' . Tass.ru . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Visas of Russia . The conditions of entry of foreign citizens in the Russian Federation of diplomatic , service ( official , special ) , regular passport . ( in Russian ) May 2017 E-visa to visit the free port of Vladivostok . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia Federal Law No. 114 - FZ On the Legal Status of Foreign Citizens in the Russian Federation ( in English ) ( without additions ) Federal Law No. 114 - FZ On the Legal Status of Foreign Citizens in the Russian Federation ( in Russian ) ( with additions ) Timatic . Visa & Passport Information Visa policy by country Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Swaziland Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast ASEAN : Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Other : East Timor Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Ural River in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . Part of Norway , not part of the Schengen Area , special open - border status under Svalbard Treaty Visa requirements Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angolan Cameroonian Central African Republic Chadian DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinean Gabonese Santomean Eastern Burundian Comorian Djiboutian Eritrean Ethiopian Kenyan Malagasy Malawian Mauritian Mozambican Rwandan Seychellois Somali ( Somaliland ) South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Zambian Zimbabwean Northern Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibian Saint Helena South African Swazi Western Beninese Burkinabe Cape Verdean Gambian Ghanaian Guinean Guinea - Bissauan Ivorian Liberian Malian Mauritanian Nigerian Nigerien Senegalese Sierra Leonean Togolese Americas Caribbean Anguillan Antigua and Barbuda Bahamian Barbadian British Virgin Islands Caymanian Cuban Dominica Dominican Republic Grenadian Haitian Jamaican Montserratian Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucian Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belizean Costa Rican El Salvador Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian North Bermudian Canadian Mexican United States South Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Paraguayan Peruvian Surinamese Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central & North Afghanistani Kazakhstani Kyrgyzstani Russian Tajik Turkmen Uzbekistani East Chinese Hong Kongese Macanese Japanese North Korean South Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Bangladeshi Bhutanese Indian Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Southeast Bruneian Cambodian East Timorese Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Myanmar Philippine Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Abkhaz Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Bahraini Cypriot Egyptian Georgian Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Northern Cypriot Omani Palestinian Qatari Saudi South Ossetian Syrian Turkish Yemeni Europe European Union Austrian Belgian British ( BOTC BN ( O ) BOC ) Bulgarian Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch Estonian ( Non-citizens ) Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian ( Non-citizens ) Lithuanian Luxembourg Maltese Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Other Europe Abkhaz Albanian Andorran Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Belarusian Bosnian and Herzegovinian Georgian Gibraltar Icelandic Kazakhstani Kosovan Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldovan Monégasque Montenegrin Northern Cypriot Norwegian Russian San Marino Serbian South Ossetian Sovereign Military Order of Malta Swiss Transnistrian Turkish Ukrainian Vatican City Oceania Australian Fijian Kiribati Marshallese Micronesian Nauruan New Zealand Palauan Papua New Guinean Pitcairn Islands Samoan Solomon Islands Tongan Tuvaluan Vanuatuan British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Abkhazia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , and South Ossetia are often regarded as transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia , Artsakh , Cyprus , and Northern Cyprus are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Partially recognized . Immigration law Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_policy_of_Russia&oldid=856987889 '' Categories : Visa policy by country Foreign relations of Russia Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Pages with URL errors Articles with Russian - language external links CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Русский Српски / srpski Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 20 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who doesn't need a visa for russia

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Template:Chief guests in republic day parade

Template : chief guests in Republic Day parade - wikipedia Template : chief guests in Republic Day parade Jump to : navigation , search This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Year Guest name Country Note 1950 President Sukarno Indonesia 1951 King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah Nepal 1952 1953 1954 King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck Bhutan 1955 Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad Pakistan First guest for parade at Rajpath 1956 Chancellor of the Exchequer R.A. Butler United Kingdom Two guests Chief Justice Kōtarō Tanaka Japan 1957 Minister of Defence Georgy Zhukov Soviet Union 1958 Marshall Ye Jianying China 1959 Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip United Kingdom 2nd invitation 1960 Chairman Kliment Voroshilov Soviet Union 2nd invitation 1961 Queen Elizabeth II United Kingdom 3rd invitation 1962 Prime Minister Viggo Kampmann Denmark Note 1963 King Norodom Sihanouk Cambodia 1964 Chief of Defence Staff Lord Louis Mountbatten United Kingdom 4th invitation 1965 Food and Agriculture Minister Rana Abdul Hamid Pakistan 2nd invitation 1966 1967 King Mohammed Zahir Shah Afghanistan Note 1968 Chairman Alexei Kosygin Soviet Union 3rd invitation Two guests President Josip Broz Tito Yugoslavia 1969 Prime Minister Todor Zhivkov Bulgaria 1970 King of the Belgians Baudouin Belgium Attended only the Beating Retreat 1971 President Julius Nyerere Tanzania 1972 Prime Minister Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Mauritius 1973 President Mobutu Sese Seko Zaire President Josip Broz Tito Yugoslavia 2nd invitation Two guests Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike Sri Lanka President Kenneth Kaunda Zambia 1976 Prime Minister Jacques Chirac France 1977 First Secretary Edward Gierek Poland 1978 President Patrick Hillery Ireland 1979 Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser Australia 1980 President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing France 2nd invitation 1981 President Jose Lopez Portillo Mexico 1982 King Juan Carlos I Spain President Shehu Shagari Nigeria 1984 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck Bhutan 2nd invitation 1985 President Raúl Alfonsín Argentina 1986 Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou Greece President Alan Garcia Peru President J.R. Jayewardene Sri Lanka 2nd invitation General Secretary Nguyen Van Linh Vietnam Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth Mauritius 2nd invitation 1991 President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom Maldives President Mário Soares Portugal Prime Minister John Major United Kingdom 5th invitation Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Singapore 1995 President Nelson Mandela South Africa President Fernando Henrique Cardoso Brazil Prime Minister Basdeo Panday Trinidad and Tobago 1998 President Jacques Chirac France 3rd invitation 1999 King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev Nepal 2nd invitation 2000 President Olusegun Obasanjo Nigeria 2nd invitation President Abdelaziz Bouteflika Algeria 2002 President Cassam Uteem Mauritius 3rd invitation 2003 President Mohammed Khatami Iran President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva Brazil 2nd invitation 2005 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck Bhutan 3rd invitation 2006 King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al - Saud Saudi Arabia 2007 President Vladimir Putin Russia 4th invitation 2008 President Nicolas Sarkozy France 4th invitation 2009 President Nursultan Nazarbayev Kazakhstan President Lee Myung Bak South Korea 2011 President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Indonesia 2nd invitation 2012 Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra Thailand 2013 King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck Bhutan 4th invitation 2014 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe Japan 2nd invitation 2015 President Barack Obama United States 2016 President François Hollande France 5th invitation 2017 Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan United Arab Emirates 2018 Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Brunei Ten guests ( Heads of ASEAN states ) Prime Minister Hun Sen Cambodia 2nd invitation President Joko Widodo Indonesia 3rd invitation Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith Laos Prime Minister Najib Razak Malaysia President Htin Kyaw Myanmar President Rodrigo Roa Duterte Philippines Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Singapore 2nd invitation Prime Minister Prayuth Chan - ocha Thailand 2nd invitation Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc Vietnam 2nd invitation Notes ( edit ) 1. ^ Danish Prime Minister attended Republic Day in Madras ( Chennai ) . 2. ^ For the first time , the President of India ( S. Radhakrishnan ) could not take the salute at the Republic Day parade due to ill - health . Zahir Shah arrived on 28 January . References These references will appear in the article , but this list appears only on this page . Jump up ^ `` Republic Day celebrations : President Pranab Mukherjee tweets images from 1950 onwards '' . 25 July 2017 -- via The Economic Times . Jump up ^ India , President of ( 18 January 2015 ) . `` King Tribhuvan of Nepal was the guest of honour for the Republic Day in 1951 # 26Januarypic.twitter.com/piqaZUKolr '' . Jump up ^ `` Selected works of Jawaharlal Nehru '' ( PDF ) . claudearpi.net . Jump up ^ http://web.archive.org/web/20050205163551/http://www.dawn.com/2005/01/31/fea.htm Jump up ^ Rajan , Mannaraswamighala Sreeranga ( 1964 ) . `` India in world affairs , 1954 -- 56 '' . Jump up ^ The Times of India , News Service . ( 1956 , Jan 22 ) . REPUBLIC DAY IN DELHI . The Times of India ( 1861 - Current ) Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/501661043 Jump up ^ British Pathé ( 13 April 2014 ) . `` Zhukov At India 's National Day Aka Zhukov -- India ( 1957 ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Deepak , B. R ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . India & China , 1904 -- 2004 : A century of peace and conflict . ISBN 9788178271125 . Jump up ^ `` In India , they have been celebrating Republic Day . After the parade ... '' . Jump up ^ http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2547?000 Jump up ^ British Pathé ( 13 April 2014 ) . `` Duke Popular Everywhere ( 1959 ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Prasad , Rajendra ( 1984 ) . Dr. Rajendra Prasad : Correspondence and Select Documents . ISBN 9788170230021 . Jump up ^ `` Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru , News Photo , Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth be '' . Timescontent.com. 1961 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2488?000 Jump up ^ Indian Information . 1962 . Jump up ^ British Pathé ( 13 April 2014 ) . `` Republic Celebration ( 1964 ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2555?000 Jump up ^ `` visit to New Delhi of Mr Kosygin on the occasion of Republic Day -- Google zoeken '' . Google.com. 2013 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Recorder '' . 1969 . Jump up ^ http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2558?000 Jump up ^ Link : Indian Newsmagazine. 25 July 1970 . Jump up ^ `` India '' . 1971 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Affairs Record '' . 1972 . Jump up ^ Reed , Sir Stanley ( 1974 ) . `` The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who 's who '' . Jump up ^ `` Indian and Foreign Review '' . 1973 . Jump up ^ Lok Sabha ( 1975 ) . `` Lok Sabha Debates '' . Jump up ^ http://www.ambafrance-au.org/france_australie/spip.php?article1521 Jump up ^ `` The Eastern Economist '' . 1977 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick J. Hillery '' . Clarelibrary.ie . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Bilateral Visits '' . Hcindia-au.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MEA MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad '' . Mealib.nic.in. 2013 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MEA MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad '' . Mealib.nic.in. 2013 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MEA MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad '' . Mealib.nic.in. 2013 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MEA MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad '' . Mealib.nic.in. 2013 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` India Argentina Relations '' ( PDF ) . Mea.gov.in . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2000 -- 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Mea.gov.in . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` meacommunity.org '' . meacommunity.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` meacommunity.org '' . meacommunity.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` meacommunity.org '' . meacommunity.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://www.indianexpress.com/news/choosing-rday-chief-guest-behind-the-warm-welcome-a-cold-strategy/571348/6 ^ Jump up to : `` Choosing R - Day chief guest : Behind the warm welcome , a cold strategy '' . Indian Express . 2010 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` General South African History timeline '' sahistory.org.za Accessed on 13 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Choosing R - Day chief guest : Behind the warm welcome , a cold strategy '' . Indian Express . 2010 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesian President next R - Day parade chief guest -- Rediff.com India News '' . News.rediff.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesian President next R - Day parade chief guest -- Rediff.com India News '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ New Delhi , 2 Dec ( IANS ) ( 20 January 2012 ) . `` Thai PM to be chief guest on India 's Republic Day '' . Deccan Herald . Retrieved 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` India invites King of Bhutan as chief guest at Republic Day celebrations '' . Ibnlive.in.com. 2013 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` India likely to Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe as Republic Day chief guest : India , News -- India Today '' . Indiatoday.intoday.in . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Obama in India joins Modi at Delhi Republic Day parade '' . 26 January 2015 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ `` French President Hollande invited as Republic Day guest '' . 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Abu Dhabi Crown Prince to be chief guest on Republic Day '' . Jump up ^ `` India to invite heads of 10 Asean nations for Republic Day celebrations -- Times of India '' . Jump up ^ DANISH PREMIER TO VISIT INDIA. ( 1962 , Jan 04 ) . The Times of India ( 1861 - Current ) Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/365725781 Jump up ^ `` Asian Recorder '' . 25 July 1967 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Asian Almanac '' . V.T. Sambandan. 25 July 1967 -- via Google Books . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Chief_guests_in_republic_day_parade&oldid=792888349 '' Hidden categories : Templates needing substitution checking Talk Template Talk About Wikipedia বাংলা தமிழ் اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2017 , at 11 : 25 . About Wikipedia

who was the chief guest of the official ceremony in the republic day

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Whose Line Is It Anyway? (U.S. TV series)

Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( U.S. TV series ) - Wikipedia Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Whose Line Is It Anyway ? Genre Comedy Created by Dan Patterson Mark Leveson Presented by Drew Carey ( 1998 -- 2007 ) Aisha Tyler ( 2013 -- present ) Starring Ryan Stiles Colin Mochrie Wayne Brady Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 14 No. of episodes 310 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Hat Trick Productions Warner Bros. Television Angst Productions Warner Horizon Television Release Original network ABC ABC Family The CW Picture format 4 : 3 ( ABC ) HDTV 1080i ( The CW ) Original release August 5 , 1998 ( 1998 - 08 - 05 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( UK TV series ) External links Website www.cwtv.com/shows/whose-line-is-it-anyway Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( often known as simply Whose Line ? ) is an American improvisational comedy show , which was originally hosted by Drew Carey on ABC and ABC Family and ran from August 5 , 1998 to December 15 , 2007 . A revival of the show , hosted by Aisha Tyler , began airing on The CW on July 16 , 2013 . The series is an official adaptation of the British show of the same name and features Ryan Stiles , Colin Mochrie , and Wayne Brady as its regular performers with the fourth seat occupied by a guest panelist . All three regulars appeared on the British series ; Stiles and Mochrie were both regulars ( first appearing in the second and third series ' respectively , and both appearing in every episode from series 8 onwards ) , with Brady a frequent guest in the final series which moved production from London to Hollywood . Ryan Stiles is the most prolific performer in the history of Whose Line ? , having made 76 appearances in the British version , and only having missed two episodes since the start of the run in the U.S. Colin Mochrie is the only performer to have appeared in every episode of the U.S. version of the show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Performers / players 1.2 Games 2 History 2.1 Hiatus 2.2 CW revival 3 Performers 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 3.3 Musicians 3.4 Guest stars 4 Episodes 5 Awards and nominations 6 International broadcast 7 DVD releases 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Format ( edit ) The show consists of a panel of four performers who create characters , scenes , and songs on the spot , in the style of short - form improvisation games . Topics for the games are based on either audience suggestions or predetermined prompts from the host , who would set up a game and situation that the performers would improvise . The original host Drew Carey awarded arbitrary point values after each game , often citing a humorous reason for his decision . The points were purely decorative and served no practical purpose . He would reiterate this at the beginning of , and multiple times throughout , each episode by describing Whose Line as `` the show where everything 's made up and the points do n't matter '' . The style of the games were varied ( see Games , below ) . Some featured all four performers , while others featured fewer . Between games , the performers sat in four chairs facing the audience . The performers who were not involved in a game remained in their seats . Additionally , the show was marked by humorous banter among the performers and host . At the conclusion of each episode , a winner or several winners were chosen arbitrarily by Carey . The `` prize '' was either to play a game with the host , or to sit out while the other performers did so . After this game during the first season of the series , credits simply rolled under the show 's theme . In the second season , the reading of the credits was performed by one or more cast members in a comedic fashion , based on a theme announced by Carey that often derived from a successful joke earlier in the show . The show 's `` short - form '' approach to improv received criticism from some improv actors . However , performer Colin Mochrie has stated the show was never intended to be the `` be-all and end - all '' of improv , but that it was meant to introduce improv to the masses . Performers / players ( edit ) Colin Mochrie , who joined the U.S. version after originally appearing on the UK version Like the UK original , the U.S. version of Whose Line Is It Anyway ? features four performers , two of whom , Colin Mochrie and Ryan Stiles , were regular , permanent performers throughout the original format , having featured prominently in the UK original ; Stiles since his first appearance in its second season in 1989 , while Mochrie since his first appearance in the following season in 1991 , with both making regular appearances in the UK version from 1995 until its end in 1999 . Another performer who made frequent , recurring appearances was Wayne Brady , who appeared in the majority of episodes of the original format . During his tenure as host , Drew Carey also took part , though only in one game , after one of the performers was declared the `` winner '' and allowed to take his place at his desk in the studio ; host Aisha Tyler did not take part in games when the show was revived , but has occasionally joined in for a quick scene during the Scenes from a Hat game . As of 2017 , Mochrie is the only performer to have appeared on every single episode of the American version . Alongside Mochrie and Stiles , other veterans of the UK series appeared on the U.S. version included Greg Proops , Brad Sherwood , and Chip Esten , with the show introducing several newcomers that took part , including Denny Siegel , Kathy Greenwood , Jeff Davis , Patrick Bristow , Stephen Colbert , Kathy Kinney , and Ian Gomez , though mainly in the early seasons of the show . Unlike the UK original , the US version occasionally featured a celebrity guest performer , such as Robin Williams , Kathy Griffin , and Whoopi Goldberg , while on other occasions , a celebrity made a guest appearance for individual games ; such appearance have included Sid Caesar , David Hasselhoff , Florence Henderson , Jerry Springer , Joanie `` Chyna '' Laurer , Richard Simmons , Katie Harman , Jayne Trcka , the Loyola Marymount University cheerleaders , Hugh Hefner , and Lassie . Celebrity guests became a regular feature of the show beginning with season 9 . Improvisational musician Laura Hall , who appeared in the final season of the UK original , joined the original U.S. format for its entire run and performed piano and keyboards in games featuring improvisational singing by the cast members . From the second season onward , other musicians joined Hall -- Linda Taylor made frequent appearances playing guitar and occasionally keyboards , while Cece Worrall - Rubin , Anne King , Candy Girard , and Anna Wanselius appeared alongside Hall ( and sometimes also Taylor ) on occasion . Games ( edit ) The number and type of games played varied from episode to episode , yet while some games became more common over time , others faded from use . Some games are based on traditional improv games , with a considerable number brought over from the UK original , including Scenes from a Hat , Greatest Hits , Props , Hoedown , Helping Hands , Questions Only and Party Quirks . Others were new and uniquely created for both the U.S. original format , and the revived show , with several only receiving 1 or 2 playings , due to either the games not having been well received by audiences , or Stiles ' reluctance to perform certain rounds . There are 8 games that have been performed at least once in every season , these are Scenes from a Hat , Greatest Hits , Props , Let 's Make a Date , Weird Newscasters , Duet , Helping Hands and Questions Only . Game Performers Episodes Overall Seasons 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 5 2002 -- 03 6 7 2005 8 2005 -- 07 9 2013 10 2014 11 2015 12 2016 13 2017 Scenes from a Hat All / Aisha 152 15 10 16 23 11 6 18 16 18 13 Greatest Hits Colin , Ryan , Wayne / 4th Seat 97 9 13 16 9 7 5 10 5 6 8 Props All / Drew 93 9 13 12 7 6 9 8 9 5 6 Hoedown All / Drew 86 9 21 14 10 7 7 Let 's Make a Date All 82 9 14 9 7 5 8 7 6 5 Weird Newscasters All 81 13 16 8 9 5 6 6 Duet Wayne & 4th Seat 80 8 10 6 5 7 7 15 8 Song Styles Wayne 67 8 12 10 6 9 5 5 Helping Hands Colin , Ryan / 4th Seat / Drew 61 6 7 6 8 7 9 6 Questions Only All 52 10 5 5 6 Hollywood Director All 49 5 6 7 7 7 Party Quirks All 49 9 8 7 8 Newsflash Colin , Ryan & 4th Seat 47 11 8 Living Scenery All 47 7 6 9 7 7 Sound Effects Colin & Ryan 43 5 6 7 9 Dubbing All 35 5 5 7 5 6 World 's Worst All / Drew / Aisha 33 5 Film TV and Theater Styles Colin , Ryan & Wayne 32 11 9 6 Superheroes All 32 8 8 Three - Headed Broadway Star Colin / Ryan / Wayne / 4th Seat / Drew 29 9 11 Irish Drinking Song All / Drew 28 6 7 Film Dub All 27 Doo - Wop Wayne / Colin / Ryan / 4th Seat 22 5 Foreign Film Dub All / Drew 21 Scene to Rap All 21 6 5 6 Whose Line Colin & Ryan 21 6 Narrate Colin & Ryan 16 Two - Line Vocabulary Colin , Ryan & Wayne / 4th Seat 15 Infomercial Colin & Ryan 15 Themed Restaurant All / Drew 14 Hats All 12 90 Second Alphabet All / Drew 12 6 Moving People Colin & Ryan 12 5 Motown Group Wayne , 4th Seat / Colin / Ryan 12 5 Secret Colin & Ryan 12 5 If You Know What I Mean Colin , Ryan & Brad 10 Title Sequence All 10 Day Time Talk Show All 9 5 Song Titles All 9 Number of Words All 9 Stand , Sit , Lie / Bend Colin , Ryan / 4th Seat / Drew 8 Improbable Mission Colin & Ryan 8 Dead Bodies Colin , Ryan / 4th Seat / Drew 7 Fashion Models Colin , Ryan , 4th Seat / Wayne 7 Sportcasters All 7 The Millionaire Show All 7 Show - Stopping Number Colin , Ryan & Wayne 7 Press Conference All 7 What 's in the Bag Colin , Ryan & Wayne 7 5 Multiple Personalities Colin , Ryan & Greg 6 Action Replay All 6 Award Show All 6 Bartender All 6 Sideways Scene Colin , Wayne & 4th Seat 6 6 African Chant Wayne 5 Hey , You Down There ! Colin , Ryan & 4th Seat Quick Change All / Drew Scene With An Audience Member Colin & Ryan Change Letter All Telethon All Old Job - New Job All Scenes Cut From a Movie All Scene To Music Colin , Ryan & Wayne Forward Rewind All Remote Control All Funeral Colin , Ryan & Greg Backwards Scene Colin , Ryan & Brad Make a Monster All All In One Voice All Boogie Woogie Sisters Ryan , Wayne & Brad Game Show All Mixed Messages Colin & Wayne / Ryan / 4th Seat Animals Colin , Ryan & Brad Change of Cast All Change Emotion All Ballad of Wayne What Are You Trying to Say ? Colin & Ryan Survival Show All Good Cop / Bad Cop Colin , Ryan & Wayne Reunion Colin , Ryan & Greg Wedding All Meet the Family All Really Bad Hangover All Ice Skaters All Shopping From Home Colin & Ryan Dating Profile All ^ Note 1 : Played with Greg instead of Ryan for 1 episode in season 10 . Played with Brad instead of Wayne for 2 episodes in season 1 and season 12 . ^ Note 2 : Played with Chip Esten instead of Colin for 1 episode in season 13 . ^ Note 3 : Played with Brad instead of Wayne for 2 episodes in season 12 . ^ Note 4 : Played with Brad instead of Wayne for 3 episodes in seasons 1 and 8 . ^ Note 5 : Played with Cedric The Entertainer instead of Gary for 1 episode in season 11 . ^ Note 6 : Played with Drew instead of Colin for 1 episode in season 1 . ^ Note 7 : Played with Greg instead of Ryan for 1 episode in season 10 . ^ Note 8 : Played with Brad instead of Ryan in season 12 . All games were designed with the same principle of those from the UK original -- to test the performers ' improvisational comedy skills , with some games requiring the host to ask the studio audience for suggestions for specific topics or situations , while at other times these suggestions were written by the production staff , or submitted by the audience in advance , and chosen from among these . In addition , the host would control a buzzer which would signify the end of most games , or the end of individual sections of rapid - fire games such as `` Scenes from a Hat '' . In addition to being tested on their comedy skills in improv games , the performers are also tested on other skills , such as singing , dancing , or impressions , as Whose Line features a number of musical games , with one or more of the show 's resident musicians playing live backing music for them , except on a few occasions when pre-recorded music was also used . Although they had no bad feelings about these sort of games , many of the performers disliked them ; while Wayne Brady turned out to be well suited to them , having Chip Esten , Jeff Davis , Brad Sherwood and Gary Anthony Williams making frequent appearances as his duet partner , Stiles frequently expressed open disdain towards the `` Hoedown '' game , which became a bit of a running gag , while Mochrie rarely sings any lyrics , mainly preferring to deliver his lines in a spoken word fashion , much like in the UK original . History ( edit ) The title card of seasons 1 -- 8 of Whose Line Is It Anyway ? Whose Line Is It Anyway ? was created by Dan Patterson and Mark Leveson in 1988 as a radio show on BBC Radio 4 in the United Kingdom . This early incarnation of the show is notable as being the origin of its tradition of having the performers read the credits in an amusing style ; as it was a radio show , it was necessary for somebody to read the credits , and it was decided that it might as well be done as part of the program , rather than being done by a traditional BBC Radio announcer . This approach to reading credits was pioneered by the earlier BBC radio show I 'm Sorry , I 'll Read That Again . Indeed , the title of the show itself is a comedic riposte to another radio show , What 's My Line , merged with the title of a 1972 teleplay ( and eventual theatrical play ) Whose Life Is It Anyway ? . The radio series lasted for six episodes , after which Channel 4 developed the franchise for television . The British television version lasted for a total of 10 seasons , with 136 episodes , all of which were hosted by Clive Anderson . Colin Mochrie and Ryan Stiles , who would later star in the U.S. version , became regular cast members in the seventh and eighth seasons . The UK series was brought to the attention of Drew Carey , who worked with regular Whose Line ? performer Ryan Stiles , a co-star on The Drew Carey Show . Carey convinced ABC to air test episodes in the United States . The show turned into an inexpensive hit ( though less so than the British version ) , and ABC kept Carey on as host . In its first season , the show aired on Wednesday nights at 9 : 30 , right after The Drew Carey Show . It ranked 29th for the season , and averaged 13.1 million viewers per episode . The show ran on ABC for six seasons , benefiting from the low expectations of its Thursday night time slot , as ABC was not expected to mount a serious threat to what was then NBC 's longtime Thursday dominance in the Nielsen ratings . While the network would regularly premiere two new episodes in one night , there were several occurrences in which some episodes were skipped or postponed until a later date because of the airing of other new shows or specials . The format of the American version was very similar to the British program . A major difference was Carey 's use of the game - show facade , explicitly stating at the start of each episode that `` the points do n't matter , '' and sometimes emphasizing this throughout the episodes . The difference in standards in the UK compared to U.S. prime time meant stricter censoring of both language and content on the U.S. series . Production of the American version was canceled by ABC in 2003 because of low ratings , with already - produced episodes airing first - run into 2004 . The ABC Family cable channel , which had been airing repeats of the show since 2002 , also showed `` new '' episodes from 2005 to 2006 , formed from previously filmed but unaired performances . Hiatus ( edit ) Following the cancellation , Drew Carey went on to create the short - lived Drew Carey 's Green Screen Show , which premiered in 2004 on the WB . The series was very similar to Whose Line ? , and featured many of the same cast . The major gimmick on that series was that the acting was done in front of a green screen , and animators later added cartoon imagery to the scenes . Carey and several cast members also started touring North America with a live - action show called ( Drew Carey 's ) Improv All - Stars . The show was a live stage show similar to Whose Line ? , and featuring many of the same games , though also with some new ones . The live shows started in 2003 , and since 2006 , are only seen on occasion , mostly due to Carey 's current television obligations . Colin Mochrie , Brad Sherwood and Drew Carey performed at the Just for Laughs festival in Montreal as `` Improv All - Stars '' in 2003 and 2004 . Since 2005 , Mochrie and Sherwood have toured semi-regularly as An Evening With Colin and Brad . The show was recorded on Stage 29 at Paramount Studios . Greg Proops and Ryan Stiles presented Stiles & Proops Unplanned which was a live improv comedy show based on the successful Baddiel and Skinner Unplanned format that took place at Centaur Theatre in Montreal , Canada in July 2008 . They also tour with former co-star Jeff Davis under the name Whose Live Anyway ? doing live improv . Proops appeared as Max Madigan on Nickelodeon 's True Jackson , VP , and is currently hosting Head Games on The Science Channel and was the host of `` Odd News '' segments for Yahoo ! ( now called Broken News Daily ) while Esten has made multiple appearances in various TV series including The Office , ER ( also produced by Warner Bros . ) and Big Love and guest - starred in Enlightened . In 2007 , Mochrie was host of a five - episode run of Are You Smarter Than a Canadian 5th Grader ? on Global TV in Canada . Carey , Stiles , Brady , and Esten were all later employed by American television network CBS ; Carey succeeded Bob Barker as the host of the long - running game show The Price Is Right ( after a short stint as host of another game show , Power of 10 ) . In addition , Sherwood and Davis served as guest announcers for the 2010 - 11 season of The Price Is Right , after the departure of Rich Fields , who was eventually replaced by George Gray . Stiles appeared as a supporting character on the sitcom Two and a Half Men . Esten had a recurring role on The New Adventures of Old Christine and made a guest appearance in NCIS : Los Angeles , before moving to star in the ABC drama Nashville . Brady had a summer variety show on ABC in 2001 , The Wayne Brady Show and then hosted a daytime talk show of the same name for two seasons , starting in September 2002 . He also was the host of Fox 's Do n't Forget the Lyrics . In 2007 , he made a guest appearance in one episode of 30 Rock , and has made several appearances on How I Met Your Mother as Barney Stinson 's homosexual brother . He also had a couple of guest appearances on Chappelle 's Show . Since October 5 , 2009 , Brady has been the host of CBS ' revival of the classic game show Let 's Make a Deal . Featuring Jonathan Mangum as announcer and Co-Host , this new iteration utilized some classic elements of improv from Whose Line , most notably Brady 's singing and comedic abilities , occasionally breaking out into spontaneous musical improv in front of or involving contestants , and not being a stipulated aspect of the particular game to be played . As of 2009 , every main Whose Line participant has hosted at least one game show except Ryan Stiles . On November 18 , 2010 , Variety announced that Drew Carey would start a primetime improv show on GSN . The series , entitled Drew Carey 's Improv - A-Ganza , debuted on April 11 , 2011 and featured most of the Whose Line regular cast before ending in June 2011 ; Rich Fields was the announcer for the series . A second season was not ordered and the show was terminated . On July 10 , 2012 , ABC premiered a new improv comedy series featuring several of the Whose Line alumni called Trust Us With Your Life . Some of the players included Colin Mochrie , Wayne Brady , Greg Proops , Jonathan Mangum , and Nicole Parker . However , on July 30 , after only six episodes had aired , ABC pulled the remaining episodes after its host Fred Willard was arrested on a lewd - conduct charge at the Tiki Theater , an adult movie theater in Hollywood , California . In February 2013 , Ryan Stiles revealed in an interview that he would be returning to Los Angeles in April for a new season of Whose Line , hosted by Aisha Tyler and featuring the original cast of the U.S. version . Colin Mochrie would later confirm the revival . CW revival ( edit ) Whose Line Is It Anyway ? returned to television , this time on The CW , with Colin Mochrie , Ryan Stiles , and Wayne Brady , and Aisha Tyler taking the role of the host . In addition to the traditional rotating fourth improv player ( often drawn from same pool of regulars that appeared on the original show ) , a new feature was that of a `` special guest '' . This fifth player would not necessarily have an improv background , but would still participate in some of the improv games . The initial summer run was made up of twelve half - hour episodes with the three veteran players joined by a featured player , along with a different special guest for each episode who would play in some of the games . On July 29 , 2013 , The CW announced that it had renewed the show for a 24 - episode season , airing Fridays at 8 ET / PT starting March 21 , 2014 , due to solid ratings . Illness prevented Stiles from appearing in two season 10 episodes , the first Whose Line shows he had missed in nearly 20 years , dating back to the original British series . Frequent guest Greg Proops filled in for Stiles on these occasions . On July 18 , 2014 , The CW announced that the show will be returning for a 24 - episode eleventh season ( and third season on The CW ) which started airing on April 17 , 2015 . On August 11 , 2015 , the series was renewed for a twelfth season ( fourth on The CW ) to start airing May 23 , 2016 . On October 24 , 2016 , The CW renewed the show for a thirteenth season ( fifth season on The CW ) to start airing May 29 , 2017 . On October 26 , 2017 , The CW renewed the show for a fourteenth season ( sixth season on the CW ) Performers ( edit ) Several of the performers , including the three regulars Brady , Mochrie and Stiles , had previously appeared in the original run of Whose Line in the UK ; other performers who had made appearances in the British version are Greg Proops , Brad Sherwood , Chip Esten , Karen Maruyama and Josie Lawrence , as well as musician Laura Hall . Mochrie and Stiles have been regulars since the show started , whilst Brady became a regular from season 2 - 7 , appearing as a recurring performer in seasons 1 and 8 . Mochrie is the only performer to have appeared in every episode of the US series of Whose Line ? , with Stiles having missed two recordings due to illness . Of the recurring performers to occupy the fourth seat , Proops and Sherwood are the most prolific , with 66 total appearances each . The original host of the U.S. show was Drew Carey , who appeared in every episode of series 1 - 8 . Carey notably took more of an active role in the show than his predecessor Clive Anderson , as following the announcement of the `` winner '' of each show , Carey would perform a game with the other performers . After the CW revival in 2013 , Aisha Tyler took over as host , as Carey was the host of The Price is Right , which ran at the same time as Whose Line , however Carey is mentioned numerous times by Tyler and the other performers . Unlike Carey , Tyler does not perform full games with the other performers , however does occasionally interject in quick fire games such as Scenes from a Hat with her own suggestions . Main ( edit ) Colin Mochrie -- 310 episodes Ryan Stiles -- 308 episodes Wayne Brady -- 300 episodes ( starring seasons 2 -- 7 , 9 -- ; recurring seasons 1 & 8 ) Drew Carey ( host ) -- 219 episodes ( seasons 1 -- 8 ) Aisha Tyler ( host ) -- 91 episodes ( season 9 -- ) Recurring ( edit ) Brad Sherwood -- 67 episodes ( Seasons 1 -- 8 , 10 -- ) Greg Proops -- 65 episodes ( Seasons 1 -- 8 , 10 -- ) Charles `` Chip '' Esten -- 40 episodes ( Seasons 2 -- 8 , 13 ) Jeff Davis -- 33 episodes ( Seasons 3 -- 5 , 7 -- ) Kathy Greenwood -- 33 episodes ( Seasons 2 -- 5 , 7 -- 8 ) Gary Anthony Williams -- 17 episodes ( Seasons 9 -- ) Denny Siegel -- 14 episodes ( Seasons 1 -- 2 , 6 , 8 ) Jonathan Mangum -- 14 episodes ( Seasons 9 -- ) Heather Anne Campbell -- 9 episodes ( Seasons 9 -- 11 , 13 -- ) Keegan - Michael Key -- 8 episodes ( Seasons 9 -- 12 ) Nyima Funk -- 4 episodes ( Seasons 9 -- 10 ) Karen Maruyama -- 3 episodes ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Musicians ( edit ) Laura Hall -- 267 episodes Linda Taylor -- 159 episodes Cece Worrall -- 37 episodes Anne King -- 10 episodes Anna Wanselius -- 6 episodes Guest stars ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . 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( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Seasons 1 -- 8 Kathy Griffin -- 4 episodes Patrick Bristow -- 2 episodes Stephen Colbert -- 2 episodes Whoopi Goldberg -- 2 episodes Ian Gomez -- 2 episodes Josie Lawrence -- 2 episodes Jerry Springer -- 2 episodes Kathy Kinney ( season 1 , episode 6 ) Robin Williams ( season 3 , episode 9 ) Lassie and Sid Caesar ( season 4 , episode 15 ) Hugh Hefner , Ava Fabian , and Victoria Fuller ( season 4 , episode 24 ) Katie Harman , Miss America 2002 ( Season 5 , episode 2 ) Florence Henderson ( season 5 , episode 4 ) Joanie `` Chyna '' Laurer ( season 5 , episode 8 ) Richard Simmons ( season 5 , episode 17 ) David Hasselhoff ( Season 5 , episode 19 ) Jayne Trcka ( Season 5 , episode 21 ) Veena and Neena Bidasha ( Season 5 , episode 25 ) Undarma Darihu ( Season 5 , episode 28 ) Loyola Marymount University Cheerleaders ( Season 6 , episode 6 ) Santa Claus and Donner ( Season 8 , episode 6 ) Season 9 Lauren Cohan ( episode 1 ) Kevin McHale ( episode 2 ) Candice Accola ( episode 3 ) Kyle Richards ( episode 4 ) Mary Killman and Mariya Koroleva ( episode 5 ) Wilson Bethel ( episode 6 ) Lisa Leslie ( episode 7 ) Laila Ali ( episode 9 ) Maggie Q ( episode 10 ) Chloe Butler ( episode 11 ) Shawn Johnson ( episode 12 ) Season 10 Kat Graham ( episode 1 ) Tara Lipinski ( episode 2 ) Verne Troyer ( episode 3 ) Darren Criss ( episode 4 ) Michael Weatherly ( episode 5 ) Byambajav Ulambayar ( episode 6 ) Nolan Gould ( episode 7 ) Mircea Monroe ( episode 8 ) Jack Osbourne ( episode 10 ) Rob Gronkowski ( episode 11 ) Robbie Amell ( episode 12 ) Misha Collins ( episode 13 ) Sheryl Underwood ( episode 14 ) Mel B. ( episode 15 ) Kunal Nayyar ( episode 16 ) Padma Lakshmi ( episode 18 ) Matt Barnes ( episode 20 ) Brian Shaw ( episode 22 ) Wendi McLendon - Covey ( episode 23 ) Season 11 Cedric the Entertainer ( episode 1 ) Adelaide Kane ( episode 2 ) Jaime Camil ( episode 4 ) Scott Porter ( episode 5 ) Willie Robertson ( episode 6 ) Heather Morris ( episode 7 ) Vernon Davis ( episode 8 ) Penn & Teller ( episode 10 ) Kathie Lee Gifford ( episode 11 ) Randy Couture ( episode 12 ) Gina Rodriguez ( episode 13 ) Nina Agdal ( episode 15 ) Bill Nye ( episode 17 ) Carson Kressley ( episode 19 ) Season 12 Alfonso Ribeiro ( episode 1 ) Karla Souza ( episode 3 ) Yvette Nicole Brown ( episode 4 ) Kaitlin Doubleday ( episode 5 ) Lolo Jones ( episode 6 ) Joey Fatone ( episode 8 ) Tamera Mowry ( episode 9 ) Misty May - Treanor ( episode 11 ) Lyndie Greenwood ( episode 12 ) Chris Jericho ( episode 13 ) Rachel Bloom ( episode 14 ) Lea Thompson ( episode 15 ) Katie Cassidy ( episode 16 ) Brett Dier ( episode 17 ) Emily Bett Rickards ( episode 18 ) Cheryl Hines ( episode 20 ) Season 13 Tony Hawk ( episode 1 ) The Bella Twins ( episode 2 ) Candice Patton ( episode 3 ) Malcolm Goodwin ( episode 4 ) Wil Wheaton ( episode 5 ) Kearran Giovanni ( episode 6 ) Ralph Macchio ( episode 8 ) Tony Cavalero ( episode 9 ) Jillian Michaels ( episode 10 ) Charles `` Chip '' Esten ( episode 11 ) Wanya Morris ( episode 12 ) Danielle Panabaker ( episode 13 ) Marisol Nichols ( episode 14 ) Grace Byers ( episode 15 ) Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( U.S. TV series ) episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 20 August 5 , 1998 ( 1998 - 08 - 05 ) March 24 , 1999 ( 1999 - 03 - 24 ) ABC 39 September 16 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 16 ) May 18 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 18 ) 39 October 12 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 12 ) June 21 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 21 ) 31 September 6 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 06 ) April 11 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 11 ) 5 34 September 9 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 09 ) September 5 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 05 ) 6 10 June 24 , 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 24 ) September 4 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 04 ) 7 25 January 17 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 17 ) May 23 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 23 ) ABC Family 8 21 October 3 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 03 ) December 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 15 ) 9 12 July 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 16 ) September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) The CW 10 24 March 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 21 ) November 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 21 ) 11 20 April 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 17 ) October 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 05 ) 12 20 May 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 23 ) September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) 13 15 May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Won : 2003 : Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program for Wayne Brady Nominated : 2001 : Emmy Award for ' Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program ' for Wayne Brady 2002 : Emmy Award for ' Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program ' for Wayne Brady 2002 : Emmy Award for ' Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program ' for Ryan Stiles International broadcast ( edit ) The U.S. version of Whose Line ? has been broadcast in the UK , originally on Channel 4 . Challenge was the first non-terrestrial channel to broadcast the show for a brief period in 2005 . From 2007 to 2012 , 5USA aired the show . In Canada , the show also ran on the CTV network from 1998 to 2003 , and then on The Comedy Network from 2003 onwards . The show 's original run in Australia was on the Nine Network in an early morning time slot ; One repeated the program from 2011 . It also airs on The Comedy Channel . In New Zealand , the show was broadcast on the Box . From 2014 , South African youth channel Vuzu started airing the CW revival . In India , the earlier seasons were aired on FX while the revived series has been aired on Comedy Central . DVD releases ( edit ) The first DVD , Season 1 , Volume 1 , of the U.S. version of Whose Line ? was released on September 26 , 2006 . It comes in `` censored '' or `` uncensored '' versions . Both releases include the first ten episodes of the first season , with the episodes being the same on either version . The first seven episodes have had their original theme music ( including all credits and ad bumpers ) replaced with the version used for the rest of the episodes . Warner Home Video released Season 1 , Volume 2 on October 9 , 2007 , but only in an `` uncensored '' version . Warner Home Video released a two - disc `` best of '' compilation with ten episodes on June 9 , 2009 . Featured in this release were celebrity guest episodes including appearances by David Hasselhoff , Florence Henderson , Jerry Springer , Richard Simmons and bodybuilder Jayne Trcka , along with the hour - long `` Best of Whose Line '' compilation episode aired at the beginning of season three . DVD title No. of episodes Run time ( minutes ) Release Notes Whose Line Is It Anyway ? : Season One , Vol. 1 10 110 September 26 , 2006 Uncensored Whose Line Is It Anyway ? : Season One , Vol. 1 10 220 October 9 , 2007 Censored Whose Line Is It Anyway ? : Season One , Vol. 2 10 260 October 9 , 2007 Uncensored The Best of Whose Line Is It Anyway ? 11 300 June 9 , 2009 Uncensored ; includes the special `` Best of Whose Line '' episode See also ( edit ) List of Whose Line Is It Anyway ? episodes Drew Carey 's Green Screen Show Drew Carey 's Improv - A-Ganza Trust Us With Your Life Wild ' n Out References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 - Present ( 9 ed . ) . New York : Ballantine . p. 1517 . ISBN 1419835599 . Jump up ^ `` About The Show '' . ABC Family . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Conversations with Ross : Featuring Colin Mochrie http://www.rosscarey.com/2011/07/28/episode-40-featuring-colin-mochrie/ ^ Jump up to : `` Sid Caesar , Lassie guest on ` Whose Line ' '' . Chicago Tribune . 2001 - 11 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Special `` Salute to American Television '' episode . Featured special guests Lassie and Sid Caesar `` . TV.com . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Jayne Tricka IMDb profile '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ Conversations with Ross : Featuring Brad Sherwood http://www.rosscarey.com/2011/08/17/episode-42-featuring-brad-sherwood/ Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20091029011819/http://geocities.com/Hollywood/4616/ew0604.html Jump up ^ `` Whose Line Is It Anyway ? Episode 8021 Guide '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Improv All - Stars website '' . Improvallstars.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ An Evening With Colin Mochrie and Brad Sherwood Jump up ^ Proops , Greg . `` Smartest Man In The World Podcast # 241 , Vans '' . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Jon ( 2010 - 11 - 18 ) . `` Carey to produce , host GSN primetime series '' . Variety . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Debuts `` Trust Us With Your Life '' on Tuesday , July 10th , at 9 : 00PM ET `` . BuzzerBlog. 2012 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ABC pulls Fred Willard improv show after arrest '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Associated Press . July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rachel HansenWorld staff writer . `` His line : Improv master Ryan Stiles returns to the PAC '' . The Wenatchee World . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/colinmochrie/status/307490163267862528 Jump up ^ `` - returns - to - television - as - part - of - the - cw 's - summer - 2013 - schedule / `` '' Whose Line is it Anyway ? '' Returns to Television as Part of The CW 's Summer 2013 Schedule `` . 4 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( 2013 - 04 - 01 ) . `` CW Announces Premiere Date for Whose Line is It Anyway ? '' . IGN . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana . `` '' Whose Line is it Anyway ? '' Being Revived By The CW `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` CW adds two dramas to its midseason schedule '' . USA Today . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TCA : The CW Renews Revived ' Whose Line ' For Second Season '' . Variety . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` ' Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ' renewed for third season on The CW '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/08/11/whose-line-is-it-anyway-penn-teller-fool-us-renewed-for-new-cycles-by-the-cw/446932/ Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/more-tv-news/whose-line-is-it-anyway-penn-teller-fool-us-masters-of-illusion-will-be-back-in-summer-2017/ Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/TVRatingsNOW/status/923544488978583552/ Jump up ^ `` Whose Line Is It Anyway ? DVD news : Drew Carey To Get Some Helping Hands With September Release Date ! TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com < ! . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Whose Line Is It Anyway ? DVD news : Announcement for Whose Line Is It Anyway ? -- Season 1 , Volume 2 ( Uncensored ) TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com < ! . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Whose Line Is It Anyway ? DVD news : Announcement for Whose Line Is It Anyway ? -- Best Of ( Uncensored ) TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com < ! . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Whose-Line-Anyway-Season-Uncensored/dp/B000GRUQJC/ref=sr_1_3?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1366307276&sr=1-3&keywords=Whose+Line+is+it+Anyway Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Whose-Line-Anyway-Censored-Version/dp/B000GRUQJM/ref=sr_1_7?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1366307276&sr=1-7&keywords=Whose+Line+is+it+Anyway Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Whose-Line-Anyway-Season-Vol/dp/B000T28PXI/ref=sr_1_4?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1366307276&sr=1-4&keywords=Whose+Line+is+it+Anyway Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/The-Best-Whose-Line-Anyway/dp/B001U3ZYX4 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Whose Line Is It Anyway ? Whose Line Is It Anyway ? on IMDb Whose Line Is It Anyway ? , The CW website , includes all past U.S. episodes Whose Line Is It Anyway ? , Hat Trick Productions website Whose Line Is It Anyway ? U.S. and U.K. episodes Whose Line Is It Anyway ? 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Who Says You Can't Go Home

Who Says You Ca n't Go home - wikipedia Who Says You Ca n't Go home `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' Single by Bon Jovi from the album Have a Nice Day Released January 30 , 2006 Format CD single , digital download Length 4 : 40 Label Island Songwriter ( s ) Jon Bon Jovi , Richie Sambora Producer ( s ) John Shanks , Jon Bon Jovi , Richie Sambora Bon Jovi singles chronology `` Have a Nice Day '' ( 2005 ) `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' ( 2006 ) `` Welcome to Wherever You Are '' ( 2006 ) Audio sample file help Music video `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' Video on YouTube `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' is a song written by Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora for the American rock band Bon Jovi 's ninth album Have a Nice Day ( 2005 ) . The song was produced by John Shanks , Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora . It was released as the second single in North America in the first quarter of 2006 and reached the top 30 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 singles chart , peaking at # 23 . Outside North America , `` Welcome to Wherever You Are '' was released as the second single with `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' being released as the album 's third release on June 12 , 2006 . The song reached # 5 in the UK , becoming the band 's second Top 10 single from the album . A version of the song was also shipped to country music radio , featuring duet vocals from Jennifer Nettles of the duo Sugarland and peaked at # 1 on the Country charts . Both versions of the song feature on Have a Nice Day ; the original version features as the fourth track , while the country version features as the thirteenth and final track . Contents 1 Country music version 2 Music videos 3 2008 Presidential Election 4 Formats and track listings 4.1 UK CD single # 1 4.2 UK CD single # 2 4.3 Vinyl single 4.4 Digital Download 5 Charts 5.1 Year - end charts 6 Awards and achievements 7 References 8 Sources Country music version ( edit ) In the United States , a version of the song was released to the country music format as a duet with Jennifer Nettles , lead singer of the duo Sugarland . The country music version was originally recorded as a duet with Keith Urban , who also played banjo on the song . After Jon Bon Jovi decided that Urban 's voice was too similar to his own , he asked a representative of Mercury Records to recommend a female duet partner . Music videos ( edit ) The music video for the country / Jennifer Nettles version , released in November 2005 and directed by Jon 's brother , Anthony M. Bongiovi , features Habitat for Humanity volunteers , including members of the Philadelphia Soul Arena Football League team owned in part by Jon Bon Jovi , building homes for low - income families and was used to promote the organization . It won an award for Best Collaborative Video at the CMT Music Awards in 2006 . The shooting of the music video for the regular version , featuring a man dressed up as a dog , began at the March 9 , 2006 Bon Jovi concert at the Glendale Arena outside Phoenix and continued in the Los Angeles area . The video was released in the week of week of March 27 , 2006 . It was directed by Jeff Labbé through @ radical. media , lensed by David Lanzenberg , and edited by Steve Prestemon . 2008 Presidential election ( edit ) During the 2008 US Presidential election , the original version of `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' was used frequently at public events supporting the Republican Party . Specifically , the song was a prominent feature at several large rallies supporting vice-presidential candidate and former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin . This use of the song quickly became part of a controversy over several different songs that Republican candidates had been using without the artists ' permission , including music by Foo Fighters , Heart , John Mellencamp , and Boston . The Republicans , in turn , claimed `` blanket rights '' to play the songs at their public events . In launching the complaint , Bon Jovi stated , `` We were not asked ... we do not approve of their use of ( the song ) . We wrote this song as a thank you to those who have supported us over the past 25 years . The song has since become a banner for our home state of New Jersey and the de facto theme song for our partnerships around the country to build homes and rebuild communities . '' Bon Jovi has been an enthusiastic Democratic Party supporter , appearing at a $30,000 - per - plate fundraiser in support of President Barack Obama and performing at rallies for various Democratic candidates . Formats and track listings ( edit ) These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' . UK CD single # 1 ( edit ) `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' ( Radio edit ) `` Complicated '' ( Live In Boston ) UK CD single # 2 ( edit ) `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' ( Radio edit ) `` Last Man Standing '' ( Live in Boston ) `` Raise Your Hands '' ( Live in Boston ) `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' music video ( dog fursuit version ) Vinyl single ( edit ) `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' ( Radio edit ) `` Complicated '' ( Live in Boston ) Digital Download ( edit ) `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' ( Acoustic Version ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Peak position Austrian Singles Chart 36 Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 66 German Singles Chart 54 Irish Singles Chart 30 UK Singles Chart 5 US Billboard Hot 100 23 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 8 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 5 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 1 * US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 30 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Position US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 9 * * - duet with Jennifer Nettles Awards and achievements ( edit ) Won award for `` Best Collaborative Video '' at the CMT Music Awards in 2006 . Won award for `` Favorite Rock Song '' at the 33rd People 's Choice Awards in 2007 Won the Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals in 2007 . Song has been chosen to group best Country songs of the year - `` ASCAP Country Music Awards '' in 2006 Nominated for `` Music Event Of The Year '' at the Country Music Association Awards Nominated for `` Vocal Event Of The Year '' at the Academy of Country Music Awards References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Allmusic ( Bon Jovi charts & awards ) Billboard singles '' . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi 's Duet With Jennifer Nettles Hits the Country Top 10 '' . CMT.com . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Bon Jovi still aims to connect '' . Post-gazette.com . July 23 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi - Who says you ca n't go home ( version 1 : home construction ) @ mvdbase.com '' . Jump up ^ `` SARAH DONALDSON - Resume - Actors Access '' . resumes.actorsaccess.com . Jump up ^ `` Nettles Gives Clues About Sugarland 's Next Album '' . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOT : Bon Jovi - Jeff Labbe , director '' . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi - Who says you ca n't go home ( version 2 : human dog ) @ mvdbase.com '' . mvdbase.com - the music video database . Jump up ^ `` MYMANAGEMENT . CO . UK - Directors of Photography - David Lanzenberg '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2018 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 11 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2006 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2006 . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Allmusic ( Bon Jovi charts & awards ) '' . Sources ( edit ) `` Billboard.com '' . U.S. chart data . Retrieved June 29 , 2006 . `` Bon Jovi : Have a Nice Day F.A.Q. '' Information on the song and its meaning . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved June 29 , 2006 . `` Chart Data : Bon Jovi '' . Worldwide chart positions . Retrieved June 29 , 2006 . Bon Jovi Jon Bon Jovi Tico Torres David Bryan Hugh McDonald Phil X Richie Sambora Alec John Such Dave Sabo Studio albums Bon Jovi 7800 ° Fahrenheit Slippery When Wet New Jersey Keep the Faith These Days Crush Bounce Have a Nice Day Lost Highway The Circle What About Now This House Is Not for Sale Compilation albums Hard & Hot ( Best of Bon Jovi ) Cross Road This Left Feels Right Greatest Hits Burning Bridges 100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Ca n't Be Wrong Live albums One Wild Night Live 1985 -- 2001 Inside Out This House Is Not for Sale -- Live from the London Palladium Singles `` Runaway '' `` She Do n't Know Me '' `` Burning for Love '' ( Japan only ) `` Only Lonely '' `` In and Out of Love '' `` The Hardest Part Is the Night '' `` Silent Night '' `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' `` Never Say Goodbye '' `` Bad Medicine '' `` Born to Be My Baby '' `` I 'll Be There for You '' `` Lay Your Hands on Me '' `` Living in Sin '' `` Keep the Faith '' `` Bed of Roses '' `` In These Arms '' `` I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead '' `` I Believe '' `` Dry County '' `` Please Come Home for Christmas '' `` Always '' `` Someday I 'll Be Saturday Night '' `` This Ai n't a Love Song '' `` Something for the Pain '' `` Lie to Me '' `` These Days '' `` Hey God '' `` Real Life '' `` It 's My Life '' `` Say It Is n't So '' `` Thank You for Loving Me '' `` One Wild Night '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' ( Live ) `` Everyday '' `` Misunderstood '' `` All About Lovin ' You '' `` Bounce '' ( promo single ) `` The Distance '' ( Japan only ) `` It 's My Life ( 2003 ) '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive ( 2003 ) '' ( promo single ) `` Have a Nice Day '' `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' ( with Jennifer Nettles ) `` Welcome to Wherever You Are '' `` ( You Want To ) Make a Memory '' `` Lost Highway '' `` Till We Ai n't Strangers Anymore '' ( with LeAnn Rimes ) `` Summertime '' ( Canada only ) `` Whole Lot of Leavin ' '' `` We Were n't Born to Follow '' `` Superman Tonight '' `` When We Were Beautiful '' `` What Do You Got ? '' `` No Apologies '' `` This Is Our House '' ( promo single ) `` Because We Can '' `` What About Now '' `` This House Is Not for Sale '' Other songs `` Edge of a Broken Heart '' Video albums Breakout : Video Singles Slippery When Wet : The Videos New Jersey : The Videos Access All Areas : A Rock & Roll Odyssey Keep the Faith : An Evening with Bon Jovi Keep the Faith : The Videos Cross Road Live from London The Crush Tour This Left Feels Right Live Lost Highway : The Concert When We Were Beautiful Live at Madison Square Garden Greatest Hits : The Ultimate Video Collection Concert tours Runaway Tour Slippery When Wet Tour Jersey Syndicate Tour Keep the Faith Tour I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead Tour These Days Tour Crush Tour One Wild Night Tour Bounce Tour Have a Nice Day Tour Lost Highway Tour The Circle Tour Bon Jovi Live Because We Can Bon Jovi Live ! This House Is Not for Sale Tour Solo albums Blaze of Glory ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Stranger in This Town ( Sambora ) On a Full Moon ( Bryan ) Destination Anywhere ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Undiscovered Soul ( Sambora ) Lunar Eclipse ( Bryan ) The Power Station Years : The Unreleased Recordings ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Aftermath of the Lowdown ( Sambora ) Related articles Discography Songs recorded Awards Book Commons Portal Jennifer Nettles Studio albums That Girl ( 2014 ) Playing with Fire ( 2016 ) To Celebrate Christmas ( 2016 ) Singles `` That Girl '' `` Unlove You '' Guest singles `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Says_You_Can%27t_Go_Home&oldid=865235974 '' Categories : 2006 singles Bon Jovi songs Jennifer Nettles songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Song recordings produced by John Shanks Vocal duets Songs written by Richie Sambora Songs written by Jon Bon Jovi Island Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 16 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who says you can't go home bon jovi lyrics

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Duke Ellington

Duke Ellington - Wikipedia Duke Ellington Duke Ellington Ellington c. 1940s Background information Birth name Edward Kennedy Ellington ( 1899 - 04 - 29 ) April 29 , 1899 Washington , D.C. , U.S. May 24 , 1974 ( 1974 - 05 - 24 ) ( aged 75 ) New York City , New York Genres Jazz , swing Occupation ( s ) Bandleader musician composer conductor Instruments Piano Years active 1914 -- 1974 Associated acts Billy Strayhorn Website dukeellington.com Edward Kennedy `` Duke '' Ellington ( April 29 , 1899 -- May 24 , 1974 ) was an American composer , pianist , and bandleader of a jazz orchestra , which he led from 1923 until his death in a career spanning over fifty years . Born in Washington , D.C. , Ellington was based in New York City from the mid-1920s onward and gained a national profile through his orchestra 's appearances at the Cotton Club in Harlem . In the 1930s , his orchestra toured in Europe . Although widely considered to have been a pivotal figure in the history of jazz , Ellington embraced the phrase `` beyond category '' as a liberating principle and referred to his music as part of the more general category of American Music rather than to a musical genre such as jazz . Some of the musicians who were members of Ellington 's orchestra , such as saxophonist Johnny Hodges , are considered to be among the best players in jazz . Ellington melded them into the best - known orchestral unit in the history of jazz . Some members stayed with the orchestra for several decades . A master at writing miniatures for the three - minute 78 rpm recording format , Ellington wrote more than one thousand compositions ; his extensive body of work is the largest recorded personal jazz legacy , with many of his works having become standards . Ellington also recorded songs written by his bandsmen , for example Juan Tizol 's `` Caravan '' , and `` Perdido '' , which brought a Spanish tinge to big band jazz . After 1941 , Ellington collaborated with composer - arranger - pianist Billy Strayhorn , whom he called his writing and arranging companion . With Strayhorn , he composed many extended compositions , or suites , as well as additional short pieces . Following an appearance at the Newport Jazz Festival , in July 1956 , Ellington and his orchestra enjoyed a major career revival and embarked on world tours . Ellington recorded for most American record companies of his era , performed in several films , scoring several , and composed stage musicals . Due to his inventive use of the orchestra , or big band , and thanks to his eloquence and charisma , Ellington elevated jazz to an art form . His reputation continued to rise after he died , and he was awarded a posthumous Pulitzer Prize Special Award for music in 1999 . Contents 1 Early life 2 Music career 2.1 Early career 2.2 Cotton Club engagement 2.3 The early 1930s 2.4 The later 1930s 2.5 Ellington in the early to mid-1940s 2.6 Early post-war years 2.7 Career revival 2.8 Last years 3 Personal life 4 Death 5 Legacy 5.1 Memorials 5.2 Tributes 6 Discography 7 Awards and honors 7.1 Grammy Awards 7.2 Grammy Hall of Fame 7.3 Honors and inductions 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Early Life ( edit ) Ellington was born on April 29 , 1899 , to James Edward Ellington and Daisy ( Kennedy ) Ellington in Washington , D.C. Both his parents were pianists . Daisy primarily played parlor songs and James preferred operatic arias . They lived with his maternal grandparents at 2129 Ida Place ( now Ward Place ) , NW , in the West End neighborhood of Washington , D.C. Duke 's father was born in Lincolnton , North Carolina , on April 15 , 1879 , and moved to Washington , D.C. in 1886 with his parents . Daisy Kennedy was born in Washington , D.C. , on January 4 , 1879 , the daughter of a former American slave . James Ellington made blueprints for the United States Navy . When Ellington was a child , his family showed racial pride and support in their home , as did many other families . African Americans in D.C. worked to protect their children from the era 's Jim Crow laws . At the age of seven , Ellington began taking piano lessons from Marietta Clinkscales . Daisy surrounded her son with dignified women to reinforce his manners and teach him to live elegantly . Ellington 's childhood friends noticed that his casual , offhand manner , his easy grace , and his dapper dress gave him the bearing of a young nobleman , and began calling him `` Duke . '' Ellington credited his chum Edgar McEntree for the nickname . `` I think he felt that in order for me to be eligible for his constant companionship , I should have a title . So he called me Duke . '' Though Ellington took piano lessons , he was more interested in baseball . `` President Roosevelt ( Teddy ) would come by on his horse sometimes , and stop and watch us play '' , he recalled . Ellington went to Armstrong Technical High School in Washington , D.C. He gained his first job selling peanuts at Washington Senators baseball games . In the summer of 1914 , while working as a soda jerk at the Poodle Dog Café , Ellington wrote his first composition , `` Soda Fountain Rag '' ( also known as the `` Poodle Dog Rag '' ) . He created the piece by ear , as he had not yet learned to read and write music . `` I would play the ' Soda Fountain Rag ' as a one - step , two - step , waltz , tango , and fox trot '' , Ellington recalled . `` Listeners never knew it was the same piece . I was established as having my own repertoire . '' In his autobiography , Music is my Mistress ( 1973 ) , Ellington wrote that he missed more lessons than he attended , feeling at the time that playing the piano was not his talent . Ellington started sneaking into Frank Holiday 's Poolroom at the age of fourteen . Hearing the poolroom pianists play ignited Ellington 's love for the instrument , and he began to take his piano studies seriously . Among the many piano players he listened to were Doc Perry , Lester Dishman , Louis Brown , Turner Layton , Gertie Wells , Clarence Bowser , Sticky Mack , Blind Johnny , Cliff Jackson , Claude Hopkins , Phil Wurd , Caroline Thornton , Luckey Roberts , Eubie Blake , Joe Rochester , and Harvey Brooks . Ellington began listening to , watching , and imitating ragtime pianists , not only in Washington , D.C. , but in Philadelphia and Atlantic City , where he vacationed with his mother during the summer months . He would sometimes hear strange music played by those who could not afford much sheet music , so for variations , they played the sheets upside down . Henry Lee Grant , a Dunbar High School music teacher , gave him private lessons in harmony . With the additional guidance of Washington pianist and band leader Oliver `` Doc '' Perry , Ellington learned to read sheet music , project a professional style , and improve his technique . Ellington was also inspired by his first encounters with stride pianists James P. Johnson and Luckey Roberts . Later in New York he took advice from Will Marion Cook , Fats Waller , and Sidney Bechet . Ellington started to play gigs in cafés and clubs in and around Washington , D.C. His attachment to music was so strong that in 1916 he turned down an art scholarship to the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn . Three months before graduating he dropped out of Armstrong Manual Training School , where he was studying commercial art . Working as a freelance sign - painter from 1917 , Ellington began assembling groups to play for dances . In 1919 he met drummer Sonny Greer from New Jersey , who encouraged Ellington 's ambition to become a professional musician . Ellington built his music business through his day job : when a customer asked him to make a sign for a dance or party , he would ask if they had musical entertainment ; if not , Ellington would offer to play for the occasion . He also had a messenger job with the U.S. Navy and State departments , where he made a wide range of contacts . Ellington moved out of his parents ' home and bought his own as he became a successful pianist . At first , he played in other ensembles , and in late 1917 formed his first group , `` The Duke 's Serenaders '' ( `` Colored Syncopators '' , his telephone directory advertising proclaimed ) . He was also the group 's booking agent . His first play date was at the True Reformer 's Hall , where he took home 75 cents . Ellington played throughout the Washington , D.C. area and into Virginia for private society balls and embassy parties . The band included childhood friend Otto Hardwick , who began playing the string bass , then moved to C - melody sax and finally settled on alto saxophone ; Arthur Whetsol on trumpet ; Elmer Snowden on banjo ; and Sonny Greer on drums . The band thrived , performing for both African - American and white audiences , a rarity in the segregated society of the day . Music career ( edit ) British pressing of `` East St. Louis Toodle - Oo '' ( 1927 ) Early career ( edit ) When his drummer Sonny Greer was invited to join the Wilber Sweatman Orchestra in New York City , Ellington made the fateful decision to leave behind his successful career in Washington , D.C. , and move to Harlem , ultimately becoming part of the Harlem Renaissance . New dance crazes such as the Charleston emerged in Harlem , as well as African - American musical theater , including Eubie Blake 's Shuffle Along . After the young musicians left the Sweatman Orchestra to strike out on their own , they found an emerging jazz scene that was highly competitive and hard to crack . They hustled pool by day and played whatever gigs they could find . The young band met stride pianist Willie `` The Lion '' Smith , who introduced them to the scene and gave them some money . They played at rent - house parties for income . After a few months , the young musicians returned to Washington , D.C. , feeling discouraged . In June 1923 , a gig in Atlantic City , New Jersey , led to a play date at the prestigious Exclusive Club in Harlem . This was followed in September 1923 by a move to the Hollywood Club -- 49th and Broadway -- and a four - year engagement , which gave Ellington a solid artistic base . He was known to play the bugle at the end of each performance . The group was initially called Elmer Snowden and his Black Sox Orchestra and had seven members , including trumpeter James `` Bubber '' Miley . They renamed themselves The Washingtonians . Snowden left the group in early 1924 and Ellington took over as bandleader . After a fire , the club was re-opened as the Club Kentucky ( often referred to as the Kentucky Club ) . Ellington made eight records in 1924 , receiving composing credit on three including `` Choo Choo '' . In 1925 , Ellington contributed four songs to Chocolate Kiddies starring Lottie Gee and Adelaide Hall , an all - African - American revue which introduced European audiences to African - American styles and performers . Duke Ellington and his Kentucky Club Orchestra grew to a group of ten players ; they developed their own sound by displaying the non-traditional expression of Ellington 's arrangements , the street rhythms of Harlem , and the exotic - sounding trombone growls and wah - wahs , high - squealing trumpets , and sultry saxophone blues licks of the band members . For a short time soprano saxophonist Sidney Bechet played with them , imparting his propulsive swing and superior musicianship to the young band members . Cotton Club engagement ( edit ) In October 1926 , Ellington made an agreement with agent - publisher Irving Mills , giving Mills a 45 % interest in Ellington 's future . Mills had an eye for new talent and published compositions by Hoagy Carmichael , Dorothy Fields , and Harold Arlen early in their careers . After recording a handful of acoustic titles during 1924 -- 26 , Ellington 's signing with Mills allowed him to record prolifically , although sometimes he recorded different versions of the same tune . Mills often took a co-composer credit . From the beginning of their relationship , Mills arranged recording sessions on nearly every label including Brunswick , Victor , Columbia , OKeh , Pathê ( and its Perfect label ) , the ARC / Plaza group of labels ( Oriole , Domino , Jewel , Banner ) and their dime - store labels ( Cameo , Lincoln , Romeo ) , Hit of the Week , and Columbia 's cheaper labels ( Harmony , Diva , Velvet Tone , Clarion ) labels which gave Ellington popular recognition . On OKeh , his records were usually issued as The Harlem Footwarmers , while the Brunswick 's were usually issued as The Jungle Band . Whoopee Makers and the Ten Black Berries were other pseudonyms . In September 1927 , King Oliver turned down a regular booking for his group as the house band at Harlem 's Cotton Club ; the offer passed to Ellington after Jimmy McHugh suggested him and Mills arranged an audition . Ellington had to increase from a six to eleven - piece group to meet the requirements of the Cotton Club 's management for the audition , and the engagement finally began on December 4 . With a weekly radio broadcast , the Cotton Club 's exclusively white and wealthy clientele poured in nightly to see them . At the Cotton Club , Ellington 's group performed all the music for the revues , which mixed comedy , dance numbers , vaudeville , burlesque , music , and illegal alcohol . The musical numbers were composed by Jimmy McHugh and the lyrics by Dorothy Fields ( later Harold Arlen and Ted Koehler ) , with some Ellington originals mixed in . ( Here he moved in with a dancer , his second wife Mildred Dixon ) . Weekly radio broadcasts from the club gave Ellington national exposure , while Ellington also recorded Fields - JMcHugh and Fats Waller -- Andy Razaf songs . Adelaide Hall - Adelaide Hall , recorded Creole Love Call with Ellington in 1927 . The recording became a worldwide hit . Although trumpeter Bubber Miley was a member of the orchestra for only a short period , he had a major influence on Ellington 's sound . As an early exponent of growl trumpet , Miley changed the sweet dance band sound of the group to one that was hotter , which contemporaries termed Jungle Style . In October 1927 , Ellington and his Orchestra recorded several compositions with Adelaide Hall . One side in particular , `` Creole Love Call '' , became a worldwide sensation and gave both Ellington and Hall their first hit record . Miley had composed most of `` Creole Love Call '' and `` Black and Tan Fantasy '' . An alcoholic , Miley had to leave the band before they gained wider fame . He died in 1932 at the age of 29 , but he was an important influence on Cootie Williams , who replaced him . In 1929 , the Cotton Club Orchestra appeared on stage for several months in Florenz Ziegfeld 's Show Girl , along with vaudeville stars Jimmy Durante , Eddie Foy , Jr. , Ruby Keeler , and with music and lyrics by George Gershwin and Gus Kahn . Will Vodery , Ziegfeld 's musical supervisor , recommended Ellington for the show , and , according to John Hasse 's Beyond Category : The Life and Genius of Duke Ellington , `` Perhaps during the run of Show Girl , Ellington received what he later termed ' valuable lessons in orchestration from Will Vodery . ' In his 1946 biography , Duke Ellington , Barry Ulanov wrote : From Vodery , as he ( Ellington ) says himself , he drew his chromatic convictions , his uses of the tones ordinarily extraneous to the diatonic scale , with the consequent alteration of the harmonic character of his music , its broadening , The deepening of his resources . It has become customary to ascribe the classical influences upon Duke -- Delius , Debussy and Ravel -- to direct contact with their music . Actually his serious appreciation of those and other modern composers , came after his meeting with Vodery . Ellington 's film work began with Black and Tan ( 1929 ) , a nineteen - minute all - African - American RKO short in which he played the hero `` Duke '' . He also appeared in the Amos ' n ' Andy film Check and Double Check released in 1930 . That year , Ellington and his Orchestra connected with a whole different audience in a concert with Maurice Chevalier and they also performed at the Roseland Ballroom , `` America 's foremost ballroom '' . Australian - born composer Percy Grainger was an early admirer and supporter . He wrote `` The three greatest composers who ever lived are Bach , Delius and Duke Ellington . Unfortunately Bach is dead , Delius is very ill but we are happy to have with us today The Duke '' . Ellington 's first period at the Cotton Club concluded in 1931 . The early 1930s ( edit ) Ellington led the orchestra by conducting from the keyboard using piano cues and visual gestures ; very rarely did he conduct using a baton . By 1932 his orchestra consisted of six brass instruments , four reeds , and a four - man rhythm section . As a bandleader , Ellington was not a strict disciplinarian ; he maintained control of his orchestra with a combination of charm , humor , flattery and astute psychology . A complex , private person , he revealed his feelings to only his closest intimates and effectively used his public persona to deflect attention away from himself . Ellington signed exclusively to Brunswick in 1932 and stayed with them through late 1936 ( albeit with a short - lived 1933 -- 34 switch to Victor when Irving Mills temporarily moved him and his other acts from Brunswick ) . As the Depression worsened , the recording industry was in crisis , dropping over 90 % of its artists by 1933 . Ivie Anderson was hired as their featured vocalist in 1931 . She is the vocalist on `` It Do n't Mean a Thing ( If It Ai n't Got That Swing ) '' ( 1932 ) among other recordings . Sonny Greer had been providing occasional vocals and continued to do in a cross-talk feature with Anderson . Radio exposure helped maintain Ellington 's public profile as his orchestra began to tour . The other records of this era include : `` Mood Indigo '' ( 1930 ) , `` Sophisticated Lady '' ( 1933 ) , `` Solitude '' ( 1934 ) , and `` In a Sentimental Mood '' ( 1935 ) While the band 's United States audience remained mainly African - American in this period , the Ellington orchestra had a significant following overseas , exemplified by the success of their trip to England and Scotland in 1933 and their 1934 visit to the European mainland . The British visit saw Ellington win praise from members of the serious music community , including composer Constant Lambert , which gave a boost to Ellington 's interest in composing longer works . Those longer pieces had already begun to appear . He had composed and recorded Creole Rhapsody as early as 1931 ( issued as both sides of a 12 '' record for Victor and both sides of a 10 '' record for Brunswick ) , and a tribute to his mother , `` Reminiscing in Tempo '' , took four 10 '' record sides to record in 1935 after her death in that year . Symphony in Black ( also 1935 ) , a short film , featured his extended piece ' A Rhapsody of Negro Life ' . It introduced Billie Holiday , and won an Academy Award as the best musical short subject . Ellington and his Orchestra also appeared in the features Murder at the Vanities and Belle of the Nineties ( both 1934 ) . For agent Mills the attention was a publicity triumph , as Ellington was now internationally known . On the band 's tour through the segregated South in 1934 , they avoided some of the traveling difficulties of African - Americans by touring in private railcars . These provided easy accommodations , dining , and storage for equipment while avoiding the indignities of segregated facilities . Competition was intensifying though , as swing bands like Benny Goodman 's , began to receive popular attention . Swing dancing became a youth phenomenon , particularly with white college audiences , and danceability drove record sales and bookings . Jukeboxes proliferated nationwide , spreading the gospel of swing . Ellington 's band could certainly swing , but their strengths were mood , nuance , and richness of composition , hence his statement `` jazz is music , swing is business '' . The later 1930s ( edit ) From 1936 , Ellington began to make recordings with smaller groups ( sextets , octets , and nonets ) drawn from his then - 15 - man orchestra and he composed pieces intended to feature a specific instrumentalist , as with `` Jeep 's Blues '' for Johnny Hodges , `` Yearning for Love '' for Lawrence Brown , `` Trumpet in Spades '' for Rex Stewart , `` Echoes of Harlem '' for Cootie Williams and `` Clarinet Lament '' for Barney Bigard . In 1937 , Ellington returned to the Cotton Club which had relocated to the mid-town Theater District . In the summer of that year , his father died , and due to many expenses , Ellington 's finances were tight , although his situation improved the following year . After leaving agent Irving Mills , he signed on with the William Morris Agency . Mills though continued to record Ellington . After only a year , his Master and Variety labels , the small groups had recorded for the latter , collapsed in late 1937 , Mills placed Ellington back on Brunswick and those small group units on Vocalion through to 1940 . Well known sides continued to be recorded , `` Caravan '' in 1937 , and `` I Let a Song Go Out of My Heart '' the following year . Play media Ellington in 1939 Billy Strayhorn , originally hired as a lyricist , began his association with Ellington in 1939 . Nicknamed `` Swee ' Pea '' for his mild manner , Strayhorn soon became a vital member of the Ellington organization . Ellington showed great fondness for Strayhorn and never failed to speak glowingly of the man and their collaborative working relationship , `` my right arm , my left arm , all the eyes in the back of my head , my brain waves in his head , and his in mine '' . Strayhorn , with his training in classical music , not only contributed his original lyrics and music , but also arranged and polished many of Ellington 's works , becoming a second Ellington or `` Duke 's doppelganger '' . It was not uncommon for Strayhorn to fill in for Duke , whether in conducting or rehearsing the band , playing the piano , on stage , and in the recording studio . The 1930s ended with a very successful European tour just as World War II loomed in Europe . Ellington in the early to mid-1940s ( edit ) Duke Ellington at the Hurricane Club in New York , May 1943 Some of the musicians who joined Ellington at this time created a sensation in their own right . The short - lived Jimmy Blanton transformed the use of double bass in jazz , allowing it to function as a solo / melodic instrument rather than a rhythm instrument alone . Terminal illness forced him to leave by late 1941 after only about two years . Ben Webster , the Orchestra 's first regular tenor saxophonist , whose main tenure with Ellington spanned 1939 to 1943 , started a rivalry with Johnny Hodges as the Orchestra 's foremost voice in the sax section . Trumpeter Ray Nance joined , replacing Cootie Williams who had defected to Benny Goodman . Additionally , Nance added violin to the instrumental colors Ellington had at his disposal . Recordings exist of Nance 's first concert date on November 7 , 1940 , at Fargo , North Dakota . Privately made by Jack Towers and Dick Burris , these recordings were first legitimately issued in 1978 as Duke Ellington at Fargo , 1940 Live ; they are among the earliest of innumerable live performances which survive . Nance was also an occasional vocalist , although Herb Jeffries was the main male vocalist in this era ( until 1943 ) while Al Hibbler ( who replaced Jeffries in 1943 ) continued until 1951 . Ivie Anderson left in 1942 for health reasons after eleven years : the longest term of any of Ellington 's vocalists . Once again recording for Victor ( from 1940 ) , with the small groups recording for their Bluebird label , three - minute masterpieces on 78 rpm record sides continued to flow from Ellington , Billy Strayhorn , Ellington 's son Mercer Ellington , and members of the Orchestra . `` Cotton Tail '' , `` Main Stem '' , `` Harlem Airshaft '' , `` Jack the Bear '' , and dozens of others date from this period . Strayhorn 's `` Take the `` A '' Train '' a hit in 1941 , became the band 's theme , replacing `` East St. Louis Toodle - Oo '' . Ellington and his associates wrote for an orchestra of distinctive voices who displayed tremendous creativity . Mary Lou Williams , working as a staff arranger , would briefly join Ellington a few years later . Ellington 's long - term aim though was to extend the jazz form from that three - minute limit , of which he was an acknowledged master . While he had composed and recorded some extended pieces before , such works now became a regular feature of Ellington 's output . In this , he was helped by Strayhorn , who had enjoyed a more thorough training in the forms associated with classical music than Ellington . The first of these , `` Black , Brown , and Beige '' ( 1943 ) , was dedicated to telling the story of African - Americans , and the place of slavery and the church in their history . Ellington debuted Black , Brown and Beige in Carnegie Hall on January 23 , 1943 , beginning an annual series of concerts there over the next four years . While some jazz musicians had played at Carnegie Hall before , none had performed anything as elaborate as Ellington 's work . Unfortunately , starting a regular pattern , Ellington 's longer works were generally not well received . A partial exception was Jump for Joy , a full - length musical based on themes of African - American identity , debuted on July 10 , 1941 , at the Mayan Theater in Los Angeles . Hollywood luminaries such as actors John Garfield and Mickey Rooney invested in the production , and Charlie Chaplin and Orson Welles offered to direct . At one performance though , Garfield insisted Herb Jeffries , who was light - skinned , should wear make - up . Ellington objected in the interval , and compared Jeffries to Al Jolson . The change was reverted , and the singer later commented that the audience must have thought he was an entirely different character in the second half of the show . Although it had sold - out performances , and received positive reviews , it ran for only 122 performances until September 29 , 1941 , with a brief revival in November of that year . Its subject matter did not make it appealing to Broadway ; Ellington had unfulfilled plans to take it there . Despite this disappointment , a Broadway production of Ellington 's Beggar 's Holiday , his sole book musical , premiered on December 23 , 1946 . under the direction of Nicholas Ray . The settlement of the first recording ban of 1942 -- 43 , leading to an increase in royalties paid to musicians , had a serious effect on the financial viability of the big bands , including Ellington 's Orchestra . His income as a songwriter ultimately subsidized it . Although he always spent lavishly and drew a respectable income from the Orchestra 's operations , the band 's income often just covered expenses . Early post-war years ( edit ) World War II brought about a swift end to the big band era as musicians went off to serve in the military and travel restrictions made touring difficult . When the war ended , the focus of popular music shifted towards crooners such as Frank Sinatra and Jo Stafford , so Ellington 's wordless vocal feature `` Transblucency '' ( 1946 ) with Kay Davis was not going to have a similar reach . With inflation setting in after 1945 , the cost of hiring big bands went up and club owners preferred smaller jazz groups who played in new styles such as bebop . Dancing in clubs also subjected club owners to a new wartime tax which continued for many years after , which made small bands more cost - effective for club owners . Ellington poses with his piano at the KFG Radio Studio November 3 , 1954 . Ellington continued on his own course through these tectonic shifts . While Count Basie was forced to disband his whole ensemble and work as an octet for a time , Ellington was able to tour most of Western Europe between April 6 and June 30 , 1950 , with the orchestra playing 74 dates over 77 days . During the tour , according to Sonny Greer , the newer works were not performed , though Ellington 's extended composition , Harlem ( 1950 ) was in the process of being completed at this time . Ellington later presented its score to music - loving President Harry Truman . Also during his time in Europe , Ellington would compose the music for a stage production by Orson Welles . Titled Time Runs in Paris and An Evening With Orson Welles in Frankfurt , the variety show also featured a newly discovered Eartha Kitt , who performed Ellington 's original song `` Hungry Little Trouble '' as Helen of Troy . In 1951 , Ellington suffered a significant loss of personnel : Sonny Greer , Lawrence Brown , and most importantly Johnny Hodges left to pursue other ventures , although only Greer was a permanent departee . Drummer Louie Bellson replaced Greer , and his `` Skin Deep '' was a hit for Ellington . Tenor player Paul Gonsalves had joined in December 1950 after periods with Count Basie and Dizzy Gillespie and stayed for the rest of his life , while Clark Terry joined in November 1951 . During the early 1950s , Ellington 's career was at a low point with his style being generally seen as outmoded , but his reputation did not suffer as badly as some artists . André Previn said in 1952 : `` You know , Stan Kenton can stand in front of a thousand fiddles and a thousand brass and make a dramatic gesture and every studio arranger can nod his head and say , Oh , yes , that 's done like this . But Duke merely lifts his finger , three horns make a sound , and I do n't know what it is ! '' However , by 1955 , after three years of recording for Capitol , Ellington lacked a regular recording affiliation . Career revival ( edit ) Ellington 's appearance at the Newport Jazz Festival on July 7 , 1956 returned him to wider prominence and introduced him to a new generation of fans . The feature `` Diminuendo and Crescendo in Blue '' comprised two tunes that had been in the band 's book since 1937 but largely forgotten until Ellington , who had abruptly ended the band 's scheduled set because of the late arrival of four key players , called the two tunes as the time was approaching midnight . Announcing that the two pieces would be separated by an interlude played by tenor saxophonist Paul Gonsalves , Ellington proceeded to lead the band through the two pieces , with Gonsalves ' 27 - chorus marathon solo whipping the crowd into a frenzy , leading the Maestro to play way beyond the curfew time despite urgent pleas from festival organizer George Wein to bring the program to an end . The concert made international headlines , led to one of only five Time magazine cover stories dedicated to a jazz musician , and resulted in an album produced by George Avakian that would become the best - selling LP of Ellington 's career . Much of the music on the vinyl LP was , in effect , simulated , with only about 40 % actually from the concert itself . According to Avakian , Ellington was dissatisfied with aspects of the performance and felt the musicians had been under rehearsed . The band assembled the next day to re-record several of the numbers with the addition of artificial crowd noise , none of which was disclosed to purchasers of the album . Not until 1999 was the concert recording properly released for the first time . The revived attention brought about by the Newport appearance should not have surprised anyone , Johnny Hodges had returned the previous year , and Ellington 's collaboration with Strayhorn had been renewed around the same time , under terms more amenable to the younger man . The original Ellington at Newport album was the first release in a new recording contract with Columbia Records which yielded several years of recording stability , mainly under producer Irving Townsend , who coaxed both commercial and artistic productions from Ellington . In 1957 , CBS ( Columbia Records ' parent corporation ) aired a live television production of A Drum Is a Woman , an allegorical suite which received mixed reviews . His hope that television would provide a significant new outlet for his type of jazz was not fulfilled . Tastes and trends had moved on without him . Festival appearances at the new Monterey Jazz Festival and elsewhere provided venues for live exposure , and a European tour in 1958 was well received . Such Sweet Thunder ( 1957 ) , based on Shakespeare 's plays and characters , and The Queen 's Suite ( 1958 ) , dedicated to Britain 's Queen Elizabeth II , were products of the renewed impetus which the Newport appearance helped to create , although the latter work was not commercially issued at the time . The late 1950s also saw Ella Fitzgerald record her Duke Ellington Songbook ( Verve ) with Ellington and his orchestra -- a recognition that Ellington 's songs had now become part of the cultural canon known as the ' Great American Songbook ' . Jimmy Stewart and Ellington in Anatomy of a Murder . Ellington at this time ( with Strayhorn ) began to work directly on scoring for film soundtracks , in particular Anatomy of a Murder ( 1959 ) , with James Stewart , in which Ellington appeared fronting a roadhouse combo , and Paris Blues ( 1961 ) , which featured Paul Newman and Sidney Poitier as jazz musicians . Detroit Free Press music critic Mark Stryker concludes that the work of Billy Strayhorn and Ellington in Anatomy of a Murder a trial court drama film directed by Otto Preminger , is `` indispensable , ( although ) ... too sketchy to rank in the top echelon among Ellington - Strayhorn masterpiece suites like Such Sweet Thunder and The Far East Suite , but its most inspired moments are their equal . '' Film historians have recognized the soundtrack `` as a landmark -- the first significant Hollywood film music by African Americans comprising non-diegetic music , that is , music whose source is not visible or implied by action in the film , like an on - screen band . '' The score avoided the cultural stereotypes which previously characterized jazz scores and rejected a strict adherence to visuals in ways that presaged the New Wave cinema of the ' 60s `` . Ellington and Strayhorn , always looking for new musical territory , produced suites for John Steinbeck 's novel Sweet Thursday , Tchaikovsky 's Nutcracker Suite and Edvard Grieg 's Peer Gynt . In the early 1960s , Ellington embraced recording with artists who had been friendly rivals in the past , or were younger musicians who focused on later styles . The Ellington and Count Basie orchestras recorded together . During a period when he was between recording contracts , he made records with Louis Armstrong ( Roulette ) , Coleman Hawkins , John Coltrane ( both for Impulse ) and participated in a session with Charles Mingus and Max Roach which produced the Money Jungle ( United Artists ) album . He signed to Frank Sinatra 's new Reprise label , but the association with the label was short - lived . Musicians who had previously worked with Ellington returned to the Orchestra as members : Lawrence Brown in 1960 and Cootie Williams in 1962 . The writing and playing of music is a matter of intent ... You ca n't just throw a paint brush against the wall and call whatever happens art . My music fits the tonal personality of the player . I think too strongly in terms of altering my music to fit the performer to be impressed by accidental music . You ca n't take doodling seriously . He was now performing all over the world ; a significant part of each year was spent on overseas tours . As a consequence , he formed new working relationships with artists from around the world , including the Swedish vocalist Alice Babs , and the South African musicians Dollar Brand and Sathima Bea Benjamin ( A Morning in Paris , 1963 / 1997 ) . Ellington wrote an original score for director Michael Langham 's production of Shakespeare 's Timon of Athens at the Stratford Festival in Ontario , Canada which opened on July 29 , 1963 . Langham has used it for several subsequent productions , including a much later adaptation by Stanley Silverman which expands the score with some of Ellington 's best - known works . Last years ( edit ) Ellington receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Nixon , 1969 . Ellington was shortlisted for the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 1965 but no prize was ultimately awarded that year . Then 66 years old , he joked : `` Fate is being kind to me . Fate does n't want me to be famous too young . '' In 1999 he was posthumously awarded a special Pulitzer Prize `` commemorating the centennial year of his birth , in recognition of his musical genius , which evoked aesthetically the principles of democracy through the medium of jazz and thus made an indelible contribution to art and culture . '' In September 1965 , he premiered the first of his Sacred Concerts . He created a jazz Christian liturgy . Although the work received mixed reviews , Ellington was proud of the composition and performed it dozens of times . This concert was followed by two others of the same type in 1968 and 1973 , known as the Second and Third Sacred Concerts . These generated controversy in what was already a tumultuous time in the United States . Many saw the Sacred Music suites as an attempt to reinforce commercial support for organized religion , though Ellington simply said it was `` the most important thing I 've done '' . The Steinway piano upon which the Sacred Concerts were composed is part of the collection of the Smithsonian 's National Museum of American History . Like Haydn and Mozart , Ellington conducted his orchestra from the piano -- he always played the keyboard parts when the Sacred Concerts were performed . Duke turned 65 in the spring of 1964 but showed no signs of slowing down as he continued to make vital and innovative recordings , including The Far East Suite ( 1966 ) , New Orleans Suite ( 1970 ) , Latin American Suite ( 1972 ) and The Afro - Eurasian Eclipse ( 1971 ) , much of it inspired by his world tours . It was during this time that he recorded his only album with Frank Sinatra , entitled Francis A. & Edward K. ( 1967 ) . Ellington performed what is considered his final full concert in a ballroom at Northern Illinois University on March 20 , 1974 . The last three shows Ellington and his orchestra performed were one on March 21 , 1973 at Purdue University 's Hall of Music and two on March 22 , 1973 at the Sturges - Young Auditorium in Sturgis , Michigan . Personal Life ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ellington in 1973 Ellington married his high school sweetheart , Edna Thompson ( d . 1967 ) , on July 2 , 1918 , when he was 19 . The next spring , on March 11 , 1919 , Edna gave birth to their only son , Mercer Kennedy Ellington . Ellington was joined in New York City by his wife and son in the late twenties , but the couple soon permanently separated . According to her obituary in Jet magazine , she was `` homesick for Washington '' and returned . In 1928 , Ellington became the companion of Mildred Dixon , who traveled with him , managed Tempo Music , inspired songs at the peak of his career , and reared his son Mercer . In 1938 he left his family ( his son was then 19 ) and moved in with Beatrice `` Evie '' Ellis , a Cotton Club employee . Their relationship , though stormy , continued after Ellington met and formed a relationship with Fernanda de Castro Monte in the early 1960s . Ellington supported both women for the rest of his life . Mildred Dixon -- Ellington 's companion ; his son Mercer referred to her as his mother Ellington 's sister Ruth ( 1915 -- 2004 ) later ran Tempo Music , his music publishing company . Ruth 's second husband was the bass - baritone McHenry Boatwright , whom she met when he sang at her brother 's funeral . As an adult , son Mercer Ellington ( d . 1996 ) played trumpet and piano , led his own band , and worked as his father 's business manager . Ellington was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha , freemason and was associated with Prince Hall Freemasonry . Death ( edit ) Ellington died on May 24 , 1974 , of complications from lung cancer and pneumonia , a few weeks after his 75th birthday . At his funeral , attended by over 12,000 people at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine , Ella Fitzgerald summed up the occasion , `` It 's a very sad day . A genius has passed . '' He was interred in the Woodlawn Cemetery , the Bronx , New York City . Legacy ( edit ) Memorials ( edit ) Numerous memorials have been dedicated to Duke Ellington , in cities from New York and Washington , D.C. to Los Angeles . Ellington is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx , New York City . In Ellington 's birthplace , Washington , D.C. , the Duke Ellington School of the Arts educates talented students , who are considering careers in the arts , by providing intensive arts instruction and strong academic programs that prepare students for post-secondary education and professional careers . Originally built in 1935 , the Calvert Street Bridge was renamed the Duke Ellington Bridge in 1974 . Another school is P.S. 004 Duke Ellington in New York . In 1989 , a bronze plaque was attached to the newly named Duke Ellington Building at 2121 Ward Place , NW . In 2012 , the new owner of the building commissioned a mural by Aniekan Udofia that appears above the lettering `` Duke Ellington '' . In 2010 the triangular park , across the street from Duke Ellington 's birth site , at the intersection of New Hampshire and M Streets , NW was named the Duke Ellington Park . Ellington 's residence at 2728 Sherman Avenue , NW , during the years 1919 -- 1922 , is marked by a bronze plaque . On February 24 , 2009 , the United States Mint issued a coin with Duke Ellington on it , making him the first African American to appear by himself on a circulating U.S. coin. Ellington appears on the reverse ( tails ) side of the District of Columbia quarter . The coin is part of the U.S. Mint 's program honoring the District and the U.S. territories and celebrates Ellington 's birthplace in the District of Columbia . Ellington is depicted on the quarter seated at a piano , sheet music in hand , along with the inscription `` Justice for All '' , which is the District 's motto . In 1986 a United States commemorative stamp was issued featuring Ellington 's likeness . Ellington on the Washington , D.C. quarter released in 2009 . Ellington lived for years in a townhouse on the corner of Manhattan 's Riverside Drive and West 106th Street . After his death , West 106th Street was officially renamed Duke Ellington Boulevard . A large memorial to Ellington , created by sculptor Robert Graham , was dedicated in 1997 in New York 's Central Park , near Fifth Avenue and 110th Street , an intersection named Duke Ellington Circle . A statue of Ellington at a piano is featured at the entrance to UCLA 's Schoenberg Hall . According to UCLA magazine : When UCLA students were entranced by Duke Ellington 's provocative tunes at a Culver City club in 1937 , they asked the budding musical great to play a free concert in Royce Hall . ' I 've been waiting for someone to ask us ! ' Ellington exclaimed . On the day of the concert , Ellington accidentally mixed up the venues and drove to USC instead . He eventually arrived at the UCLA campus and , to apologize for his tardiness , played to the packed crowd for more than four hours . And so , `` Sir Duke '' and his group played the first - ever jazz performance in a concert venue . The Essentially Ellington High School Jazz Band Competition and Festival is a nationally renowned annual competition for prestigious high school bands . Started in 1996 at Jazz at Lincoln Center , the festival is named after Ellington because of the large focus that the festival places on his works . Tributes ( edit ) After Duke died , his son Mercer took over leadership of the orchestra , continuing until his own death in 1996 . Like the Count Basie Orchestra , this `` ghost band '' continued to release albums for many years . Digital Duke , credited to The Duke Ellington Orchestra , won the 1988 Grammy Award for Best Large Jazz Ensemble Album . Mercer Ellington had been handling all administrative aspects of his father 's business for several decades . Mercer 's children continue a connection with their grandfather 's work . Gunther Schuller wrote in 1989 : Ellington composed incessantly to the very last days of his life . Music was indeed his mistress ; it was his total life and his commitment to it was incomparable and unalterable . In jazz he was a giant among giants . And in twentieth century music , he may yet one day be recognized as one of the half - dozen greatest masters of our time . Martin Williams said : `` Duke Ellington lived long enough to hear himself named among our best composers . And since his death in 1974 , it has become not at all uncommon to see him named , along with Charles Ives , as the greatest composer we have produced , regardless of category . '' In the opinion of Bob Blumenthal of The Boston Globe in 1999 : `` ( i ) n the century since his birth , there has been no greater composer , American or otherwise , than Edward Kennedy Ellington . '' In 2002 , scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Duke Ellington on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans . Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6535 Hollywood Blvd . His compositions have been revisited by artists and musicians around the world both as a source of inspiration and a bedrock of their own performing careers . Dave Brubeck dedicated `` The Duke '' ( 1954 ) to Ellington and it became a standard covered by others , including by Miles Davis on Miles Ahead , 1957 . The album The Real Ambassadors has a vocal version of this piece , `` You Swing Baby ( The Duke ) '' , with lyrics by Iola Brubeck , Dave Brubeck 's wife . It is performed as a duet between Louis Armstrong and Carmen McRae . It is also dedicated to Duke Ellington . Miles Davis created his half - hour dirge `` He Loved Him Madly '' ( on Get Up with It ) as a tribute to Ellington one month after his death . Charles Mingus , who had been fired by Ellington decades earlier , wrote the elegy `` Duke Ellington 's Sound Of Love '' in 1974 , a few months after Ellington 's death . Stevie Wonder wrote the song `` Sir Duke '' as a tribute to Ellington in 1976 . There are hundreds of albums dedicated to the music of Duke Ellington and Billy Strayhorn by artists famous and obscure . Sophisticated Ladies , an award - winning 1981 musical revue , incorporated many tunes from Ellington 's repertoire . A second Broadway musical interpolating Ellington 's music , Play On ! , debuted in 1997 . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Duke Ellington discography Awards and honors ( edit ) 1960 , Hollywood Walk of Fame , contribution to recording industry 1966 , Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . 1969 , the Presidential Medal of Freedom , the highest civilian award in the US 1971 , an Honorary PhD from the Berklee College of Music 1973 , the Legion of Honor by France , its highest civilian honors . 1999 , posthumous Special Pulitzer Prize for his lifetime contributions to music and culture Grammy Awards ( edit ) Ellington earned 14 Grammy awards from 1959 to 2000 , three of which were posthumous and a total of 24 nominations Duke Ellington Grammy Award History Year Category Title Genre Result 1999 Historical Album The Duke Ellington Centennial Edition RCA Victor Recordings ( 1927 -- 1973 ) Jazz Winner 1979 Best Jazz Instrumental Performance , Big Band Duke Ellington At Fargo , 1940 Live Jazz Winner 1976 Best Jazz Performance By A Big Band The Ellington Suites Jazz Winner 1972 Best Jazz Performance By A Big Band Togo Brava Suite Jazz Winner 1971 Best Jazz Performance By A Big Band New Orleans Suite Jazz Winner 1971 Best Instrumental Composition New Orleans Suite Composing / Arranging Nominated 1970 Best Instrumental Jazz Performance -- Large Group or Soloist with Large Group Duke Ellington - 70th Birthday Concert Jazz Nominated 1968 Trustees Award National Trustees Award - 1968 Special Awards Winner 1968 Best Instrumental Jazz Performance -- Large Group Or Soloist With Large Group ... And His Mother Called Him Bill Jazz Winner 1967 Best Instrumental Jazz Performance , Large Group Or Soloist With Large Group Far East Suite Jazz Winner 1966 Bing Crosby Award - Name changed to GRAMMY Lifetime Achievement Award in 1982 . Bing Crosby Award - Name changed to GRAMMY Lifetime Achievement Award in 1982 . Special Awards Winner 1966 Best Original Jazz Composition `` In The Beginning God '' Jazz Winner 1966 Best Instrumental Jazz Performance -- Group or Soloist with Group Concert Of Sacred Music ( Album ) Jazz Nominated 1965 Best Instrumental Jazz Performance - Large Group Or Soloist With Large Group Ellington ' 66 Jazz Winner 1965 Best Original Jazz Composition Virgin Islands Suite Jazz Nominated 1964 Best Original Jazz Composition Night Creature Jazz Nominated 1964 Best Jazz Performance -- Large Group ( Instrumental ) First Time ! ( Album ) Jazz Nominated 1961 Best Instrumental Theme or Instrumental Version of Song Paris Blues Composing / Arranging Nominated 1961 Best Sound Track Album or Recording of Score from Motion Picture or Television Paris Blues ( Motion Picture ) ( Album ) Music for Visual Media Nominated 1960 Best Jazz Performance Solo or Small Group Back To Back - Duke Ellington And Johnny Hodges Play The Blues Jazz Nominated 1960 Best Jazz Composition of More Than Five Minutes Duration Idiom ' 59 Jazz Nominated 1959 Best Performance By A Dance Band Anatomy of a Murder Pop Winner 1959 Best Musical Composition First Recorded And Released In 1959 ( More Than 5 Minutes Duration ) Anatomy of a Murder Composing Winner 1959 Best Sound Track Album -- Background Score From A Motion Picture Or Television Anatomy of a Murder Composing Winner 1959 Best Jazz Performance - Group Ellington Jazz Party ( Album ) Jazz Nominated Grammy Hall of Fame ( edit ) Recordings of Duke Ellington were inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame , which is a special Grammy award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least twenty - five years old , and that have qualitative or historical significance . Duke Ellington : Grammy Hall of Fame Award Year Recorded Title Genre Label Year Inducted 1932 `` It Do n't Mean a Thing ( If It Ai n't Got That Swing ) '' Jazz ( single ) Brunswick 2008 1934 `` Cocktails for Two '' Jazz ( single ) Victor 2007 1957 Ellington at Newport Jazz ( album ) Columbia 1956 `` Diminuendo and Crescendo in Blue '' Jazz ( single ) Columbia 1999 1967 Far East Suite Jazz ( album ) RCA 1999 1944 Black , Brown and Beige Jazz ( single ) RCA Victor 1928 `` Black and Tan Fantasy '' Jazz ( single ) Victor 1981 1941 `` Take the `` A '' Train '' Jazz ( single ) Victor 1976 1931 `` Mood Indigo '' Jazz ( single ) Brunswick Honors and inductions ( edit ) Year Category Notes 2009 Commemorative U.S. quarter D.C. and U.S. Territories Quarters Program . 2008 Gennett Records Walk of Fame Nesuhi Ertegün Jazz Hall of Fame at Jazz at Lincoln Center 1999 Pulitzer Prize Special Citation Oklahoma Jazz Hall of Fame 1986 22 ¢ commemorative U.S. stamp Issued April 29 , 1986 1978 Big Band and Jazz Hall of Fame 1973 French Legion of Honor July 6 , 1973 1973 Honorary Degree in Music from Columbia University May 16 , 1973 1971 Honorary Doctorate Degree from Berklee College of Music 1971 Honorary Doctor of Music from Howard University 1971 Songwriters Hall of Fame 1969 Presidential Medal of Freedom 1968 Grammy Trustees Award Special Merit Award 1967 Honorary Doctor of Music Degree from Yale University 1966 Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award 1964 Honorary degree , Milton College , Wisconsin 1959 NAACP Spingarn Medal 1957 Deutscher Filmpreis : Best Music Award won for the movie Jonah with fellow composer Winfried Zillig 1956 Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame inductee Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . DukeEllington.com ( Official site ) . 2008 . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tucker 1995 , p. 6 writes : `` He tried to avoid the word ' jazz ' preferring ' Negro ' or ' American ' music . He claimed there were only two types of music , ' good ' and ' bad ' ... And he embraced a phrase coined by his colleague Billy Strayhorn -- ' beyond category ' -- as a liberating principle . '' Jump up ^ Hajdu , David ( 1996 ) , Lush Life : A Biography of Billy Strayhorn , New York : Farrar , Straus & Giroux , ISBN 978 - 0 - 86547 - 512 - 0 , p. 170 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 1999 Pulitzer Prize Winners : Special Awards and Citations '' . The Pulitzer Prizes . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . With reprint of short biography and list of works ( selected ) . ^ Jump up to : Lawrence 2001 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Lawrence 2001 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Hasse 1995 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Harvey ( 2010 ) . `` An excerpt from Duke Ellington 's America '' . University of Chicago Press . Jump up ^ Terkel 2002 Jump up ^ Ellington 1976 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Ellington 1976 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ellington , Duke '' . Current Biography . H.W. Wilson Company , 1970 . Jump up ^ Smith , Willie the Lion ( 1964 ) . Music on My Mind : The Memoirs of an American Pianist , Foreword by Duke Ellington . New York City : Doubleday & Company Inc . pp. ix . Jump up ^ Mercer Ellington to Marian McPartland , on Piano Jazz , rebroadcast on Hot Jazz Saturday Night , WAMU , 2018 April 28 . ^ Jump up to : Simmonds , Yussuf ( September 11 , 2008 ) . `` Duke Ellington '' . Los Angeles Sentinel . Retrieved July 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hasse 1993 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Harvey G. ( Autumn 2004 ) . `` The Marketing of Duke Ellington : Setting the Strategy for an African American Maestro '' . The Journal of African - American History . Association for the Study of African - American Life and History , Inc. 89 ( 4 ) : 291 -- 315 . doi : 10.2307 / 4134056 . JSTOR 4134056 . Jump up ^ Hasse 1993 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ `` Adelaide Hall CHOCOLATE KIDDIES EUROPEAN TOUR 1925 Photo Album on Myspace '' . Myspace.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gary Giddins Visions of Jazz : The First Century , New York & Oxford , 1998 , pp. 112 - 13 . Jump up ^ Hasse 1993 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ A.H. Lawrence Duke Ellington and His World , New York & London , 2001 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Bill Gutman Duke : The Musical Life of Duke Ellington , New York : E-Rights / E-Reads , 1977 ( 2001 ) , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Duke Ellington Music is my Mistress , New York : Da Capo , 1973 ( 1976 ) , pp. 75 - 76 . Jump up ^ John Franceschina Duke Ellington 's Music for the Theatre , Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland , 2001 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Schuller , Gunther ( October 1992 ) . `` Jazz and Composition : The Many Sides of Duke Ellington , the Music 's Greatest Composer '' . Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . American Academy of Arts & Sciences . 46 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 51 . doi : 10.2307 / 3824163 . JSTOR 3824163 . Jump up ^ `` Adelaide Hall talks about 1920 's Harlem and Creole Love Call '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Iain Cameron Williams , Underneath a Harlem Moon ... The Harlem to Paris Years of Adelaide Hall , Continuum Publishing Int. , 2002 ( on pages 112 -- 117 Williams talks about `` Creole Love Call '' in depth ) . Jump up ^ Ulanov , Barry . Duke Ellington , Creative Age Press , 1946 . Jump up ^ Stratemann , Dr. Klaus . Duke Ellington : Day by Day and Film by Film , 1992 . ISBN 87 - 88043 - 34 - 7 Jump up ^ John Bird , Percy Grainger . ^ Jump up to : Hodeir , André . `` Ellington , Duke '' . Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hasse 1993 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Schuller , 1989 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Hasse 1993 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Stone , Sonjia ( ed ) ( 1983 ) . `` WILLIAM THOMAS STRAYHORN '' . Billy Strayhorn Songs . University of North Carolina -- Chapel Hill . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2009 . Retrieved July 14 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Ellington 1976 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ `` Duke Ellington : Symphony of the Body and Soul '' . Allaboutjazz.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Musician Ivie Anderson ( Vocal ) @ All About Jazz '' . Musicians.allaboutjazz.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz Musicians -- Duke Ellington '' . Theory Jazz . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2015 . Retrieved July 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Richard ( 1993 ) . The American Musical Landscape . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07764 - 4 . Jump up ^ Harvey G. Cohen , Duke Ellington 's America , Chicago and London : University of Chicago Press , 2010 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Cohen 2010 , pp. 190 - 91 . Jump up ^ Cohen 2010 , pp. 191 - 92 . Jump up ^ Brent , David ( February 6 , 2008 ) . `` Jump For Joy : Duke Ellington 's Celebratory Musical Night Lights Classic Jazz -- WFIU Public Radio '' . Indianapublicmedia.org . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ A.H. Lawrence , Duke Ellington and His World , New York & London : Routledge , 2001 , p. 287 . Jump up ^ Hasse 1993 , p. 274 . ^ Jump up to : A.H. Lawrence , 2001 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ `` Eartha Kitt : Singer who rose from poverty to captivate audiences around the world with her purring voice '' . The Daily Telegraph . December 26 , 2008 . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Win Fanning ( August 13 , 1950 ) . `` Eartha Kitt wins raves in Welles ' show at Frankfurt '' . Stars and Stripes . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ken Vail Duke 's Diary : The Life of Duke Ellington , Lanham , Maryland & Oxford , UK : Scarecrow Press , 2002 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Ralph J. Gleason `` Duke Excites , Mystifies Without Any Pretension '' , Down Beat , November 5 , 1952 , reprinted in Jazz Perspectives Vol. 2 , No. 2 , July 2008 , pp. 215 -- 49 . Jump up ^ `` Jazzman Duke Ellington '' . TIME . August 20 , 1956 . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jack Sohmer `` Duke Ellington : Ellington at Newport 1956 ( Complete ) '' JazzTimes , October 1999 . Jump up ^ Wein , George ( 2003 ) . Myself Among Others : A Life in Music . Da Capo Press . Jump up ^ Stryker , Mark ( January 20 , 2009 ) . `` Ellington 's score still celebrated '' . Detroit Free Press . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2009 . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mark Stryker , `` Ellington 's score still celebrated '' , Detroit Free Press , January 20 , 2009 ; Mervyn Cooke , History of Film Music , 2008 , Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Gary Giddins , `` How Come Jazz Is n't Dead '' , pp. 39 -- 55 in Weisbard 2004 , pp. 41 -- 42 . Giddins says that Ellington was denied the 1965 Music Pulitzer because the jury commended him for his body of work rather than for a particular composition , but his posthumous Pulitzer was granted precisely for that life - long body of work . Jump up ^ Tucker , Mark ; Duke Ellington ( 1995 ) . The Duke Ellington reader . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505410 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Duke Ellington -- Biography '' . The Duke Ellington Society . May 24 , 1974 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2012 . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ellington 1976 , p. 269 . Jump up ^ `` Ellington 's Steinway Grand '' . National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McGowan , Mark ( November 3 , 2003 ) . `` NIU to rededicate Duke Ellington Ballroom during Nov. 6 NIU Jazz Ensemble concert '' . Northern Illinois University . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2009 . Retrieved July 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vail , Ken ( 2002 ) . Duke 's Diary : The Life of Duke Ellington . Scarecrow Press . pp. 449 -- 452 . ISBN 9780810841192 . Jump up ^ Susan Robinson , `` Duke Ellington '' , Gibbs magazine , n.d. Jump up ^ `` Obituary : Edna Thompson Ellington '' , Jet , 31 : 17 , February 2 , 1967 , pp. 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ A.H. Lawrence Duke Ellington and His World , New York & London : Routledge , 2001 , 356 . Jump up ^ Company , Johnson Publishing ( January 1983 ) . Ebony . Johnson Publishing Company . Jump up ^ `` The secret history of the jazz greats who were freemasons '' . The Guardian . 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jack ( May 25 , 1974 ) . `` From the Archives : Jazz Great Duke Ellington Dies in New York Hospital at 75 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hasse 1993 , p. 385 . Jump up ^ `` Duke Ellington '' . Find a Grave . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Program and Invitation entitled `` the Dedication of the Birth Site of Edward Kennedy ' Duke ' Ellington '' at 2129 Ward Place , N.W. , Washington , D.C. , April 29 , 1989 `` . Felix E. Grant Digital Collection . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Letter from Curator of the Peabody Library Association of Georgetown , D.C. Mathilde D. Williams to Felix Grant , September 21 , 1972 '' . Felix E. Grant Digital Collection . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jazz man is first African - American to solo on U.S. circulating coin '' . CNN . February 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2009 . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . The United States Mint launched a new coin Tuesday featuring jazz legend Duke Ellington , making him the first African American to appear by himself on a circulating U.S. coin . ( ... ) The coin was issued to celebrate Ellington 's birthplace , the District of Columbia . ( Archived by WebCite at ) ^ Jump up to : United States Mint . Coins and Medals . District of Columbia . ^ Jump up to : `` Duke Ellington - Artist - www.grammy.com '' . Recording Academy . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maya Parmer , `` Curtain Up : Two Days of the Duke '' , UCLA Magazine , April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schuller , Gunther , The Swing Era , New York : Oxford University Press , 1989 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 504312 - X . p. 157 . Jump up ^ Martin Williams , liner notes , Duke Ellington 's Symphony in Black , The Smithsonian Jazz Repertory Ensemble conducted by Gunther Schuller , The Smithsonian Collections recording , 1980 . Jump up ^ Boston Globe , April 25 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Asante , Molefi Kete ( 2002 ) . 100 Greatest African Americans : A Biographical Encyclopedia . Amherst , New York : Prometheus Books . ISBN 1 - 57392 - 963 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Duke ' by Dave Brubeck : song review , recordings , covers '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Awards Database '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GRAMMY Hall Of Fame '' . GRAMMY.org . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2011 . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The United States Mint About The Mint '' . Usmint.gov . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Mary Beth ( June 20 , 2008 ) . `` Ellington Comes Out Ahead in Coin Tossup '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Featured Exhibition '' . Center for Jazz Arts . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2013 . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NMAH Archives Center '' . Americanhistory.si.edu . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2012 . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Recipients of Honorary Degrees ( By Year ) '' . Howard University . Jump up ^ Galston , Arthur ( October 2002 ) , `` The Duke & I : A professor explains how jazz legend Duke Ellington became a doctor in 1967 '' , Yale Alumni Magazine Jump up ^ `` Yale Honorary Degree Recipients '' . Yale University . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2015 . References ( edit ) Cohen , Harvey G. Duke Ellington 's America . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 11263 - 3 Ellington , Duke . Music Is My Mistress . New York : Da Capo , 1976 ISBN 0 - 7043 - 3090 - 3 Ellington , Mercer . Duke Ellington in Person . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1978 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 25711 - 5 . Hajdu , David , Lush Life : A Biography of Billy Strayhorn . New York : Farrar , Straus & Giroux , 1996 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86547 - 512 - 0 . Hasse , John Edward . Beyond Category : The Life and Genius of Duke Ellington . New York : Da Capo , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80614 - 2 Lawrence , A.H. Duke Ellington and His World : A Biography . New York : Routledge , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93012 - X Schuller , Gunther . Early Jazz : Its Roots and Musical Development . New York : Oxford University Press , 1986 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 504043 - 2 . Especially pp. 318 -- 357 . Schuller , Gunther . The Swing Era : The Development Of Jazz , 1930 -- 1945 . New York : Oxford University Press , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507140 - 5 . Esp . pp. 46 -- 157 . Stratemann , Dr. Klaus . Duke Ellington : Day by Day and Film by Film . Copenhagen : JazzMedia , 1992 . ISBN 87 - 88043 - 34 - 7 Covers all of Duke 's travels and films from the 1929 short film Black and Tan onwards . Teachout , Terry ( 2015 ) . Duke . New York : Gotham Books . ISBN 978 - 1592 - 40749 - 1 . Terkel , Studs ( 2002 ) , Giants of Jazz ( 2nd ed . ) , New York : The New Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56584 - 769 - 9 . Tucker , Mark . Ellington , The Early Years , University of Illinois Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01425 - 1 Tucker , Mark . The Duke Ellington Reader . New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509391 - 9 . Ulanov , Barry . Duke Ellington , Creative Age Press , 1946 . Weisbard , Eric , ed ... This Is Pop : In Search of the Elusive at Experience Music Project . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01344 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Duke Ellington . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Duke Ellington Official website Duke Ellington at Encyclopædia Britannica Duke Ellington in Grove Music Online ( by subscription ) Duke Ellington Legacy Big Band & Duke Ellington Legacy Band -- official website of the family organization Duke Ellington Legacy Duke Ellington on IMDb Duke Ellington at the Internet Broadway Database Duke Ellington and Billy Strayhorn : Jazz Composers -- April -- June 2009 exhibition at NMAH Ellingtonia.com -- `` Duke Ellington Complete Discography '' The Duke Ellington Society , TDES , Inc Duke Ellington : 20th International Conference , London , May 2008 Duke Ellington Orchestra at Wenig - LaMonica Associates Duke Ellington at Library of Congress Authorities , with 1653 catalog records FBI file on Edward Kennedy Duke Ellington Duke Ellington Studio albums The Blanton -- Webster Band Never No Lament : The Blanton - Webster Band Braggin ' in Brass : The Immortal 1938 Year Liberian Suite Great Times ! Masterpieces by Ellington Ellington Uptown The Duke Plays Ellington Ellington ' 55 Dance to the Duke ! Ellington Showcase Historically Speaking Duke Ellington Presents ... The Complete Porgy and Bess A Drum Is a Woman Studio Sessions , Chicago 1956 Such Sweet Thunder Ellington Indigos Black , Brown and Beige Duke Ellington at the Bal Masque The Cosmic Scene Happy Reunion Jazz Party Back to Back Side by Side Anatomy of a Murder Festival Session Blues in Orbit The Nutcracker Suite Piano in the Background Swinging Suites by Edward E. and Edward G . Unknown Session Piano in the Foreground The Great Summit : The Master Takes Paris Blues First Time ! The Count Meets the Duke Duke Ellington & John Coltrane Featuring Paul Gonsalves Studio Sessions 1957 & 1962 Midnight in Paris Duke Ellington Meets Coleman Hawkins Studio Sessions , New York 1962 Money Jungle Afro - Bossa The Symphonic Ellington Duke Ellington 's Jazz Violin Session Studio Sessions New York 1963 My People Ellington ' 65 Duke Ellington Plays Mary Poppins Ellington ' 66 Concert in the Virgin Islands The Popular Duke Ellington The Far East Suite The Jaywalker Studio Sessions , 1957 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , San Francisco , Chicago , New York ... And His Mother Called Him Bill Second Sacred Concert Studio Sessions New York , 1968 Latin American Suite The Pianist New Orleans Suite Orchestral Works The Suites , New York 1968 & 1970 The Intimacy of the Blues The Afro - Eurasian Eclipse Studio Sessions New York & Chicago , 1965 , 1966 & 1971 The Intimate Ellington The Ellington Suites This One 's for Blanton ! Up in Duke 's Workshop Duke 's Big 4 Mood Ellington Live albums Duke Ellington at Fargo , 1940 Live The Carnegie Hall Concerts : January 1943 The Carnegie Hall Concerts : December 1944 The Carnegie Hall Concerts : January 1946 The Carnegie Hall Concerts : December 1947 Ellington at Newport Dance Concerts , California 1958 Dance Dates , California 1958 Newport 1958 Jazz at the Plaza Vol. II Duke Ellington at the Alhambra Live at the Blue Note The Great Paris Concert A Concert of Sacred Music In the Uncommon Market Soul Call Yale Concert 70th Birthday Concert Togo Brava Suite Live at the Whitney Third Sacred Concert Eastbourne Performance Collaborations with Alice Babs Serenade to Sweden with Count Basie First Time ! The Count Meets the Duke with Teresa Brewer It Do n't Mean a Thing If It Ai n't Got That Swing with Rosemary Clooney Blue Rose with John Coltrane Duke Ellington & John Coltrane with Ella Fitzgerald Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Song Book Ella at Duke 's Place The Stockholm Concert , 1966 Ella and Duke at the Cote D'Azur with Coleman Hawkins Duke Ellington Meets Coleman Hawkins with Frank Sinatra Francis A. & Edward K . Compositions `` African Flower '' `` All Too Soon '' `` Azure '' `` Black and Tan Fantasy '' `` Black , Brown and Beige '' `` C Jam Blues '' `` Cotton Tail '' `` Day Dream '' `` Diminuendo and Crescendo in Blue '' `` Do Nothing Till You Hear from Me '' `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` Drop Me Off in Harlem '' `` Echoes of Harlem '' `` Everything but You '' `` I Ai n't Got Nothin ' but the Blues '' `` I Did n't Know About You '' `` I Got It Bad ( and That Ai n't Good ) '' `` I Let a Song Go Out of My Heart '' `` I 'm Beginning to See the Light '' `` I 'm Just a Lucky So - and - So '' `` In a Mellow Tone '' `` In a Sentimental Mood '' `` It Do n't Mean a Thing ( If It Ai n't Got That Swing ) '' `` Just A-Sittin ' and A-Rockin ' '' `` Just Squeeze Me ( But Please Do n't Tease Me ) '' `` The Mooche '' `` Mood Indigo '' `` Prelude to a Kiss '' `` Rocks in My Bed '' `` ( In My ) Solitude '' `` Sophisticated Lady '' Billy Strayhorn compositions associated with Ellington `` Take the `` A '' Train '' `` Lush Life '' `` Chelsea Bridge '' `` Something to Live For '' `` Satin Doll '' `` Blood Count '' Juan Tizol compositions associated with Ellington `` Caravan '' `` Perdido '' Orchestra members Hayes Alvis Cat Anderson Ivie Anderson Harold Ashby Alice Babs Shorty Baker Butch Ballard Art Baron Aaron Bell Louie Bellson Joe Benjamin Barney Bigard Lou Blackburn Jimmy Blanton Wellman Braud Lawrence Brown Harry Carney Johnny Coles Willie Cook Buster Cooper Kay Davis Wild Bill Davis Wilbur de Paris Bobby Durham Mercer Ellington Rolf Ericson Jimmy Forrest Victor Gaskin Peter Giger Tyree Glenn Paul Gonsalves Sonny Greer Fred Guy Jimmy Hamilton Otto Hardwick Rick Henderson Al Hibbler Johnny Hodges Major Holley Charlie Irvis Quentin Jackson Hilton Jefferson Herb Jeffries Freddie Jenkins Money Johnson Herbie Jones Taft Jordan Al Killian Queen Esther Marrow Wendell Marshall Murray McEachern Louis Metcalf James `` Bubber '' Miley Harold `` Geezil '' Minerve Ray Nance Tricky Sam Nanton Oscar Pettiford Eddie Preston Russell Procope Junior Raglin Betty Roché Ernie Royal Al Sears Joya Sherrill Willie Smith Elmer Snowden Rex Stewart Billy Strayhorn Billy Taylor Clark Terry Juan Tizol Norris Turney Ben Webster Arthur Whetsol Cootie Williams Nelson Williams Skippy Williams Booty Wood Jimmy Woode Britt Woodman Sam Woodyard Filmography Black and Tan Check and Double Check Belle of the Nineties Murder at the Vanities Jam Session Cabin in the Sky Anatomy of a Murder Paris Blues Assault on a Queen Change of Mind Related Mercer Ellington ( son ) Duke Ellington Bridge Duke Ellington House Duke Ellington School of the Arts Luther Henderson Irving Mills Sophisticated Ladies Play On ! Sacred Concerts Discography Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards ( Arts ) Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II for Oklahoma ! ( 1944 ) Roger Sessions ( 1974 ) Scott Joplin ( 1976 ) Milton Babbitt ( 1982 ) William Schuman ( 1985 ) George Gershwin ( 1998 ) Duke Ellington ( 1999 ) Thelonious Monk ( 2006 ) John Coltrane ( 2007 ) Bob Dylan ( 2008 ) Hank Williams ( 2010 ) Complete list ( Journalism ) ( Letters ) ( Arts ) ( Service ) BNE : XX854166 BNF : cb13893638w ( data ) GND : 118529994 ISNI : 0000 0001 0911 0810 LCCN : n50080187 MusicBrainz : 3af06bc4 - 68ad - 4cae - bb7a - 7eeeb45e411f NARA : 10583155 NDL : 00438812 NKC : jn20000601477 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ RAVV \ 030940 SELIBR : 185878 SNAC : w6639nkm SUDOC : 030838916 VIAF : 66651610 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duke_Ellington&oldid=854423890 '' Categories : Duke Ellington 1899 births 1974 deaths 20th - century conductors ( music ) 20th - century jazz composers African - American conductors African - American jazz composers African - American jazz musicians African - American jazz pianists American Prince Hall Freemasons American autobiographers American conductors ( music ) American film score composers American jazz composers Male jazz composers American jazz musicians American jazz pianists Big band bandleaders Big band pianists Black conductors Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery ( Bronx ) Deaths from cancer in New York ( state ) Columbia Records artists Deaths from lung cancer Decca Records artists Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Gennett Records artists Grammy Award winners Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Harlem Renaissance Jazz record producers Légion d'honneur recipients Musicians from Washington , D.C. Musicraft Records artists Orchestral jazz musicians Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Pulitzer Prize winners RCA Victor artists Red Baron Records artists Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees Spingarn Medal winners Swing bandleaders Swing composers Swing pianists 20th - century American composers Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Use mdy dates from September 2016 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers AC with 14 elements Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Aragonés Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 07 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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Maurya Empire

Maurya Empire - Wikipedia Maurya Empire `` Maurya '' redirects here . For the 2004 film , see Maurya ( film ) . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Maurya Empire 322 BCE -- 180 BCE The maximum extent of the Maurya Empire , as shown in many modern maps . Capital Pataliputra ( Present - day Patna , Bihar ) Common languages Sanskrit , Magadhi Prakrit Religion Buddhism Jainism Ājīvika Government Absolute monarchy , as described in Chanakya 's Arthashastra Emperor 322 -- 298 BCE Chandragupta 298 -- 272 BCE Bindusara 268 -- 232 BCE Ashoka 232 -- 224 BCE Dasharatha 224 -- 215 BCE Samprati 215 -- 202 BCE Shalishuka 202 -- 195 BCE Devavarman 195 -- 187 BCE Shatadhanvan 187 -- 180 BCE Brihadratha Historical era Antiquity Established 322 BCE Disestablished 180 BCE Area 250 BCE 5,000,000 km ( 1,900,000 sq mi ) Currency Panas Preceded by Succeeded by Nanda Empire Mahajanapada Magadha Pauravas Taxila Shunga Empire Satavahana dynasty Mahameghavahana dynasty Indo - Scythians Maurya Empire ( 322 BCE -- 180 BCE ) Chandragupta ( 322 -- 297 BCE ) Bindusara ( 297 -- 272 / 268 BCE ) Ashoka ( 272 / 268 -- 232 BCE ) Dasharatha ( 232 -- 224 BCE ) Samprati ( 224 -- 215 BCE ) Shalishuka ( 215 -- 202 BCE ) Devavarman ( 202 -- 195 BCE ) Shatadhanvan ( 195 -- 187 BCE ) Brihadratha ( 187 -- 180 BCE ) The Maurya Empire was a geographically - extensive Iron Age historical power founded by Chandragupta Maurya which dominated ancient India between 322 BCE and 180 BCE . Comprising the majority of South Asia , the Maurya Empire was centralized by conquering the Indo - Gangetic Plain in the eastern extant of the empire and had its capital city at Pataliputra ( modern Patna ) . The empire was the largest to have ever existed in the Indian subcontinent , spanning over 5 million square kilometres ( 1.9 million square miles ) at its zenith under Ashoka . Chandragupta Maurya raised an army , with the assistance of Chanakya ( also known as Kauṭilya ) , and overthrew the Nanda Empire in c. 322 BCE . Chandragupta rapidly expanded his power westwards across central and western India by conquering the satraps left by Alexander the Great , and by 317 BCE the empire had fully occupied Northwestern India . The Mauryan Empire then defeated Seleucus I , a diadochus and founder of the Seleucid Empire , during the Seleucid -- Mauryan war , thus gained additional territory west of the Indus River . The Maurya Empire was one of the largest empires of the world . At its greatest extent , the empire stretched to the north along the natural boundaries of the Himalayas , to the east into Assam , to the west into Balochistan ( southwest Pakistan and southeast Iran ) and the Hindu Kush mountains of what is now Afghanistan . The Empire was expanded into India 's central and southern regions by the emperors Chandragupta and Bindusara , but it excluded Kalinga ( modern Odisha ) , until it was conquered by Ashoka . It declined for about 50 years after Ashoka 's rule ended , and it dissolved in 185 BCE with the foundation of the Shunga dynasty in Magadha . Under Chandragupta Maurya and his successors , internal and external trade , agriculture , and economic activities all thrived and expanded across India thanks to the creation of a single and efficient system of finance , administration , and security . After the Kalinga War , the Empire experienced nearly half a century of peace and security under Ashoka . Mauryan India also enjoyed an era of social harmony , religious transformation , and expansion of the sciences and of knowledge . Chandragupta Maurya 's embrace of Jainism increased social and religious renewal and reform across his society , while Ashoka 's embrace of Buddhism has been said to have been the foundation of the reign of social and political peace and non-violence across all of India . Ashoka sponsored the spreading of Buddhist missionaries into Sri Lanka , Southeast Asia , West Asia , North Africa , and Mediterranean Europe . The population of the empire has been estimated to be about 50 -- 60 million , making the Mauryan Empire one of the most populous empires of Antiquity . Archaeologically , the period of Mauryan rule in South Asia falls into the era of Northern Black Polished Ware ( NBPW ) . The Arthashastra and the Edicts of Ashoka are the primary sources of written records of Mauryan times . The Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath has been made the national emblem of India . Contents 1 History 1.1 Chandragupta Maurya and Chanakya 1.2 Conquest of Magadha 1.3 Chandragupta Maurya 1.4 Bindusara 1.5 Ashoka 1.6 Decline 1.6. 1 Shunga coup ( 185 BCE ) 1.6. 2 Establishment of the Indo - Greek Kingdom ( 180 BCE ) 2 Administration 3 Economy 4 Religion 4.1 Jainism 4.2 Buddhism 5 Architectural remains 6 Natural history 7 Contacts with the Hellenistic world 7.1 Foundation of the Empire 7.2 Reconquest of the Northwest ( c. 317 -- 316 BCE ) 7.3 Conflict and alliance with Seleucus ( 305 BCE ) 7.3. 1 Marital alliance 7.3. 2 Exchange of presents 7.4 Greek population in India 7.5 Buddhist missions to the West ( c. 250 BCE ) 7.6 Subhagasena and Antiochos III ( 206 BCE ) 8 Timeline 9 In literature 10 See also 11 Notes 11.1 Sources 12 External links History ( edit ) Chandragupta Maurya and Chanakya ( edit ) Main articles : Chanakya and Chandragupta Maurya See also : List of Mauryan rulers The Maurya Empire was founded by Chandragupta Maurya , with help from Chanakya , at Takshashila , a noted center of learning . According to several legends , Chanakya travelled to Magadha , a kingdom that was large and militarily powerful and feared by its neighbours , but was insulted by its king Dhana Nanda , of the Nanda dynasty . Chanakya swore revenge and vowed to destroy the Nanda Empire . Meanwhile , the conquering armies of Alexander the Great refused to cross the Beas River and advance further eastward , deterred by the prospect of battling Magadha . Alexander returned to Babylon and re-deployed most of his troops west of the Indus River . Soon after Alexander died in Babylon in 323 BCE , his empire fragmented into independent kingdoms led by his generals . The Greek generals Eudemus and Peithon ruled in the Indus Valley until around 317 BCE , when Chandragupta Maurya ( with the help of Chanakya , who was now his advisor ) orchestrated a rebellion to drive out the Greek governors , and subsequently brought the Indus Valley under the control of his new seat of power in Magadha . Chandragupta Maurya 's rise to power is shrouded in mystery and controversy . On one hand , a number of ancient Indian accounts , such as the drama Mudrarakshasa ( Signet ring of Rakshasa -- Rakshasa was the prime minister of Magadha ) by Vishakhadatta , describe his royal ancestry and even link him with the Nanda family . A kshatriya clan known as the Maurya 's are referred to in the earliest Buddhist texts , Mahaparinibbana Sutta . However , any conclusions are hard to make without further historical evidence . Chandragupta first emerges in Greek accounts as `` Sandrokottos '' . As a young man he is said to have met Alexander . He is also said to have met the Nanda king , angered him , and made a narrow escape . Chanakya 's original intentions were to train a guerilla army under Chandragupta 's command . Conquest of Magadha ( edit ) Territorial evolution of the Mauryan Empire Territory of Magadha and the Maurya Empire between 600 and 180 BCE , including Chandragupta 's overthrow of the Nanda Empire ( 321 BCE ) and gains from the Seleucid Empire ( 303 BCE ) , the southward expansion ( before 273 BCE ) , and Ashoka 's conquest of Kalinga ( 261 BCE ) . The same animation , modified in accordance with Kulke and Rothermund ( see right ) . Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund believe that Ashoka 's empire did not include large parts of India , which were controlled by autonomous tribes . Main articles : Chandragupta Maurya , Nanda Dynasty , and Magadha Chanakya encouraged Chandragupta Maurya and his army to take over the throne of Magadha . Using his intelligence network , Chandragupta gathered many young men from across Magadha and other provinces , men upset over the corrupt and oppressive rule of king Dhana Nanda , plus the resources necessary for his army to fight a long series of battles . These men included the former general of Taxila , accomplished students of Chanakya , the representative of King Parvataka , his son Malayaketu , and the rulers of small states . The Macedonians ( described as Yona or Yavana in Indian sources ) may then have participated , together with other groups , in the armed uprising of Chandragupta Maurya against the Nanda dynasty . The Mudrarakshasa of Visakhadutta as well as the Jaina work Parisishtaparvan talk of Chandragupta 's alliance with the Himalayan king Parvataka , often identified with Porus , although this identification is not accepted by all historians . This Himalayan alliance gave Chandragupta a composite and powerful army made up of Yavanas ( Greeks ) , Kambojas , Shakas ( Scythians ) , Kiratas ( Himalayans ) , Parasikas ( Persians ) and Bahlikas ( Bactrians ) who took Pataliputra ( also called Kusumapura , `` The City of Flowers '' ) : `` Kusumapura was besieged from every direction by the forces of Parvata and Chandragupta : Shakas , Yavanas , Kiratas , Kambojas , Parasikas , Bahlikas and others , assembled on the advice of Chanakya '' in Mudrarakshasa 2 Preparing to invade Pataliputra , Maurya came up with a strategy . A battle was announced and the Magadhan army was drawn from the city to a distant battlefield to engage with Maurya 's forces . Maurya 's general and spies meanwhile bribed the corrupt general of Nanda . He also managed to create an atmosphere of civil war in the kingdom , which culminated in the death of the heir to the throne . Chanakya managed to win over popular sentiment . Ultimately Nanda resigned , handing power to Chandragupta , and went into exile and was never heard of again . Chanakya contacted the prime minister , Rakshasas , and made him understand that his loyalty was to Magadha , not to the Nanda dynasty , insisting that he continue in office . Chanakya also reiterated that choosing to resist would start a war that would severely affect Magadha and destroy the city . Rakshasa accepted Chanakya 's reasoning , and Chandragupta Maurya was legitimately installed as the new King of Magadha . Rakshasa became Chandragupta 's chief advisor , and Chanakya assumed the position of an elder statesman . Chandragupta Maurya ( edit ) Main article : Chandragupta Maurya Pataliputra , capital of the Mauryas . Ruins of pillared hall at Kumrahar site . The Pataliputra capital , discovered at the Bulandi Bagh site of Pataliputra , 4th - 3rd c . BCE . In 305 BCE , Chandragupta led a series of campaigns to retake the satrapies left behind by Alexander the Great when he returned westwards , while Seleucus I Nicator fought to defend these territories . The two rulers concluded a peace treaty in 303 BCE , including a marital alliance . Chandragupta snatched the satrapies of Paropamisade ( Kamboja and Gandhara ) , Arachosia ( Kandhahar ) and Gedrosia ( Balochistan ) , and Seleucus I Nicator received 500 war elephants that were to have a decisive role in his victory against western Hellenistic kings at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE . Diplomatic relations were established and several Greeks , such as the historian Megasthenes , Deimakos and Dionysius resided at the Mauryan court . Megasthenes in particular was a notable Greek ambassador in the court of Chandragupta Maurya . According to Arrian , ambassador Megasthenes ( c. 350 -- c. 290 BCE ) lived in Arachosia and travelled to Pataliputra . Chandragupta established a strong centralized state with an administration at Pataliputra , which , according to Megasthenes , was `` surrounded by a wooden wall pierced by 64 gates and 570 towers '' . Aelian , although not expressly quoting Megasthenes nor mentionning Pataliputra , described Indian palaces as superior in splendor to Persia 's Susa or Ectabana . The architecture of the city seems to have had many similarities with Persian cities of the period . Chandragupta 's son Bindusara extended the rule of the Mauryan empire towards southern India . The famous Tamil poet Mamulanar of the Sangam literature described how the Deccan Plateau was invaded by the Maurya army . He also had a Greek ambassador at his court , named Megasthenes . Megasthenes describes a disciplined multitude under Chandragupta , who live simply , honestly , and do not know writing : `` The Indians all live frugally , especially when in camp . They dislike a great undisciplined multitude , and consequently they observe good order . Theft is of very rare occurrence . Megasthenes says that those who were in the camp of Sandrakottos , wherein lay 400,000 men , found that the thefts reported on any one day did not exceed the value of two hundred drachmae , and this among a people who have no written laws , but are ignorant of writing , and must therefore in all the business of life trust to memory . They live , nevertheless , happily enough , being simple in their manners and frugal . They never drink wine except at sacrifices . Their beverage is a liquor composed from rice instead of barley , and their food is principally a rice - pottage . '' Strabo XV . i . 53 -- 56 , quoting Megasthenes . Chandragupta renounced his throne and followed Jain teacher Bhadrabahu . He is said to have lived as an ascetic at Shravanabelagola for several years before fasting to death , as per the Jain practice of sallekhana . Bindusara ( edit ) Main article : Bindusara A silver coin of 1 karshapana of the Maurya empire , period of Bindusara Maurya about 297 - 272 BC , workshop of Pataliputra . Obv : Symbols with a Sun Rev : Symbol Dimensions : 14 x 11 mm Weight : 3.4 g . Bindusara extended the borders of the empire southward into the Deccan Plateau c. 300 BCE . Bindusara was born to Chandragupta , the founder of the Mauryan Empire . This is attested by several sources , including the various Puranas and the Mahavamsa . He is attested by the Buddhist texts such as Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa ( `` Bindusaro '' ) ; the Jain texts such as Parishishta - Parvan ; as well as the Hindu texts such as Vishnu Purana ( `` Vindusara '' ) . According to the 12th century Jain writer Hemachandra 's Parishishta - Parvan , the name of Bindusara 's mother was Durdhara . Some Greek sources also mention him by the name `` Amitrochates '' or its variations . Historian Upinder Singh estimates that Bindusara ascended the throne around 297 BCE . Bindusara , just 22 years old , inherited a large empire that consisted of what is now , Northern , Central and Eastern parts of India along with parts of Afghanistan and Baluchistan . Bindusara extended this empire to the southern part of India , as far as what is now known as Karnataka . He brought sixteen states under the Mauryan Empire and thus conquered almost all of the Indian peninsula ( he is said to have conquered the ' land between the two seas ' -- the peninsular region between the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea ) . Bindusara did n't conquer the friendly Tamil kingdoms of the Cholas , ruled by King Ilamcetcenni , the Pandyas , and Cheras . Apart from these southern states , Kalinga ( modern Odisha ) was the only kingdom in India that did n't form the part of Bindusara 's empire . It was later conquered by his son Ashoka , who served as the viceroy of Ujjaini during his father 's reign , which highlights the importance of the town . Bindusara 's life has not been documented as well as that of his father Chandragupta or of his son Ashoka . Chanakya continued to serve as prime minister during his reign . According to the medieval Tibetan scholar Taranatha who visited India , Chanakya helped Bindusara `` to destroy the nobles and kings of the sixteen kingdoms and thus to become absolute master of the territory between the eastern and western oceans . '' During his rule , the citizens of Taxila revolted twice . The reason for the first revolt was the maladministration of Susima , his eldest son . The reason for the second revolt is unknown , but Bindusara could not suppress it in his lifetime . It was crushed by Ashoka after Bindusara 's death . Bindusara maintained friendly diplomatic relations with the Hellenic World . Deimachus was the ambassador of Seleucid emperor Antiochus I at Bindusara 's court . Diodorus states that the king of Palibothra ( Pataliputra , the Mauryan capital ) welcomed a Greek author , Iambulus . This king is usually identified as Bindusara . Pliny states that the Egyptian king Philadelphus sent an envoy named Dionysius to India . According to Sailendra Nath Sen , this appears to have happened during Bindusara 's reign . Unlike his father Chandragupta ( who at a later stage converted to Jainism ) , Bindusara believed in the Ajivika sect . Bindusara 's guru Pingalavatsa ( Janasana ) was a Brahmin of the Ajivika sect . Bindusara 's wife , Queen Subhadrangi ( Queen Aggamahesi ) was a Brahmin also of the Ajivika sect from Champa ( present Bhagalpur district ) . Bindusara is credited with giving several grants to Brahmin monasteries ( Brahmana - bhatto ) . Historical evidence suggests that Bindusara died in the 270s BCE . According to Upinder Singh , Bindusara died around 273 BCE . Alain Daniélou believes that he died around 274 BCE . Sailendra Nath Sen believes that he died around 273 - 272 BCE , and that his death was followed by a four - year struggle of succession , after which his son Ashoka became the emperor in 269 - 268 BCE . According to the Mahavamsa , Bindusara reigned for 28 years . The Vayu Purana , which names Chandragupta 's successor as `` Bhadrasara '' , states that he ruled for 25 years . Ashoka ( edit ) Main article : Ashoka Aśoka pillar at Sarnath . ca . 250 BCE . Ashoka pillar at Vaishali . Fragment of the 6th Pillar Edict of Ashoka ( 238 BCE ) , in Brahmi , sandstone , British Museum . As a young prince , Ashoka ( r . 272 -- 232 BCE ) was a brilliant commander who crushed revolts in Ujjain and Takshashila . As monarch he was ambitious and aggressive , re-asserting the Empire 's superiority in southern and western India . But it was his conquest of Kalinga ( 262 -- 261 BCE ) which proved to be the pivotal event of his life . Ashoka used Kalinga to project power over a large region by building a fortification there and securing it as a possession . Although Ashoka 's army succeeded in overwhelming Kalinga forces of royal soldiers and civilian units , an estimated 100,000 soldiers and civilians were killed in the furious warfare , including over 10,000 of Ashoka 's own men . Hundreds of thousands of people were adversely affected by the destruction and fallout of war . When he personally witnessed the devastation , Ashoka began feeling remorse . Although the annexation of Kalinga was completed , Ashoka embraced the teachings of Buddhism , and renounced war and violence . He sent out missionaries to travel around Asia and spread Buddhism to other countries . Ashoka implemented principles of ahimsa by banning hunting and violent sports activity and ending indentured and forced labor ( many thousands of people in war - ravaged Kalinga had been forced into hard labour and servitude ) . While he maintained a large and powerful army , to keep the peace and maintain authority , Ashoka expanded friendly relations with states across Asia and Europe , and he sponsored Buddhist missions . He undertook a massive public works building campaign across the country . Over 40 years of peace , harmony and prosperity made Ashoka one of the most successful and famous monarchs in Indian history . He remains an idealized figure of inspiration in modern India . The Edicts of Ashoka , set in stone , are found throughout the Subcontinent . Ranging from as far west as Afghanistan and as far south as Andhra ( Nellore District ) , Ashoka 's edicts state his policies and accomplishments . Although predominantly written in Prakrit , two of them were written in Greek , and one in both Greek and Aramaic . Ashoka 's edicts refer to the Greeks , Kambojas , and Gandharas as peoples forming a frontier region of his empire . They also attest to Ashoka 's having sent envoys to the Greek rulers in the West as far as the Mediterranean . The edicts precisely name each of the rulers of the Hellenic world at the time such as Amtiyoko ( Antiochus ) , Tulamaya ( Ptolemy ) , Amtikini ( Antigonos ) , Maka ( Magas ) and Alikasudaro ( Alexander ) as recipients of Ashoka 's proselytism . The Edicts also accurately locate their territory `` 600 yojanas away '' ( a yojanas being about 7 miles ) , corresponding to the distance between the center of India and Greece ( roughly 4,000 miles ) . Decline ( edit ) Ashoka was followed for 50 years by a succession of weaker kings . Brihadratha , the last ruler of the Mauryan dynasty , held territories that had shrunk considerably from the time of emperor Ashoka . Brihadratha was assassinated in 185 BCE during a military parade by the Brahmin general Pushyamitra Shunga , commander - in - chief of his guard , who then took over the throne and established the Shunga dynasty . Shunga coup ( 185 BCE ) ( edit ) Buddhist records such as the Ashokavadana write that the assassination of Brihadratha and the rise of the Shunga empire led to a wave of religious persecution for Buddhists , and a resurgence of Hinduism . According to Sir John Marshall , Pushyamitra may have been the main author of the persecutions , although later Shunga kings seem to have been more supportive of Buddhism . Other historians , such as Etienne Lamotte and Romila Thapar , among others , have argued that archaeological evidence in favour of the allegations of persecution of Buddhists are lacking , and that the extent and magnitude of the atrocities have been exaggerated . Establishment of the Indo - Greek kingdom ( 180 BCE ) ( edit ) Main article : Indo - Greek Kingdom The fall of the Mauryas left the Khyber Pass unguarded , and a wave of foreign invasion followed . The Greco - Bactrian king , Demetrius , capitalized on the break - up , and he conquered southern Afghanistan and parts of northwestern India around 180 BCE , forming the Indo - Greek Kingdom . The Indo - Greeks would maintain holdings on the trans - Indus region , and make forays into central India , for about a century . Under them , Buddhism flourished , and one of their kings , Menander , became a famous figure of Buddhism ; he was to establish a new capital of Sagala , the modern city of Sialkot . However , the extent of their domains and the lengths of their rule are subject to much debate . Numismatic evidence indicates that they retained holdings in the subcontinent right up to the birth of Christ . Although the extent of their successes against indigenous powers such as the Shungas , Satavahanas , and Kalingas are unclear , what is clear is that Scythian tribes , renamed Indo - Scythians , brought about the demise of the Indo - Greeks from around 70 BCE and retained lands in the trans - Indus , the region of Mathura , and Gujarat . Administration ( edit ) Statuettes of the Mauryan era The Empire was divided into four provinces , with the imperial capital at Pataliputra . From Ashokan edicts , the names of the four provincial capitals are Tosali ( in the east ) , Ujjain ( in the west ) , Suvarnagiri ( in the south ) , and Taxila ( in the north ) . The head of the provincial administration was the Kumara ( royal prince ) , who governed the provinces as king 's representative . The kumara was assisted by Mahamatyas and council of ministers . This organizational structure was reflected at the imperial level with the Emperor and his Mantriparishad ( Council of Ministers ) . Historians theorise that the organisation of the Empire was in line with the extensive bureaucracy described by Kautilya in the Arthashastra : a sophisticated civil service governed everything from municipal hygiene to international trade . The expansion and defense of the empire was made possible by what appears to have been one of the largest armies in the world during the Iron Age . According to Megasthenes , the empire wielded a military of 600,000 infantry , 30,000 cavalry , 8,000 chariots and 9,000 war elephants besides followers and attendants . A vast espionage system collected intelligence for both internal and external security purposes . Having renounced offensive warfare and expansionism , Ashoka nevertheless continued to maintain this large army , to protect the Empire and instil stability and peace across West and South Asia . Economy ( edit ) See also : Economic history of India and Coinage of India Maurya statuette , 2nd century BCE . For the first time in South Asia , political unity and military security allowed for a common economic system and enhanced trade and commerce , with increased agricultural productivity . The previous situation involving hundreds of kingdoms , many small armies , powerful regional chieftains , and internecine warfare , gave way to a disciplined central authority . Farmers were freed of tax and crop collection burdens from regional kings , paying instead to a nationally administered and strict - but - fair system of taxation as advised by the principles in the Arthashastra . Chandragupta Maurya established a single currency across India , and a network of regional governors and administrators and a civil service provided justice and security for merchants , farmers and traders . The Mauryan army wiped out many gangs of bandits , regional private armies , and powerful chieftains who sought to impose their own supremacy in small areas . Although regimental in revenue collection , Maurya also sponsored many public works and waterways to enhance productivity , while internal trade in India expanded greatly due to new - found political unity and internal peace . Under the Indo - Greek friendship treaty , and during Ashoka 's reign , an international network of trade expanded . The Khyber Pass , on the modern boundary of Pakistan and Afghanistan , became a strategically important port of trade and intercourse with the outside world . Greek states and Hellenic kingdoms in West Asia became important trade partners of India . Trade also extended through the Malay peninsula into Southeast Asia . India 's exports included silk goods and textiles , spices and exotic foods . The external world came across new scientific knowledge and technology with expanding trade with the Mauryan Empire . Ashoka also sponsored the construction of thousands of roads , waterways , canals , hospitals , rest - houses and other public works . The easing of many over-rigorous administrative practices , including those regarding taxation and crop collection , helped increase productivity and economic activity across the Empire . In many ways , the economic situation in the Mauryan Empire is analogous to the Roman Empire of several centuries later . Both had extensive trade connections and both had organizations similar to corporations . While Rome had organizational entities which were largely used for public state - driven projects , Mauryan India had numerous private commercial entities . These existed purely for private commerce and developed before the Mauryan Empire itself . Maurya Empire coinage Hoard of mostly Mauryan coins . Silver punch mark coin of the Maurya empire , with symbols of wheel and elephant . 3rd century BCE . Mauryan coin with arched hill symbol on reverse . Mauryan Empire coin . Circa late 4th - 2nd century BCE . Mauryan Empire , Emperor Salisuka or later . Circa 207 - 194 BCE . Religion ( edit ) Jainism ( edit ) Bhadrabahu Cave , Shravanabelagola where Chandragupta is said to have died Chandragupta Maurya embraced Jainism after retiring , when he renounced his throne and material possessions to join a wandering group of Jain monks . Chandragupta was a disciple of the Jain monk Bhadrabahu . It is said that in his last days , he observed the rigorous but self - purifying Jain ritual of santhara ( fast unto death ) , at Shravana Belgola in Karnataka . However , his successor , Bindusara , was a follower of another ascetic movement , Ājīvika , and distanced himself from Jain and Buddhist movements . Samprati , the grandson of Ashoka , also patronized Jainism . Samprati was influenced by the teachings of Jain monks and he is said to have built 125,000 derasars across India . Some of them are still found in the towns of Ahmedabad , Viramgam , Ujjain , and Palitana . It is also said that just like Ashoka , Samprati sent messengers and preachers to Greece , Persia and the Middle East for the spread of Jainism , but , to date , no research has been done in this area . Thus , Jainism became a vital force under the Mauryan Rule . Chandragupta and Samprati are credited for the spread of Jainism in South India . Hundreds of thousands of temples and stupas are said to have been erected during their reigns . Buddhism ( edit ) The stupa , which contained the relics of Buddha , at the center of the Sanchi complex was originally built by the Maurya Empire , but the balustrade around it is Sunga , and the decorative gateways are from the later Satavahana period . The Dharmarajika stupa in Taxila , modern Pakistan , is also thought to have been established by Emperor Asoka . Magadha , the centre of the empire , was also the birthplace of Buddhism . Ashoka initially practised Hinduism but later embraced Buddhism ; following the Kalinga War , he renounced expansionism and aggression , and the harsher injunctions of the Arthashastra on the use of force , intensive policing , and ruthless measures for tax collection and against rebels . Ashoka sent a mission led by his son Mahinda and daughter Sanghamitta to Sri Lanka , whose king Tissa was so charmed with Buddhist ideals that he adopted them himself and made Buddhism the state religion . Ashoka sent many Buddhist missions to West Asia , Greece and South East Asia , and commissioned the construction of monasteries and schools , as well as the publication of Buddhist literature across the empire . He is believed to have built as many as 84,000 stupas across India , such as Sanchi and Mahabodhi Temple , and he increased the popularity of Buddhism in Afghanistan , Thailand and North Asia including Siberia . Ashoka helped convene the Third Buddhist Council of India 's and South Asia 's Buddhist orders near his capital , a council that undertook much work of reform and expansion of the Buddhist religion . Indian merchants embraced Buddhism and played a large role in spreading the religion across the Mauryan Empire . Architectural remains ( edit ) Main articles : Edicts of Ashoka , Sanchi Stupa , and Mauryan art Mauryan architecture in the Barabar Caves . Lomas Rishi Cave . 3rd century BCE . The greatest monument of this period , executed in the reign of Chandragupta Maurya , was the old palace at the site of Kumhrar . Excavations at the site of Kumhrar nearby have unearthed the remains of the palace . The palace is thought to have been an aggregate of buildings , the most important of which was an immense pillared hall supported on a high substratum of timbers . The pillars were set in regular rows , thus dividing the hall into a number of smaller square bays . The number of columns is 80 , each about 7 meters high . According to the eyewitness account of Megasthenes , the palace was chiefly constructed of timber , and was considered to exceed in splendour and magnificence the palaces of Susa and Ecbatana , its gilded pillars being adorned with golden vines and silver birds . The buildings stood in an extensive park studded with fish ponds and furnished with a great variety of ornamental trees and shrubs . Kauṭilya 's Arthashastra also gives the method of palace construction from this period . Later fragments of stone pillars , including one nearly complete , with their round tapering shafts and smooth polish , indicate that Ashoka was responsible for the construction of the stone columns which replaced the earlier wooden ones . An early stupa , 6 meters in diameter , with fallen umbrella on side . Chakpat , near Chakdara . Probably Maurya , 3rd century BCE . During the Ashokan period , stonework was of a highly diversified order and comprised lofty free - standing pillars , railings of stupas , lion thrones and other colossal figures . The use of stone had reached such great perfection during this time that even small fragments of stone art were given a high lustrous polish resembling fine enamel . This period marked the beginning of the Buddhist school of architecture . Ashoka was responsible for the construction of several stupas , which were large domes and bearing symbols of Buddha . The most important ones are located at Sanchi , Bharhut , Amaravati , Bodhgaya and Nagarjunakonda . The most widespread examples of Mauryan architecture are the Ashoka pillars and carved edicts of Ashoka , often exquisitely decorated , with more than 40 spread throughout the Indian subcontinent . The peacock was a dynastic symbol of Mauryans , as depicted by Ashoka 's pillars at Nandangarh and Sanchi Stupa . Maurya structures and decorations at Sanchi ( 3rd century BCE ) Approximate reconstitution of the Great Stupa at Sanchi under the Mauryas . Remains of the Ashokan Pillar in polished stone ( right of the Southern Gateway ) . Remains of the shaft of the pillar of Ashoka , under a shed near the Southern Gateway . Pillar and its inscription ( the `` Schism Edict '' ) upon discovery . The capital nowadays . Natural History ( edit ) The two Yakshas , possibly 3rd century BCE , found in Pataliputra . The protection of animals in India became serious business by the time of the Maurya dynasty ; being the first empire to provide a unified political entity in India , the attitude of the Mauryas towards forests , their denizens , and fauna in general is of interest . The Mauryas firstly looked at forests as resources . For them , the most important forest product was the elephant . Military might in those times depended not only upon horses and men but also battle - elephants ; these played a role in the defeat of Seleucus , one of Alexander 's former generals . The Mauryas sought to preserve supplies of elephants since it was cheaper and took less time to catch , tame and train wild elephants than to raise them . Kautilya 's Arthashastra contains not only maxims on ancient statecraft , but also unambiguously specifies the responsibilities of officials such as the Protector of the Elephant Forests . On the border of the forest , he should establish a forest for elephants guarded by foresters . The Office of the Chief Elephant Forester should with the help of guards protect the elephants in any terrain . The slaying of an elephant is punishable by death . -- Arthashastra The Mauryas also designated separate forests to protect supplies of timber , as well as lions and tigers for skins . Elsewhere the Protector of Animals also worked to eliminate thieves , tigers and other predators to render the woods safe for grazing cattle . The Mauryas valued certain forest tracts in strategic or economic terms and instituted curbs and control measures over them . They regarded all forest tribes with distrust and controlled them with bribery and political subjugation . They employed some of them , the food - gatherers or aranyaca to guard borders and trap animals . The sometimes tense and conflict - ridden relationship nevertheless enabled the Mauryas to guard their vast empire . When Ashoka embraced Buddhism in the latter part of his reign , he brought about significant changes in his style of governance , which included providing protection to fauna , and even relinquished the royal hunt . He was the first ruler in history to advocate conservation measures for wildlife and even had rules inscribed in stone edicts . The edicts proclaim that many followed the king 's example in giving up the slaughter of animals ; one of them proudly states : Our king killed very few animals . -- Edict on Fifth Pillar However , the edicts of Ashoka reflect more the desire of rulers than actual events ; the mention of a 100 ' panas ' ( coins ) fine for poaching deer in royal hunting preserves shows that rule - breakers did exist . The legal restrictions conflicted with the practices freely exercised by the common people in hunting , felling , fishing and setting fires in forests . Contacts with the Hellenistic world ( edit ) Mauryan ringstone , with standing goddess . Northwest Pakistan . 3rd Century BCE Foundation of the Empire ( edit ) Relations with the Hellenistic world may have started from the very beginning of the Maurya Empire . Plutarch reports that Chandragupta Maurya met with Alexander the Great , probably around Taxila in the northwest : `` Sandrocottus , when he was a stripling , saw Alexander himself , and we are told that he often said in later times that Alexander narrowly missed making himself master of the country , since its king was hated and despised on account of his baseness and low birth '' . Plutarch 62 - 4 Reconquest of the northwest ( c. 317 -- 316 BCE ) ( edit ) Chandragupta ultimately occupied Northwestern India , in the territories formerly ruled by the Greeks , where he fought the satraps ( described as `` Prefects '' in Western sources ) left in place after Alexander ( Justin ) , among whom may have been Eudemus , ruler in the western Punjab until his departure in 317 BCE or Peithon , son of Agenor , ruler of the Greek colonies along the Indus until his departure for Babylon in 316 BCE . `` India , after the death of Alexander , had assassinated his prefects , as if shaking the burden of servitude . The author of this liberation was Sandracottos , but he had transformed liberation in servitude after victory , since , after taking the throne , he himself oppressed the very people he has liberated from foreign domination '' Justin XV. 4.12 -- 13 `` Later , as he was preparing war against the prefects of Alexander , a huge wild elephant went to him and took him on his back as if tame , and he became a remarkable fighter and war leader . Having thus acquired royal power , Sandracottos possessed India at the time Seleucos was preparing future glory . '' Justin XV. 4.19 Conflict and alliance with Seleucus ( 305 BCE ) ( edit ) Main article : Seleucid -- Mauryan war A map showing the north western border of Maurya Empire , including its various neighboring states . Seleucus I Nicator , the Macedonian satrap of the Asian portion of Alexander 's former empire , conquered and put under his own authority eastern territories as far as Bactria and the Indus ( Appian , History of Rome , The Syrian Wars 55 ) , until in 305 BCE he entered into a confrontation with Emperor Chandragupta : `` Always lying in wait for the neighbouring nations , strong in arms and persuasive in council , he ( Seleucus ) acquired Mesopotamia , Armenia , ' Seleucid ' Cappadocia , Persis , Parthia , Bactria , Arabia , Tapouria , Sogdia , Arachosia , Hyrcania , and other adjacent peoples that had been subdued by Alexander , as far as the river Indus , so that the boundaries of his empire were the most extensive in Asia after that of Alexander . The whole region from Phrygia to the Indus was subject to Seleucus '' . Appian , History of Rome , The Syrian Wars 55 Though no accounts of the conflict remain , it is clear that Seleucus fared poorly against the Indian Emperor as he failed to conquer any territory , and in fact was forced to surrender much that was already his . Regardless , Seleucus and Chandragupta ultimately reached a settlement and through a treaty sealed in 305 BCE , Seleucus , according to Strabo , ceded a number of territories to Chandragupta , including large parts of what is now Afghanistan and parts of Balochistan . Marital alliance ( edit ) Chandragupta and Seleucus concluded a peace treaty and a marital alliance in 303 BCE . Chandragupta received vast territories , and in a return gesture , gave Seleucus 500 war elephants , a military asset which would play a decisive role at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE . In addition to this treaty , Seleucus dispatched an ambassador , Megasthenes , to Chandragupta , and later Deimakos to his son Bindusara , at the Mauryan court at Pataliputra ( modern Patna in Bihar state ) . Later , Ptolemy II Philadelphus , the ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt and contemporary of Ashoka , is also recorded by Pliny the Elder as having sent an ambassador named Dionysius to the Mauryan court . Mainstream scholarship asserts that Chandragupta received vast territory west of the Indus , including the Hindu Kush , modern - day Afghanistan , and the Balochistan province of Pakistan . Archaeologically , concrete indications of Mauryan rule , such as the inscriptions of the Edicts of Ashoka , are known as far as Kandahar in southern Afghanistan . `` `` He ( Seleucus ) crossed the Indus and waged war with Sandrocottus ( Maurya ) , king of the Indians , who dwelt on the banks of that stream , until they came to an understanding with each other and contracted a marriage relationship . '' '' `` `` After having made a treaty with him ( Sandrakotos ) and put in order the Orient situation , Seleucos went to war against Antigonus . '' '' -- Junianus Justinus , Historiarum Philippicarum , libri XLIV , XV. 4.15 The treaty on `` Epigamia '' implies lawful marriage between Greeks and Indians was recognized at the State level , although it is unclear whether it occurred among dynastic rulers or common people , or both. . Exchange of presents ( edit ) Classical sources have also recorded that following their treaty , Chandragupta and Seleucus exchanged presents , such as when Chandragupta sent various aphrodisiacs to Seleucus : `` And Theophrastus says that some contrivances are of wondrous efficacy in such matters ( as to make people more amorous ) . And Phylarchus confirms him , by reference to some of the presents which Sandrakottus , the king of the Indians , sent to Seleucus ; which were to act like charms in producing a wonderful degree of affection , while some , on the contrary , were to banish love . '' Athenaeus of Naucratis , `` The deipnosophists '' Book I , chapter 32 His son Bindusara ' Amitraghata ' ( Slayer of Enemies ) also is recorded in Classical sources as having exchanged presents with Antiochus I : `` But dried figs were so very much sought after by all men ( for really , as Aristophanes says , `` There 's really nothing nicer than dried figs '' ) , that even Amitrochates , the king of the Indians , wrote to Antiochus , entreating him ( it is Hegesander who tells this story ) to buy and send him some sweet wine , and some dried figs , and a sophist ; and that Antiochus wrote to him in answer , `` The dry figs and the sweet wine we will send you ; but it is not lawful for a sophist to be sold in Greece . '' Athenaeus , `` Deipnosophistae '' XIV. 67 Greek population in India ( edit ) The Greek population apparently remained in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent under Ashoka 's rule . In his Edicts of Ashoka , set in stone , some of them written in Greek , Ashoka relates that the Greek population within his realm was absorbed , integrated , and converted to Buddhism : `` Here in the king 's domain among the Greeks , the Kambojas , the Nabhakas , the Nabhapamkits , the Bhojas , the Pitinikas , the Andhras and the Palidas , everywhere people are following Beloved - of - the - Gods ' instructions in Dharma '' . Rock Edict Nb13 ( S. Dhammika ) . The Kandahar Edict of Ashoka , a bilingual edict ( Greek and Aramaic ) by king Ashoka , from Kandahar . Kabul Museum . ( Click image for translation ) . Fragments of Edict 13 have been found in Greek , and a full Edict , written in both Greek and Aramaic , has been discovered in Kandahar . It is said to be written in excellent Classical Greek , using sophisticated philosophical terms . In this Edict , Ashoka uses the word Eusebeia ( `` Piety '' ) as the Greek translation for the ubiquitous `` Dharma '' of his other Edicts written in Prakrit : `` Ten years ( of reign ) having been completed , King Piodasses ( Ashoka ) made known ( the doctrine of ) Piety ( εὐσέβεια , Eusebeia ) to men ; and from this moment he has made men more pious , and everything thrives throughout the whole world . And the king abstains from ( killing ) living beings , and other men and those who ( are ) huntsmen and fishermen of the king have desisted from hunting . And if some ( were ) intemperate , they have ceased from their intemperance as was in their power ; and obedient to their father and mother and to the elders , in opposition to the past also in the future , by so acting on every occasion , they will live better and more happily '' . ( Trans . by G.P. Carratelli ( 1 ) ) Buddhist missions to the West ( c. 250 BCE ) ( edit ) The distribution of the Edicts of Ashoka . Buddhist proselytism at the time of king Ashoka ( 260 -- 218 BCE ) . Also , in the Edicts of Ashoka , Ashoka mentions the Hellenistic kings of the period as recipients of his Buddhist proselytism , although no Western historical record of this event remains : `` The conquest by Dharma has been won here , on the borders , and even six hundred yojanas ( 5,400 -- 9,600 km ) away , where the Greek king Antiochos rules , beyond there where the four kings named Ptolemy , Antigonos , Magas and Alexander rule , likewise in the south among the Cholas , the Pandyas , and as far as Tamraparni ( Sri Lanka ) . '' ( Edicts of Ashoka , 13th Rock Edict , S. Dhammika ) . Ashoka also encouraged the development of herbal medicine , for men and animals , in their territories : `` Everywhere within Beloved - of - the - Gods , King Piyadasi 's ( Ashoka 's ) domain , and among the people beyond the borders , the Cholas , the Pandyas , the Satiyaputras , the Keralaputras , as far as Tamraparni and where the Greek king Antiochos rules , and among the kings who are neighbors of Antiochos , everywhere has Beloved - of - the - Gods , King Piyadasi , made provision for two types of medical treatment : medical treatment for humans and medical treatment for animals . Wherever medical herbs suitable for humans or animals are not available , I have had them imported and grown . Wherever medical roots or fruits are not available I have had them imported and grown . Along roads I have had wells dug and trees planted for the benefit of humans and animals '' . 2nd Rock Edict The Greeks in India even seem to have played an active role in the propagation of Buddhism , as some of the emissaries of Ashoka , such as Dharmaraksita , are described in Pali sources as leading Greek ( `` Yona '' ) Buddhist monks , active in Buddhist proselytism ( the Mahavamsa , XII ) . Subhagasena and Antiochos III ( 206 BCE ) ( edit ) Sophagasenus was an Indian Mauryan ruler of the 3rd century BCE , described in ancient Greek sources , and named Subhagasena or Subhashasena in Prakrit . His name is mentioned in the list of Mauryan princes , and also in the list of the Yadava dynasty , as a descendant of Pradyumna . He may have been a grandson of Ashoka , or Kunala , the son of Ashoka . He ruled an area south of the Hindu Kush , possibly in Gandhara . Antiochos III , the Seleucid king , after having made peace with Euthydemus in Bactria , went to India in 206 BCE and is said to have renewed his friendship with the Indian king there : `` He ( Antiochus ) crossed the Caucasus and descended into India ; renewed his friendship with Sophagasenus the king of the Indians ; received more elephants , until he had a hundred and fifty altogether ; and having once more provisioned his troops , set out again personally with his army : leaving Androsthenes of Cyzicus the duty of taking home the treasure which this king had agreed to hand over to him '' . Polybius 11.39 Timeline ( edit ) 322 BCE : Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan Empire by overthrowing the Nanda Dynasty . 317 -- 316 BCE : Chandragupta Maurya conquers the Northwest of the Indian subcontinent . 305 -- 303 BCE : Chandragupta Maurya gains territory from the Seleucid Empire . 298 -- 269 BCE : Reign of Bindusara , Chandragupta 's son . He conquers parts of Deccan , southern India . 269 -- 232 BCE : The Mauryan Empire reaches its height under Ashoka , Chandragupta 's grandson . 261 BCE : Ashoka conquers the kingdom of Kalinga . 250 BCE : Ashoka builds Buddhist stupas and erects pillars bearing inscriptions . 184 BCE : The empire collapses when Brihadnatha , the last emperor , is killed by Pushyamitra Shunga , a Mauryan general and the founder of the Shunga Empire . In Literature ( edit ) According to Vicarasreni of Merutunga , Mauryans rose to power in 312 BC . See also ( edit ) Part of a series on the History of India Ancient ( show ) Madrasian Culture Soanian , c . 500,000 BCE Neolithic , c. 7600 -- c. 3300 BCE Bhirrana 7570 - 6200 BCE Jhusi 7106 BCE Lahuradewa 7000 BCE Mehrgarh 7000 - 2600 BCE Indus Valley Civilization , c. 3300 -- c. 1700 BCE Post Indus Valley Period , c. 1700 -- c. 1500 BCE Vedic Civilization , c. 1500 -- c. 500 BCE Early Vedic Period Rise of Śramaṇa movement Later Vedic Period Spread of Jainism - Parshvanatha Spread of Jainism - Mahavira Rise of Buddhism Mahajanapadas , c. 500 -- c. 345 BCE Nanda Dynasty , c. 345 -- c. 322 BCE Classical ( show ) Maurya Dynasty , c. 322 -- c. 185 BCE Shunga Dynasty , c. 185 -- c. 75 BCE Kanva Dynasty , c. 75 -- c. 30 BCE Kushan Dynasty , c. 30 -- c. 230 CE Satavahana Dynasty , c. 30 BCE -- c. 220 CE Gupta Dynasty , c. 200 -- c. 550 CE Early medieval ( show ) Chalukya Dynasty , c. 543 -- c. 753 CE Harsha 's Dynasty , c. 606 CE -- c. 647 CE Karakota Dynasty , c. 724 -- c. 760 CE Arab Invasion , c. 738 CE Tripartite Struggle , c. 760 -- c. 973 CE Gurjara - Pratihara Dynasty Rastrakuta Dynasty Pala Dynasty Chola Dynasty , c. 848 -- c. 1251 CE 2nd Chalukya Dynasty , c. 973 -- c. 1187 CE Late medieval ( show ) Delhi Sultanate , c. 1206 -- c. 1526 CE Slave Dynasty Khalji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodhi Dynasty Pandyan Dynasty , c. 1251 -- c. 1323 CE Vijayanagara , c. 1336 -- c. 1646 CE Bengal Sultanate , c. 1342 -- c. 1576 CE Early modern ( show ) Mughal Dynasty , c. 1526 -- c. 1540 CE Suri Dynasty , c. 1540 -- c. 1556 CE Mughal Dynasty , c. 1556 -- c. 1857 CE Bengal Subah , c. 1576 -- c. 1757 CE Maratha Empire , c. 1674 -- c. 1818 CE Company Raj , c. 1757 -- c. 1858 CE Kingdom of Mysore , c. 1760 -- c. 1799 CE Sikh Empire , c. 1799 -- c. 1849 CE Modern ( show ) The Great Rebellion , c. 1857 -- c. 1858 CE British Raj , c. 1858 -- c. 1947 CE Independence Movement Independent India , c. 1947 CE -- present Related articles ( show ) Timeline of Indian History Dynasties in Indian History Economic History Demographic History Linguistic History Architectural History Art History Literary History Philosophical History History of Religion Musical History Education History Coinage History Science and Technology History List of Inventions and Discoveries Military History Naval History Wars involving India Outline of South Asian history Palaeolithic ( 2,500,000 -- 250,000 BC ) ( show ) Madrasian Culture Soanian Culture Neolithic ( 10,800 -- 3300 BC ) ( show ) Bhirrana Culture ( 7570 -- 6200 BC ) Mehrgarh Culture ( 7000 -- 3300 BC ) Edakkal Culture ( 5000 -- 3000 BC ) Chalcolithic ( 3500 -- 1500 BC ) ( show ) Anarta tradition ( c. 3950 -- 1900 BC ) Ahar - Banas Culture ( 3000 -- 1500 BC ) Pandu Culture ( 1600 -- 1500 BC ) Malwa Culture ( 1600 -- 1300 BC ) Jorwe Culture ( 1400 -- 700 BC ) Bronze Age ( 3300 -- 1300 BC ) ( show ) Indus Valley Civilisation ( 3300 -- 1300 BC ) -- Early Harappan Culture ( 3300 -- 2600 BC ) -- Mature Harappan Culture ( 2600 -- 1900 BC ) -- Late Harappan Culture ( 1900 -- 1300 BC ) Vedic Civilisation ( 2000 -- 500 BC ) -- Ochre Coloured Pottery culture ( 2000 -- 1600 BC ) -- Swat culture ( 1600 -- 500 BC ) Iron Age ( 1500 -- 200 BC ) ( show ) Vedic Civilisation ( 1500 -- 500 BC ) -- Janapadas ( 1500 -- 600 BC ) -- Black and Red ware culture ( 1300 -- 1000 BC ) -- Painted Grey Ware culture ( 1200 -- 600 BC ) -- Northern Black Polished Ware ( 700 -- 200 BC ) Pradyota Dynasty ( 799 -- 684 BC ) Haryanka Dynasty ( 684 -- 424 BC ) Three Crowned Kingdoms ( c. 600 BC -- AD 1600 ) Maha Janapadas ( c. 600 -- 300 BC ) Achaemenid Empire ( 550 -- 330 BC ) Ror Dynasty ( 450 BC -- AD 489 ) Shishunaga Dynasty ( 424 -- 345 BC ) Nanda Empire ( 380 -- 321 BC ) Macedonian Empire ( 330 -- 323 BC ) Maurya Empire ( 321 -- 184 BC ) Seleucid India ( 312 -- 303 BC ) Pandya Empire ( c. 300 BC -- AD 1345 ) Chera Kingdom ( c. 300 BC -- AD 1102 ) Chola Empire ( c. 300 BC -- AD 1279 ) Pallava Empire ( c. 250 BC -- AD 800 ) Maha - Megha - Vahana Empire ( c. 250 BC -- c . 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Journal of world - systems research . 12 ( 2 ) : 223 . ISSN 1076 - 156X . Archived from the original on 17 September 2016 . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004 , pp. xii , 448 . Jump up ^ Thapar , Romila ( 1990 ) . A History of India , Volume 1 . Penguin Books . p. 384 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 013835 - 8 . Jump up ^ Keay , John ( 2000 ) . India : A History . Grove Press . p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 3797 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Mookerji 1988 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Seleucus I ceded the territories of Arachosia ( modern Kandahar ) , Gedrosia ( modern Balochistan ) , and Paropamisadae ( or Gandhara ) . Aria ( modern Herat ) `` has been wrongly included in the list of ceded satrapies by some scholars ( ... ) on the basis of wrong assessments of the passage of Strabo ( ... ) and a statement by Pliny . '' ( Raychaudhuri & Mukherjee 1996 , p. 594 ) . Seleucus `` must ( ... ) have held Aria '' , and furthermore , his `` son Antiochos was active there fifteen years later . '' ( Grainger 2014 , p. 109 ) . Jump up ^ The account of Strabo indicates that the western-most territory of the empire extended from the southeastern Hindu Kush , through the region of Kandahar , to coastal Balochistan to the south of that ( Raychaudhuri & Mukherjee 1996 , p. 594 ) . Jump up ^ Sri Lanka and the southernmost parts of India ( modern Tamil Nadu and Kerala ) remained independent , despite the diplomacy and cultural influence of their larger neighbor to the north ( Schwartzberg 1992 , p. 18 ; Kulke & Rothermund 2004 , p. 68 ) . Jump up ^ The empire was once thought to have directly controlled most of the Indian subcontinent excepting the far south , but its core regions are now thought to have been separated by large tribal regions ( especially in the Deccan peninsula ) that were relatively autonomous . ( Kulke & Rothermund 2004 , p. 68 - 71 , as well as Stein 1998 , p. 74 ) . `` The major part of the Deccan was ruled by ( Mauryan administration ) . But in the belt of land on either side of the Nerbudda , the Godavari and the upper Mahanadi there were , in all probability , certain areas that were technically outside the limits of the empire proper . Ashoka evidently draws a distinction between the forests and the inhabiting tribes which are in the dominions ( vijita ) and peoples on the border ( anta avijita ) for whose benefit some of the special edicts were issued . Certain vassal tribes are specifically mentioned . '' ( Raychaudhuri & Mukherjee pp. 275 -- 6 ) Jump up ^ Kalinga had been conquered by the preceding Nanda Dynasty but subsequently broke free until it was re-conquered by Ashoka , c. 260 BCE . ( Raychaudhuri & Mukherjee , pp. 204 -- 209 , pp. 270 -- 271 ) Jump up ^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Boesche , Roger ( 2003 - 03 - 01 ) . The First Great Political Realist : Kautilya and His Arthashastra . p. 11 . ISBN 9780739106075 . Jump up ^ Demeny , Paul George ; McNicoll , Geoffrey ( May 2003 ) . Encyclopedia of population . ISBN 9780028656793 . Jump up ^ `` It is doubtful if , in its present shape , ( the Arthashastra ) is as old as the time of the first Maurya , '' as it probably contains layers of text ranging from Maurya times till as late as the 2nd century CE . Nonetheless , `` though a comparatively late work , it may be used ( ... ) to confirm and supplement the information gleaned from earlier sources . '' ( Raychaudhuri & Mukherjee 1996 , pp. 246 -- 7 ) Jump up ^ Sugandhi , Namita Sanjay ( 2008 ) . Between the Patterns of History : Rethinking Mauryan Imperial Interaction in the Southern Deccan . pp. 88 -- 89 . ISBN 9780549744412 . Jump up ^ Kosmin 2014 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ : `` Androcottus , when he was a stripling , saw Alexander himself , and we are told that he often said in later times that Alexander narrowly missed making himself master of the country , since its king was hated and despised on account of his baseness and low birth . '' Plutarch 62 - 3 Plutarch 62 - 3 Jump up ^ : `` He was of humble Indian to a change of rule . '' Justin XV. 4.15 `` Fuit hic humili quidem genere natus , sed ad regni potestatem maiestate numinis inpulsus . Quippe cum procacitate sua Nandrum regem offendisset , interfici a rege iussus salutem pedum ceieritate quaesierat . ( Ex qua fatigatione cum somno captus iaceret , leo ingentis formae ad dormientem accessit sudoremque profluentem lingua ei detersit expergefactumque blande reliquit . Hoc prodigio primum ad spem regni inpulsus ) contractis latronibus Indos ad nouitatem regni sollicitauit . '' Justin XV. 4.15 Archived 1 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Schwartzberg , Joseph E. A Historical Atlas of South Asia , 2nd ed . ( University of Minnesota , 1992 ) , Plate III. B. 4b ( p. 18 ) and Plate XIV. 1a - c ( p. 145 ) Jump up ^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004 , p. 69 - 70 . Jump up ^ Chandragupta Maurya and His Times , Radhakumud Mookerji , Motilal Banarsidass Publ. , 1966 , p. 26 - 27 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 November 2016 . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Sir John Marshall , `` Taxila '' , p. 18 et passim Jump up ^ K.A. Nilakanta Sastri ( ed. , 1967 ) , Age of the Nandas and Mauryas , p. 147 ^ Jump up to : Chandragupta Maurya and His Times , Radhakumud Mookerji , Motilal Banarsidass Publ. , 1966 , p. 27 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 November 2016 . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ History Of The Chamar Dynasty , Raj Kumar , Gyan Publishing House , 2008 , p. 51 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 November 2016 . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanskrit original : `` asti tava Shaka - Yavana - Kirata - Kamboja - Parasika - Bahlika parbhutibhih Chankyamatipragrahittaishcha Chandergupta Parvateshvara balairudidhibhiriva parchalitsalilaih samantaad uprudham Kusumpurama '' . From the French translation , in `` Le Ministre et la marque de l'anneau '' , ISBN 2 - 7475 - 5135 - 0 Jump up ^ Paul J. Kosmin 2014 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ `` Megasthenes lived with Sibyrtius , satrap of Arachosia , and often speaks of his visiting Sandracottus , the king of the Indians . '' Arrian , Anabasis Alexandri Arrian . `` Book 5 '' . Anabasis . Jump up ^ `` In the royal residences in India where the greatest of the kings of that country live , there are so many objects for admiration that neither Memnon 's city of Susa with all its extravagance , nor the magnificence of Ectabana is to be compared with them . ( ... ) In the parks , tame peacocks and pheasants are kept . '' Aelian , `` Characteristics of animals '' Aelian , Characteristics of animals , book XIII , Chapter 18 , also quoted in The Cambridge History of India , Volume 1 , p411 Jump up ^ `` The architectural closeness of certain buildings in Achaemenid Iran and Mauryan India have raised much comment . The royal palace at Pataliputra is the most striking example and has been compared with the palaces at Susa , Ecbatana , and Persepolis '' Aśoka and the decline of the Mauryas , Volume 5 , p. 129 , Romila Thapar , Oxford University Press , 1961 Jump up ^ A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India : From the Stone Age to the 12th century by Upinder Singh p. 331 Jump up ^ Kosmin 2014 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Mookerji 1988 , pp. 39 - 40 . ^ Jump up to : Samuel 2010 , pp. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Thapar 2004 , p. 178 . ^ Jump up to : Mookerji 1988 , pp. 39 - 41 . Jump up ^ Mookerji 1988 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Srinivasachariar 1974 , p. lxxxvii . Jump up ^ Vincent Arthur Smith ( 1920 ) . Asoka , the Buddhist emperor of India . Oxford : Clarendon Press . pp. 18 -- 19 . ISBN 9788120613034 . Jump up ^ Rajendralal Mitra ( 1878 ) . `` On the Early Life of Asoka '' . Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal . Asiatic Society of Bengal : 10 . Jump up ^ Motilal Banarsidass ( 1993 ) . `` The Minister Cāṇakya , from the Pariśiṣtaparvan of Hemacandra '' . In Phyllis Granoff . The Clever Adulteress and Other Stories : A Treasury of Jaina Literature . Translated by Rosalind Lefeber . pp. 204 -- 206 . ^ Jump up to : Kosmin 2014 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Daniélou 2003 , p. 108 . ^ Jump up to : Singh 2008 , p. 331 . Jump up ^ Dineschandra Sircar 1971 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ William Woodthorpe Tarn ( 2010 ) . The Greeks in Bactria and India . Cambridge University Press . p. 152 . ISBN 9781108009416 . Jump up ^ Mookerji Radhakumud ( 1962 ) . Asoka . Motilal Banarsidass . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0582 - 8 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2018 . Jump up ^ P. 109 A brief history of India by Alain Daniélou , Kenneth Hurry Jump up ^ Eugène Burnouf ( 1911 ) . Legends of Indian Buddhism . New York : E.P. Dutton . p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Sen 1999 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ `` Three Greek ambassadors are known by name : Megasthenes , ambassador to Chandragupta ; Deimachus , ambassador to Chandragupta 's son Bindusara ; and Dyonisius , whom Ptolemy Philadelphus sent to the court of Ashoka , Bindusara 's son '' , McEvilley , p. 367 Jump up ^ India , the Ancient Past , Burjor Avari , p. 108 - 109 Jump up ^ P. 138 and P. 146 History and doctrines of the Ājīvikas : a vanished Indian religion by Arthur Llewellyn Basham Jump up ^ P. 24 Buddhism in comparative light by Anukul Chandra Banerjee Jump up ^ P. 171 Ashoka and his inscriptions , Volume 1 by Beni Madhab Barua , Ishwar Nath Topa Jump up ^ Daniélou 2003 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Kashi Nath Upadhyaya ( 1997 ) . Early Buddhism and the Bhagavadgita . Motilal Banarsidass . p. 33 . ISBN 9788120808805 . Jump up ^ Fitzedward Hall , ed. ( 1868 ) . The Vishnu Purana. IV . Translated by H.H. Wilson . Trübner & Co. p. 188 . Jump up ^ Allchin , F.R. ; Erdosy , George ( 1995 ) . The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia : The Emergence of Cities and States . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 306 . Jump up ^ Edicts of Ashoka , 13th Rock Edict , translation S. Dhammika . Jump up ^ Army and Power in the Ancient World by Angelos Chaniotis / Pierre Ducrey ( Eds . ) , Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart , P35 Jump up ^ According to the Ashokavadana Jump up ^ Sir John Marshall , `` A Guide to Sanchi '' , Eastern Book House , 1990 , ISBN 81 - 85204 - 32 - 2 , pg. 38 Jump up ^ E. Lamotte : History of Indian Buddhism , Institut Orientaliste , Louvain - la - Neuve 1988 ( 1958 ) Jump up ^ Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas by Romila Thapar , Oxford University Press , 1960 P200 Jump up ^ Gabriel A , Richard ( 30 November 2006 ) , The Ancient World : Volume 1 of Soldiers ' lives through history , Greenwood Publishing Group , p. 28 Jump up ^ Majumdar 2003 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ The Economic History of the Corporate Form in Ancient India . Archived 4 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine . University of Michigan . Jump up ^ CNG Coins Archived 27 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004 , pp. 64 - 65 . Jump up ^ Basham 1951 , p. 138 , 146 . Jump up ^ Cort 2010 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Tukol , T.K. , Jainism in South India , archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Jump up ^ Jerry Bentley , Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts in Pre-Modern Times ( New York : Oxford University Press ) , 46 Jump up ^ `` L'age d'or de l'Inde Classique '' , p23 Jump up ^ `` L'age d'or de l'Inde Classique '' , p22 Jump up ^ Mookerji 1988 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Described in Marshall p. 25 - 28 Ashoka pillar . Jump up ^ Allen , Charles ( 2012 ) . Ashoka : The Search for India 's Lost Emperor . London : Hachette Digital . p. 274 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 408 - 70388 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rangarajan , M. ( 2001 ) India 's Wildlife History , pp 7 . ^ Jump up to : Rangarajan , M. ( 2001 ) India 's Wildlife History , pp 8 . Jump up ^ `` Plutarch , Alexander , chapter 1 , section 1 '' . Jump up ^ `` ( Transitum deinde in Indiam fecit ) , quae post mortem Alexandri , ueluti ceruicibus iugo seruitutis excusso , praefectos eius occiderat . Auctor libertatis Sandrocottus fuerat , sed titulum libertatis post uictoriam in seruitutem uerterat ; 14 siquidem occupato regno populum quem ab externa dominatione uindicauerat ipse seruitio premebat . '' Justin XV. 4.12 -- 13 Archived 20 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Molienti deinde bellum aduersus praefectos Alexandri elephantus ferus infinitae magnitudinis ultro se obtulit et ueluti domita mansuetudine eum tergo excepit duxque belli et proeliator insignis fuit . Sic adquisito regno Sandrocottus ea tempestate , qua Seleucus futurae magnitudinis fundamenta iaciebat , Indiam possidebat . '' Justin XV. 4.19 Archived 20 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Appian , The Syrian Wars 11 '' . Archived from the original on 3 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Majumdar 2003 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Ancient India , ( Kachroo , p. 196 ) Jump up ^ The Imperial Gazetteer of India , ( Hunter , p. 167 ) Jump up ^ The evolution of man and society , ( Darlington , p. 223 ) Jump up ^ W.W. Tarn ( 1940 ) . `` Two Notes on Seleucid History : 1 . Seleucus ' 500 Elephants , 2 . Tarmita '' , The Journal of Hellenic Studies 60 , p. 84 - 94 . Jump up ^ Kosmin 2014 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` Pliny the Elder , The Natural History ( eds . John Bostock , M.D. , F.R.S. , H.T. Riley , Esq. , B.A. ) '' . Archived from the original on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Vincent A. Smith ( 1998 ) . Ashoka . Asian Educational Services . ISBN 81 - 206 - 1303 - 1 . Jump up ^ Walter Eugene Clark ( 1919 ) . `` The Importance of Hellenism from the Point of View of Indic - Philology '' , Classical Philology 14 ( 4 ) , p. 297 - 313 . Jump up ^ `` Problem while searching in The Literature Collection '' . Archived from the original on 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Literature Collection : The deipnosophists , or , Banquet of the learned of Athenæus ( volume III ) : Book XIV '' . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Reference : `` India : The Ancient Past '' p. 113 , Burjor Avari , Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 35615 - 6 Jump up ^ Full text of the Mahavamsa Click chapter XII Archived 5 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kailash Chand Jain 1991 , p. 85 . Sources ( edit ) Jain , Kailash Chand ( 1991 ) , Lord Mahāvīra and His Times , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0805 - 8 Samuel , Geoffrey ( 2010 ) , The Origins of Yoga and Tantra . Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century , Cambridge University Press Kosmin , Paul J. ( 2014 ) , The Land of the Elephant Kings : Space , Territory , and Ideology in Seleucid Empire , Harvard University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 72882 - 0 Kulke , Hermann ; Rothermund , Dietmar ( 2004 ) , A History of India ( 4th ed . ) , London : Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 15481 - 2 Thapar , Romila ( 2004 ) ( first published by Penguin in 2002 ) , Early India : From the Origins to A.D. 1300 , University of California Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24225 - 8 Keay , John ( 2000 ) . India , a History . New York : Harper Collins Publishers . Stein , Burton ( 1998 ) . A History of India ( 1st ed . ) , Oxford : Wiley - Blackwell . Raychaudhuri , H.C. ; Mukherjee , B.N. ( 1996 ) , Political History of Ancient India : From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty , Oxford University Press Schwartzberg , J.E. ( 1992 ) . A Historical Atlas of South Asia . University of Oxford Press . Grainger , John D. ( 1990 , 2014 ) . Seleukos Nikator : Constructing a Hellenistic Kingdom . Routledge . Mookerji , Radha Kumud ( 1988 ) ( first published in 1966 ) , Chandragupta Maurya and his times ( 4th ed . ) , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 81 - 208 - 0433 - 3 Cort , John ( 2010 ) ( 1953 ) , Framing the Jina : Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 538502 - 1 Majumdar , Ramesh Chandra ( 2003 ) ( 1952 ) , Ancient India , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 81 - 208 - 0436 - 8 Arthur Llewellyn Basham ( 1951 ) , History and doctrines of the Ājīvikas : a vanished Indian religion , foreword by L.D. Barnett ( 1 ed . ) , London : Luzac Chanakya , Arthashastra , ISBN 0 - 14 - 044603 - 6 J.F.C. Fuller , The Generalship of Alexander the Great , ISBN 0 - 306 - 81330 - 0 Robert Morkot , The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Greece , ISBN 0 - 14 - 051335 - 3 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mauryan Empire . Livius.org : Maurya dynasty Extent of the Empire Ashoka 's Edicts Preceded by Nanda dynasty Magadha dynasties Maurya Empire Succeeded by Shunga dynasty Middle kingdoms of India Timeline and cultural period Northwestern India ( Punjab - Sapta Sindhu ) Indo - Gangetic Plain Central India Southern India Upper Gangetic Plain ( Kuru - Panchala ) Middle Gangetic Plain Lower Gangetic Plain IRON AGE Culture Late Vedic Period Late Vedic Period ( Brahmin ideology ) Painted Grey Ware culture Late Vedic Period ( Kshatriya / Shramanic culture ) Northern Black Polished Ware Pre-history 6th century BC Gandhara Kuru - Panchala Magadha Adivasi ( tribes ) Culture Persian - Greek influences `` Second Urbanisation '' Rise of Shramana movements Jainism - Buddhism - Ājīvika - Yoga Pre-history 5th century BC ( Persian rule ) Shishunaga dynasty Adivasi ( tribes ) 4th century BC ( Greek conquests ) Nanda empire HISTORICAL AGE Culture Spread of Buddhism Pre-history Sangam period ( 300 BC -- 200 AD ) 3rd century BC Maurya Empire Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam Culture Preclassical Hinduism - `` Hindu Synthesis '' ( ca . 200 BC - 300 AD ) Epics - Puranas - Ramayana - Mahabharata - Bhagavad Gita - Brahma Sutras - Smarta Tradition Mahayana Buddhism Sangam period ( continued ) ( 300 BC -- 200 AD ) 2nd century BC Indo - Greek Kingdom Shunga Empire Maha - Meghavahana Dynasty Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam 1st century BC 1st century AD Indo - Scythians Indo - Parthians Kuninda Kingdom 2nd century Kushan Empire 3rd century Kushano - Sasanian Kingdom Kushan Empire Western Satraps Kamarupa kingdom Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Culture `` Golden Age of Hinduism '' ( ca . AD 320 - 650 ) Puranas Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism 4th century Kidarites Gupta Empire Varman dynasty Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Kadamba Dynasty Western Ganga Dynasty 5th century Hephthalite Empire Alchon Huns Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Vishnukundina 6th century Nezak Huns Kabul Shahi Maitraka Adivasi ( tribes ) Badami Chalukyas Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Culture Late - Classical Hinduism ( ca . AD 650 - 1100 ) Advaita Vedanta - Tantra Decline of Buddhism in India 7th century Indo - Sassanids Vakataka dynasty Empire of Harsha Mlechchha dynasty Adivasi ( tribes ) Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Pandyan Kingdom ( Revival ) Pallava 8th century Kabul Shahi Pala Empire Pandyan Kingdom Kalachuri 9th century Gurjara - Pratihara Rashtrakuta dynasty Pandyan Kingdom Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Cholas ) Chera Perumals of Makkotai 10th century Ghaznavids Pala dynasty Kamboja - Pala dynasty Kalyani Chalukyas Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Cholas ) Chera Perumals of Makkotai Rashtrakuta hide References and sources for table References Jump up ^ Samuel Jump up ^ Samuel Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 39 Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 39 Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Micheals ( 2004 ) p. 40 Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 41 Sources Flood , Gavin D. ( 1996 ) , An Introduction to Hinduism , Cambridge University Press Hiltebeitel , Alf ( 2002 ) , Hinduism . In : Joseph Kitagawa , `` The Religious Traditions of Asia : Religion , History , and Culture '' , Routledge Michaels , Axel ( 2004 ) , Hinduism . Past and present , Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press Samuel , Geoffrey ( 2010 ) , The Origins of Yoga and Tantra . Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century , Cambridge University Press Empires Ancient ( Colonies ) Akkadian Egyptian Assyrian Babylonian Carthaginian Chinese Qin Han Three Kingdoms Jin North and South Hellenistic Macedonian Seleucid Hittite Indian Nanda Maurya Satavahana Shunga Gupta Harsha Iranian Elamite Median Achaemenid Parthian Sasanian Kushan Mongol Xianbei Xiongnu Roman Western Eastern Teotihuacan Post-classical Arab Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Fatimid Córdoba Aragonese Angevin Aztec Benin Bornu Bruneian Bulgarian First Second Byzantine Nicaea Trebizond Chinese Sui Tang Song Yuan Ethiopian Zagwe Solomonic Georgian Hunnic Inca Indian Chola Gurjara - Pratihara Pala Eastern Ganga dynasty Delhi Vijayanagara Iranian Samanid Kanem Khmer Latin Majapahit Malaccan Mali Mongol Yuan Golden Horde Chagatai Khanate Ilkhanate Moroccan Idrisid Almoravid Almohad Marinid North Sea Oyo Holy - Roman Carolingian Serbian Somali Ajuran Ifatite Adalite Mogadishan Warsangali Songhai Srivijaya Tibetan Turko - Persian Ghaznavid Great Seljuk Khwarezmian Timurid Vietnamese Ly Tran Le Wagadou Modern Ashanti Austrian Austro - Hungarian Brazilian Central African Chinese Ming Qing China Manchukuo Ethiopian Haitian French First Second German First / Old Reich Second Reich Third Reich Indian Maratha Sikh Mughal British Raj Iranian Safavid Afsharid Japanese Johor Korean Mexican First Second Moroccan Saadi Alaouite Russian Somali Gobroon Majeerteen Hobyo Dervish Soviet Swedish Tongan Turkish Ottoman Karaman Ramazan Vietnamese Tay Son Nguyen Vietnam Colonial American Belgian British English Danish Dutch French German Italian Japanese Omani Polish -- Lithuanian Couronian Portuguese Sovereign Military Order of Malta Spanish Swedish Lists Empires largest ancient great powers medieval great powers modern great powers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurya_Empire&oldid=856967509 '' Categories : Maurya Empire Ancient empires and kingdoms of India Ancient Hindu kingdoms Iron Age countries in Asia Iron Age cultures of South Asia Dynasties of Bengal History of Bengal History of West Bengal History of Bangladesh History of Kolkata Former empires Ancient history of Pakistan Ancient history of Afghanistan Jain empires and kingdoms Magadha Ruling Buddhist clans 4th century BC in India 3rd century BC in India 2nd century BC in India 320s BC establishments States and territories established in the 4th century BC States and territories disestablished in the 2nd century BC 4th - century BC establishments in India 2nd - century BC disestablishments Former monarchies of South Asia Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from December 2015 Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles lacking reliable references from August 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking in - text citations from August 2015 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using infobox country with unknown parameters Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from September 2017 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2016 Articles with attributed pull quotes Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская भोजपुरी Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული कॉशुर / کٲشُر Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 64 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 17 : 53 ( UTC ) . 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discuss the main features of the economy of the mauryan empire

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List of oldest dogs

List of oldest dogs - wikipedia List of oldest dogs This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 9 June 2018 . This article possibly contains inappropriate or misinterpreted citations that do not verify the text . Please help improve this article by checking for citation inaccuracies . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of the oldest verified dogs in the world , listed by age , all of whom have attained the minimum age of 20 . Aging in dogs depends on breed , size and diet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Oldest verified dogs by age 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Oldest verified dogs by age ( edit ) The following dogs ' ages were authenticated via Guinness World Records . A document is required by Guinness , such as a birth certificate , to prove his or her age . Rank Name Birth date Death date Age Breed Country of death Bluey 1910 - 06 - 07 7 June 1910 1939 - 11 - 14 14 November 1939 7004107520000000000 ♠ 29 years , 160 days Australian Cattle Dog Australia Butch 1975 - 00 - 00 1975 2003 - 00 - 00 2003 ≥ 7004102270000000000 ♠ 28 years , 0 days Beagle United States Taffy 1975 - 09 - 01 -- 2003 - 03 - 31 -- 27 years , 317 days Welsh Collie United Kingdom Bramble 1975 - 09 - 01 1 September 1975 2003 - 03 - 31 31 March 2003 7004100730000000000 ♠ 27 years , 211 days Border Collie United Kingdom Adjutant 1936 - 08 - 14 14 August 1936 1963 - 11 - 20 20 November 1963 7003995900000000000 ♠ 27 years , 98 days Labrador Retriever cross United Kingdom 6 Buksi 1990 - 01 - 01 1990 2017 - 08 - 26 26 August 2017 27 years Mutt Hungary 7 Pusuke 1985 - 04 - 01 1 April 1985 2011 - 12 - 05 5 December 2011 7003974400000000000 ♠ 26 years , 248 days Shiba Inu mix Japan 8 Sugar 1952 - 08 - 18 18 August 1952 1977 - 08 - 13 13 August 1977 7003912600000000000 ♠ 24 years , 360 days N / A United States 9 Piccolo 1987 - 10 - 01 1 October 1987 2010 - 12 - 26 26 December 2010 7003848700000000000 ♠ 23 years , 86 days Mutt Italy 10 Chanel 1988 - 05 - 06 6 May 1988 2009 - 08 - 28 28 August 2009 7003778400000000000 ♠ 21 years , 114 days Dachshund United States 11 Otto 1989 - 02 - 14 14 February 1989 2010 - 01 - 14 14 January 2010 7003763900000000000 ♠ 20 years , 334 days Dachshund - Terrier cross United Kingdom 12 Seamus 1993 - 07 - 24 24 July 1993 2013 - 05 - 15 18 May 2014 7003760300000000000 ♠ 20 years , 298 days Toy Poodle United States 13 Sotirakis 1993 - 04 - 11 11 April 1993 2014 - 01 - 16 16 January 2014 7003758500000000000 ♠ 20 years , 280 days Stray Greece 14 Megabyte 1993 - 04 - 11 11 April 1993 2014 - 01 - 01 1 January 2014 7003757000000000000 ♠ 20 years , 265 days Chihuahua United States 15 Winston Rha 1992 - 12 - 12 12 December 1992 2013 - 05 - 15 15 May 2013 7003745900000000000 ♠ 20 years , 154 days Schnoodle United States 16 Willie 1994 - 05 - 21 21 May 1994 2014 - 09 - 04 4 September 2014 7003741100000000000 ♠ 20 years , 106 days Jack Russell Terrier United Kingdom 17 Scolly 1992 - 06 - 15 15 June 1993 2013 - 05 - 15 18 July 2013 7003733800000000000 ♠ 20 years , 33 days Dachshund Mexico Jake , a Rat Terrier owned by Ronald W. Johnson , Jr. of Davenport , Iowa , received the Guinness World Record for `` oldest dog living '' on July 21 , 2015 . Jake was born July 21 , 1994 and became the `` oldest dog living '' by Guinness standards on his 21st birthday . Jake died on July 27 , 2015 . See also ( edit ) List of oldest cats Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ One of the oldest verified dogs ( and several unverified ) was an Australian Cattle Dog . This has prompted a study of the longevity of the Australian Cattle Dog to examine if the breed might have exceptional longevity . The 100 - dog survey yielded a mean longevity of 13.41 years with a standard deviation of 2.36 years . The study concluded that while Australian Cattle Dogs are a healthy breed and do live on average almost a year longer than most dogs of other breeds in the same weight class , record ages such as Bluey 's ( `` Verified '' ) or Chilla 's ( `` Unverified '' ) should be regarded as uncharacteristic exceptions rather than as indicators of common exceptional longevity for the entire breed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Guinness World Records ( ed . ) . `` world 's oldest dog '' . ^ Jump up to : Guinness Book of Records . Guinness Publishing Ltd. 1998 . p. 240 . Edition included both Bluey and Taffy . Jump up ^ Lee , P. ( 2011 ) . Longevity of the Australian Cattle Dog : Results of a 100 - Dog Survey . ACD Spotlight , Vol. 4 , Issue 1 , Spring 2011 , 96 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 1984 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Chilla , world 's oldest dog , dies at 32 '' . The Fort Scott Tribune . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records . p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : The source is purported to be GWR however no edition or page number is provided . Editors are encouraged to find and update entries for each dog if they have access to past editions : Guinness World Records . London : Jim Pattison Group . Jump up ^ origo.hu ( ed . ) . `` A demens kutyák titka : magyarok kutatják az ebek öregedését '' . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ index.hu ( ed . ) . `` Elpusztult Buksi , Magyarország legöregebb kutyája '' . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` World 's oldest dog Otto dies age 146 '' . Jump up ^ Hetter , Katia ( August 13 , 2015 ) . `` Corduroy , 26 , Named Oldest Living Cat '' . CNN . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_oldest_dogs&oldid=845082858 '' Categories : Lists of individual animals Lists of dogs Longevity claims Lists of superlatives Oldest animals Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles lacking reliable references from October 2015 All articles lacking reliable references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 9 June 2018 , at 07 : 16 . About Wikipedia

guinness world record for the longest living dog in history

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Wrong Side of Heaven

Wrong Side of Heaven - wikipedia Wrong Side of Heaven Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Five Finger Death Punch song . For the albums , see The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 1 and The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 2 . `` Wrong Side of Heaven '' Single by Five Finger Death Punch from the album The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 1 Released August 11 , 2014 Format CD , digital download Genre Alternative metal , heavy metal Length 4 : 31 Label Prospect Park Songwriter ( s ) Zoltan Bathory , Kevin Churko , Ivan L Greening , Thomas Jason Grinstead , Jeremy Spencer Heyde Producer ( s ) Kevin Churko Five Finger Death Punch singles chronology `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' ( 2014 ) `` Wrong Side of Heaven '' ( 2014 ) `` Jekyll and Hyde '' ( 2015 ) `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' ( 2014 ) `` Wrong Side of Heaven '' ( 2014 ) `` Jekyll and Hyde '' ( 2015 ) `` Wrong Side of Heaven '' is a single by American heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch from their fourth studio album , The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 1 , the fourth studio album . It is the third single from the album , and is the nineteenth single overall from the band , which was released on August 11 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Release 3 Chart performance 4 References Background ( edit ) To add to the contributions made by the band through their numerous military concerts , the ensemble wanted to create a music video in order to assist vagrant veterans of the armed forces by publicly portraying the consequences of post-traumatic stress disorder on wounded warriors . Additionally , the group created a `` No One Gets Left Behind '' jersey to be funded via an Indiegogo crowd funding campaign to assist the organizations mentioned in the video . They also requested that the family and friends of deceased military veterans provide dog tags to assist in the preparation of a memorial wall to accompany the band in late 2014 . It is proposed that the wall eventually will be placed in a museum to honor those who served . Release ( edit ) The video , directed by Nick Peterson , increases visibility on the suffering of vagrant veterans of the armed forces and the consequences of post-traumatic stress disorder . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position US Bubbling Under Hot 100 ( Billboard ) 12 US Mainstream Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 11 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Heaney , Gregory . `` The Wrong Side of Heaven and The Righteous Side - Allmusic Review '' . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Five Finger Death Punch Premiere New Music Video , `` Wrong Side of Heaven '' - Hard Rock & Heavy Metal News - Music Videos - Golden Gods Awards - revolvermag.com `` . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Five Finger Death Punch music video highlights veteran homelessness ... but is it accurate ? - The Washington Post '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Five Finger Death Punch 's ' Wrong Side Of Heaven ' Video Focuses On Veterans Suffering From Ptsd - Blabbermouth.net '' . BLABBERMOUTH.NET . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Five Finger Death Punch Reveal ' Wrong Side of Heaven Video '' . Loudwire . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Five Finger Death Punch - Chart history - Billboard '' . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Five Finger Death Punch - Chart history - Billboard '' . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Five Finger Death Punch - Chart history - Billboard '' . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . ( hide ) Five Finger Death Punch Zoltan Bathory Jason Hook Chris Kael Ivan Moody Jeremy Spencer Caleb Bingham Darrell Roberts Matt Snell Studio albums The Way of the Fist ( 2007 ) War Is the Answer ( 2009 ) American Capitalist ( 2011 ) The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 1 ( 2013 ) The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 2 ( 2013 ) Got Your Six ( 2015 ) Extended plays Pre-Emptive Strike ( 2007 ) Compilation albums A Decade of Destruction ( 2017 ) Singles `` The Bleeding '' `` Never Enough '' `` Stranger than Fiction '' `` Hard to See '' `` Walk Away '' `` Dying Breed '' `` No One Gets Left Behind '' `` Bad Company '' `` Far from Home '' `` Under and Over It '' `` Back for More '' `` Remember Everything '' `` Coming Down '' `` The Pride '' `` Lift Me Up '' `` Battle Born '' `` House of the Rising Sun '' `` Wrong Side of Heaven '' `` Jekyll and Hyde '' `` Wash It All Away '' `` My Nemesis '' Related articles Discography Invidia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wrong_Side_of_Heaven&oldid=801296934 '' Categories : Five Finger Death Punch songs 2014 singles 2013 songs Song recordings produced by Kevin Churko Heavy metal ballads Works about wars Songs about the military Songs written by Kevin Churko Songs written by Zoltan Bathory Songs written by Ivan L. Moody Songs written by Jason Hook Songs written by Jeremy Spencer ( drummer ) Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with links needing disambiguation Articles with links needing disambiguation from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 21 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Aardwolf

Aardwolf - wikipedia Aardwolf Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Aardwolf ( disambiguation ) . Aardwolf Temporal range : Pleistocene -- Recent An aardwolf in Namib - Nord , Namibia Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Carnivora Suborder : Feliformia Family : Hyaenidae Subfamily : Protelinae Genus : Proteles I. Geoffroy Saint - Hilaire , 1824 Species : P. cristata Binomial name Proteles cristata Sparrman , 1783 Aardwolf range The aardwolf ( Proteles cristata ) is a small , insectivorous mammal , native to East and Southern Africa . Its name means `` earth wolf '' in Afrikaans and Dutch . It is also called `` maanhaar jackal '' ( Afrikaans for `` mane jackal '' ) or civet hyena , based on its habit of secreting substances from its anal gland , a characteristic shared with the civet . The aardwolf is in the same family as the hyena . Unlike many of its relatives in the order Carnivora , the aardwolf does not hunt large animals . It eats insects , mainly termites -- one aardwolf can eat about 250,000 termites during a single night , using its long , sticky tongue to capture them . The aardwolf lives in the shrublands of eastern and southern Africa -- open lands covered with stunted trees and shrubs . It is nocturnal , resting in burrows during the day and emerging at night to seek food . Its diet consists mainly of termites and insect larvae . Contents ( hide ) 1 Taxonomy 2 Etymology 3 Physical characteristics 4 Distribution and habitat 5 Behavior 5.1 Feeding 5.2 Breeding 6 Conservation 7 Interaction with humans 8 Notes 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Taxonomy ( edit ) The aardwolf is the only surviving species in the mammalian subfamily Protelinae . There is disagreement as to whether the species is monotypic . or can be divided into subspecies P. c. cristatus of Southern Africa and P. c. septentrionalis of East Africa . Recent studies have shown that the aardwolf probably broke away from the rest of the hyena family early on ; however , how early is still unclear , as the fossil record and genetic studies disagree by 10 million years . The aardwolf is generally classified with the Hyaenidae , though it was formerly placed into the family Protelidae . Early on , scientists felt that it was merely mimicking the striped hyena , which subsequently led to the creation of Protelidae . Etymology ( edit ) The generic name proteles comes from two words both of Greek origin , protos and teleos which combined means `` complete in front '' based on the fact that they have five toes on their front feet and four on the rear . The specific name , cristatus , comes from Latin and means `` provided with a comb '' , relating to their mane . Physical characteristics ( edit ) Detail of head -- taken at the Cincinnati Zoo The aardwolf resembles a very thin striped hyena , but with a more - slender muzzle , black vertical stripes on a coat of yellowish fur , and a long , distinct mane down the midline of the neck and back . It also has one or two diagonal stripes down the fore - and hind - quarters , along with several stripes on its legs . The mane is raised during confrontations to make the aardwolf appear larger . It is missing the throat spot that others in the family have . Its lower leg ( from the knee down ) is all black , and its tail is bushy with a black tip . The aardwolf is about 55 to 80 cm ( 22 to 31 in ) long , excluding its bushy tail , which is about 20 -- 30 cm ( 7.9 -- 11.8 in ) long , and stands about 40 to 50 cm ( 16 to 20 in ) tall at the shoulders . An adult aardwolf weighs approximately 7 -- 10 kg ( 15 -- 22 lb ) , sometimes reaching 15 kg ( 33 lb ) . The aardwolves in the south of the continent tend to be smaller ( about 10 kg ( 22 lb ) ) , whereas the eastern version weighs more ( around 14 kg ( 31 lb ) ) . The front feet have five toes each , unlike the four - toed hyena . The teeth and skull are similar to those of other hyenas , though smaller , and its cheek teeth are specialised for eating insects . It does still have canines , but , unlike other hyenas , these teeth are used primarily for fighting and defense . Its ears , which are large , are very similar to those of the striped hyena . As an aardwolf ages , it will normally lose some of its teeth , though this has little impact on its feeding habits due to the softness of the insects that it eats . Aardwolf skull Distribution and habitat ( edit ) Aardwolves live in open , dry plains and bushland , avoiding mountainous areas . Due to their specific food requirements , they are only found in regions where termites of the family Hodotermitidae occur . Termites of this family depend on dead and withered grass and are most populous in heavily grazed grasslands and savannahs , including farmland . For most of the year , aardwolves spend time in shared territories consisting of up to a dozen dens , which are occupied for six weeks at a time . There are two distinct populations : one in Southern Africa , and another in East and Northeast Africa . The species does not occur in the intermediary miombo forests . An adult pair , along with their most - recent offspring , occupies a territory of 1 -- 4 km ( 0.39 -- 1.54 sq mi ) . Behavior ( edit ) Aardwolf at the San Antonio Zoo Aardwolves are shy and nocturnal , sleeping in underground burrows by day . They will , on occasion during the winter , become diurnal feeders . This happens during the coldest periods as they then stay in at night to conserve heat . They have often been mistaken for solitary animals . In fact , they live as monogamous pairs with their young . If their territory is infringed upon , they will chase the intruder up to 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) or to the border . If the intruder is caught , which rarely happens , a fight will occur , which is accompanied by soft clucking , hoarse barking , and a type of roar . The majority of incursions occur during mating season , when they can occur once or twice per week . When food is scarce , the stringent territorial system may be abandoned and as many as three pairs may occupy a `` single territory '' . The territory is marked by both sexes , as they both have developed anal glands from which they extrude a black substance that is smeared on rocks or grass stalks in 5 - millimetre ( 0.20 in ) - long streaks . Aardwolves also have scent glands on the forefoot and penile pad . They often mark near termite mounds within their territory every 20 minutes or so . If they are patrolling their territorial boundaries , the marking frequency increases drastically , to once every 50 m ( 160 ft ) . At this rate , an individual may mark 60 marks per hour , and upwards of 200 per night . An aardwolf pair may have up to 10 dens , and numerous middens , within their territory . When they deposit feces at their middens , they dig a small hole and then cover it with sand . Their dens are usually abandoned aardvark , springhare , or porcupine dens , or on occasion they are crevices in rocks . They will also dig their own dens , or enlarge dens started by springhares . They typically will only use one or two dens at a time , rotating through all of their dens every six months . During the summer , they may rest outside their den during the night , and sleep underground during the heat of the day . Aardwolves are not fast runners nor are they particularly adept at fighting off predators . Therefore , when threatened , the aardwolf may attempt to mislead its foe by doubling back on its tracks . If confronted , it may raise its mane in an attempt to appear more menacing . It also emits a foul - smelling liquid from its anal glands . Feeding ( edit ) The aardwolf feeds primarily on termites and more specifically on Trinervitermes . This genus of termites has different species throughout the aardwolf 's range . In East Africa , they eat T. bettonianus , and in central Africa , they eat T. rhodesiensis , and finally in southern Africa , they eat T. trinervoides . Their technique consists of licking them off the ground as opposed to the aardvark , which digs into the mound . They locate their food by sound and also from the scent secreted by the soldier termites . An aardwolf may consume up to 250,000 termites per night using its sticky , long tongue . They do not destroy the termite mound or consume the entire colony , thus ensuring that the termites can rebuild and provide a continuous supply of food . They often memorize the location of such nests and return to them every few months . During certain seasonal events , such as the onset of the rainy season and the cold of midwinter , the primary termites become scarce , so the need for other foods becomes pronounced . During these times , the southern aardwolf will seek out Hodotermes mossambicus , a type of harvester termite active in the afternoon , which explains some of their diurnal behavior in the winter . The eastern aardwolf , during the rainy season , subsists on termites from the genera Odontotermes and Macrotermes . They are also known to feed on other insects , larvae , eggs , and , some sources say , occasionally small mammals and birds , but these constitute a very small percentage of their total diet . Unlike other hyenas , aardwolves do not scavenge or kill larger animals . Contrary to popular myths , aardwolves do not eat carrion , and if they are seen eating while hunched over a dead carcass , they are actually eating larvae and beetles . Also , contrary to some sources , they do not like meat , unless it is finely ground or cooked for them . The adult aardwolf was formerly assumed to forage in small groups , but more recent research has shown that they are primarily solitary foragers , necessary because of the scarcity of their insect prey . Their primary source , Trinervitermes , forages in small but dense patches of 25 -- 100 cm ( 9.8 -- 39.4 in ) . While foraging , the aardwolf can cover about 1 km ( 0.62 mi ) per hour , which translates to 8 -- 12 km ( 5.0 -- 7.5 mi ) per summer night and 3 -- 8 km ( 1.9 -- 5.0 mi ) per winter night . Breeding ( edit ) The breeding season varies depending on location , but normally takes place during autumn or spring . In South Africa , breeding occurs in early July . During the breeding season , unpaired male aardwolves search their own territory , as well as others , for a female to mate with . Dominant males also mate opportunistically with the females of less dominant neighboring aardwolves , which can result in conflict between rival males . Dominant males even go a step further and as the breeding season approaches , they make increasingly greater and greater incursions onto weaker males ' territories . As the female comes into oestrus , they add pasting to their tricks inside of the other territories , sometimes doing so more in rivals ' territories than their own . Females will also , when given the opportunity , mate with the dominant male , which increases the chances of the dominant male guarding `` his '' cubs with her . Copulation lasts between 1 and 4.5 hours . Gestation lasts between 89 and 92 days , producing two to five cubs ( most often two or three ) during the rainy season ( November -- December ) , when termites are more active . They are born with their eyes open , but initially are helpless , and weigh around 200 -- 350 g ( 7.1 -- 12.3 oz ) . The first six to eight weeks are spent in the den with their parents . The male may spend up to six hours a night watching over the cubs while the mother is out looking for food . After three months , they begin supervised foraging , and by four months are normally independent , though they often share a den with their mother until the next breeding season . By the time the next set of cubs is born , the older cubs have moved on . Aardwolves generally achieve sexual maturity at one and a half to two years of age . Conservation ( edit ) The aardwolf has not seen decreasing numbers and they are relatively widespread throughout eastern Africa . They are not common throughout their range , as they maintain a density of no more than 1 per square kilometer , if the food is good . Because of these factors , the IUCN has rated the aardwolf as least concern . In some areas , they are persecuted by man because of the mistaken belief that they prey on livestock ; however , they are actually beneficial to the farmers because they eat termites that are detrimental . In other areas , the farmers have recognized this , but they are still killed , on occasion , for their fur . Dogs and insecticides are also common killers of the aardwolf . Interaction with humans ( edit ) Aardwolfs are common sights at zoos . Frankfurt Zoo in Germany was home to the oldest recorded aardwolf in captivity at 18 years and 11 months . Illustration of Proteles cristatus Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern Jump up ^ The fossil record shows 18 -- 20 mya , and genetic studies indicate roughly 10.6 mya . Jump up ^ Some sources such as Coetzee in Meester and Setzer ( 1977 ) , Köhler and Ricardson ( 1990 ) , and Yalden , Largen , and Koch ( 1980 ) , classify the aardwolf in its own family still . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Anderson & Mills 2008 ^ Jump up to : Hoiberg 2010 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary Online 2013 ^ Jump up to : Rieger 1990 , pp. 570 -- 571 ^ Jump up to : Mills & Harvey 2001 , p. 71 ^ Jump up to : Anon 1998 , p. 144 Jump up ^ Wozencraft 2005 , p. 573 ^ Jump up to : Mills & Harvey 2001 , p. 33 ^ Jump up to : Koepfli et al. 2006 , p. 615 ^ Jump up to : Nowak 2005 , pp. 222 -- 223 Jump up ^ Brottman 2012 , pp. 28 -- 29 ^ Jump up to : Goodwin 1997 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Brottman 2012 , p. 29 ^ Jump up to : Mills & Harvey 2001 , pp. 108 -- 109 ^ Jump up to : Brottman 2012 , p. 30 ^ Jump up to : Koehler & Richardson 1990 , p. 4 ^ Jump up to : Brottman 2012 , p. 31 ^ Jump up to : Richardson & Bearder 1984 , pp. 158 -- 159 Jump up ^ Stoeckelhuber , Mechthild , Alexander Sliwa , and Ulrich Welsch . `` Histo ‐ physiology of the scent ‐ marking glands of the penile pad , anal pouch , and the forefoot in the aardwolf ( Proteles cristatus ) . '' The anatomical record 259.3 ( 2000 ) : 312 - 326 . Jump up ^ Sliwa , Alexander . `` A functional analysis of scent marking and mating behaviour in the aardwolf . '' Proteles cristatus ( 1996 ) . References ( edit ) Anderson , M. ; Mills , G. ( 2008 ) . `` Proteles cristatus : Aardwolf '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2008 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . Anon ( 1998 ) . Wildlife Fact File . Group 1 . IMP Publishing Ltd . Card 144 . ISBN 978 - 1886614772 . Brottman , Mikita ( 2012 ) . Burt , Jonathon , ed . Hyena . Animal . London , UK : Reaktion Books . pp. 28 -- 32 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86189 - 9217 . Goodwin , George G. ( 1997 ) . `` Aardwolf '' . In Johnston , Bernard . Collier 's Encyclopedia . I : A to Ameland ( 1st ed . ) . New York , NY : P.F. Collier . Hoiberg , Dale H. , ed. ( 2010 ) . `` Aardwolf '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . I : A-Ak - Bayes ( 15th ed . ) . Chicago , IL : Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59339 - 837 - 8 . Koehler , C.E. ; Richardson , P.R.K. ( 1990 ) . `` Proteles cristatus '' . Mammalian Species . American Society of Mammalogists. 363 : 1 -- 6 . JSTOR 3504197 . Koepfli , Klaus - Peter ; Jenks , Susan M. ; Eizirik , Eduardo ; Zahirpour , Tannaz ; Van Valkenburgh , Blaire ; Wayne , Robert K. ( 2006 ) . `` Molecular systematics of the Hyaenidae : Relationships of a Relictual Lineage Resolved by a Molecular Supermatrix '' ( PDF ) . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 38 ( 3 ) : 603 -- 620 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.529. 1977 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2005.10. 017 . ISSN 1055 - 7903 . PMID 16503281 . Mills , Gus ; Harvey , Martin ( 2001 ) . African Predators . Washington , DC : Smithsonian Institution Press . ISBN 1 - 56098 - 096 - 6 . Nowak , Ronald M. ( 2005 ) . Walker 's Carnivores of the World . Baltimore , MD : The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 8032 - 7 . Oxford English Dictionary Online ( 2013 ) . `` maanhaar '' . Oxford English Dictionary . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Richardson , Phillip K.R. ; Bearder , Simon K. ( 1984 ) . `` The Hyena Family '' . In MacDonald , David . The Encyclopedia of Mammals . New York , NY : Facts on File Publication . ISBN 0 - 87196 - 871 - 1 . Rieger , Ingo ( 1990 ) . `` Hyenas '' . In Parker , Sybil P. Grzimek 's Encyclopedia of Mammals. 3 . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 07 - 909508 - 9 . Simpson , J.A. ; Weiner , E.S.C. , eds. ( 1989 ) . `` aard - wolf '' . The Oxford English Dictionary . I : A -- Bazouki ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford , UK : Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861213 - 3 . Wozencraft , W.C. ( 2005 ) . `` Order Carnivora '' . In Wilson , D.E. ; Reeder , D.M. Mammal Species of the World : A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference ( 3rd ed . ) . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 573 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . OCLC 62265494 . Further reading ( edit ) Skinner , J.D. ; Chimimba , Christian T. ( 2006 ) . The Mammals of the Southern African Sub-region ( 3rd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 84418 - 5 . Retrieved 15 March 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Proteles cristata . Wikispecies has information related to Proteles cristata Animal Diversity Web IUCN Hyaenidae Specialist Group Aardwolf pages on hyaenidae.org Texts on Wikisource : `` Aard - wolf '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . `` Aard - wolf '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . Extant Carnivora species Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Infraclass : Eutheria Superorder : Laurasiatheria ( hide ) Suborder Feliformia Nandiniidae Nandinia African palm civet ( N. binotata ) Herpestidae ( Mongooses ) Atilax Marsh mongoose ( A. paludinosus ) Bdeogale Bushy - tailed mongoose ( B. crassicauda ) Jackson 's mongoose ( B. jacksoni ) Black - footed mongoose ( B. nigripes ) Crossarchus Alexander 's kusimanse ( C. alexandri ) Angolan kusimanse ( C. ansorgei ) Common kusimanse ( C. obscurus ) Flat - headed kusimanse ( C. platycephalus ) Cynictis Yellow mongoose ( C. penicillata ) Dologale Pousargues 's mongoose ( D. dybowskii ) Galerella Angolan slender mongoose ( G. flavescens ) Black mongoose ( G. nigrata ) Somalian slender mongoose ( G. ochracea ) Cape gray mongoose ( G. pulverulenta ) Slender mongoose ( G. sanguinea ) Helogale Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( H. hirtula ) Common dwarf mongoose ( H. parvula ) Herpestes Short - tailed mongoose ( H. brachyurus ) Indian gray mongoose ( H. edwardsii ) Indian brown mongoose ( H. fuscus ) Egyptian mongoose ( H. ichneumon ) Small Asian mongoose ( H. javanicus ) Long - nosed mongoose ( H. naso ) Collared mongoose ( H. semitorquatus ) Ruddy mongoose ( H. smithii ) Crab - eating mongoose ( H. urva ) Stripe - necked mongoose ( H. vitticollis ) Ichneumia White - tailed mongoose ( I. albicauda ) Liberiictus Liberian mongoose ( L. kuhni ) Mungos Gambian mongoose ( M. gambianus ) Banded mongoose ( M. mungo ) Paracynictis Selous ' mongoose ( P. selousi ) Rhynchogale Meller 's mongoose ( R. melleri ) Suricata Meerkat ( S. suricatta ) Hyaenidae ( Hyenas ) Crocuta Spotted hyena ( C. crocuta ) Hyaena Brown hyena ( H. brunnea ) Striped hyena ( H. hyaena ) Proteles Aardwolf ( P. cristatus ) Felidae Large family listed below Viverridae Large family listed below Eupleridae Small family listed below Family Felidae Felinae Acinonyx Cheetah ( A. jubatus ) Caracal Caracal ( C. caracal ) African golden cat ( C. aurata ) Catopuma Bay cat ( C. badia ) Asian golden cat ( C. temminckii ) Felis European wildcat ( F. silvestris ) African wildcat ( F. lybica ) Jungle cat ( F. chaus ) Black - footed cat ( F. nigripes ) Sand cat ( F. margarita ) Chinese mountain cat ( F. bieti ) Domestic cat ( F. catus ) Leopardus Ocelot ( L. pardalis ) Margay ( L. wiedii ) Pampas cat ( L. colocola ) Geoffroy 's cat ( L. geoffroyi ) Kodkod ( L. guigna ) Andean mountain cat ( L. jacobita ) Oncilla ( L. tigrinus ) Southern tigrina ( L. guttulus ) Leptailurus Serval ( L. serval ) Lynx Canadian lynx ( L. canadensis ) Eurasian lynx ( L. lynx ) Iberian lynx ( L. pardinus ) Bobcat ( L. rufus ) Otocolobus Pallas 's cat ( O. manul ) Pardofelis Marbled cat ( P. marmorata ) Prionailurus Fishing cat ( P. viverrinus ) Leopard cat ( P. bengalensis ) Sundaland leopard cat ( P. javanensis ) Flat - headed cat ( P. planiceps ) Rusty - spotted cat ( P. rubiginosus ) Puma Cougar ( P. concolor ) Herpailurus Jaguarundi ( H. yagouaroundi ) Pantherinae Panthera Lion ( P. leo ) Jaguar ( P. onca ) Leopard ( P. pardus ) Tiger ( P. tigris ) Snow leopard ( P. uncia ) Neofelis Clouded leopard ( N. nebulosa ) Sunda clouded leopard ( N. diardi ) Family Viverridae ( includes Civets ) Paradoxurinae Arctictis Binturong ( A. binturong ) Arctogalidia Small - toothed palm civet ( A. trivirgata ) Macrogalidia Sulawesi palm civet ( M. musschenbroekii ) Paguma Masked palm civet ( P. larvata ) Paradoxurus Golden wet - zone palm civet ( P. aureus ) Asian palm civet ( P. hermaphroditus ) Jerdon 's palm civet ( P. jerdoni ) Golden palm civet ( P. zeylonensis ) Hemigalinae Chrotogale Owston 's palm civet ( C. owstoni ) Cynogale Otter civet ( C. bennettii ) Diplogale Hose 's palm civet ( D. hosei ) Hemigalus Banded palm civet ( H. derbyanus ) Prionodontinae ( Asiatic linsangs ) Prionodon Banded linsang ( P. linsang ) Spotted linsang ( P. pardicolor ) Viverrinae Civettictis African civet ( C. civetta ) Genetta ( Genets ) Abyssinian genet ( G. abyssinica ) Angolan genet ( G. angolensis ) Bourlon 's genet ( G. bourloni ) Crested servaline genet ( G. cristata ) Common genet ( G. genetta ) Johnston 's genet ( G. johnstoni ) Rusty - spotted genet ( G. maculata ) Pardine genet ( G. pardina ) Aquatic genet ( G. piscivora ) King genet ( G. poensis ) Servaline genet ( G. servalina ) Haussa genet ( G. thierryi ) Cape genet ( G. tigrina ) Giant forest genet ( G. victoriae ) Poiana African linsang ( P. richardsonii ) Leighton 's linsang ( P. leightoni ) Viverra Malabar large - spotted civet ( V. civettina ) Large - spotted civet ( V. megaspila ) Malayan civet ( V. tangalunga ) Large Indian civet ( V. zibetha ) Viverricula Small Indian civet ( V. indica ) Family Eupleridae Euplerinae Cryptoprocta Fossa ( C. ferox ) Eupleres Eastern falanouc ( E. goudotii ) Western falanouc ( E. major ) Fossa Malagasy civet ( F. fossana ) Galidiinae Galidia Ring - tailed mongoose ( G. elegans ) Galidictis Broad - striped Malagasy mongoose ( G. fasciata ) Grandidier 's mongoose ( G. grandidieri ) Mungotictis Narrow - striped mongoose ( M. decemlineata ) Salanoia Brown - tailed mongoose ( S. concolor ) Durrell 's vontsira ( S. durrelli ) Suborder Caniformia ( cont . below ) Ursidae ( Bears ) Ailuropoda Giant panda ( A. melanoleuca ) Helarctos Sun bear ( H. malayanus ) Melursus Sloth bear ( M. ursinus ) Tremarctos Spectacled bear ( T. ornatus ) Ursus American black bear ( U. americanus ) Brown bear ( U. arctos ) Polar bear ( U. maritimus ) Asian black bear ( U. thibetanus ) Mephitidae Conepatus ( Hog - nosed skunks ) Molina 's hog - nosed skunk ( C. chinga ) Humboldt 's hog - nosed skunk ( C. humboldtii ) American hog - nosed skunk ( C. leuconotus ) Striped hog - nosed skunk ( C. semistriatus ) Mephitis Hooded skunk ( M. macroura ) Striped skunk ( M. mephitis ) Mydaus Sunda stink badger ( M. javanensis ) Palawan stink badger ( M. marchei ) Spilogale ( Spotted skunks ) Southern spotted skunk ( S. angustifrons ) Western spotted skunk ( S. gracilis ) Eastern spotted skunk ( S. putorius ) Pygmy spotted skunk ( S. pygmaea ) Procyonidae Bassaricyon ( Olingos ) Eastern lowland olingo ( B. alleni ) Northern olingo ( B. gabbii ) Western lowland olingo ( B. medius ) Olinguito ( B. neblina ) Bassariscus Ring - tailed cat ( B. astutus ) Cacomistle ( B. sumichrasti ) Nasua ( Coatis inclusive ) White - nosed coati ( N. narica ) South American coati ( N. nasua ) Nasuella ( Coatis inclusive ) Western mountain coati ( N. olivacea ) Eastern mountain coati ( N. meridensis ) Potos Kinkajou ( P. flavus ) Procyon Crab - eating raccoon ( P. cancrivorus ) Raccoon ( P. lotor ) Cozumel raccoon ( P. pygmaeus ) Ailuridae Ailurus Red panda ( A. fulgens ) Suborder Caniformia ( cont . above ) Otariidae ( Eared seals ) ( includes fur seals and sea lions ) ( Pinniped inclusive ) Arctocephalus South American fur seal ( A. australis ) Australasian fur seal ( A. forsteri ) Galápagos fur seal ( A. galapagoensis ) Antarctic fur seal ( A. gazella ) Juan Fernández fur seal ( A. philippii ) Brown fur seal ( A. pusillus ) Guadalupe fur seal ( A. townsendi ) Subantarctic fur seal ( A. tropicalis ) Callorhinus Northern fur seal ( C. ursinus ) Eumetopias Steller sea lion ( E. jubatus ) Neophoca Australian sea lion ( N. cinerea ) Otaria South American sea lion ( O. flavescens ) Phocarctos New Zealand sea lion ( P. hookeri ) Zalophus California sea lion ( Z. californianus ) Galápagos sea lion ( Z. wollebaeki ) Odobenidae ( Pinniped inclusive ) Odobenus Walrus ( O. rosmarus ) Phocidae ( Earless seals ) ( Pinniped inclusive ) Cystophora Hooded seal ( C. cristata ) Erignathus Bearded seal ( E. barbatus ) Halichoerus Gray seal ( H. grypus ) Histriophoca Ribbon seal ( H. fasciata ) Hydrurga Leopard seal ( H. leptonyx ) Leptonychotes Weddell seal ( L. weddellii ) Lobodon Crabeater seal ( L. carcinophagus ) Mirounga ( Elephant seals ) Northern elephant seal ( M. angustirostris ) Southern elephant seal ( M. leonina ) Monachus Mediterranean monk seal ( M. monachus ) Hawaiian monk seal ( M. schauinslandi ) Ommatophoca Ross seal ( O. rossi ) Pagophilus Harp seal ( P. groenlandicus ) Phoca Spotted seal ( P. largha ) Harbor seal ( P. vitulina ) Pusa Caspian seal ( P. caspica ) Ringed seal ( P. hispida ) Baikal seal ( P. sibirica ) Canidae Large family listed below Mustelidae Large family listed below Family Canidae ( includes dogs ) Atelocynus Short - eared dog ( A. microtis ) Canis Side - striped jackal ( C. adustus ) African golden wolf ( C. anthus ) Golden jackal ( C. aureus ) Coyote ( C. latrans ) Gray wolf ( C. lupus ) Black - backed jackal ( C. mesomelas ) Red wolf ( C. rufus ) Ethiopian wolf ( C. simensis ) Cerdocyon Crab - eating fox ( C. thous ) Chrysocyon Maned wolf ( C. brachyurus ) Cuon Dhole ( C. alpinus ) Lycalopex Culpeo ( L. culpaeus ) Darwin 's fox ( L. fulvipes ) South American gray fox ( L. griseus ) Pampas fox ( L. gymnocercus ) Sechuran fox ( L. sechurae ) Hoary fox ( L. vetulus ) Lycaon African wild dog ( L. pictus ) Nyctereutes Raccoon dog ( N. procyonoides ) Otocyon Bat - eared fox ( O. megalotis ) Speothos Bush dog ( S. venaticus ) Urocyon Gray fox ( U. cinereoargenteus ) Island fox ( U. littoralis ) Vulpes ( Foxes ) Bengal fox ( V. bengalensis ) Blanford 's fox ( V. cana ) Cape fox ( V. chama ) Corsac fox ( V. corsac ) Tibetan sand fox ( V. ferrilata ) Arctic fox ( V. lagopus ) Kit fox ( V. macrotis ) Pale fox ( V. pallida ) Rüppell 's fox ( V. rueppelli ) Swift fox ( V. velox ) Red fox ( V. vulpes ) Fennec fox ( V. zerda ) Family Mustelidae Lutrinae ( Otters ) Aonyx African clawless otter ( A. capensis ) Oriental small - clawed otter ( A. cinerea ) Enhydra Sea otter ( E. lutris ) Hydrictis Spotted - necked otter ( H. maculicollis ) Lontra North American river otter ( L. canadensis ) Marine otter ( L. felina ) Neotropical otter ( L. longicaudis ) Southern river otter ( L. provocax ) Lutra Eurasian otter ( L. lutra ) Hairy - nosed otter ( L. sumatrana ) Lutrogale Smooth - coated otter ( L. perspicillata ) Pteronura Giant otter ( P. brasiliensis ) Mustelinae ( including badgers ) Arctonyx Hog badger ( A. collaris ) Eira Tayra ( E. barbara ) Galictis Lesser grison ( G. cuja ) Greater grison ( G. vittata ) Gulo Wolverine ( G. gulo ) Ictonyx Saharan striped polecat ( I. libyca ) Striped polecat ( I. striatus ) Lyncodon Patagonian weasel ( L. patagonicus ) Martes ( Martens ) American marten ( M. americana ) Yellow - throated marten ( M. flavigula ) Beech marten ( M. foina ) Nilgiri marten ( M. gwatkinsii ) European pine marten ( M. martes ) Japanese marten ( M. melampus ) Sable ( M. zibellina ) Pekania Fisher ( P. pennanti ) Meles Japanese badger ( M. anakuma ) Asian badger ( M. leucurus ) European badger ( M. meles ) Mellivora Honey badger ( M. capensis ) Melogale ( Ferret - badgers ) Bornean ferret - badger ( M. everetti ) Chinese ferret - badger ( M. moschata ) Javan ferret - badger ( M. orientalis ) Burmese ferret - badger ( M. personata ) Mustela ( Weasels and Ferrets ) Amazon weasel ( M. africana ) Mountain weasel ( M. altaica ) Stoat ( M. erminea ) Steppe polecat ( M. eversmannii ) Colombian weasel ( M. felipei ) Long - tailed weasel ( M. frenata ) Japanese weasel ( M. itatsi ) Yellow - bellied weasel ( M. kathiah ) European mink ( M. lutreola ) Indonesian mountain weasel ( M. lutreolina ) Black - footed ferret ( M. nigripes ) Least weasel ( M. nivalis ) Malayan weasel ( M. nudipes ) European polecat ( M. putorius ) Siberian weasel ( M. sibirica ) Back - striped weasel ( M. strigidorsa ) Egyptian weasel ( M. subpalmata ) Neovison ( Minks ) American mink ( N. vison ) Poecilogale African striped weasel ( P. albinucha ) Taxidea American badger ( T. taxus ) Vormela Marbled polecat ( V. peregusna ) Taxon identifiers Wd : Q185295 ADW : Proteles ARKive : proteles - cristata EoL : 925982 GBIF : 2433502 iNaturalist : 57561 ITIS : 726269 IUCN : 18372 MSW : 14000689 NCBI : 9680 Species+ : 7432 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aardwolf&oldid=826637246 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Mammals described in 1783 Carnivorans of Africa Hyenas Mammals of Southern Africa Fauna of East Africa Myrmecophagous mammals Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier 's Encyclopedia Use dmy dates from January 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans አማርኛ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska Tagalog Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 06 : 04 . 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animal that looks like a hyena and fox

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The Practice of the Presence of God

The Practice of the Presence of God - wikipedia The Practice of the Presence of God `` The Practice of the Presence of God '' is also the title of a section of Jeremy Taylor 's Holy Living The Practice of the Presence of God Author Brother Lawrence ( Nicholas Herman 1605 -- 91 ) Compiled by Father Joseph de Beaufort Language French Genre Christian literature The Practice of the Presence of God is a book of collected teachings of Brother Lawrence ( born Nicholas Herman ) , a 17th - century Carmelite monk , compiled by Father Joseph de Beaufort . The compilation includes letters , as well as records of his conversations kept by Brother Lawrence 's interlocutors . The basic theme of the book is the development of an awareness of the presence of God . Contents ( hide ) 1 About Brother Lawrence 2 Theme 3 References 4 External links About Brother Lawrence ( edit ) The first conversation in the book recounts Brother Lawrence 's conversion to a deeper commitment to his Christian faith at 18 years old : `` ... in the winter , seeing a tree stripped of its leaves , and considering that within a little time , the leaves would be renewed , and after that the flowers and fruit appear , he received a high view of the Providence and Power of God , which has never since been effaced from his soul . '' At the age of 24 , Brother Lawrence joined the Order of Discalced Carmelites in Paris , taking the religious name `` Lawrence of the Resurrection '' . He spent the rest of his life with this order , dying on 12 February 1691 . During his time as a friar he was much preoccupied with the cultivating a keen sensitivity to the presence of God in everyday life . Theme ( edit ) The text attempts to explain Lawrence 's method of acquiring the presence of God . A summary of his approach can be gleaned from the following passages . `` That he had always been governed by love , without selfish views ; and that having resolved to make the love of GOD the end of all his actions , he had found reasons to be well satisfied with his method . That he was pleased when he could take up a straw from the ground for the love of GOD , seeking Him only , and nothing else , not even His gifts . '' `` That in order to form a habit of conversing with GOD continually , and referring all we do to Him ; we must at first apply to Him with some diligence : but that after a little care we should find His love inwardly excite us to it without any difficulty . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Herman , Nicholas , The Practice of the Presence of God , The Christian Classics Ethereal Library . External links ( edit ) The Practice of the Presence of God ( full text and audio ) , Christian Classics Ethereal Library . The Practice of the Presence of God at Project Gutenberg . The Practice of the Presence of God public domain audiobook at LibriVox The Practice of the Presence of God ( free online text ) . The Practice of the Presence of God ( online book ) , The corner stone . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Practice_of_the_Presence_of_God&oldid=787786273 '' Categories : Books about Christianity 17th - century Christian texts Carmelite spirituality Christian devotional literature Discalced Carmelite Order Hidden categories : Books with missing cover Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 June 2017 , at 14 : 48 . About Wikipedia

who wrote the practice of the presence of god

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Nile

Nile - wikipedia Nile Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Nile ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nile The river in Uganda Countries Egypt , Sudan , South Sudan , Ethiopia , Uganda , Congo , Kenya , Tanzania , Rwanda , Burundi , Eritrea Major cities Jinja , Juba , Khartoum , Cairo Physical characteristics Main source White Nile Rwanda 2,700 m ( 8,900 ft ) 02 ° 16 ′ 56 '' S 29 ° 19 ′ 53 '' E  /  2.28222 ° S 29.33139 ° E  / - 2.28222 ; 29.33139 2nd source Blue Nile Lake Tana , Ethiopia 12 ° 02 ′ 09 '' N 037 ° 15 ′ 53 '' E  /  12.03583 ° N 37.26472 ° E  / 12.03583 ; 37.26472 River mouth Mediterranean Sea Egypt Sea level 30 ° 10 ′ N 31 ° 09 ′ E  /  30.167 ° N 31.150 ° E  / 30.167 ; 31.150 Coordinates : 30 ° 10 ′ N 31 ° 09 ′ E  /  30.167 ° N 31.150 ° E  / 30.167 ; 31.150 Length 6,853 km ( 4,258 mi ) Width Maximum width : 2.8 km ( 1.7 mi ) Depth Average depth : 8 -- 11 m ( 26 -- 36 ft ) Discharge Average rate : 2,830 m / s ( 100,000 cu ft / s ) Basin features Basin size 3,400,000 km ( 1,300,000 sq mi ) The Nile River ( Arabic : النيل ‎ , Egyptian Arabic en - Nīl , Standard Arabic an - Nīl ; Coptic : ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲱ , P ( h ) iaro ; Ancient Egyptian : Ḥ'pī and Jtrw ; Biblical Hebrew : הַיְאוֹר ‬ , Ha - Ye'or or הַשִׁיחוֹר ‬ , Ha - Shiḥor ) is a major north - flowing river in northeastern Africa , and is commonly regarded as the longest river in the world , though some sources cite the Amazon River as the longest . The Nile , which is 6,853 km ( 4,258 miles ) long , is an `` international '' river as its drainage basin covers eleven countries , namely , Tanzania , Uganda , Rwanda , Burundi , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Kenya , Ethiopia , Eritrea , South Sudan , Republic of the Sudan and Egypt . In particular , the Nile is the primary water source of Egypt and Sudan . The Nile River has two major tributaries , the White Nile and Blue Nile . The White Nile is considered to be the headwaters and primary stream of the Nile itself . The Blue Nile , however , is the source of most of the water and silt . The White Nile is longer and rises in the Great Lakes region of central Africa , with the most distant source still undetermined but located in either Rwanda or Burundi . It flows north through Tanzania , Lake Victoria , Uganda and South Sudan . The Blue Nile ( Amharic : ዓባይ , ʿĀbay ) begins at Lake Tana in Ethiopia and flows into Sudan from the southeast . The two rivers meet just north of the Sudanese capital of Khartoum . The northern section of the river flows north almost entirely through the Sudanese desert to Egypt , then ends in a large delta and flows into the Mediterranean Sea . Egyptian civilization and Sudanese kingdoms have depended on the river since ancient times . Most of the population and cities of Egypt lie along those parts of the Nile valley north of Aswan , and nearly all the cultural and historical sites of Ancient Egypt are found along riverbanks . In the ancient Egyptian language , the Nile is called Ḥ'pī or Iteru ( Hapy ) , meaning `` river '' . In Coptic , the words piaro ( Sahidic ) or phiaro ( Bohairic ) meaning `` the river '' ( lit . p ( h ). iar - o `` the. canal - great '' ) come from the same ancient name . The English name Nile and the Arabic names en - Nîl and an - Nîl both derive from the Latin Nilus and the Ancient Greek Νεῖλος . Beyond that , however , the etymology is disputed . Hesiod at his Theogony refers that Nilus ( Νεῖλος ) was one of the Potamoi ( river gods ) , son of Oceanus and Tethys . Another possible etymology derives it from a Semitic Nahal , meaning `` river '' . The standard English names `` White Nile '' and `` Blue Nile '' , to refer to the river 's source , derive from Arabic names formerly applied only to the Sudanese stretches which meet at Khartoum . Contents ( hide ) 1 Courses 1.1 Sources 1.2 In Uganda 's Nile River 1.3 In South Sudan 's Nile River 1.4 In Sudan 1.5 In Egypt 2 Tributaries 2.1 Atbara River 2.2 Blue Nile 2.3 Bahr el Ghazal and Sobat River 2.4 Yellow Nile 3 History 3.1 Eonile 3.2 Integrated Nile 3.3 Role in the founding of Egyptian civilization 3.4 Search for the source of the Nile 3.5 Since 1950 4 Water sharing dispute 5 Modern achievements and exploration 5.1 White Nile 5.2 Blue Nile 6 Crossings 6.1 Crossings from Khartoum to the Mediterranean Sea 6.2 Crossings from Rwanda to Khartoum 7 Images and media of the Nile 8 Annotated bibliography 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Courses ( edit ) See also : White Nile The Nile at Dendera , as seen from the SPOT satellite The Nile 's watershed The Nile near Beni Suef Composite satellite image of the White Nile Above Khartoum , the Nile River is also known as the White Nile , a term also used in a limited sense to describe the section between Lake No and Khartoum . At Khartoum the river is joined by the Blue Nile . The White Nile starts in equatorial East Africa , and the Blue Nile begins in Ethiopia . Both branches are on the western flanks of the East African Rift . The drainage basin of the Nile covers 3,254,555 square kilometers ( 1,256,591 sq mi ) , about 10 % of the area of Africa . The Nile basin is complex , and because of this , the discharge at any given point along the mainstem depends on many factors including weather , diversions , evaporation and evapotranspiration , and groundwater flow . Sources ( edit ) The source of the Nile River is sometimes considered to be Lake Victoria , but the lake has feeder rivers of considerable size . The Kagera River , which flows into Lake Victoria near the Tanzanian town of Bukoba , is the longest feeder , although sources do not agree on which is the longest tributary of the Kagera and hence the most distant source of the Nile River itself . It is either the Ruvyironza , which emerges in Bururi Province , Burundi , or the Nyabarongo , which flows from Nyungwe Forest in Rwanda . The two feeder rivers meet near Rusumo Falls on the Rwanda - Tanzania border . The source of the Nile from an underwater spring at the neck of Lake Victoria , Jinja In 2010 , an exploration party went to a place described as the source of the Rukarara tributary , and by hacking a path up steep jungle - choked mountain slopes in the Nyungwe forest found ( in the dry season ) an appreciable incoming surface flow for many kilometres upstream , and found a new source , giving the Nile a length of 6,758 km ( 4,199 mi ) . Gish Abay is reportedly the place where the `` holy water '' of the first drops of the Blue Nile develop . In Uganda 's Nile river ( edit ) The Nile River leaves Lake Nyanza ( Victoria ) at Ripon Falls near Jinja , Uganda , as the Victoria Nile . It flows north for some 130 kilometers ( 81 mi ) , to Lake Kyoga . The last part of the approximately 200 kilometers ( 120 mi ) river section starts from the western shores of the lake and flows at first to the west until just south of Masindi Port , where the river turns north , then makes a great half circle to the east and north until Karuma Falls . For the remaining part it flows merely westerly through the Murchison Falls until it reaches the very northern shores of Lake Albert where it forms a significant river delta . The lake itself is on the border of DR Congo , but the Nile River is not a border river at this point . After leaving Lake Albert , the river continues north through Uganda and is known as the Albert Nile . In South Sudan 's Nile river ( edit ) The Nile river flows into South Sudan just south of Nimule , where it is known as the Bahr al Jabal ( `` Mountain River '' ) . Just south of the town it has the confluence with the Achwa River . The Bahr al Ghazal , itself 716 kilometers ( 445 mi ) long , joins the Bahr al Jabal at a small lagoon called Lake No , after which the Nile becomes known as the Bahr al Abyad , or the White Nile , from the whitish clay suspended in its waters . When the Nile floods it leaves a rich silty deposit which fertilizes the soil . The Nile no longer floods in Egypt since the completion of the Aswan Dam in 1970 . An anabranch river , the Bahr el Zeraf , flows out of the Nile 's Bahr al Jabal section and rejoins the White Nile . The flow rate of the Bahr al Jabal at Mongalla , South Sudan is almost constant throughout the year and averages 1,048 m / s ( 37,000 cu ft / s ) . After Mongalla , the Bahr Al Jabal enters the enormous swamps of the Sudd region of South Sudan . More than half of the Nile 's water is lost in this swamp to evaporation and transpiration . The average flow rate of the White Nile at the tails of the swamps is about 510 m / s ( 18,000 cu ft / s ) . From here it soon meets with the Sobat River at Malakal . On an annual basis , the White Nile upstream of Malakal contributes about fifteen percent of the total outflow of the Nile River . The average flow of the White Nile at Lake Kawaki Malakal , just below the Sobat River , is 924 m / s ( 32,600 cu ft / s ) ; the peak flow is approximately 1,218 m / s ( 43,000 cu ft / s ) in October and minimum flow is about 609 m / s ( 21,500 cu ft / s ) in April . This fluctuation is due to the substantial variation in the flow of the Sobat , which has a minimum flow of about 99 m / s ( 3,500 cu ft / s ) in March and a peak flow of over 680 m / s ( 24,000 cu ft / s ) in October . During the dry season ( January to June ) the White Nile contributes between 70 percent and 90 percent of the total discharge from the Nile . In Sudan ( edit ) Below Renk the White Nile enters Sudan , it flows north to Khartoum and meets the Blue Nile . The course of the Nile in Sudan is distinctive . It flows over six groups of cataracts , from the sixth at Sabaloka just north of Khartoum northward to Abu Hamed . Due to the tectonic uplift of the Nubian Swell , the river is then diverted to flow for over 300 km south - west following the structure of the Central African Shear Zone embracing the Bayuda Desert . At Al Dabbah it resumes its northward course towards the first Cataract at Aswan forming the ' S ' - shaped Great Bend of the Nile already mentioned by Eratosthenes . In the north of Sudan the river enters Lake Nasser ( known in Sudan as Lake Nubia ) , the larger part of which is in Egypt . In Egypt ( edit ) Below the Aswan High Dam , at the northern limit of Lake Nasser , the Nile resumes its historic course . North of Cairo , the Nile splits into two branches ( or distributaries ) that feed the Mediterranean : the Rosetta Branch to the west and the Damietta to the east , forming the Nile Delta . Tributaries ( edit ) Atbara river ( edit ) Below the confluence with the Blue Nile the only major tributary is the Atbara River , roughly halfway to the sea , which originates in Ethiopia north of Lake Tana , and is around 800 kilometers ( 500 mi ) long . The Atbara flows only while there is rain in Ethiopia and dries very rapidly . During the dry period of January to June , it typically dries up . It joins the Nile approximately 300 kilometers ( 200 mi ) north of Khartoum . Blue Nile ( edit ) Main article : Blue Nile The Blue Nile Falls fed by Lake Tana near the city of Bahir Dar , Ethiopia Nile Delta from space Annotated view of the Nile and Red Sea , with a dust storm The Blue Nile ( Ge'ez ጥቁር ዓባይ Ṭiqūr ʿĀbbāy ( Black Abay ) to Ethiopians ; Arabic : النيل الأزرق ‎ ; transliterated : an - Nīl al - Azraq ) springs from Lake Tana in the Ethiopian Highlands . The Blue Nile flows about 1,400 kilometres to Khartoum , where the Blue Nile and White Nile join to form the Nile . Ninety percent of the water and ninety - six percent of the transported sediment carried by the Nile originates in Ethiopia , with fifty - nine percent of the water from the Blue Nile ( the rest being from the Tekezé , Atbarah , Sobat , and small tributaries ) . The erosion and transportation of silt only occurs during the Ethiopian rainy season in the summer , however , when rainfall is especially high on the Ethiopian Plateau ; the rest of the year , the great rivers draining Ethiopia into the Nile ( Sobat , Blue Nile , Tekezé , and Atbarah ) have a weaker flow . In harsh and arid seasons and droughts the blue Nile dries out completely . The flow of the Blue Nile varies considerably over its yearly cycle and is the main contribution to the large natural variation of the Nile flow . During the dry season the natural discharge of the Blue Nile can be as low as 113 m / s ( 4,000 cu ft / s ) , although upstream dams regulate the flow of the river . During the wet season the peak flow of the Blue Nile often exceeds 5,663 m / s ( 200,000 cu ft / s ) in late August ( a difference of a factor of 50 ) . Before the placement of dams on the river the yearly discharge varied by a factor of 15 at Aswan . Peak flows of over 8,212 m / s ( 290,000 cu ft / s ) occurred during late August and early September , and minimum flows of about 552 m / s ( 19,500 cu ft / s ) occurred during late April and early May . Bahr el Ghazal and Sobat river ( edit ) The Bahr al Ghazal and the Sobat River are the two most important tributaries of the White Nile in terms of discharge . The Bahr al Ghazal 's drainage basin is the largest of any of the Nile 's sub-basins , measuring 520,000 square kilometers ( 200,000 sq mi ) in size , but it contributes a relatively small amount of water , about 2 m / s ( 71 cu ft / s ) annually , due to tremendous volumes of water being lost in the Sudd wetlands . The Sobat River , which joins the Nile a short distance below Lake No , drains about half as much land , 225,000 km ( 86,900 sq mi ) , but contributes 412 cubic meters per second ( 14,500 cu ft / s ) annually to the Nile . When in flood the Sobat carries a large amount of sediment , adding greatly to the White Nile 's color . Yellow Nile ( edit ) The Yellow Nile is a former tributary that connected the Ouaddaï Highlands of eastern Chad to the Nile River Valley c. 8000 to c. 1000 BC . Its remains are known as the Wadi Howar . The wadi passes through Gharb Darfur near the northern border with Chad and meets up with the Nile near the southern point of the Great Bend . History ( edit ) Further information : Sahara § Climate history Reconstruction of the Oikoumene ( inhabited world ) , an ancient map based on Herodotus ' description of the world , circa 450 BC The Nile ( iteru in Ancient Egyptian ) has been the lifeline of civilization in Egypt since the Stone Age , with most of the population and all of the cities of Egypt resting along those parts of the Nile valley lying north of Aswan . However , the Nile used to run much more westerly through what is now Wadi Hamim and Wadi al Maqar in Libya and flow into the Gulf of Sidra . As sea level rose at the end of the most recent ice age , the stream which is now the northern Nile pirated the ancestral Nile near Asyut , this change in climate also led to the creation of the current Sahara desert , around 3400 BC . Eonile ( edit ) The present Nile is at least the fifth river that has flowed north from the Ethiopian Highlands . Satellite imagery was used to identify dry watercourses in the desert to the west of the Nile . An Eonile canyon , now filled by surface drift , represents an ancestral Nile called the Eonile that flowed during the later Miocene ( 23 -- 5.3 million years before present ) . The Eonile transported clastic sediments to the Mediterranean ; several natural gas fields have been discovered within these sediments . During the late - Miocene Messinian salinity crisis , when the Mediterranean Sea was a closed basin and evaporated to the point of being empty or nearly so , the Nile cut its course down to the new base level until it was several hundred metres below world ocean level at Aswan and 2,400 m ( 7,900 ft ) below Cairo . This created a very long and deep canyon which was filled with sediment when the Mediterranean was recreated . At some point the sediments raised the riverbed sufficiently for the river to overflow westward into a depression to create Lake Moeris . Lake Tanganyika drained northwards into the Nile until the Virunga Volcanoes blocked its course in Rwanda . The Nile was much longer at that time , with its furthest headwaters in northern Zambia . Integrated Nile ( edit ) There are two theories about the age of the integrated Nile . One is that the integrated drainage of the Nile is of young age , and that the Nile basin was formerly broken into series of separate basins , only the most northerly of which fed a river following the present course of the Nile in Egypt and Sudan . Rushdi Said postulated that Egypt itself supplied most of the waters of the Nile during the early part of its history . The other theory is that the drainage from Ethiopia via rivers equivalent to the Blue Nile and the Atbara and Takazze flowed to the Mediterranean via the Egyptian Nile since well back into Tertiary times . Salama suggested that during the Paleogene and Neogene Periods ( 66 million to 2.588 million years ago ) a series of separate closed continental basins each occupied one of the major parts of the Sudanese Rift System : Mellut rift , White Nile rift , Blue Nile rift , Atbara rift and Sag El Naam rift . The Mellut Rift Basin is nearly 12 kilometers ( 7.5 mi ) deep at its central part . This rift is possibly still active , with reported tectonic activity in its northern and southern boundaries . The Sudd swamps which form the central part of the basin may still be subsiding . The White Nile Rift System , although shallower than the Bahr el Arab rift , is about 9 kilometers ( 5.6 mi ) deep . Geophysical exploration of the Blue Nile Rift System estimated the depth of the sediments to be 5 -- 9 kilometers ( 3.1 -- 5.6 mi ) . These basins were not interconnected until their subsidence ceased , and the rate of sediment deposition was enough to fill and connect them . The Egyptian Nile connected to the Sudanese Nile , which captures the Ethiopian and Equatorial headwaters during the current stages of tectonic activity in the Eastern , Central and Sudanese Rift Systems . The connection of the different Niles occurred during cyclic wet periods . The River Atbara overflowed its closed basin during the wet periods that occurred about 100,000 to 120,000 years ago . The Blue Nile connected to the main Nile during the 70,000 -- 80,000 years B.P. wet period . The White Nile system in Bahr El Arab and White Nile Rifts remained a closed lake until the connection of the Victoria Nile to the main system some 12,500 years ago . Role in the founding of Egyptian civilization ( edit ) A felucca traversing the Nile near Aswan The Greek historian Herodotus wrote that `` Egypt was the gift of the Nile '' . An unending source of sustenance , it provided a crucial role in the development of Egyptians civilization . Silt deposits from the Nile made the surrounding land fertile because the river overflowed its banks annually . The Ancient Egyptians cultivated and traded wheat , flax , papyrus and other crops around the Nile . Wheat was a crucial crop in the famine - plagued Middle East . This trading system secured Egypt 's diplomatic relationships with other countries , and contributed to economic stability . Far - reaching trade has been carried on along the Nile since ancient times . Water buffalo were introduced from Asia , and Assyrians introduced camels in the 7th century BC . These animals were killed for meat , and were domesticated and used for ploughing -- or in the camels ' case , carriage . Water was vital to both people and livestock . The Nile was also a convenient and efficient means of transportation for people and goods . The Nile was an important part of ancient Egyptian spiritual life . Hapy was the god of the annual floods , and both he and the pharaoh were thought to control the flooding . The Nile was considered to be a causeway from life to death and the afterlife . The east was thought of as a place of birth and growth , and the west was considered the place of death , as the god Ra , the Sun , underwent birth , death , and resurrection each day as he crossed the sky . Thus , all tombs were west of the Nile , because the Egyptians believed that in order to enter the afterlife , they had to be buried on the side that symbolized death . As the Nile was such an important factor in Egyptian life , the ancient calendar was even based on the 3 cycles of the Nile . These seasons , each consisting of four months of thirty days each , were called Akhet , Peret , and Shemu . Akhet , which means inundation , was the time of the year when the Nile flooded , leaving several layers of fertile soil behind , aiding in agricultural growth . Peret was the growing season , and Shemu , the last season , was the harvest season when there were no rains . Search for the source of the Nile ( edit ) John Hanning Speke c. 1863 . Speke was the Victorian explorer who first reached Lake Victoria in 1858 , returning to establish it as the source of the Nile by 1862 . Henry Morton Stanley in 1872 . Stanley circumnavigated the lake and confirmed Speke 's observations in 1875 . Owing to their failure to penetrate the sudd wetlands of South Sudan , the upper reaches of the Nile remained largely unknown to the ancient Greeks and Romans . Various expeditions failed to determine the river 's source . Agatharcides records that in the time of Ptolemy II Philadelphus , a military expedition had penetrated far enough along the course of the Blue Nile to determine that the summer floods were caused by heavy seasonal rainstorms in the Ethiopian Highlands , but no European of antiquity is known to have reached Lake Tana . The Tabula Rogeriana depicted the source as three lakes in 1154 . Europeans began to learn about the origins of the Nile in the 15th and 16th centuries , when travelers to Ethiopia visited Lake Tana and the source of the Blue Nile in the mountains south of the lake . Although James Bruce claimed to be the first European to have visited the headwaters , modern writers give the credit to the Jesuit Pedro Páez . Páez 's account of the source of the Nile is a long and vivid account of Ethiopia . It was published in full only in the early 20th century , although it was featured in works of Páez 's contemporaries , including Baltazar Téllez , Athanasius Kircher and by Johann Michael Vansleb . Europeans had been resident in Ethiopia since the late 15th century , and one of them may have visited the headwaters even earlier without leaving a written trace . The Portuguese João Bermudes published the first description of the Tis Issat Falls in his 1565 memoirs , compared them to the Nile Falls alluded to in Cicero 's De Republica . Jerónimo Lobo describes the source of the Blue Nile , visiting shortly after Pedro Páez . Telles also used his account . The White Nile was even less understood . The ancients mistakenly believed that the Niger River represented the upper reaches of the White Nile . For example , Pliny the Elder wrote that the Nile had its origins `` in a mountain of lower Mauretania '' , flowed above ground for `` many days '' distance , then went underground , reappeared as a large lake in the territories of the Masaesyli , then sank again below the desert to flow underground `` for a distance of 20 days ' journey till it reaches the nearest Ethiopians . '' A merchant named Diogenes reported that the Nile 's water attracted game such as buffalo . A map of the Nile c. 1911 , a time when its entire primary course ran through British occupations , condominiums , colonies , and protectorates Lake Victoria was first sighted by Europeans in 1858 when the British explorer John Hanning Speke reached its southern shore while traveling with Richard Francis Burton to explore central Africa and locate the great lakes . Believing he had found the source of the Nile on seeing this `` vast expanse of open water '' for the first time , Speke named the lake after the then Queen of the United Kingdom . Burton , recovering from illness and resting further south on the shores of Lake Tanganyika , was outraged that Speke claimed to have proved his discovery to be the true source of the Nile when Burton regarded this as still unsettled . A very public quarrel ensued , which sparked a great deal of intense debate within the scientific community and interest by other explorers keen to either confirm or refute Speke 's discovery . British explorer and missionary David Livingstone pushed too far west and entered the Congo River system instead . It was ultimately Welsh - American explorer Henry Morton Stanley who confirmed Speke 's discovery , circumnavigating Lake Victoria and reporting the great outflow at Ripon Falls on the Lake 's northern shore . European involvement in Egypt goes back to the time of Napoleon . Laird Shipyard of Liverpool sent an iron steamer to the Nile in the 1830s . With the completion of the Suez Canal and the British takeover of Egypt in the 1870s , more British river steamers followed . The Nile is the area 's natural navigation channel , giving access to Khartoum and Sudan by steamer . The Siege of Khartoum was broken with purpose - built sternwheelers shipped from England and steamed up the river to retake the city . After this came regular steam navigation of the river . With British Forces in Egypt in the First World War and the inter-war years , river steamers provided both security and sightseeing to the Pyramids and Thebes . Steam navigation remained integral to the two countries as late as 1962 . Sudan steamer traffic was a lifeline as few railways or roads were built in that country . Most paddle steamers have been retired to shorefront service , but modern diesel tourist boats remain on the river . Village on the Nile , 1891 Since 1950 ( edit ) The confluence of the Kagera and Ruvubu rivers near Rusumo Falls , part of the Nile 's upper reaches Dhows on the Nile The Nile passes through Cairo , Egypt 's capital city . The Nile has long been used to transport goods along its length . Winter winds blow south , up river , so ships could sail up river , and down river using the flow of the river . While most Egyptians still live in the Nile valley , the 1970 completion of the Aswan High Dam ended the summer floods and their renewal of the fertile soil , fundamentally changing farming practices . The Nile supports much of the population living along its banks , enabling Egyptians to live in otherwise inhospitable regions of the Sahara . The rivers 's flow is disturbed at several points by the Cataracts of the Nile , which are sections of faster - flowing water with many small islands , shallow water , and rocks , which form an obstacle to navigation by boats . The Sudd wetlands in Sudan also forms a formidable navigation obstacle and impede water flow , to the extent that Sudan had once attempted to canalize ( the Jonglei Canal ) to bypass the swamps . Nile cities include Khartoum , Aswan , Luxor ( Thebes ) , and the Giza -- Cairo conurbation . The first cataract , the closest to the mouth of the river , is at Aswan , north of the Aswan Dam . This part of the river is a regular tourist route , with cruise ships and traditional wooden sailing boats known as feluccas . Many cruise ships ply the route between Luxor and Aswan , stopping at Edfu and Kom Ombo along the way . Security concerns have limited cruising on the northernmost portion for many years . A computer simulation study to plan the economic development of the Nile was directed by H.A.W. Morrice and W.N. Allan , for the Ministry of Hydro - power of the Republic of the Sudan , during 1955 -- 1957 Morrice was their Hydrological Adviser , and Allan his predecessor . M.P. Barnett directed the software development and computer operations . The calculations were enabled by accurate monthly inflow data collected for 50 years . The underlying principle was the use of over-year storage , to conserve water from rainy years for use in dry years . Irrigation , navigation and other needs were considered . Each computer run postulated a set of reservoirs and operating equations for the release of water as a function of the month and the levels upstream . The behavior that would have resulted given the inflow data was modeled . Over 600 models were run . Recommendations were made to the Sudanese authorities . The calculations were run on an IBM 650 computer . Simulation studies to design water resources are discussed further in the article on hydrology transport models , that have been used since the 1980s to analyze water quality . Despite the development of many reservoirs , drought during the 1980s led to widespread starvation in Ethiopia and Sudan , but Egypt was nourished by water impounded in Lake Nasser . Drought has proven to be a major cause of fatality in the Nile River basin . According to a report by the Strategic Foresight Group around 170 million people have been affected by droughts in the last century with half a million lives lost . From the 70 incidents of drought which took place between 1900 and 2012 , 55 incidents took place in Ethiopia , Sudan , South Sudan , Kenya and Tanzania . Water sharing dispute ( edit ) The Nile 's water has affected the politics of East Africa and the Horn of Africa for many decades . Countries including Uganda , Sudan , Ethiopia and Kenya have complained about Egyptian domination of its water resources . The Nile Basin Initiative promotes a peaceful cooperation among those states . Several attempts have been made to establish agreements between the countries sharing the Nile waters . It is very difficult to have all these countries agree with each other given the self - interest of each country and their political , strategic , and social differences . On 14 May 2010 at Entebbe , Ethiopia , Rwanda , Tanzania and Uganda signed a new agreement on sharing the Nile water even though this agreement raised strong opposition from Egypt and Sudan . Ideally , such international agreements should promote equitable and efficient usage of the Nile basin 's water resources . Without a better understanding about the availability of the future water resources of the Nile River , it is possible that conflicts could arise between these countries relying on the Nile for their water supply , economic and social developments . Modern achievements and exploration ( edit ) White Nile ( edit ) In 1951 , the American John Goddard together with two French explorers became the first to successfully navigate the entire Nile river from its source in Burundi at the potential headsprings of the Kagera River in Burundi to its mouth on the Mediterranean Sea , a journey of approximately 6800 kilometers . Their 9 - month journey is described in the book ' Kayaks down the Nile ' . The White Nile Expedition , led by South African national Hendrik Coetzee , navigated the White Nile 's entire length of approximately 3,700 kilometres ( 2,300 mi ) . The expedition began at the White Nile 's beginning at Lake Victoria in Uganda , on 17 January 2004 and arrived safely at the Mediterranean in Rosetta , four and a half months later . On the 30th of April 2005 a team led by South Africans Peter Meredith and Hendrik Coetzee , following again in the footsteps of John Goddard , navigated the major remote source of the White Nile , the Akagera river that starts as the Ruvyironza in Bururi Province , Burundi , and ends at Lake Victoria , Uganda . In April 2006 , the Ascend the Nile Expedition including two explorers from Britain and one from New Zealand ascended the river from its mouth at Rosetta to one of its sources in Rwanda 's Nyungwe Forest . The Team including Cam McLeay , Neil McGrigor and Garth MacIntyre spent 70 days travelling to the Rwandese source of the Nile covering approximately 6800 kilometres . During the Expedition they were ambushed by the LRA ( Lord 's Resistance Army ) lead by the notorious Joseph Kony , however post-attack six months later they returned to complete the expedition . They measured the length of the river with the help of GPS and claimed to have found the furthest source . Due to the unscientific approach of their expedition , their reluctance to release the GPS data , and not having measured the other contender for the true source of the Nile in Burundi , controversy has ensued . Blue Nile ( edit ) The Blue Nile Expedition , led by geologist Pasquale Scaturro and his partner , kayaker and documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown became the first people to descend the entire Blue Nile , from Lake Tana in Ethiopia to the beaches of Alexandria on the Mediterranean . Their approximately 5,230 kilometres ( 3,250 mi ) journey took 114 days : from 25 December 2003 to 28 April 2004 . Though their expedition included others , Brown and Scaturro were the only ones to complete the entire journey . Although they descended whitewater manually the team used outboard motors for much of their journey . On 29 January 2005 Canadian Les Jickling and New Zealander Mark Tanner completed the first human powered transit of Ethiopia 's Blue Nile . Their journey of over 5,000 kilometres ( 3,100 mi ) took five months . They recount that they paddled through two war zones , regions notorious for bandits , and were arrested at gunpoint . Crossings ( edit ) Crossings from Khartoum to the Mediterranean Sea ( edit ) The following bridges cross the Blue Nile and connect Khartoum to Khartoum North : Mac Nimir Bridge Blue Nile Road & Railway Bridge Burri Bridge Elmansheya Bridge Soda bridge The following bridges cross the White Nile and connect Khartoum to Omdurman : White Nile Bridge Fitayhab Bridge Al Dabbaseen Bridge ( under construction ) Omhuraz Bridge ( proposed ) the following bridges cross from Omdurman : to Khartoum North : Shambat Bridge Halfia Bridge The following bridges cross to Tuti from Khartoum states three cities Khartoum - tuti Bridge Omdurman - Tuti Suspension Bridge ( proposed ) Khartoum North - tuti Bridge ( proposed ) Other bridges Shandi Bridge , Shendi Atbarah Bridge , Atbarah Merowe Dam , Merowe Merowe Bridge , Merowe Aswan Bridge , Aswan Luxor Bridge , Luxor Suhag Bridge , Suhag Assiut Bridge , Assiut Al Minya Bridge , Minya Al Marazeek Bridge , Helwan First Ring Road Bridge ( Moneeb Crossing ) , Cairo Abbas Bridge , Cairo University Bridge , Cairo Qasr al - Nil Bridge , Cairo 6th October Bridge , Cairo Abu El Ela Bridge , Cairo ( removed in 1998 ) New Abu El Ela Bridge , Cairo Imbaba Bridge , Cairo Rod Elfarag Bridge , Cairo Second Ring Road Bridge , Cairo Banha Bridge , Banha Samanoud Bridge , Samanoud Mansoura 2 Bridges , Mansoura Talkha Bridge , Talkha Shirbine high Bridge Shirbine Bridge Kafr Sad -- Farscor Bridge International Coastal Road Bridge Damietta high Bridge , Damietta Damietta Bridge , Damietta Kafr El Zayat Bridges , Kafr El Zayat Zefta Bridge , Zefta This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Crossings from Rwanda to Khartoum ( edit ) Nalubaale Bridge , Jinja , Uganda ( Formerly Owen Falls Bridge ) Karuma Bridge , Karuma , Uganda Pakwach Bridge , Uganda This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Images and media of the Nile ( edit ) Riverboat on the Nile , Egypt 1900 Marsh along the Nile A river boat crossing the Nile in Uganda Murchison Falls in Uganda , between Lake Victoria and Lake Kyoga The Nile in Luxor The river Nile flows through Cairo , here contrasting ancient customs of daily life with the modern city of today . Annotated bibliography ( edit ) The following is an annotated bibliography of key written documents for the Western exploration of the Nile . 17th century Historia da Ethiopia , Pedro Páez ( aka Pero Pais ) , Portugal , 1620 A Jesuit missionary who was sent from Goa to Ethiopia in 1589 and remained in the area until his death in 1622 . Credited with being the first European to view the source of the Blue Nile which he describes in this volume . Voyage historique d'Abissinie , Jerónimo Lobo ( aka Girolamo Lobo ) , Piero Matini , Firenze ; 1693 One of the most important and earliest sources on Ethiopia and the Nile . Jerónimo Lobo ( 1595 -- 1687 ) , a Jesuit priest , stayed in Ethiopia , mostly in Tigre , for 9 years and travelled to Lake Tana and the Blue Nile , reaching the province of Damot . When the Jesuits were expelled from the country , he too had to leave and did so via Massaua and Suakin . `` He was the best expert on Ethiopian matters . After Pais , Lobo is the second European to describe the sources of the Blue Nile and he did so more exactly than Bruce '' ( transl. from Henze ) . 18th century Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile in the Years -- 1768 , 1770 , 1771 , 1772 , and 1773 , James Bruce of Kinnaird . J. Ruthven for G. GJ. and J. Robinson et al. , Edinburgh , 1790 ( 5 Volumes ) With time on his hands and at the urging of a friend , Bruce composed this account of his travels on the African continent , including comments on the history and religion of Egypt , an account of Indian trade , a history of Abyssinia , and other material . Although Bruce would not be confused with `` a great scholar or a judicious critic , few books of equal compass are equally entertaining ; and few such monuments exist of the energy and enterprise of a single traveller '' ( DNB ) . `` The result of his travels was a very great enrichment of the knowledge of geography and ethnography '' ( Cox II , p. 389 . ) Bruce was one of the earliest westerners to search for the source of the Nile . In November 1770 he reached the source of the Blue Nile , and though he acknowledged that the White Nile was the larger stream , he claimed that the Blue Nile was the Nile of the ancients and that he was thus the discoverer of its source . The account of his travels was written twelve years after his journey and without reference to his journals , which gave critics grounds for disbelief , but the substantial accuracy of the book has since been amply demonstrated . 1800 -- 1850 Egypt And Mohammed Ali , Or Travels In The Valley of The Nile , James Augustus St. John , Longman , London , 1834 St. John traveled extensively in Egypt and Nubia in 1832 -- 33 , mainly on foot . He gives a very interesting picture of Egyptian life and politics under Mohammed Ali , a large part of volume II deals with the Egyptian campaign in Syria . Travels in Ethiopia Above the Second Cateract of the Nile ; Exhibiting the State of That Country and Its Various Inhabitants Under the Dominion of Mohammed Ali ; and Illustrating the Antiquities , Arts , and History of the Ancient Kingdom of Meroe , G.A. Hoskins . Longman , Rees , Orme , Brown , Green , & Longman , London ; 1835 . Modern Egypt and Thebes : Being a Description of Egypt ; Including Information Required for Travelers in That Country , Sir Gardner Wilkinson , John Murray , London , 1843 The first known English travelers guide to the Lower Nile Basin . 1850 -- 1900 Lake Regions of Central Equatorial Africa , with Notices of The Lunar Mountains and the Sources of the White Nile ; being The Results of an Expedition Undertaken under the Patronage of Her Majesty 's Government and the Royal Geographical Society of London , In the Years 1857 -- 1859 , Sir Richard Burton . W. Clowes , London ; 1860 Sir Richard Burton 's presentation of his expedition with John Speke . Ultimately , Burton 's view of the sources of the Nile failed and Speke 's prevailed . Travels , researches , and missionary labours , during eighteen years ' residence in eastern Africa . Together with journeys to Jagga , Usambara , Ukambani , Shoa , Abessinia , and Khartum ; and a coasting voyage from Mombaz to Cape Delgado . With an appendix respecting the snow - capped mountains of eastern Africa ; the sources of the Nile ; the languages and literature of Abessinia And eastern Africa , etc. etc. , Rev Dr. J. Krapf , Trubner and Co , London ; 1860 ; Ticknor and Fields , Boston ; 1860 Krapf went to East Africa in the service of the English Church Missionary Society , arriving at Mombasa , Kenya in 1844 and staying in East Africa until 1853 . While stationed there he was the first to report the existence of Lake Baringo and a sighting of the snow - clad Kilimanjaro . Krapf , during his travels , collected information from the Arab traders operating inland from the coast . From the traders Krapf and his companions learned of great lakes and snow - capped mountains , which Krapf claimed to have seen for himself , much to the ridicule of English explorers who could not believe the idea of snow on the equator . However , Krapf was correct and had seen Mounts Kilimanjaro and Kenya , the first European to do so . Egypt , Soudan and Central Africa : With Explorations From Khartoum on the White Nile to the Regions of the Equator , Being Sketches from Sixteen Years ' Travel , John Petherick . William Blackwood , Edinburgh ; 1861 Petherick was a well known Welsh traveler in East Central Africa where he had adopted the profession of mining engineer . This work describes sixteen years of his travel throughout Africa . In 1845 , he entered the service of Mehemet Ali , and was employed in examining Upper Egypt , Nubia , the Red Sea coast and Kordofan in an unsuccessful search for coal . In 1848 , he left the Egyptian service and established himself at El Obeid as a trader and was , at the same time made British Consul for the Sudan . In 1853 , he removed to Khartoum and became an ivory trader . He traveled extensively in the Bahr - el - Ghazal region , then almost unknown , exploring the Jur , Yalo and other affluents of the Ghazal and in 1858 he penetrated the Niam - Niam country . Petherick 's additions to the knowledge of natural history were considerable , being responsible for the discovery of a number of new species . In 1859 , he returned to England where he became acquainted with John Speke , then arranging for an expedition to discover the source of the Nile . While in England , Petherick married and published this account of his travels . He got the idea to join Speke in his travels , and in this volume is an actual subscription and list of subscribers to raise money to send Petherick to join Speke . His subsequent adventures as a consul in Africa were published in a later work . Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile , John Hanning Speke . William Blackwood , Edinburgh , 1863 ; Harper & Brothers , New York ; 1864 Speke had previously made an expedition with Sir Richard Burton under the auspices of the Indian government , during which Speke was convinced that he had discovered the source of the Nile . Burton , however , disagreed and ridiculed Speke 's account . Speke set off on another expedition , recounted here , in the company of Captain Grant . During the course of this expedition he not only produced further evidence for his discoveries but he also met ( later Sir ) Samuel and Florence Baker . Speke and Burton provided them with essential information which helped Baker in the discovery of the Albert Nyanza . The importance of Speke 's discoveries can hardly be overestimated . In discovering the source reservoir of the Nile he succeeded in solving the problem of all ages ; he and Grant were the first Europeans to cross Equatorial Eastern Africa and gained for the world a knowledge of about 800 km ( 500 mi ) of a portion of Eastern Africa previously totally unknown . See also ( edit ) Africa portal Geography portal Bujagali Hydroelectric Power Station Egyptian Public Works Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station Water politics in the Nile Basin Merowe Dam Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station Orders of magnitude Vid Flumina , a river of liquid methane and ethane on Saturn 's moon Titan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nile River '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 29 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Amazon Longer Than Nile River , Scientists Say Archived 15 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Oloo , Adams ( 2007 ) . `` The Quest for Cooperation in the Nile Water Conflicts : A Case for Eritrea '' ( PDF ) . African Sociological Review . 11 ( 1 ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 25 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary `` Teleconnection , Modeling , Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin '' . 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Jump up ^ Williams , M.A.J. ; Williams , F. ( 1980 ) . Evolution of Nile Basin . In M.A.J. Williams and H. Faure ( eds ) . The Sahara and the Nile . Balkema , Rotterdam , pp 207 -- 224 . Jump up ^ Salama , R.B. ( 1987 ) . `` The evolution of the River Nile , The buried saline rift lakes in Sudan '' . J. African Earth Sciences . 6 ( 6 ) : 899 -- 913 . doi : 10.1016 / 0899 - 5362 ( 87 ) 90049 - 2 . Jump up ^ Salama , R.B. ( 1997 ) . Rift Basins of Sudan . African Basins , Sedimentary Basins of the World . 3 . Edited by R.C. Selley ( Series Editor K.J. Hsu ) pp. 105 -- 149 . ElSevier , Amsterdam . ^ Jump up to : Springer , Lisa ; Neil Morris ( 15 January 2010 ) . Art and Culture of Ancient Egypt . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4358 - 3589 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm 1911 , p. 698 . Jump up ^ Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile Jump up ^ History of Ethiopia , circa 1622 Jump up ^ Historia geral da Ethiopia a Alta , 1660 Jump up ^ Mundus Subterraneus , 1664 Jump up ^ The Present State of Egypt , 1678 . Jump up ^ S. Whiteway , editor and translator , The Portuguese Expedition to Abyssinia in 1441 -- 1543 , 1902 . ( Nendeln , Liechtenstein : Kraus Reprint , 1967 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Natural History , 5.10 Jump up ^ Chisholm 1911 , p. 693 . Jump up ^ Shahin , Mamdouh ( 2002 ) . Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa . Springer . pp. 286 -- 287 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 0866 - X . ; online at Google Books Archived 14 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Big Canal To Change Course of Nile River '' Archived 5 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... October 1933 . Popular Science ( short article on top - right of page with map ) . Jump up ^ H.A.W. Morrice and W.N. Allan , Planning for the ultimate hydraulic development of the Nile Valley , Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineers , 14 , 101 , 1959 . doi : 10.1680 / iicep. 1959.11963 Jump up ^ M.P. Barnett , Comment on the Nile Valley Calculations , Journal of the Royal Statistical Society , Series B , vol. 19 , 223 , 1957 . JSTOR 2983815 Jump up ^ D.F. Manzer and M.P. Barnett , Analysis by Simulation : Programming Techniques for a High - Speed Digital Computer , in Arthur Maas et al , Design of Water Resource Systems , pp. 324 -- 390 , Harvard University Press , Cambridge , Massachusetts , 1962 . ^ Jump up to : Blue Peace for the Nile , 2009 Archived 8 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. ; Report by Strategic Foresight Group Jump up ^ The Nile Basin Initiative Archived 27 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cambanis , Thanassis ( 25 September 2010 ) . `` Egypt and Thirsty Neighbors Are at Odds Over Nile '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ National Geographic wrote an article about this trip in its Magazine issue dated May , 1955 . Jump up ^ https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/439857.Kayaks_down_the_Nile . Jump up ^ National Geographic released a feature film about the expedition in late 2005 entitled The Longest River . Jump up ^ They chronicled their adventure with an IMAX camera and two handheld video cams , sharing their story in the IMAX film Mystery of the Nile released in 2005 , and in a book of the same title . Jump up ^ Mark Tanner , Paddling the Blue Nile in Flood Archived 1 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 1 November 2014 Jump up ^ Dorothy Middleton , ' Baker , Florence Barbara Maria , Lady Baker ( 1841 -- 1916 ) ' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 accessed 11 Sept 2015 Further reading ( edit ) Jeal , Tim ( 2011 ) . Explorers of the Nile : The Triumph and Tragedy of a Great Victorian Adventure . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 14935 - 7 Tvedt , Terje , ed . The River Nile in the Post-Colonial Age : Conflict and Cooperation Among the Nile Basin Countries ( I.B. Tauris , 2010 ) 293 pages ; studies of the river 's finite resources as shared by multiple nations in the post-colonial era ; includes research by scholars from Burundi , Congo , Egypt , Ethiopia , Kenya , Rwanda , Sudan , Tanzania , and Uganda . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nile . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nile . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Nile A Struggle Over the Nile -- slideshow by The New York Times Thesis Analyzing Nile River Negotiations Geographic data related to Nile at OpenStreetMap Egypt topics History Chronology Prehistoric Ancient topics Achaemenid Ptolemaic Battle of Actium Lighthouse of Alexandria Roman Diocese of Egypt Library of Alexandria Christian Sassanid Muslim Muslim conquest Islamization Fustat Tulunid dynasty Ikhshidid dynasty Fatimid Caliphate Crusader invasions Ayyubid dynasty Mamluk Sultanate Mamluk Ottoman Egypt Eyalet Muhammad Ali dynasty Al - Nahda Khedivate Ethiopian -- Egyptian War ' Urabi revolt Modern French occupation Revolt of Cairo British occupation 1919 revolution World War II Sultanate Kingdom 1948 Arab -- Israeli War Republic Nasser era 1952 revolution Land reform Suez Crisis United Arab Republic Six - Day War Sadat era Yom Kippur War Libyan -- Egyptian War Assassination of Anwar Sadat Mubarak era 2010s crisis 2013 Rabaa massacre By topic Anarchism Capital Cigarette industry Constitution Copts Genetic Healthcare Jews Muslim Brotherhood 1928 - 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hud ( hoopoe ) of Solomon The kalb ( dog ) of the sleepers of the cave The nūn ( fish or whale ) of Jonah The nāqat ( she - camel ) of Saleh The fīl ( elephant ) of the Abyssinians ) Non-related Ḥimār ( domesticated donkey or wild ass ) Qaswarah ( ' Lion ' , ' Beast of prey ' or ' Hunter ' ) Angels Angels of Hell Mālik Zabāniyah Angel of the Trumpet ( Isrāfīl or Raphael ) Jibrīl ( Gabriel ) Mīkāl ( Michael ) ' Izrā'īl Malakul - Mawt ( Azrael , Angel of Death ) Riḍwān Munkar Nakir Harut and Marut Kirāman Kātibīn ( Honourable Scribes ) Raqib Atid Jinn ' Ifrīt ( `` Strong one '' ) Jann Mārid ( `` Rebellious one '' ) Iblīs the Shayṭān ( Devil ) Other Shayāṭīn ( Demons ) Qarīn Prophets Mentioned Ādam ( Adam ) Al - Yasa ' ( Elisha ) Ayyūb ( Job ) Dāwūd ( David ) Dhūl - Kifl ( Ezekiel ? ) Hārūn ( Aaron ) Hūd ( Eber ? ) Idrīs ( Enoch ? ) Ilyās ( Elijah ) ' Imrān ( Joachim the father of Maryam ) Isḥāq ( Isaac ) Ismā'īl ( Ishmael ) Dhabih Ullah Isma'il Ṣādiq al - Wa 'd ( Fulfiller of the Promise ) Lūṭ ( Lot ) Ṣāliḥ Shu'ayb ( Jethro , Reuel or Hobab ? ) Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd ( Solomon son of David ) ' Uzair ( Ezra ? ) Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā ( John the Baptist the son of Zechariah ) Ya'qūb ( Jacob ) Isrā'īl ( Israel ) Yūnus ( Jonah ) Dhūn - Nūn ( `` He of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' or `` Owner of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' ) Ṣāḥib al - Ḥūt ( `` Companion of the Whale '' ) Yūsuf ibn Ya'qūb ( Joseph son of Jacob ) Zakariyyā ( Zechariah ) Ulu - l - ' Azm Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā ( Jesus ) Al - Masīḥ ( The Messiah ) Ibn Maryam ( Son of Mary ) Mūsā Kalīmullāh ( Moses He who spoke to God ) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh ( Abraham Friend of God ) Nūḥ ( Noah ) Debatable ones Dhūl - Qarnain ( Cyrus the Great ? ) Luqmān Maryam ( Mary ) Ṭālūt ( Saul or Gideon ? ) Implied Irmiyā ( Jeremiah ) Ṣamū'īl ( Samuel ) Yūsha ' ibn Nūn ( Joshua , companion and successor of Moses ) People of Prophets Evil ones Āzar ( possibly Terah ) Fir'awn ( Pharaoh of Moses ' time ) Hāmān Jālūt ( Goliath ) Qārūn ( Korah , cousin of Moses ) As - Sāmirī Abī Lahab Slayers of Saleh 's she - camel ( Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda ' ibn Dahr ) Good ones Adam 's immediate relatives Martyred son Wife Believer of Ya - Sin Family of Noah Father Lamech Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos Luqman 's son People of Aaron and Moses Believer of Fir'aun Family ( Hizbil / Hizqil ibn Sabura ) Imra'at Fir'awn ( Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim or Bithiah ) Khidr Magicians of the Pharaoh Moses ' wife Moses ' sister - in - law Mother Sister People of Abraham Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo Ishmael 's mother Isaac 's mother People of Jesus Disciples ( including Peter ) Mary 's mother Zechariah 's wife People of Joseph Brothers ( including Binyāmin ( Benjamin ) and Simeon ) Egyptians ' Azīz ( Potiphar , Qatafir or Qittin ) Malik ( King Ar - Rayyān ibn Al - Walīd ) ) Wife of ' Azīz ( Zulaykhah ) Mother People of Solomon Mother Queen of Sheba Vizier Zayd Implied or not specified Abrahah Bal'am / Balaam Barsisa Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua Luqman 's son Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Rahmah the wife of Ayyub Shaddad Groups Mentioned Aṣḥāb al - Jannah People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden Aṣḥāb as - Sabt ( Companions of the Sabbath ) Christian apostles Ḥawāriyyūn ( Disciples of Jesus ) Companions of Noah 's Ark Aṣḥāb al - Kahf war - Raqīm ( Companions of the Cave and Al - Raqaim ? Companions of the Elephant People of al - Ukhdūd People of a township in Surah Ya - Sin People of Yathrib or Medina Qawm Lūṭ ( People of Sodom and Gomorrah ) Nation of Noah Tribes , ethnicities or families A'rāb ( Arabs or Bedouins ) ʿĀd ( people of Hud ) Companions of the Rass Qawm Tubba ' ( People of Tubba ) People of Saba ' or Sheba Quraysh Thamūd ( people of Saleh ) Aṣḥāb al - Ḥijr ( `` Companions of the Stoneland '' ) ' Ajam Ar - Rūm ( literally `` The Romans '' ) Banī Isrā'īl ( Children of Israel ) Mu'tafikāt ( The overthrown cities of Sodom and Gomorrah ) People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Nuh People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan ) Aṣḥāb al - Aykah ( `` Companions of the Wood '' ) Qawm Yūnus ( People of Jonah ) Ya'juj and Ma'juj / Gog and Magog Ahl al - Bayt ( `` People of the Household '' ) Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Daughters of Abraham 's nephew Lot ( Ritha , Za'ura , et al . ) Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul - Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Wives of Muhammad Household of Salih People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam ( Ummah of Muhammad ) Aṣḥāb Muḥammad ( Companions of Muhammad ) Muhajirun ( Emigrants ) Anṣār Muslims of Medina who helped Muhammad and his Meccan followers , literally ' Helpers ' ) People of Mecca Umm Jamil ( wife of Abu Lahab ) Children of Ayyub Dead son of Sulaiman Qabil / Cain ( son of Adam ) Wali'ah or Wa'ilah / Waala ( wife of Nuh ) Walihah or Wahilah ( wife of Lut ) Ya'jūj wa Ma'jūj ( Gog and Magog ) Yam or Kan'an ( son of Nuh ) Implicitly mentioned Amalek Ahl as - Suffa ( People of the Verandah ) Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Aus & Khazraj People of Quba Religious groups Ahl al - dhimmah ( Dhimmi ) Kāfirūn ( Infidels ) Zoroastrians Munāfiq ūn ( Hypocrites ) Muslims People of the Book ( Ahl al - Kitāb ) Naṣārā ( Christian ( s ) or People of the Injil ) Ruhban ( Christian monks ) Qissis ( Christian priest ) Yahūd ( Jews ) Ahbār ( Jewish scholars ) Rabbani / Rabbi Sabians Polytheists Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot Locations Mentioned Al - Arḍ Al - Muqaddasah ( `` The Holy Land '' ) ' Blessed ' Land In the Arabian Peninsula ( excluding Madyan ) Al - Aḥqāf ( `` The Sandy Plains , '' or `` the Wind - curved Sand - hills '' ) Iram dhāt al - ' Imād ( Iram of the Pillars ) Al - Madīnah ( formerly Yathrib ) ' Arafāt Al - Ḥijr ( Hegra ) Badr Ḥunayn Makkah ( Mecca ) Bakkah Ḥaraman Āminan ( `` Sanctuary ( which is ) Secure '' ) Ka'bah ( Kaaba ) Maqām Ibrāhīm ( Station of Abraham ) Safa and Marwah Saba ' ( Sheba ) ' Arim Saba ' ( Dam of Sheba ) Rass Al - Jannah ( Paradise , literally `` The Garden '' ) Jahannam ( Hell ) In Mesopotamia : Al - Jūdiyy Munzalanm - Mubārakan ( `` Place - of - Landing Blessed '' ) Bābil ( Babylon ) Qaryat Yūnus ( `` Township of Jonah , '' that is Nineveh ) Door of Hittah Madyan ( Midian ) Majma ' al - Baḥrayn Miṣr ( Mainland Egypt ) Salsabīl ( A river in Paradise ) Sinai Region or Tīh Desert Al - Wād Al - Muqaddas Ṭuwan ( The Holy Valley of Tuwa ) Al - Wādil - Ayman ( The valley on the ' righthand ' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai ) Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor Religious locations Bay'a ( Church ) Miḥrāb Monastery Masjid ( Mosque , literally `` Place of Prostration '' ) Al - Mash'ar Al - Ḥarām ( `` The Sacred Grove '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Aqṣā ( Al - Aqsa Mosque , literally `` The Farthest Place - of - Prostration '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Ḥarām ( The Sacred Mosque of Mecca ) Masjid al - Dirar A Mosque in the area of Medina , possibly : Masjid Qubā ' ( Quba Mosque ) The Prophet 's Mosque Salat ( Synagogue ) Implied Antioch Antakya Arabia Ayla Barrier of Dhul - Qarnayn Bayt al - Muqaddas & ' Ariha Bilād ar - Rāfidayn ( Mesopotamia ) Canaan Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār an - Nadwa Al - Ḥijāz ( literally `` The Barrier '' ) Black Stone ( Al - Ḥajar al - Aswad ) & Al - Hijr of Isma'il Cave of Hira & Ghar al - Thawr ( Cave of the Bull ) Ta'if Hudaybiyyah Jordan River Nile River Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Plant matter Baṣal ( Onion ) Fūm ( Garlic or wheat ) Shaṭ ' ( Shoot ) Sūq ( Stem ) Zar ' ( Seed ) Fruits ' Adas ( Lentil ) Baql ( Herb ) Ḥabb dhul - ' aṣf ( Corn of the husk ) Qith - thá ' ( Cucumber ) Rummān ( Pomegranate ) Tīn ( Fig ) Ukul khamṭ ( Bitter fruit or food of Sheba ) Zaytūn ( Olive ) In Paradise Forbidden fruit of Adam Bushes , trees or plants Plants of Sheba Athl ( Tamarisk ) Sidr ( lote - tree ) Līnah ( Tender palm tree ) Nakhl ( date palm ) Rayḥān ( Scented plant ) Sidrat al - Muntahā Zaqqūm Texts Al - Injīl ( The Gospel of Jesus ) Al - Qur'ān ( The Book of Muhammad ) Ṣuḥuf - i Ibrāhīm ( Scroll ( s ) of Abraham ) At - Tawrāt ( The Torah ) Ṣuḥuf - i - Mūsā ( Scroll ( s ) of Moses ) Tablets of Stone Az - Zabūr ( The Psalms of David ) Umm al - Kitāb ( `` Mother of the Book ( s ) '' ) Objects of people or beings Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles Noah 's Ark Staff of Musa Tābūt as - Sakīnah ( Casket of Shekhinah ) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols ( cult images ) ' Ansāb Idols of Israelites : Baal The ' ijl ( golden calf statue ) of Israelites Idols of Noah 's people : Nasr Suwā ' Wadd Yaghūth Ya'ūq Idols of Quraysh : Al - Lāt Al - ' Uzzá Manāt Jibt and Ṭāghūt Celestial bodies Maṣābīḥ ( literally ' lamps ' ) : Al - Qamar ( The Moon ) Kawākib ( Planets ) Al - Arḍ ( The Earth ) Nujūm ( Stars ) Ash - Shams ( The Sun ) Liquids Mā ' ( Water or fluid ) Nahr ( River ) Yamm ( River or sea ) Sharāb ( Drink ) Events Battle of al - Aḥzāb ( `` the Confederates '' ) Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Tabouk Battle of Uhud Conquest of Mecca Incident of Ifk Laylat al - Mabit Mubahala Sayl al - ' Arim ( Flood of the Great Dam of Marib in Sheba ) The Farewell Pilgrimage ( Hujja al - Wada ' ) Treaty of Hudaybiyyah ' Umrah al - Qaza Yawm ad - Dār Implied Event of Ghadir Khumm Note : The names are sorted alphabetically . Standard form : Islamic name / Biblical name ( title or relationship ) GND : 4042339 - 6 NARA : 10038761 NDL : 00628842 VIAF : 129365562 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nile&oldid=843082910 '' Categories : Nile International rivers of Africa Nile basin Rivers of Egypt Rivers of Sudan Rivers of South Sudan Rivers of Uganda Geography of ancient Egypt Hebrew Bible rivers National parks of Egypt Water transport in Egypt Rivers of Africa Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles containing Greek - language text Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Coptic - language text Articles containing Amharic - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2011 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Incomplete lists from August 2008 Incomplete lists from April 2009 Use dmy dates from October 2010 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Languages Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bislama Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chi - Chewa ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лезги لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Перем Коми Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Türkmençe Thuɔŋjäŋ Удмурт Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Bahasa Hulontalo Kabɩyɛ 177 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 19 : 19 . 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United States Capitol

United States Capitol - Wikipedia United States Capitol Not to be confused with Washington , D.C. . For the legislature , see United States Congress . United States Capitol United States Capitol , west front Show map of Central Washington , D.C. Show map of the US Show all General information Architectural style American neoclassicism Town or city Capitol Hill , Washington , D.C. Country United States Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 23.3 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 32.6 '' W  /  38.889806 ° N 77.009056 ° W  / 38.889806 ; - 77.009056 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 23.3 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 32.6 '' W  /  38.889806 ° N 77.009056 ° W  / 38.889806 ; - 77.009056 Construction started September 18 , 1793 Completed 1800 Client Washington administration Technical details Floor count 5 Floor area 16.5 acres ( 6.7 ha ) Design and construction Architect William Thornton , designer ( see Architect of the Capitol ) Website www.capitol.gov www.aoc.gov/us-capitol-building The United States Capitol , often called the Capitol Building , is the home of the United States Congress , and the seat of the legislative branch of the U.S. federal government . It is located on Capitol Hill at the eastern end of the National Mall in Washington , D.C. Though no longer at the geographic center of the Federal District , the Capitol forms the origin point for the District 's street - numbering system and the District 's four quadrants . The original building was completed in 1800 and was subsequently expanded , particularly with the addition of the massive dome , and expanded chambers for the bicameral legislature , the House of Representatives in the south wing and the Senate in the north wing . Like the principal buildings of the executive and judicial branches , the Capitol is built in a distinctive neoclassical style and has a white exterior . Both its east and west elevations are formally referred to as fronts , though only the east front was intended for the reception of visitors and dignitaries . Contents 1 History 1.1 Background 1.1. 1 Name 1.2 Design competition 1.3 Construction 1.4 Early religious use 1.5 War of 1812 1.6 The House and Senate Wings 1.7 Capitol dome 1.8 Later expansion 2 Interior 2.1 Art 2.2 Crypt 2.3 Features 2.4 Height 2.5 House Chamber 2.6 Old Supreme Court Chamber 2.7 Senate Chamber 2.8 Floor plans 3 Exterior 3.1 Grounds 3.2 Flags 4 Major events 5 Security 6 Capitol Visitor Center 7 See also 8 Citations 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) The east front of the United States Capitol ( 2013 view ) The Capitol at night ( 2013 view ) Background ( edit ) See also : History of Washington , D.C. and List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington , D.C. Prior to establishing the nation 's capital in Washington , D.C. , the United States Congress and its predecessors had met in Philadelphia ( Independence Hall and Congress Hall ) , New York City ( Federal Hall ) , and a number of other locations ( York , Pennsylvania ; Lancaster , Pennsylvania ; Maryland State House in Annapolis , Maryland ; and Nassau Hall in Princeton , New Jersey ) . In September 1774 , the First Continental Congress brought together delegates from the colonies in Philadelphia , followed by the Second Continental Congress , which met from May 1775 to March 1781 . After adopting the Articles of Confederation in York , Pennsylvania , the Congress of the Confederation was formed and convened in Philadelphia from March 1781 until June 1783 , when a mob of angry soldiers converged upon Independence Hall , demanding payment for their service during the American Revolutionary War . Congress requested that John Dickinson , the Governor of Pennsylvania , call up the militia to defend Congress from attacks by the protesters . In what became known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 , Dickinson sympathized with the protesters and refused to remove them from Philadelphia . As a result , Congress was forced to flee to Princeton , New Jersey , on June 21 , 1783 , and met in Annapolis , Maryland , and Trenton , New Jersey , before ending up in New York City . The United States Congress was established upon ratification of the United States Constitution and formally began on March 4 , 1789 . New York City remained home to Congress until July 1790 , when the Residence Act was passed to pave the way for a permanent capital . The decision to locate the capital was contentious , but Alexander Hamilton helped broker a compromise in which the federal government would take on war debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War , in exchange for support from northern states for locating the capital along the Potomac River . As part of the legislation , Philadelphia was chosen as a temporary capital for ten years ( until December 1800 ) , until the nation 's capital in Washington , D.C. , would be ready . Pierre ( Peter ) Charles L'Enfant was given the task of creating the city plan for the new capital city . L'Enfant chose Jenkin 's Hill as the site for the `` Congress House '' , with a `` grand avenue '' ( now Pennsylvania Avenue , NW ) connecting it with the President 's House , and a public space containing a broader `` grand avenue '' ( now the National Mall ) stretching westward to the Potomac River ( see : L'Enfant Plan ) . Name ( edit ) In reviewing L'Enfant's plan , Thomas Jefferson insisted the legislative building be called the `` Capitol '' rather than `` Congress House '' . The word `` Capitol '' comes from Latin and is associated with the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Capitoline Hill , one of the seven hills of Rome . The connection between the two is not , however , crystal clear . In addition to coming up with a city plan , L'Enfant had been tasked with designing the Capitol and President 's House ; however , he was dismissed in February 1792 over disagreements with President George Washington and the commissioners , and there were no plans at that point for the Capitol . Design competition ( edit ) Design for the U.S. Capitol , `` An Elevation for a Capitol '' , by James Diamond was one of many submitted in the 1792 contest , but not selected . In spring 1792 , United States Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson proposed a design competition to solicit designs for the Capitol and the `` President 's House '' , and set a four - month deadline . The prize for the competition was $500 and a lot in the Federal City . At least ten individuals submitted designs for the Capitol ; however the drawings were regarded as crude and amateurish , reflecting the level of architectural skill present in the United States at the time . The most promising of the submissions was by Stephen Hallet , a trained French architect . However , Hallet 's designs were overly fancy , with too much French influence , and were deemed too costly . A late entry by amateur architect William Thornton was submitted on January 31 , 1793 , to much praise for its `` Grandeur , Simplicity , and Beauty '' by Washington , along with praise from Thomas Jefferson . Thornton was inspired by the east front of the Louvre , as well as the Paris Pantheon for the center portion of the design . Thornton 's design was officially approved in a letter dated April 5 , 1793 , from Washington , and Thornton served as the first Architect of the Capitol ( and later first Superintendent of the United States Patent Office ) . In an effort to console Hallet , the commissioners appointed him to review Thornton 's plans , develop cost estimates , and serve as superintendent of construction . Hallet proceeded to pick apart and make drastic changes to Thornton 's design , which he saw as costly to build and problematic . In July 1793 , Jefferson convened a five - member commission , bringing Hallet and Thornton together , along with James Hoban ( winning architect of the `` President 's Palace '' ) to address problems with and revise Thornton 's plan . Hallet suggested changes to the floor plan , which could be fitted within the exterior design by Thornton . The revised plan was accepted , except that Secretary Jefferson and President Washington insisted on an open recess in the center of the East front , which was part of Thornton 's original plan . The original design by Thornton was later modified by the famous British - American architects Benjamin Henry Latrobe , Sr. , and then Charles Bulfinch . The current cast - iron dome and the House 's new southern extension and Senate new northern wing were designed by Thomas U. Walter and August Schoenborn , a German immigrant , in the 1850s , and were completed under the supervision of Edward Clark . Construction ( edit ) The Capitol when first occupied by Congress ( painting circa 1800 by William Russell Birch ) L'Enfant secured the lease of quarries at Wigginton Island and along Aquia Creek in Virginia for use in the foundations and outer walls of the Capitol in November 1791 . Surveying was under way soon after the Jefferson conference plan for the Capitol was accepted . On September 18 , 1793 , President George Washington , along with eight other Freemasons dressed in masonic regalia , laid the cornerstone , which was made by silversmith Caleb Bentley . Construction proceeded with Hallet working under supervision of James Hoban , who was also busy working on construction of the `` President 's House '' ( also later known as the `` Executive Mansion '' ) . Despite the wishes of Jefferson and the President , Hallet went ahead anyway and modified Thornton 's design for the East Front and created a square central court that projected from the center , with flanking wings which would house the legislative bodies . Hallet was dismissed by Secretary Jefferson on November 15 , 1794 . George Hadfield was hired on October 15 , 1795 , as Superintendent of Construction , but resigned three years later in May 1798 , because of his dissatisfaction with Thornton 's plan and quality of work done thus far . The Senate ( north ) wing was completed in 1800 . The Senate and House shared quarters in the north wing until a temporary wooden pavilion was erected on the future site of the House wing which served for a few years for the Representatives to meet in , until the House of Representatives ( south ) wing was finally completed in 1811 , with a covered wooden temporary walkway connecting the two wings with the Congressional chambers where the future center section with rotunda and dome would eventually be . However , the House of Representatives moved early into their House wing in 1807 . Though the Senate wing building was incomplete , the Capitol held its first session of the United States Congress with both chambers in session on November 17 , 1800 . The National Legislature was moved to Washington prematurely , at the urging of President John Adams , in hopes of securing enough Southern votes in the Electoral College to be re-elected for a second term as President . Early religious use ( edit ) For several decades , beginning when the federal government moved to Washington in the fall of 1800 , the Capitol building was used for Sunday religious services as well as for governmental functions . The first services were conducted in the `` hall '' of the House in the north wing of the building . In 1801 the House moved to temporary quarters in the south wing , called the `` Oven '' , which it vacated in 1804 , returning to the north wing for three years . Then , from 1807 to 1857 , they were held in the then - House Chamber ( now called Statuary Hall ) . When held in the House chamber , the Speaker 's podium was used as the preacher 's pulpit . According to the U.S. Library of Congress exhibit Religion and the Founding of the American Republic : It is no exaggeration to say that on Sundays in Washington during the administrations of Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 -- 1809 ) and of James Madison ( 1809 -- 1817 ) the state became the church . Within a year of his inauguration , Jefferson began attending church services in the chamber of the House of Representatives . Madison followed Jefferson 's example , although unlike Jefferson , who rode on horseback to church in the Capitol , Madison came in a coach and four . Worship services in the House -- a practice that continued until after the Civil War -- were acceptable to Jefferson because they were nondiscriminatory and voluntary . Preachers of every Protestant denomination appeared . ( Catholic priests began officiating in 1826 . ) As early as January 1806 a female evangelist , Dorothy Ripley , delivered a camp meeting - style exhortation in the House to Jefferson , Vice President Aaron Burr , and a `` crowded audience '' . War of 1812 ( edit ) See also : Burning of Washington The Capitol after the August 1814 burning of Washington , D.C. , by the British , during the War of 1812 ( painting 1814 by George Munger ) Not long after the completion of both wings , the Capitol was partially burned by the British on August 24 , 1814 , during the War of 1812 . George Bomford and Joseph Gardner Swift , both military engineers , were called upon to help rebuild the Capitol . Reconstruction began in 1815 and included redesigned chambers for both Senate and House wings ( now sides ) , which were completed by 1819 . During the reconstruction , Congress met in the Old Brick Capitol , a temporary structure financed by local investors . Construction continued through to 1826 , with the addition of the center section with front steps and columned portico and an interior Rotunda , rising above the first low dome of the Capitol . Latrobe is principally connected with the original construction and many innovative interior features ; his successor , Bulfinch , also played a major role , such as the design of the first low dome covered in copper . The House and Senate wings ( edit ) Daguerreotype of east side of the Capitol in 1846 , by John Plumbe By 1850 , it became clear that the Capitol could not accommodate the growing number of legislators arriving from newly admitted states . A new design competition was held , and President Millard Fillmore appointed Philadelphia architect Thomas U. Walter to carry out the expansion . Two new wings were added -- a new chamber for the House of Representatives on the south side , and a new chamber for the Senate on the north . When the Capitol was expanded in the 1850s , some of the construction labor was carried out by slaves `` who cut the logs , laid the stones and baked the bricks '' . The original plan was to use workers brought in from Europe ; however , there was a poor response to recruitment efforts , and African Americans , some free and some enslaved , composed the majority of the work force . Capitol dome ( edit ) Main article : United States Capitol dome Inauguration of Abraham Lincoln in 1861 , before the partially complete Capitol dome The 1850 expansion more than doubled the length of the Capitol , dwarfing the original , timber - framed , copper - sheeted , low dome of 1818 , designed by Charles Bulfinch and no longer in proportion with the increased size of the building . In 1855 , the decision was made to tear it down and replace it with the `` wedding - cake style '' cast - iron dome that stands today . Also designed by Thomas U. Walter , the new dome would stand three times the height of the original dome and 100 feet ( 30 m ) in diameter , yet had to be supported on the existing masonry piers . Like Mansart 's dome at `` Les Invalides '' ( which he had visited in 1838 ) , Walter 's dome is double , with a large oculus in the inner dome , through which is seen `` The Apotheosis of Washington '' painted on a shell suspended from the supporting ribs , which also support the visible exterior structure and the tholos that supports The `` Statue of Freedom '' , a colossal statue that was raised to the top of the dome in 1863 . This statue was cast by a slave named Philip Reid . The weight of the cast iron for the dome has been published as 8,909,200 pounds ( 4,041,100 kg ) . Later expansion ( edit ) The Washington Depot with the U.S. Capitol in the distance ( 1872 view ) When the Capitol 's new dome was finally completed , its massive visual weight , in turn , overpowered the proportions of the columns of the East Portico , built in 1828 . The East Front of the Capitol building was rebuilt in 1904 , following a design of the architects Carrère and Hastings , who also designed the Russell Senate and Cannon House office buildings . Bird 's - eye view of Washington toward the west and northwest with The Capitol -- 1871 The next major expansion to the Capitol started in 1958 , with a 33.5 feet ( 10.2 m ) extension of the East Portico . During this project , in 1960 the dome underwent a restoration . A marble duplicate of the sandstone East Front was built 33.5 feet ( 10.2 m ) from the old Front . ( In 1962 , a connecting extension incorporated what had been an outside wall as an inside wall . ) In the process , the Corinthian columns were removed . It was not until 1984 that landscape designer Russell Page created a suitable setting for them in a large meadow at the U.S. National Arboretum in northeast Washington as the National Capitol Columns , where they are combined with a reflecting pool in an ensemble that reminds some visitors of the ruins of Persepolis , in Persia . Besides the columns , hundreds of blocks of the original stone were removed and are stored behind a National Park Service maintenance yard in Rock Creek Park . National Capitol Columns at the National Arboretum ( 2008 view ) The United States Capitol , with scaffolding erected to facilitate restoration work on the dome ( November 2014 view ) On December 19 , 1960 , the Capitol was declared a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service . The building was ranked # 6 in a 2007 survey conducted for the American Institute of Architects ' `` America 's Favorite Architecture '' list . The Capitol draws heavily from other notable buildings , especially churches and landmarks in Europe , including the dome of St. Peter 's Basilica in the Vatican and St. Paul 's Cathedral in London . On the roofs of the Senate and House Chambers are flagpoles that fly the U.S. flag when either is in session . On September 18 , 1993 , to commemorate the Capitol 's bicentennial , the Masonic ritual cornerstone laying with George Washington was reenacted . U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond was one of the Freemason politicians who took part in the ceremony . On June 20 , 2000 , ground was broken for the Capitol Visitor Center , which opened on December 2 , 2008 . From 2001 through 2008 , the East Front of the Capitol ( site of most presidential inaugurations until Ronald Reagan began a new tradition in 1981 ) was the site of construction for this massive underground complex , designed to facilitate a more orderly entrance for visitors to the Capitol . Prior to the center being built , visitors to the Capitol had to line up in the basement of the Cannon House Office Building or the Russell Senate Office Building . The new underground facility provides a grand entrance hall , a visitors theater , room for exhibits , and dining and restroom facilities , in addition to space for building necessities such as an underground service tunnel . A large - scale Capitol dome restoration project , the first extensive such work since 1959 -- 1960 , began in 2014 , with completion scheduled before the 2017 presidential inauguration . As of 2012 , $20 million in work around the skirt of the dome had been completed , but other deterioration , including at least 1,300 cracks in the brittle iron that have led to rusting and seepage inside , needed to be addressed . Before the August 2012 recess , the Senate Appropriations Committee voted to spend $61 million to repair the exterior of the dome . The House wanted to spend less on government operations , but in late 2013 , it was announced that renovations would take place over two years , starting in spring 2014 . Extensive scaffolding was erected in 2014 , enclosing and obscuring the dome . All exterior scaffolding was removed by mid-September 2016 . With the increased use of technologies such as the internet , a bid tendering process was approved in 2001 / 2002 for a contract to install the multidirectional radio communication network within the Capitol Building and annexes , followed by the new Capitol Visitor Center . The winning bidder was an Israeli company called Foxcom which has since changed its name and been acquired by Corning Incorporated . Interior ( edit ) Main article : United States Capitol rotunda See also : United States Capitol subway system Capitol Rotunda ( 2013 view ) The Capitol building is marked by its central dome above a rotunda in the central section of the structure ( which also includes , the older original smaller center flanked by the two original ( designed 1793 , occupied 1800 ) smaller two wings ( inner north ) and inner south ) containing the two original smaller meeting chambers for the Senate and the House of Representatives ( between 1800 and late 1850s ) and then flanked by two further extended ( newer ) wings , one also for each chamber of the larger , more populous Congress : the new north wing is the Senate chamber and the new south wing is the House of Representatives chamber . Above these newer chambers are galleries where visitors can watch the Senate and House of Representatives . It is an example of the neoclassical architecture style . Underground tunnels and internal subways connect the Capitol building with the Congressional office buildings in the Capitol Complex . All rooms in the Capitol are designated as either S ( for Senate ) or H ( for House ) , depending on whether they are in the Senate or House wing of the Capitol . Art ( edit ) The 1865 fresco painted by Constantino Brumidi on the interior of the Capitol 's dome is titled The Apotheosis of Washington . ( 2005 view ) Carlo Franzoni 's 1819 sculptural chariot clock , the Car of History , depicting Clio , the Greek muse of history . National Statuary Hall . ( 2006 view ) The Capitol has a long history in art of the United States , beginning in 1856 with Italian / Greek American artist Constantino Brumidi and his murals in the hallways of the first floor of the Senate side of the Capitol . The murals , known as the Brumidi Corridors , reflect great moments and people in United States history . Among the original works are those depicting Benjamin Franklin , John Fitch , Robert Fulton , and events such as the Cession of Louisiana . Also decorating the walls are animals , insects and natural flora indigenous to the United States . Brumidi 's design left many spaces open so that future events in United States history could be added . Among those added are the Spirit of St. Louis , the Moon landing , and the Space Shuttle Challenger shuttle crew . Brumidi also worked within the Rotunda . He is responsible for the painting of The Apotheosis of Washington beneath the top of the dome , and also the famous Frieze of American History . The Apotheosis of Washington was completed in 11 months and painted by Brumidi while suspended nearly 180 feet ( 55 m ) in the air . It is said to be the first attempt by the United States to deify a founding father . Washington is depicted surrounded by 13 maidens in an inner ring with many Greek and Roman gods and goddesses below him in a second ring . The frieze is located around the inside of the base of the dome and is a chronological , pictorial history of the United States from the landing of Christopher Columbus to the Wright Brothers 's flight in Kitty Hawk , North Carolina . The frieze was started in 1878 and was not completed until 1953 . The frieze was therefore painted by four different artists : Brumidi , Filippo Costaggini , Charles Ayer Whipple , and Allyn Cox . The final scenes depicted in the fresco had not yet occurred when Brumidi began his Frieze of the United States History . Capitol Rotunda ( 2005 view ) Within the Rotunda there are eight large paintings about the development of the United States as a nation . On the east side are four paintings depicting major events in the discovery of America . On the west are four paintings depicting the founding of the United States . The east side paintings include The Baptism of Pocahontas by John Gadsby Chapman , The Embarkation of the Pilgrims by Robert Walter Weir , The Discovery of the Mississippi by William Henry Powell , and The Landing of Columbus by John Vanderlyn . The paintings on the west side are by John Trumbull : Declaration of Independence , Surrender of General Burgoyne , Surrender of Lord Cornwallis , and General George Washington Resigning His Commission . Trumbull was a contemporary of the United States ' founding fathers and a participant in the American Revolutionary War ; he painted a self - portrait into Surrender of Lord Cornwallis . Declaration of Independence ( 1819 ) , by John Trumbull First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln hangs over the west staircase in the Senate wing . National Statuary Hall Collection viewed from the south The Capitol also houses the National Statuary Hall Collection , comprising two statues donated by each of the fifty states to honor persons notable in their histories . One of the most notable statues in the National Statuary Hall is a bronze statue of King Kamehameha donated by the state of Hawaii upon its accession to the union in 1959 . The statue 's extraordinary weight of 15,000 pounds ( 6,800 kg ) raised concerns that it might come crashing through the floor , so it was moved to Emancipation Hall of the new Capitol Visitor Center . The 100th , and last statue for the collection , that of Po'pay from the state of New Mexico , was added on September 22 , 2005 . It was the first statue moved into the Emancipation Hall . Crypt ( edit ) Capitol Crypt On the ground floor is an area known as the Crypt . It was intended to be the burial place of George Washington , with a ringed balustrade at the center of the Rotunda above looking down to his tomb . However , under the stipulations of his last will , Washington was buried at Mount Vernon . The Crypt houses exhibits on the history of the Capitol . A compass star inlaid in the floor marks the point at which Washington , D.C. is divided into its four quadrants and is the basis for how addresses in Washington , D.C. , are designated ( NE , NW , SE , or SW ) . However , due to the retrocession of the Virginia portions of the District , the geographic center of the city lies near the White House . Within the Crypt is Gutzon Borglum 's massive Abraham Lincoln Bust . The sculptor had a fascination with large - scale art and themes of heroic nationalism , and carved the piece from a six - ton block of marble . Borglum carved the bust in 1908 , and it was donated to the Congress by Eugene Meyer , Jr. , and accepted by the Joint Committee on the Library , in the same year . The pedestal was specially designed by the sculptor and installed in 1911 . The bust and pedestal were on display in the Rotunda for many years until 1979 when , after a rearrangement of all sculpture in the Rotunda , they were placed in the Crypt . Borglum was a patriot ; believing that the `` monuments we have built are not our own , '' he looked to create art that was `` American , drawn from American sources , memorializing American achievement '' , according to a 1908 interview article . Borglum 's depiction of Lincoln was so accurate , that Robert Todd Lincoln , the president 's son , praised the bust as `` the most extraordinarily good portrait of my father I have ever seen . '' Supposedly , according to legend , the marble head remains unfinished ( missing a left ear ) to symbolize Lincoln 's unfinished life . Features ( edit ) At one end of the room near the Old Supreme Court Chamber is a statue of John C. Calhoun . On the right leg of the statue , a mark from a bullet fired during the 1998 shooting incident is clearly visible . The bullet also left a mark on the cape , located on the back right side of the statue . Eleven presidents have lain in state in the Rotunda for public viewing , most recently Gerald Ford . The tomb meant for Washington stored the catafalque which is used to support coffins lying in state or honor in the Capitol . The catafalque is now on display in the Capitol Visitors Center for the general public to see when not in use . The Hall of Columns is located on the House side of the Capitol , home to twenty - eight fluted columns and statues from the National Statuary Hall Collection . In the basement of the Capitol building in a utility room are two marble bathtubs , which are all that remain of the once elaborate Senate baths . These baths were a spa - like facility designed for members of Congress and their guests before many buildings in the city had modern plumbing . The facilities included several bathtubs , a barbershop , and a massage parlor . A steep , metal staircase , totaling 365 steps , leads from the basement to an outdoor walkway on top of the Capitol 's dome . The number of steps represents each day of the year . Also in the basement , the weekly Jummah prayer is held on Fridays by Muslim staffers . Height ( edit ) For more details , see Heights of Buildings Act of 1910 ; The Height of Buildings Act of 1899 ; and List of tallest buildings in Washington , D.C. Contrary to a popular myth , D.C. building height laws have never referred to the height of the Capitol building , which rises to 289 feet ( 88 m ) . Indeed , the Capitol is only the fifth - tallest structure in Washington . House chamber ( edit ) The House of Representatives Chamber has 448 permanent seats . Unlike Senators , Representatives do not have assigned seats . The chamber is large enough to accommodate members of all three branches of the federal government and invited guests for joint sessions of Congress such as the State of the Union speech and other events . It is adorned with relief portraits of famous lawmakers and lawgivers throughout history . The United States national motto `` In God We Trust '' is written over the tribune below the clock and above the United States flag . Of the twenty - three relief portraits only Moses is sculpted from a full front view and is located across from the dais where the Speaker of the House ceremonially sits . President George W. Bush delivering the annual State of the Union address in the House chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber ( 2007 view ) US Senate chamber ( circa 1873 view ) In order clockwise around the chamber : George Mason Robert Joseph Pothier Jean Baptiste Colbert Edward I of England Alfonso X of Castile Pope Gregory IX Louis IX of France Justinian I Tribonian Lycurgus of Sparta Hammurabi Moses Solon Aemilius Papinianus Gaius Maimonides Suleiman the Magnificent Pope Innocent III Simon de Montfort , 6th Earl of Leicester Hugo Grotius William Blackstone Napoleon Thomas Jefferson There is also a quote etched in the marble of the chamber , as stated by venerable statesman Daniel Webster : `` Let us develop the resources of our land , call forth its powers , build up its institutions , promote all its great interests , and see whether we also , in our day and generation , may not perform something worthy to be remembered . '' Old Supreme Court chamber ( edit ) Main article : Old Supreme Court Chamber From 1800 to 1806 , this room served as the Senate Chamber and from 1806 until 1860 , the room was used as the Supreme Court Chamber . In 1860 , the Supreme Court began using the newly vacated Old Senate Chamber . Since 1935 , the Supreme Court has met in the United States Supreme Court Building . Senate chamber ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate Chamber The current Senate Chamber opened in 1859 and is adorned with white marble busts of the former Presidents of the Senate ( Vice Presidents ) . Floor plans ( edit ) Floor plans of the United States Capitol Basement , Terrace , and Courtyard Floor First ( Ground ) Floor Second ( Primary ) Floor Third ( Gallery ) Floor Fourth ( Attic ) Floor Layout and room numbers as of 1997 Exterior ( edit ) A 2007 aerial view of the Capitol Grounds from the west Grounds ( edit ) Capitol Plaza ( 2013 view ) See also : United States Capitol Complex The Capitol Grounds cover approximately 274 acres ( 1.11 km2 ) , with the grounds proper consisting mostly of lawns , walkways , streets , drives , and planting areas . Several monumental sculptures used to be located on the east facade and lawn of the Capitol including The Rescue and George Washington . The current grounds were designed by noted American landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted , who planned the expansion and landscaping performed from 1874 to 1892 . In 1875 , as one of his first recommendations , Olmsted proposed the construction of the marble terraces on the north , west , and south sides of the building that exist today . Olmsted also designed the Summer House , the open - air brick building that sits just north of the Capitol . Three arches open into the hexagonal structure , which encloses a fountain and twenty - two brick chairs . A fourth wall holds a small window that looks onto an artificial grotto . Built between 1879 and 1881 , the Summer House was intended to answer complaints that visitors to the Capitol had no place to sit and no place to obtain water for their horses and themselves . Modern drinking fountains have since replaced Olmsted 's fountain for the latter purpose . Olmsted intended to build a second , matching Summer House on the southern side of the Capitol , but congressional objections led to the project 's cancellation . Flags ( edit ) Up to four U.S. flags can be seen flying over the Capitol . Two flagpoles are located at the base of the dome on the East and West sides . These flagpoles have flown the flag day and night since World War I . The other two flagpoles are above the North ( Senate ) and South ( House of Representatives ) wings of the building , and fly only when the chamber below is in session . The flag above the House of Representatives is raised and lowered by House pages . The flag above the United States Senate is raised and lowered by Senate Doorkeepers . To raise the flag , Doorkeepers access the roof of the Capitol from the Senate Sergeant at Arms 's office . Several auxiliary flagpoles , to the west of the dome and not visible from the ground , are used to meet congressional requests for flags flown over the Capitol . Constituents pay for U.S. flags flown over the Capitol to commemorate a variety of events such as the death of a veteran family member . Major events ( edit ) See also : State funerals in the United States and United States presidential inauguration The body of former President Ronald Reagan lying in state in 2004 The Capitol , as well as the grounds of Capitol Hill , have played host to major events , including presidential inaugurations held every four years . During an inauguration , the front of the Capitol is outfitted with a platform and a grand staircase . Annual events at the Capitol include Independence Day celebrations , and the National Memorial Day Concert . Exterior of the Capitol prior to the 2015 visit by Pope Francis The general public has paid respect to a number of individuals lying in state at the Capitol , including numerous former presidents , senators , and other officials . Other Americans lying in honor include Officers Jacob Chestnut and John Gibson , the two officers killed in the 1998 shooting incident . Chestnut was the first African American ever to lie in honor in the Capitol . The public also paid respect to Rosa Parks , an icon of the civil rights movement , at the Capitol in 2005 . She was the first woman and second African American to lie in honor in the Capitol . In February 2018 , the evangelical Rev. Billy Graham became the fourth private citizen to lie in honor in the Rotunda . On September 24 , 2015 , Pope Francis gave a joint address to Congress , the first Pope to do so . Security ( edit ) See also : United States Capitol shooting incident ( 1954 ) , 1983 United States Senate bombing , United States Capitol shooting incident ( 1998 ) , and United States Capitol shooting incident ( 2013 ) In 1922 , the US Post Office featured the US Capitol on a US Postage stamp . On January 30 , 1835 , what is believed to be the first attempt to kill a sitting President of the United States occurred just outside the United States Capitol . When President Andrew Jackson was leaving the Capitol out of the East Portico after the funeral of South Carolina Representative Warren R. Davis , Richard Lawrence , an unemployed and deranged housepainter from England , either burst from a crowd or stepped out from hiding behind a column and aimed a pistol at Jackson which misfired . Lawrence then pulled out a second pistol which also misfired . It has since been postulated that the moisture from the humid weather of the day contributed to the double misfiring . Lawrence was then restrained , with legend saying that Jackson attacked Lawrence with his cane , prompting his aides to restrain him . Others present , including Davy Crockett , restrained and disarmed Lawrence . On July 2 , 1915 , prior to the United States ' entry into World War I , Eric Muenter ( aka Frank Holt ) , a German professor who wanted to stop American support of the Allies of World War I , exploded a bomb in the reception room of the U.S. Senate . The next morning he tried to assassinate J.P. Morgan , Jr. , son of the financier , at his home on Long Island , New York . In a letter to the Washington Evening Star published after the explosion , Muenter , writing under an assumed name , said he hoped that the detonation would `` make enough noise to be heard above the voices that clamor for war . '' J.P. Morgan 's company served as Great Britain 's principal U.S. purchasing agent for munitions and other war supplies . The Capitol at night ( 2006 view ) In 1954 , Puerto Rican nationalists opened fire on members of Congress from the visitors ' gallery , injuring five representatives . On March 1 , 1971 , a bomb exploded on the ground floor of the Capitol , placed by the radical left domestic terrorist group , the Weather Underground . They placed the bomb as a demonstration against U.S. involvement in Laos . On November 7 , 1983 , a group called the Armed Resistance Unit claimed responsibility for a bomb that detonated in the lobby outside the office of Senate Minority Leader Robert Byrd . Six people associated with the John Brown Anti-Klan Committee were later found in contempt of court for refusing to testify about the bombing . In 1990 , three members of the Armed Resistance Unit were convicted of the bombing , which they claimed was in response to the invasion of Grenada . On July 24 , 1998 , Russell Eugene Weston Jr. burst into the Capitol and opened fire , killing two Capitol Police officers . The Capitol is believed to have been the intended target of the hijacked United Airlines Flight 93 on September 11 , 2001 , before it crashed near Shanksville in Somerset County , Pennsylvania , after passengers tried to take over control of the plane from hijackers . Since the September 11 attacks , the roads and grounds around the Capitol have undergone dramatic changes . The United States Capitol Police have also installed checkpoints to inspect vehicles at specific locations around Capitol Hill , and have closed a section of one street indefinitely . The level of screening employed varies . On the main east - west thoroughfares of Constitution and Independence Avenues , barricades are implanted in the roads that can be raised in the event of an emergency . Trucks larger than pickups are interdicted by the Capitol Police and are instructed to use other routes . On the checkpoints at the shorter cross streets , the barriers are typically kept in a permanent `` emergency '' position , and only vehicles with special permits are allowed to pass . All Capitol visitors are screened by a magnetometer , and all items that visitors may bring inside the building are screened by an x-ray device . In both chambers , gas masks are located underneath the chairs in each chamber for members to use in case of emergency . Structures ranging from scores of Jersey barriers to hundreds of ornamental bollards have been erected to obstruct the path of any vehicles that might stray from the designated roadways . In 2004 the capitol was briefly evacuated after a plane carrying the then governor of Kentucky strayed into restricted airspace over the district . A shooting incident occurred in March 2016 . One female bystander was wounded by police but not seriously injured ; a man pointing a gun was shot and arrested , in critical but stable condition . The city police of Washington D.C. described the shooting incident as `` isolated '' . Capitol Visitor Center ( edit ) The opening ceremony of the Capitol Visitor Center in December 2008 . The plaster cast model of the Statue of Freedom is in the foreground . Main article : United States Capitol Visitor Center The United States Capitol Visitor Center ( CVC ) , located below the East Front of the Capitol and its plaza , between the Capitol building and 1st Street East , opened on December 2 , 2008 . The CVC provides a single security checkpoint for all visitors , including those with disabilities , and an expansion space for the US Congress . The complex contains 580,000 square feet ( 54,000 m ) of space below ground on three floors , and offers visitors a food court , restrooms , and educational exhibits , including an 11 - foot scale model of the Capitol dome . It also features skylights affording views of the actual dome . Long in the planning stages , construction began in the fall of 2001 , following the killing of two Capitol police officers in 1998 . The estimated final cost of constructing the CVC was $ 621 million . See also ( edit ) District of Columbia portal Apotheosis of Democracy by Paul Wayland Bartlett , a pediment on the east front of the House of Representatives Portico . Congressional Prayer Room The Capitol is pictured on the back of the United States fifty - dollar bill . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The United States Capitol : An Overview of the Building and Its Function '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ See List of capitals in the United States Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ; William Bensing Webb ; John Wooldridge ( 1892 ) . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . p. 66 . Jump up ^ Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 4 Jump up ^ Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 4 -- 7 Jump up ^ L'Enfant identified himself as `` Peter Charles L'Enfant '' during most of his life , while residing in the United States . He wrote this name on his `` Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t ( he ) United States ... '' ( Washington , D.C. ) and on other legal documents . However , during the early 1900s , a French ambassador to the U.S. , Jean Jules Jusserand , popularized the use of L'Enfant's birth name , `` Pierre Charles L'Enfant '' . ( Reference : Bowling , Kenneth R ( 2002 ) . Peter Charles L'Enfant : vision , honor , and male friendship in the early American Republic . George Washington University , Washington , D.C. ISBN 978 - 0 - 9727611 - 0 - 9 ) . The United States Code states in 40 U.S.C. § 3309 : `` ( a ) In General. -- The purposes of this chapter shall be carried out in the District of Columbia as nearly as may be practicable in harmony with the plan of Peter Charles L'Enfant . '' The National Park Service identifies L'Enfant as `` Major Peter Charles L'Enfant '' and as `` Major Pierre ( Peter ) Charles L'Enfant '' on its website . ^ Jump up to : Kornwolf , James D ; Kornwolf , Georgiana Wallis ( 2002 ) . `` The Creation of the Federal City : Washington '' . Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America : Vol. 3 . Baltimore , Maryland : The Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 1552 . ISBN 0801859867 . OCLC 45066419 . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . A final legacy of Jefferson 's vision of the city is found in correspondence between him and L'Enfant . Jefferson consistently called the building to house Congress , the `` Capitol , '' whereas L'Enfant just as consistently referred to it as `` Congress House . '' At Google Books . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) L'Enfant , Peter Charles ( 1791 ) . `` Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t ( he ) United States : projected agreeable to the direction of the President of the United States , in pursuance of an act of Congress passed the sixteenth day of July , MDCCXC , `` establishing the permanent seat on the bank of the Potowmac '' : ( Washington , D.C. ) `` . Photocopy of annotated facsimile created by U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey , Washington , D.C. ( 1887 ) . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 26 . ( 2 ) `` Enlarged image of central portion of The L'Enfant Plan for Washington '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 23 . ( 3 ) Vlach , John Michael ( Spring 2004 ) . `` The Mysterious Mr. Jenkins of Jenkins Hill '' . Capitol History : The Capitol Dome . United States Capitol Historical Society . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . ( 4 ) Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` Capitol '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 10 Jump up ^ Hodgkins , George W. ( 1960 ) . `` Naming the Capitol and the Capital '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society , Washington , D.C. 60 / 62 : 36 -- 53 . JSTOR 40067217 . Jump up ^ Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 11 Jump up ^ Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 13 -- 15 Jump up ^ Frary ( 1969 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 18 Jump up ^ Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 19 Jump up ^ `` William Thornton ( 1759 -- 1828 ) '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Frary ( 1969 ) , p. 33 Jump up ^ Frary ( 1969 ) , p. 34 -- 35 ^ Jump up to : Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 23 Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas ( July 17 , 1793 ) . `` Letter : Jefferson to Washington '' . Thomas Jefferson and the National Capital . University of Virginia . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2011 . Retrieved December 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Frary ( 1969 ) , p. 36 Jump up ^ `` United States Capitol , Washington , D.C. : East Front Elevation , Rendering '' . World Digital Library . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Woods , Robert O. ( June 2003 ) . `` Under the Capitol Dome '' . Mechanical Engineering Magazine . The American Society of Mechanical Engineers . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2009 . Retrieved December 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief Construction History of the Capitol '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved December 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Morgan , J.D. ( 1899 ) . `` Maj . Pierre Charles L'Enfant '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society . 2 : 120 . Jump up ^ Hazelton ( 1907 ) , p. 84 Jump up ^ Allen , William C. ( 1995 ) . In the Greatest Solemn Dignity : The Capitol 's Four Cornerstones . Government Printing Office . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Frary ( 1969 ) , p. 37 -- 39 Jump up ^ Frary ( 1969 ) , p. 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ Carter II , Edward C. ( 1971 -- 1972 ) . `` Benjamin Henry Latrobe and the Growth and Development of Washington , 1798 -- 1818 '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society : 139 . Jump up ^ `` Religion and the Founding of the American Republic '' . U.S. Library of Congress . July 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the United States Capitol '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol slave labor studied '' . The Washington Times . Associated Press . June 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . White House Historical Association . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2007 . Retrieved June 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Dome '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Steinhauer , Jennifer ( August 24 , 2012 ) . `` Dome Is Imperiled by 1,300 Cracks and Partisan Rift '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jule Banville , `` Stone - Cold Whodunit '' ( April 24 , 2009 ) , Washington City Paper Jump up ^ `` Stones from US Capitol in Rock Creek Park '' ( July 25 , 2011 ) , Rock Creek Runner Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia -- Inventory of Historic Sites '' ( PDF ) . District of Columbia : Office of Planning . Government of the District of Columbia . September 1 , 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 17 , 2009 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Favorite Architecture '' . Harris Interactive . American Institute of Architects. 2007 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Architecture Images - U.S. Capitol '' . American-architecture.info . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Visitors Center FAQ '' . Architect Of the Capitol . Retrieved December 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Capitol Dome Restoration Project Overview '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol 's historic dome set for 2 - year renovation '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Associated Press . December 26 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dome Restoration Project Updates '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.politico.com/story/2007/02/house-ends-cell-phone-licensing-deal-002910 Jump up ^ http://thehill.com/homenews/news/10545-hastert-rebuffs-pelosi-on-investigation-request Jump up ^ `` AOC.gov '' . AOC.gov . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Frieze of American History '' . Aoc.gov . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Art & History Home , First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of Presid '' . Senate.gov . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Abraham Lincoln Bust '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 365 Steps to the Top of Capitol Hill '' . The New York Times . August 10 , 1997 . Section 1 , Page 22 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Logan , Mrs. John A. ( Mary Simmerson ) ( 1901 ) . Thirty Years in Washington ; or , Life and Scenes in Our National Capital . Hartford , Connecticut : A.D. Worthington & Co. p. 78 . OCLC 29540458 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Bridget ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` Muslim on Capitol Hill : Staffers Look to Rebuild '' . Roll Call . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthew Gilmore . `` H - DC Discussion Network '' . H-net.org . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The House Chamber '' . Jump up ^ `` Napoleon I '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carrier , Thomas J. ( 2000 ) . The White House , the Capitol , and the Supreme Court : historic self - guided tours . Images of America . Charleston , South Carolina : Arcadia Publishing . p. 84 . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 0557 - 9 . OCLC 44503337 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Senate Chamber 1859 -- 2009 '' . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Senate Chamber : Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection '' . United States Senate . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Graham Will Be the Fourth Private Citizen Ever to Lie in Honor at the U.S. Capitol '' . Time . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Apostolic Journey - United States of America : Visit to the Congress of the United States of America ( Washington D.C. , 24 September 2015 ) Francis '' . w2.vatican.va . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jon Grinspan . `` Trying to Assassinate Andrew Jackson '' . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2008 . Retrieved November 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Ronald ( November 9 , 1983 ) . `` Capitol Bombing : Group Hit Other Targets , FBI Believes '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Seppy , Tom ( February 12 , 1985 ) . `` Judge Finds Four in Contempt in Bombing Probe '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Rowley , James ( September 7 , 1990 ) . `` Three Leftists Plead Guilty to Bombing the U.S. Capitol '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Al - Jazeera offers accounts of 9 / 11 planning '' . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2006 . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Report of the 9 / 11 Commission Archived December 6 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , US Govt Printing Office Jump up ^ `` Increased Security on Capitol Grounds '' ( Press release ) . United States Capitol Police . August 2 , 2004 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2006 . Retrieved September 26 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Lyndsey Layton and Manny Fernandez ( August 3 , 2004 ) . `` Street Closing Irks D.C. Leaders : Checkpoints Set Up Near World Bank , IMF and Capitol '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Post Store ( January 29 , 2006 ) . `` WashingtonPost.com '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael S. Schmidt ( 28 March 2016 ) . `` U.S. Capitol on Lockdown After Reports of Gunshots '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US Capitol shooting : Gunman wounds Capitol police officer '' . BBC News Online . 28 March 2016 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Architecture -- U.S. Capitol Visitor Center '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philip Kopper `` A Capitol Attraction , '' American Heritage , Spring 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Visitor Center : Project Information '' . Architect of the Capitol . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2008 . Retrieved November 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Congress ' Newest Member : The US Capitol Visitor Center '' . Washingtonian magazine . 2008 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Visitor Center Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Architect of the Capitol . Spring 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 31 , 2008 . Retrieved November 14 , 2008 . References ( edit ) Allen , William C. ( 2001 ) . History of the United States Capitol -- A Chronicle of Design , Construction , and Politics . Government Printing Office . ISBN 0160508304 . OCLC 46420177 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2002 . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Brown , Glenn ( 1998 ) . Architect of the Capitol for The United States Capitol Preservation Commission , ed . History of the United States Capitol ( Annotated Edition in Commemoration of The Bicentennial of the United States Capitol ed . ) . Government Printing Office . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Frary , Ihna Thayer ( 1969 ) . They Built the Capitol . Ayer Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8369 - 5089 - 5 . Guy Gugliotta ( 2012 ) . Freedom 's Cap : The United States Capitol and the Coming of the Civil War . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 4681 - 2 . Hazelton , George Cochrane ( 1907 ) . The National Capitol . J.F. Taylor & Co . Further Reading ( edit ) Aikman , Lonnelle . We , the People : the Story of the United States Capitol , Its Past and Its Promise . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Capitol Historical Society , in cooperation with the National Geographic Society , 1964 . Bordewich , Fergus M. ( December 2008 ) . `` A Capitol Vision From a Self - Taught Architect '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Ovason , David , The Secret Architecture of our Nation 's Capital : the Masons and the building of Washington , D.C. , New York City , New York : Harper Collins , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 019537 - 1 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Capitol . Geographic data related to United States Capitol at OpenStreetMap Official website Capitol Visitors Center United States Capitol Historical Society Architect of the Capitol Capitol History Project -- documentary and website by C - SPAN . Temple of Liberty : Building the Capitol for a New Nation , Library of Congress U.S. Capitol Police `` Book Discussion on Freedom 's Cap '' , C - SPAN , March 20 , 2012 Committee for the Preservation of the National Capitol Records , 1949 - 1958 . Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives , Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library , Columbia University . 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Riders to the Sea

Riders to the Sea - wikipedia Riders to the Sea This article is about the play . For the opera , see Riders to the Sea ( opera ) . Sara Allgood as Maurya , photo taken by Carl Van Vechten , 1938 Riders to the Sea is a play written by Irish Literary Renaissance playwright John Millington Synge . It was first performed on 25 February 1904 at the Molesworth Hall , Dublin , by the Irish National Theater Society . A one - act tragedy , the play is set in the Aran Islands , Inishmaan , and like all of Synge 's plays it is noted for capturing the poetic dialogue of rural Ireland . The plot is based not on the traditional conflict of human wills but on the hopeless struggle of a people against the impersonal but relentless cruelty of the sea . Contents 1 Background 2 Important characters 3 Plot synopsis 4 Themes 5 Other versions 5.1 Cinema 5.2 Opera 5.3 Dance 5.4 Stage 6 French version 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) In 1897 , J.M. Synge was encouraged by his friend and colleague William Butler Yeats to visit the Aran Islands . He went on to spend the summers from 1898 to 1903 there . While on the Aran island of Inishmaan , Synge heard the story of a man from Inishmaan whose body washed up on the shore of an island of County Donegal , which inspired Riders to the Sea . Riders to the Sea is written in the Hiberno - English dialect of the Aran Islands . Synge 's use of the native Irish language is part of the Irish Literary Revival , a period when Irish literature looked to encourage pride and nationalism in Ireland . Important characters ( edit ) Maurya : Grief - stricken widow and mother of eight children Cathleen , Nora , Bartley , Shawn , Sheamus , Stephen , Patch , and Michael . Cathleen : Maurya 's elder daughter , tries to keep her mother from dying from grief by identifying her deceased brother Michael 's clothing . Nora : Maurya 's younger daughter , helps her sister with their mother . Bartley : Maurya 's youngest and only living son , has died by the end of the play . Maurya 's sons Shawn , Sheamus , Stephen , Patch , and Michael , as well as Maurya 's husband are all deceased when the play begins . There is also a priest character who is never seen but is quoted by Cathleen and Nora in the beginning of the play . Plot synopsis ( edit ) Maurya has lost her husband , and five of her sons to the sea . As the play begins Nora and Cathleen receive word from the priest that a body , which may be their brother Michael , has washed up on shore in Donegal , on the Irish mainland north of their home island of Inishmaan . Bartley is planning to sail to Connemara to sell a horse , and ignores Maurya 's pleas to stay . He leaves gracefully . Maurya predicts that by nightfall she will have no living sons , and her daughters chide her for sending Bartley off with an ill word . Maurya goes after Bartley to bless his voyage , and Nora and Cathleen receive clothing from the drowned corpse that confirms it was Michael . Maurya returns home claiming to have seen the ghost of Michael riding behind Bartley and begins lamenting the loss of the men in her family to the sea , after which some villagers bring in the corpse of Bartley . He has fallen off his horse into the sea and drowned . This speech of Maurya 's is famous in Irish drama : ( raising her head and speaking as if she did not see the people around her ) They 're all gone now , and there is n't anything more the sea can do to me ... I 'll have no call now to be up crying and praying when the wind breaks from the south , and you can hear the surf is in the east , and the surf is in the west , making a great stir with the two noises , and they hitting one on the other . I 'll have no call now to be going down and getting Holy Water in the dark nights after Samhain , and I wo n't care what way the sea is when the other women will be keening . ( To Nora ) Give me the Holy Water , Nora ; there 's a small sup still on the dresser . Themes ( edit ) The pervading theme of this work is the subtle paganism Synge observed in the people of rural Ireland . Following his dismissal of Christianity , Synge found that the predominantly Roman Catholic Ireland still retained many of the folktales and superstitions born out of the old Celtic paganism . This play is an examination of that idea as he has a set of deeply religious characters find themselves at odds with an unbeatable force of nature ( this being the sea ) . While the family is clearly Catholic , they still find themselves wary of the supernatural characteristics of natural elements , an idea very present in Celtic paganism . Other versions ( edit ) Cinema ( edit ) At least two motion picture versions of the play have been made : One of the earliest examples of Irish film in 1935 a 40 - minute black - and - white movie directed by Brian Desmond Hurst with screenplay adaptation by Patrick Kirwan with Sara Allgood and , notably , Synge 's bereaved fiancée Marie O'Neill . Hurst had been mentored in Hollywood by John Ford , and Ruth Barton describes scenes in the film as `` remarkably Fordian . '' A 1987 47 - minute color movie directed and adapted by Ronan O'Leary with Geraldine Page . Opera ( edit ) The composer Ralph Vaughan Williams ( 1872 -- 1958 ) made an almost verbatim setting of the play as an opera , using the same title ( 1927 ) . Bruce Montgomery ( 1927 -- 2008 ) wrote a light opera , Spindrift ( 1963 ) , that was based on Riders to the Sea . German composer Eduard Pütz ( 1911 -- 2000 ) also set the play as an opera , using the same title ( 1972 ) . American composer Marga Richter ( born 1926 ) also set the play as a one - act opera , using the same title ( 1996 ) . French composer Henri Rabaud ( 1873 - 1949 ) L'appel de la mer , a one - act opera , ( 1924 ) , libretto by Rabaud based on Riders to the Sea , debut in Paris , Salle Favart , April 10 , 1924 Dance ( edit ) Mary Anthony 's piece is titled Threnody . Stage ( edit ) Señora Carrar 's Rifles is a one - act play adaptation . French version ( edit ) The play has been translated in French by Georgette Sable and it has been published by Anthropomare Other translations include : À cheval vers la mer ( Riders to the Sea , 1903 ; 1904 ) translated by Maurice Bourgeois , Cavaliers à la mer , translated by Fouad El - Etr , and Cavaliers vers la mer ( combined with L'Ombre de la vallée ) , translated by Françoise Morvan . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Théâtre . ( Paris ) , Éditions Gallimard , 1942 ; rééditions : ( Paris ) , Librairie théâtrale , `` Éducation et théâtre . Théâtre de répertoire '' n ° 18 , 1954 , 1978 , 16 p. , Jump up ^ illustrations de Roland Topor . ( Paris ) , Éditions La Délirante , 1975 , 1978 , édition revue , illustrations de Sam Szafran , 1982 , 48 p , Jump up ^ illustrations de Jack B. Yeats . ( Bedée ) Éditions Folle avoine , 1993 , 96 p. , 13.72 € ; réédition dans Théâtre complet . ( Arles ) , Éditions Actes Sud , `` Babel '' n ° 199 , 1996 , 324 p . References ( edit ) Synge , J.M. The Complete Plays . New York : Vintage Books , 1935 . Rines , George Edwin , ed. ( 1920 ) . `` Riders to the Sea '' . Encyclopedia Americana . Ruckenstein , Lelia and James A. O'Malley . `` Irish Revival ; John Millington Synge ; `` Everything Irish : The History , Literature , Art , Music , People and Places of Ireland , from A-Z . New York : Ballantine , 2003 , Donnelly , James S. `` Drama , Modern ; Literary Renaissance ( Celtic Revival ) ; '' Encyclopedia of Irish History and Culture . Vol. 2 . Detroit : Gale , 2004 . Bourgeois , Maurice . John Millington Synge and the Irish Theatre . Bronx , NY : B. Blom , 1965 . External links ( edit ) Riders to the Sea Full text of the play . Official legacy website of the director with filmography including Riders to the Sea Plays by John Millington Synge When the Moon has Set ( Unproduced ) In the Shadow of the Glen ( 1903 ) Riders to the Sea ( 1904 ) The Well of the Saints ( 1905 ) The Aran Islands ( 1907 ) The Playboy of the Western World ( 1907 ) The Tinker 's Wedding ( 1909 ) Deirdre of the Sorrows ( 1910 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riders_to_the_Sea&oldid=854915710 '' Categories : 1904 plays One - act plays Plays by John Millington Synge Irish plays adapted into films Plays adapted into operas Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Eesti 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 17 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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riders to the sea by john millington synge summary

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Alex Vause

Alex Vause - Wikipedia Alex Vause Jump to : navigation , search Alex Vause Orange Is the New Black character Laura Prepon as Alex Vause First appearance `` I Was n't Ready '' Season 1 , episode 1 July 11 , 2013 Portrayed by Laura Prepon Rachel Resheff ( at age 10 ) Information Significant other ( s ) Piper Chapman ( fiancée ) Sylvia ( ex-girlfriend ) Parents Diane Vause ( mother ) Lee Burley ( father ) Alex Vause is a fictional character played by Laura Prepon on the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black . The character is loosely based on the real ex-girlfriend of Piper Kerman , author of Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison . Before her arrest , Vause worked for an international drug cartel and was in a relationship with protagonist Piper Chapman , who once transported drug money for her during their travels . Vause is portrayed as the catalyst for Chapman 's indictment . She is reunited with her ex-lover in federal prison , nearly a decade after the events that led to their breakup . Her relationship with Chapman is reignited , as they carry out a tumultuous love affair in prison . Vause is noted for her pragmatism , forthrightness , wit and veiled vulnerability . She is a main character in seasons one , three , four and five and a recurring character in season two . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration 2 Storylines 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 2.3 Season 3 3 Critical commentary 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Inspiration ( edit ) The character of Alex Vause is loosely based on Catherine Cleary Wolters , ex-girlfriend of Piper Kerman , the author of Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison and an executive consultant on the series . In Kerman 's memoir , Wolters is given the pseudonym Nora Jansen , who is a marginal character in the book . In actuality , Kerman and Wolters did not serve their prison sentences together as depicted in the series , however they were reunited in a flight to Chicago , where they were detained for several weeks in a detention facility to testify in the drug trafficking case . Their stint in Chicago is portrayed in the series ' second season , however , the defendant they were to testify against was changed to the cartel 's kingpin , as was the fact that Wolters and Kerman were cell - mates in the prison . Wolters met Kerman in 1991 in Northampton , Massachusetts , becoming friends around the time Kerman graduated from Smith College . Kerman wrote in her memoir that Wolters was part of a `` clique of impossibly stylish and cool lesbians in their mid-30s '' . Wolters said both of them ran in `` the same little Noho lesbian social circle '' , and spent time together when she returned from her travels . Wolters had told Kerman she worked for an African drug lord , moving heroin around internationally , while Kerman was fascinated by her globe - trotting , adventurous lifestyle . Wolters asked Kerman if she wanted to take part in the operation . According to Wolters , she and Kerman became romantically involved after Kerman had gotten involved in the drug ring . In her interview with Vanity Fair , Wolters said that they were not girlfriends but friends with benefits , a notion with which Kerman disagreed , stating that they may have different perspectives about their time together and their relationship was complicated . Kerman traveled with Wolters to exotic places , and made several trips carrying drug - funds for the cartel . Kerman realized she needed to walk away when Wolters asked her to transport heroin instead of money , after which she flew home and started a new life . Years later , Kerman was indicted and plead guilty to a money laundering charge , serving 13 months in a minimum - security prison in Danbury , Connecticut . Wolters was charged with conspiracy to import heroin , serving nearly six years in a Dublin , California prison , and nearly 14 years on parole . In the series , the issue of whether Vause implicated Chapman and the effect on their personal relationship is a major plot line of the first season . When Wolters and others involved in the drug ring were arrested by federal law enforcement , Wolters said that she , like the others , named everyone involved , including Kerman . Wolters also stated that , contrary to Kerman 's implication in her memoir , she was not `` singularly responsible for ( her ) downfall '' , as she was honest about what she did and getting involved was Kerman 's decision . Although Kerman aimed to take responsibility for her actions , she said she still carried some resentment toward Wolters ( for naming her ) , later making peace with her when they were held together in a Chicago facility . Unlike in the series , Wolters and Kerman did not get back together when they were reunited in prison . According to Wolters , `` the only ( physical ) similarity between myself and ( Vause ) is my black glasses . '' In her memoir , Kerman described Wolters as a `` droll '' woman , with a `` drawling , wisecracking husky voice '' and a `` playful , watchful way of drawing a person out '' ; `` when she paid you attention , it felt as if she were about to let you in on a private joke . '' Wolters ' interview to Vanity Fair in April 2014 led to a book deal for her memoir . In 2015 , HarperOne released Out of Orange , Wolters ' memoir covering from the circumstances of her involvement in the drug trafficking ring and her relationship with Kerman , to her arrest , prison experience , and the present . Storylines ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( September 2017 ) Season 1 ( edit ) Vause is introduced in the first episode through flashbacks ; she and Chapman were both involved in crimes involving drug money . At the end of the first episode , the audience sees that Vause and Chapman are both serving their sentences in the same prison , Litchfield Penitentiary . The two begin a romantic and sexual relationship in episode six ; they are also both involved in a dispute with another inmate , Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett ( Taryn Manning ) , who locks Vause in a dryer and then attempts to kill Chapman in the season finale . Vause was raised solely by her mother and , in the ninth episode ' Fucksgiving ' , Vause 's father is seen to be an influence on her being involved in the drug cartel . When Chapman realises that Vause was the one who told authorities about her illegal drug activities , they break off their relationship . Vause then becomes sexually involved with another inmate , Nicky Nichols ( Natasha Lyonne ) . Season 2 ( edit ) In the first episode , Vause promises Chapman that she will lie to protect her in the upcoming trial of her former boss Kubra Balik . She breaks this promise , however , and , after testifying against Balik , Vause manages to secure release from prison while Chapman remains incarcerated . After discovering that Balik was not imprisoned for his crimes , Vause fears for her life ; she is also unable to leave her apartment due to the terms of her parole . She visits Chapman in prison and confides in her that she is scared ; Chapman then gets Bloom to tell Vause 's parole officer that Vause is breaking her parole , which lands her back in prison , where she is safe from Balik 's retribution . Season 3 ( edit ) Vause appears in every episode of the third season . Chapman reports Vause to a parole officer and she is sent back to Litchfield prison ; Chapman does eventually admit to doing this and the two begin frequently having hate sex . Chapman and Vause reconcile and officially resume their relationship , but become more distant again as the season progresses ; Chapman becomes romantically involved with a new inmate , Stella Carlin ( Ruby Rose ) , and this upsets Vause . Vause becomes increasingly concerned that Balik has sent someone into the prison to spy on her and bring her harm ; she suspects that this person is Lolly Whitehill ( Lori Petty ) and attacks her in the toilet . It turns out that Whitehill is completely delusional and thinks that Vause is from the National Security Agency . In the season finale , Vause is confronted by Balik 's henchman Aydin Bayat and her fate is left ambiguous . Critical commentary ( edit ) Matthew Wolfson of Slant Magazine described Vause as intelligent , `` with the instincts of a pragmatist , but without a strategy -- a striking and emotionally direct person who may have closed off too many options for a workable future '' . Dana Poccoli of AfterEllen said that Vause could be considered a villain in the first season as she is the reason Chapman is in prison , but she is also a `` fascinating character that we want to understand and spend time with . '' Writing in The Daily Beast , Victoria Kezra similarly suggested that before the audience meets her , Vause is already a villain , for she is `` responsible for Chapman 's illegal activities '' and named her ex-lover to receive less prison time . What is `` wonderful '' about the character , Kezra added , is that the audience 's `` perception of her changes throughout the show '' , from a villainous figure to a sympathetic individual . She observed that Vause has `` a great sense of humor about the whole situation '' and is `` pretty caring and insightful '' . TV Guide 's Liz Raftery considered Vause a polarizing character , asking `` is she a master manipulator or just misunderstood ? '' . She proposed that Vause `` seems to think of herself as a bad person but maybe she is n't , whereas ( Chapman ) is so convinced that she 's a good person and is totally taken aback whenever anyone challenges that . '' Gerri Mahn of Den of Geek wrote that unlike Chapman , Vause `` does n't harbor any illusions about who she is or what playing by the rules will get her '' . Vause had named Chapman in her trial both to receive a lighter sentence and out of resentment from Chapman breaking her heart years earlier ; she sincerely loves Chapman , Mahn considered , and `` continually came to her defense throughout season one '' , turning her down when she realized Chapman was using her as `` someone to fall back on when Larry does n't come through '' . Tim Surette of TV.com said that Vause 's season one flashbacks fit the character well , and `` instantly gave us a story to be interested in '' , as they provided a more rounded view of the character than Chapman 's purview allowed . J.M Suarez wrote in PopMatters that the character of Vause is `` fearless and intimidating '' as well as street - smart , contrary to Chapman who is `` sheltered '' and `` often afraid and deferential '' , and it is `` in highlighting these differences in prison , that their eventual backstories have even more impact . '' Greco Patti of Vulture complimented Prepon 's `` nuanced '' portrayal , and noted that , notwithstanding Vause 's illicit occupation and her role in Chapman 's imprisonment , she is a woman who `` came from nothing , who loved and lost , and who maybe got used '' , and she seems more loyal and genuine in her love for Chapman . The A.V. Club 's Myles McNutt considered Vause 's relationship with her crimes to be `` complicated '' ; he appreciates when the show does not filter character development solely through Chapman , deeming it `` productive '' when Vause had `` a chance to open up to Nicky ( Nichols ) '' . McNutt also said that Vause 's conflict with Doggett , who saw her as `` coming from privilege '' , is meaningful for Vause as it is a trigger for her `` past struggles with class hierarchies '' . According to McNutt , Vause 's despondency regarding her absent father `` could either gain ( her ) new perspective and put her life on the right track or ( she could ) try to fill the absence as quickly as possible '' , the latter of which she chose . Mahn deliberated that , growing up poor , a free ride was n't a possibility in Vause 's world . Vause `` left her scruples at the door '' when she built her worldly life on an alliance through her father 's drug dealer , Mahn assessed . `` She worked hard , gambled big , and lost everything '' . Autostraddle posited that Vause hates and fears vulnerability , and the scene where she is locked in a dryer and pleads Chapman to stay echoes the past , when Vause pleaded with Chapman before Chapman left following news of Vause 's mother 's death . Additionally , Vause is a complicated character for the writer , primarily because she found her sexual threat to Doggett `` troubling '' , while seeing Vause as a young girl `` who would do anything for the life she was cheated out of '' was something with which she empathized . In Den of Geek , Chris Longo wrote that , as the first season played out , Vause `` was vilified , then the tables turned when she won Piper 's friendship , then they turned upside down during their inevitable hookup . Alex , for all the bad she 's done , seems like a woman who stays true to her word . And now after breaking Alex 's ( and Larry 's ) heart , Piper is the one who 's vilified . '' Longo praised Prepon 's performance , and hoped the series progressed Vause 's storylines . The Guardian 's Tom Meltzer wrote that Prepon plays Chapman 's `` jilted '' former lover `` with subtlety and unabashed smoulder '' . In his review of the first season , Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe described pre-prison Vause as `` icy cool '' , and called Prepon a `` revelation '' in the role . David Hiltbrand wrote in The Philadelphia Inquirer that Prepon plays the character with `` real vigor '' . Maureen Ryan of HuffPost also praised Prepon 's portrayal , commenting that `` underneath the cool - girl exterior is a whole lot of pain and loneliness , and Prepon has done a wonderful job of subtly bringing those notes forward . '' Chris Jancelewicz of The Huffington Post Canada deemed Vause `` charismatic '' , adding that Prepon `` excels as the bad girl influence '' . Kristi Turnquist of The Oregonian stated that although Vause would only be present in a few episodes of the second season , she `` turns up to devastating effect early on '' . In a review of the first episode of season two , Horatia Harrod of The Daily Telegraph commented that Vause is dedicated to self - preservation and thought that `` another betrayal '' of Chapman `` reached new depths '' , thus she found it `` puzzling '' that Vause 's bad - girl routine `` seems to have won her a fan following , while ( Chapman ) is reviled . '' Kevin Fallon of The Daily Beast noted that there is something about Vause that `` convinces ( Chapman ) to throw her lifelong caution to the wind . '' Kate Zernike of The New York Times said that Vause is `` calculating '' and that `` there 's something black cat - like about ( her ) -- she slips into the frame and you know things are about to go bad , or at least , get interesting . '' Chris Harvey of The Daily Telegraph described Prepon 's turn as `` unforgettable '' and explained that Vause 's wicked attitude and bespectacled look have made the character a `` cult favourite '' . In her review of the season two premiere , The Wall Street Journal 's Candace Jackson wrote that `` much like in Piper Kerman 's real - life experience , ( the Chicago facility ) is where ( Chapman ) runs into Vause '' . Prepon is `` excellent in this role as ever '' , Jackson commended , walking a `` believable line between flirtation and manipulation '' . Spencer Kornhaber of The Atlantic observed that Vause was `` correct earlier in ( the second season 's premiere ) when she diagnosed how inconsistent Chapman 's worldview is : `` it is so hard to keep up with what is black and white for you '' . '' According to Kornhaber , Vause 's `` return , in letter and in flashback , offers another lesson in moral relativity and personal transformation . We finally see how ( Chapman 's ) cultivated naivety and ( Vause 's ) cultivated knowingness created a passionate , dangerous pairing early on . '' Danielle Henderson remarked in Vulture that Vause `` has balls '' for sending Chapman letters after the incident in the season two premiere . In her review of the second season 's finale , Zernike wrote that although Vause may not be the `` typical re-entering felon '' , her speech to Chapman about needing to violate her probation , flee , and possibly go back to her former felonious life , `` does raise some good points '' regarding issues with the prison system . The Advocate 's Nico Lang described Vause as a notably popular femme fatale character , whom the show brought back after the second season `` despite the fact that the real - life character was barely in ( Kerman 's memoir ) at all '' . Charlotte Richardson Andrews wrote in Sight & Sound that Vause is one of the show 's `` believable and investment - worthy '' queer characters , adding that the `` tangled , romantic dance that ( Vause and Chapman ) do is compelling , nuanced and sexy where , in other hands , it might have felt exploitative '' . In Digital Spy , Emma Dibdin described a `` power shift '' in the third season between Vause and Chapman and how this positively impacts both characters ; `` the power dynamic of ( Chapman ) and ( Vause 's ) relationship is so dramatically shifted that everything about them feels fresh . ( Vause ) is more vulnerable than we 've ever seen her , utterly shattered to find herself back in jail . '' The Observer 's Orly Greenberg said Vause returns to Litchfield `` completely absent of her flashing eyes and snarky confidence , instead relying on ( Chapman ) as an almost maternal figure '' as Chapman leads Vause to believe her return to prison is a product of `` the system '' , rather than Chapman 's own doing . Emily Ambash of CutPrintFilm wrote that Vause is `` emotionally broken '' when she reenters prison ; `` embarrassed and ashamed of her own choices '' and her failure in handling her brief freedom . Vause and Chapman 's dynamic in the third season feels `` fresh '' , different from the first season , as they confront their issues in the present without passive aggressiveness and without a focus on the past , Ambash noted ; `` the characters ( are forced to ) question their faith not just in each other but also in themselves when dealing with each other . '' Michael Hindle of Comingsoon.net observed of Vause and Chapman 's relationship , while `` one has always had power over the other in some form or another now ( Vause and Chapman ) are more or less on an even playing field '' . Joshua Alston of The A.V Club said that Vause 's return to prison `` lands with a surprisingly soft impact '' . The character Stella `` appears right on time to drive a wedge between ( Chapman ) and ( Vause ) just as a functional relationship becomes possible '' , and the show `` manages to make ( the looming love triangle ) feel consequential . '' In her review of the third season , Jessica Kiang of Indiewire wrote that Vause and Chapman `` come spectacularly together but find , again with some insight , that they 're a couple whose fire can burn on hate much easier than on routine . '' Libby Hill argued in her The New York Times review of the season 's second episode , that the Vause and Chapman relationship has become `` toxic '' . The on - off lovers have `` little meaningful interaction '' with other characters while they are entangled in their tempestuous relationship , making them `` emotionally unavailable '' to other characters and to the audience . Hill hopes Vause is more integrated into `` Litchfield 's culture '' and has more humanizing interactions with other characters as she did with Nichols in the first season . In reviewing the season 's second episode , The A.V. Club 's Myles McNutt said that although he understands the attraction of Chapman and Vause and the significance of their intertwined story playing out in prison , their present storyline compels them to exist `` independently of anything around them '' , removing them from ordinary life in the prison community of Litchfield . Perri Nemiroff of Collider felt that it was `` an unexpected and unearned twist '' that Vause would reconnect with Chapman ( through `` hate sex '' ) soon after finding out Chapman was responsible for her being back in prison . Their role play in the prison 's drama class , however , `` balances the palpable hostility with humor and heart , making the scene wildly entertaining , but also ensuring that the moment really means something , too . '' In Entertainment Weekly , Jonathan Dornbush wrote that Vause and Chapman engaging in angry sex after the latter 's hand in taking away her freedom is `` another shift in their power dynamic '' . According to Dornbush , this occurs because Vause is `` taking control after Piper took it away from her '' ; `` She 's still in jail , she 's still lost her life on the outside , and she may be in more danger now than ever '' , Dornbush explained , `` but at least she can control something . '' Ambash said that the drama class improv exercise is necessary as it compels Vause and Chapman `` to consider their real - life situation '' and `` find a sort of reconciliation '' . Keith Nelson Jr. of Digital Trends found Vause 's speech to correctional officer Rogers , on the malleable and interpretive nature of morality , to be frank `` societal commentary '' . Sarah Bredeman of FanSided opined that the commentary Vause made to Rogers is `` one of the best ' we are not your salvation , you ca n't save us , and this ai n't no Dead Poet 's Society kinda situation ' speeches '' , and `` it really hits home a good point . '' Kelly Lawler in USA Today suggested that , as opposed to how Chapman painted her , Vause 's legitimate concerns over the danger she is in makes her one of the most rational individuals on the show . Perri Nemiroff of Collider said that Vause 's season three flashbacks on her witnessing what her drug cartel boss is capable of made her present situation `` far more dynamic and tense '' , giving her anxiety full credibility . Alan Sepinwall of Uproxx felt that Vause 's flashback , like Nichols ' in an earlier episode , was `` covering familiar territory solely to support prominent stories each was getting in the present '' , but at least both flashbacks were `` somber '' enough to make them an `` interesting contrast '' to the concurrent comedic moments at Litchfield . In his review of the eleventh episode of the season , McNutt wrote that Vause 's `` isolation is turned around , and what once felt like a failure of the show 's writing becomes a logical character choice . '' Vause wants no part in what Chapman 's prison business has turned into , knowing first - hand the dangers and the damage such an operation can cause . `` I find myself respecting ( Vause 's ) struggle to embrace her situation -- it may not have served the season to this point , '' McNutt observed , `` but it serves here as a productive counterpoint to ( Chapman ) '' . According to Ambash , Vause ( and Chapman 's ) notable absence from the third season 's final group scenes -- as Vause is trapped with the man who has been sent to kill her , and Chapman is off tattooing herself in the chapel -- symbolizes their heightened distrust in others and the prison system itself . `` For ( Vause ) , unlike ( Chapman ) , this was n't her choice . With safety stripped from her , and ties of trust cut by others , it 's no surprise ( Vause ) is kept away now from the freedom of the lake . '' Ambash noted that Vause 's season three storyline `` highlights real issues regarding prisoners ' safety , especially when no real background checks are performed on new , untrained officers , who end up with easy access to inmates '' . Moreover , `` it serves as a reminder that ( Vause and Chapman ) have basically switched roles '' as Chapman embarked on `` the smuggling business ( and ) showed little regard for ( Vause ) '' , finding a new sense of power and thrill in her illicit enterprise , while Vause wisely avoided it . Lauren Chval of Chicago Tribune remarked that what is great about Vause is `` she knows who she is and what she wants '' , trusts her instincts and has `` never flipped on her feelings for Chapman '' . Chval praised Prepon in the role , and remarked that Vause is `` always more interesting in her scenes without Chapman '' . Perri Nemiroff of Collider said Prepon has been successful `` taking Alex from a strong inmate you do n't want to mess with to someone super vulnerable who 's fearing for her life . '' Rick Porter of The Hollywood Reporter praised Prepon 's performance as Vause , in the season finale , encounters the hitman sent to kill her , writing , `` Prepon sells the heck of out Alex 's disbelief and fear in the scene . '' The aftermath of Vause 's storyline has a sweeping effect throughout the fourth season according to critics . In Harper 's Bazaar , Emma Dibdin wrote that Vause having to kill , dismember , and bury her would - be murderer was `` the beginning of a season that saw almost every one of our beloved inmates go through her darkest hour yet . '' According to Kayla Kumari Upadhyaya of Autostraddle , Vause and Lolly 's `` greenhouse murder '' became one of the `` most suspenseful through lines '' of the season . Isabel Mohan wrote in The Daily Telegraph that Vause 's confidence from previous seasons is gone as she has become `` a nervous wreck '' and `` her scenes are among the most macabre '' of the season . The Atlantic 's Spencer Kornhaber considered Vause 's `` saga '' to be some of series ' `` darkest scenes yet . '' Several themes explored in the season are evoked in Vause 's storyline . Jen Chaney of Vulture noted that the `` murky issues surrounding blame '' are prompted from the outset of the season , as both Vause and Lolly become responsible for the homicide of the hit man , `` yet neither of them are true ' murderers ' in that both were motivated by self - defense . It 's a case of both women doing wrong and neither of them doing wrong . '' Kornhaber of The Atlantic said that Vause 's acknowledgement that her attacker `` was a person '' , echoed `` a mantra that 's surfaced in various forms across the season '' . Myles McNutt of The A.V Club wrote , `` the season has been consumed by the idea of guilt '' and it manifests on Vause and Chapman 's attitudes and behavior ; in a latter episode , they decide `` they are n't willing to do anything that would add to their sense of guilt '' . Vulture 's Kathryn VanArendonk observed the notion that `` regret is real , but time only moves in one direction '' reflected on Vause and Chapman 's conversation about changing the past , and the need to claim selfhood in Vause wanting to acknowledge the humanity of her attacker . Myles McNutt wrote that Vause being compelled to finish killing the man , instead of letting him die by Lolly 's deed , `` makes it more visceral , and creates an internalized event to frame her understanding of her status as a ' criminal ' in the season to follow . '' Hannah Shaw - Williams of Screen Rant regarded Vause taking the life of her attacker as `` one of the premiere 's most emotionally powerful scenes , which reveals that despite her background as a hard - as - nails heroin dealer , Vause has never actually had to kill anyone before . '' In Paste magazine , Matt Brennan commended `` the quiet , tearful moment in which ( Vause ) ... decides to end his life . '' `` Her remorse '' , Brennan noted , `` for this choice , and for all the choices that led to it , is palpable , even if his death amounts to self - defense . '' Emma Dibdin wrote in Digital Spy that while Vause 's on - off lover Chapman `` ( insists ) she 's a force to be reckoned with '' , Vause `` goes through the real moral transformation , pushed to brutal extremes by the hitman sent to kill her . '' Kayla Kumari Upadhyaya of Autostraddle considered the scenes of Vause helping Lolly reconcile her thoughts and emotions `` a cutting and intimate look at self - care and coping mechanisms . '' The Atlantic 's Spencer Kornhaber similarly reviewed Vause 's `` counseling '' of Lolly , finding it a `` succinct and touching glimpse at post-traumatic coping '' . McNutt opined in The A.V Club that the circumstances of Lolly 's paranoia , the lack of evidence that the correctional officer was a hit man , the lack of trust in a broken system , and the difficulty in explaining away Vause and Lolly 's actions in the homicide , meant that Lolly being taken away was `` tragic '' but ultimately `` probably the best case scenario '' when someone would have to be held responsible . Autostraddle 's Kayla Kumari Upadhyaya considered Vause 's decision to not tell Chapman what she has gone through an `` emotionally significant '' moment for the character . Vause is not on good terms with Chapman , but she also does not want Chapman to be implicated by it , Upadhyaya observed . According to Upadhyaya , apart from it being an overarching plot , the homicide has also had `` long - term emotional significance '' for Vause . Ed Power of The Telegraph found it `` wrenching '' to see Vause `` haunted by doubt and guilt '' , praising the show for `` peeling back the layers , showing a new side to a person we thought we already knew '' and the `` disquiet and disbelief that flashed across ( Vause 's ) face '' in response to Chapman in the crack scene . Alan Sepinwall of Uproxx wrote that Vause and Chapman needing to be under the influence of drugs `` to finally be honest with each other about all their recent tragedies seemed about right for a relationship that 's always thrived on a high level of drama . '' In her review of the season 's ninth episode , Pilot Viruet of Decider remarked that it is `` good to see ( Vause and Chapman ) getting along and not plagued by relationship dramatics . '' In his review of the season 's finale , McNutt wrote that he found Vause `` reacting to death by thinking about the hitman 's humanity rang true to her arc '' . Prepon received praised for her performance in the fourth season . Dana Schwartzof of The Observer lauded Prepon in the premiere episode writing that her performance should be up for Emmy consideration . Kayla Kumari Upadhyaya of Autostraddle wrote that Prepon 's `` giving her best performance to date on the show , effectively capturing the turmoil of Alex 's mind and the psychological toll of this secret . '' Prepon won the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film at the 18th Satellite Awards for her performance as Vause . See also ( edit ) List of Orange Is the New Black characters References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Carswell , Sue ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` The Real Alex of Orange Is the New Black Speaks for the First Time : `` I Was Not Piper 's First , and I Certainly Did Not Seduce Her '' `` . Vanity Fair . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Nancy ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Author Hints At New Season , Talks Reform , On Way To STL '' . St. Louis Public Radio . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Callahan , Maureen ( May 10 , 2015 ) . `` Real - life Alex on ' OITNB ' feared show would ruin her life '' . New York Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ May , Meredith ( July 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' TV series reflects couple 's reality '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brady , Abigail ( July 2 , 2015 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black : How the Book Adds to the Show '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yeldell , Lynn ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` The Real Piper of Orange is the New Black '' . L Style G Style . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Behind ' The New Black ' : The Real Piper 's Prison Story '' . NPR . August 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Heinzmann , David ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange is New Black ' drug case still open in Chicago federal court '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kerman , Piper ( 2010 ) . Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison . Spiegel & Grau . ISBN 978 - 0 - 812 - 98618 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Riese ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Meet The Real Alex Vause : Catherine Cleary Wolters Has Mixed Feelings About `` Orange Is The New Black '' `` . Autostraddle . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Truesdell , Jeff ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Meet the Real - Life Alex Vause of Orange Is the New Black '' . People . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Erin ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Cleary Wolters , The Real Alex Vause , Shares Her Story For The First Time '' . HuffPost . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mejia , Paula ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` Q&A : The Real - Life Alex Vause Discusses Prison , Memoir ' Out of Orange ' '' . Newsweek . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hillary ( August 15 , 2014 ) . `` The Real Alex From ' Orange Is the New Black ' Is Getting Her Own Book '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Megan ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Season 1 Recap : Everything To Know Before The Season 2 Premiere '' . International Business Times . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Reid , Joe ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` Your Guide to Catching Up to ' Orange Is the New Black ' in Time for Season Two '' . The Wire . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Danielle ( August 29 , 2013 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 1 Finale Recap : I Saw the Light '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Ali ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` '' Orange is the New Black '' recap ( 1.13 ) : Ca n't Fix Crazy `` . After Ellen . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Piccoli , Dana ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` '' Orange is the New Black '' recap ( 2.1 ) : Thirsty Bird `` . After Ellen . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Danielle ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 2 , Episode 11 Recap : How About I Kill the Bitch ? '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zernike , Kate ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Recap : ' Go Ahead , Girls , Take a Break From Your Values ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dibdin , Emma ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` Orange is the New Black season 3 review : Episodes 1 - 3 blend comedy and tragedy '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Amatangelo , Amy ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` Orange is the New Black Review : `` Mother 's Day '' / `` Bed Bugs and Beyond '' `` . Paste . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` A Tittin ' and a Hairin '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steiner , Chelsea ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` '' Orange is the New Black '' recap ( 3.10 ) : A Tittin ' and a Hairin ' `` . After Ellen . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fear , and Other Smells ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( June 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' binge recap : It 's not all fun and games '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 3 , 2015 ) . `` 8 Questions ' Orange Is the New Black ' Left Unanswered at the End of Season 3 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wolfson , Matthew ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black : Season One '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Piccoli , Dana ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` The Return of the Lesbian Villain '' . AfterEllen . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kezra , Victoria . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' : The Daily Beast Staff Debates Who 's the Best Character '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raftery , Liz ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Laura Prepon : `` Piper Is Just as Toxic as Alex '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mahn , Gerri ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black : What We Expect in Season Two '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black `` Moscow Mule '' / `` F * cksgiving '' Review : The SHU Does n't Fit `` . TV.com . August 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Suarez , J.M. ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' Eases Us All Into Prison Life '' . PopMatters . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greco , Patti ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` OITNB 's Laura Prepon on Dancing to ' Milkshake , ' Singing Meatloaf , and the Mystery of Real - Life Alex '' . Vulture . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNuutt , Myles ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black : `` Lesbian Request Denied '' / `` Imaginary Enemies '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNutt , Myles ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black : `` Fucksgiving '' / `` Bora Bora Bora '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kate ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` '' Orange Is The New Black '' Episode 111 Recap : Ya Dun Goofed `` . Autostraddle . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Longo , Chris ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Orange is the New Black : 10 Interesting Character Arcs '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Tom ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` The best TV of 2013 : No 6 -- Orange is the New Black ( Netflix ) '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' : Yuppie , interrupted '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hiltbrand , David ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` A fish out of water in the slammer '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' : The Year 's Best New Show ? '' . HuffPost . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jancelewicz , Chris ( July 4 , 2013 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black Review : Time Behind Bars Should n't Be This Fun '' . The Huffington Post Canada . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turnquist , Kristi ( May 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' Season 2 : A wised - up Piper , more strong women ( review ) '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harrod , Horatia ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Orange is the New Black , episode one , review : ' a sparkling return to form ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fallon , Kevin ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Season Two Is More Bingeworthy Than the First '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zernike , Kate ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Recap : Season 2 Begins in a More Menacing World '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Chris ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Orange is the New Black author Piper Kerman : ' People are sexual beings , even if you lock them in a cage ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Candace ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black , ' Season 2 , Episode 1 , ' Thirsty Bird ' : TV Recap '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Kornhaber , Spencer ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` The Orange Is the New Black Binge Review ( Episodes 1 Through 13 ) '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Danielle ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 2 , Episode 6 Recap : Are You the Sun ? '' . Vulture . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zernike , Kate ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Finale : It 's Almost Like ' Thelma and Louise ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Nico ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` Op - ed : Orange Is the New Black Proves to Be the Model of Queer TV '' . The Advocate . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richardson Andrews , Charlotte ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` Inside out : Orange Is the New Black '' . Sight & Sound . British Film Institute . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Orly ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' Season 3 Premiere Review : Send in the Clowns '' . The Observer . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ambash , Emily ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` Flies in the Web : A Look at ' Orange Is the New Black ' Season 3 '' . CutPrintFilm . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hindle , Michael ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` '' Orange is the New Black '' Recap & Review : Season 3 , Episodes 2 and 3 `` . Comingsoon.net . CraveOnline . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alston , Joshua ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black is still hot in its third season , but burns slower than ever '' . The A.V Club . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kiang , Jessica ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Season 3 Review : Hate Sex , Relapses & Mommy Issues '' . Indiewire . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , Libby ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Season 3 , Episode 2 Recap : Bedbugs '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNutt , Myles ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black : `` Bed Bugs and Beyond '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemiroff , Perri ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black Recap : `` Bed Bugs And Beyond '' & `` Empathy Is A Boner Killer '' `` . Collider . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathan ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` Orange of the New Black recap : Bed Bugs and Beyond '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ambash , Emily ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Review : 3.03 `` Empathy Is a Boner Killer '' / 3.04 `` Finger in the Dyke '' `` . CutPrintFilm . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelson Jr. , Keith ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` More Laughs , Less Villainy : Orange Is The New Black Season 3 Review '' . Digital Trends . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bredeman , Sarah ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' OITNB ' Recap : Ep 3 ' Empathy Is A Boner Killer ' '' . Hidden Remote . FanSided . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( June 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' binge recap : ' Fear , and Other Smells ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemiroff , Perri ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` ORANGE IS THE NEW BLACK Recap : `` Fear , and Other Smells '' & `` Where My Dreidel At '' `` . Collider . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( July 3 , 2015 ) . `` Review : ' Orange Is the New Black ' -- ' Tongue - Tied / Fear , and Other Smells ' '' . Uproxx . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNutt , Myles ( June 21 , 2015 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black : `` We Can Be Heroes '' `` . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ambash , Emily ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Review : 3.11 `` We Can Be Heroes '' / 3.12 `` Do n't Make Me Come Back There '' / 3.13 `` Trust No Bitch '' `` . CutPrintFilm . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ambash , Emily ( July 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Review : 3.07 `` Tongue Tied '' / 3.08 `` Fear and Other Smells '' `` . CutPrintFilm . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chval , Lauren ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' OITNB ' episode 9 recap : The hot Aussie just made everything a lot more confusing '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chval , Lauren ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' OITNB ' episode 13 recap : Let 's just be free for a second '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemiroff , Perri ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` ORANGE IS THE NEW BLACK Recap : `` Do n't Make Me Come Back There '' & `` Trust No Bitch '' `` . Collider . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alston , Joshua ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Orange Is The New Black peaks in its brilliant , brutal fourth season '' . The A.V Club . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Toomer , Jessica ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` The Stories Are Darker And The Stakes Are Higher In ' Orange Is The New Black ' Season Four '' . Uproxx . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black : Season 4 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNutt , Myles ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` OITNB 's search for answers goes too far for the exact wrong person '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dibdin , Emma ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` The 18 Best Tv Shows Of 2016 '' . Harper 's Bazaar . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kumari Upadhyaya , Kayla ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` '' Orange Is The New Black '' 403 Review : `` ( Do n't ) Say Anything '' `` . Autostraddle . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mohan , Isabel ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Orange is the New Black , season 4 , spoiler - free review : is this the darkest season yet ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kornhaber , Spencer ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black : ' Work That Body for Me ' '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Challenges Us to Sympathize With Aggressors in Season 4 '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kornhaber , Spencer ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black : ' Toast Ca n't Never Be Bread ' '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNutt , Myles ( June 25 , 2016 ) . `` When guards `` freestyle , '' OITNB 's inmates become less free `` . The A.V Club . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ VanArendonk , Kathryn ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season Finale Recap : She Was a Person '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNutt , Myles ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` A new season of OITNB begins with `` delusions of gangsta '' `` . The A.V Club . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaw - Williams , Hannah ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` Orange is the New Black Season 4 Premiere Review '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Matt ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` In the Orange Is the New Black Opener , Piper is Still Dull and the System is Still Broken '' . Paste magazine . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dibdin , Emma ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Orange is the New Black season 4 review : The darkest season yet '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kornhaber , Spencer ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black : ' ( Do n't ) Say Anything ' '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Power , Ed ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` Orange is the New Black , season 4 episode 8 recap : ' Hard to watch ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' : Reviewing every season 4 episode '' . Uproxx . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Viruet , Pilot ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' Recap , Season 4 Episode 9 : Civil Disobedience '' . Decider . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNutt , Myles ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` In OITNB 's finale , the system wants to ignore what the inmates can never forget '' . The A.V Club . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Season 4 Review : `` S * it '' Gets Real & Raw In Strong - As - Ever Netflix Prison Series `` . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dawidziak , Mark ( June 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' shows power of the fourth -- season , that is ( review ) '' . The Plain Dealer . Advance Digital . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Richard ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Simmering Tensions Boil Over in Orange Is the New Black 's Outstanding Fourth Season '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Dana ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' Recap : Episode 1 '' . The Observer . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( February 23 , 2014 ) . `` Satellite Awards : ' 12 Years a Slave ' Wins Best Motion Picture '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Alex Vause on IMDb ( hide ) Orange Is the New Black Characters Piper Chapman Alex Vause Crazy Eyes Nicky Nichols Tiffany Doggett Lorna Morello Miss Rosa Poussey Washington Seasons `` Lesbian Request Denied '' 5 Related Piper Kerman Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison `` You 've Got Time '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_Vause&oldid=825836370 '' Categories : Orange Is the New Black characters Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional career criminals Fictional criminals Fictional inmates in American federal prisons Fictional lesbians Fictional drug dealers Fictional murderers Fictional characters based on real people Fictional LGBT characters in television Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 18 : 29 . 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Tower of London

Tower of London - wikipedia Tower of London Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Tower of London ( disambiguation ) . Tower of London The Tower of London , seen from the River Thames , with a view of the water-gate called `` Traitors ' Gate '' Location London Borough of Tower Hamlets London , EC3 Coordinates 51 ° 30 ′ 29 '' N 00 ° 04 ′ 34 '' W  /  51.50806 ° N 0.07611 ° W  / 51.50806 ; - 0.07611 Coordinates : 51 ° 30 ′ 29 '' N 00 ° 04 ′ 34 '' W  /  51.50806 ° N 0.07611 ° W  / 51.50806 ; - 0.07611 Area Castle : 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) Tower Liberties : 6 acres ( 2.4 ha ) Height 27 metres ( 89 ft ) Built White Tower : 1078 Inner Ward : 1190s Re-built : 1285 Wharf expansion : 1377 -- 1399 Visitors 2,741,126 ( in 2016 ) Owner Queen Elizabeth II in right of the Crown UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria ii , iv Designated 1988 ( 12th session ) Reference no . 488 Country United Kingdom Region Europe and North America Listed Building -- Grade I Listed Building -- Grade II Location of the castle in central London The Tower of London , officially Her Majesty 's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London , is a historic castle located on the north bank of the River Thames in central London . It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets , separated from the eastern edge of the square mile of the City of London by the open space known as Tower Hill . It was founded towards the end of 1066 as part of the Norman Conquest of England . The White Tower , which gives the entire castle its name , was built by William the Conqueror in 1078 and was a resented symbol of oppression , inflicted upon London by the new ruling elite . The castle was used as a prison from 1100 ( Ranulf Flambard ) until 1952 ( Kray twins ) , although that was not its primary purpose . A grand palace early in its history , it served as a royal residence . As a whole , the Tower is a complex of several buildings set within two concentric rings of defensive walls and a moat . There were several phases of expansion , mainly under Kings Richard I , Henry III , and Edward I in the 12th and 13th centuries . The general layout established by the late 13th century remains despite later activity on the site . The Tower of London has played a prominent role in English history . It was besieged several times , and controlling it has been important to controlling the country . The Tower has served variously as an armoury , a treasury , a menagerie , the home of the Royal Mint , a public record office , and the home of the Crown Jewels of England . From the early 14th century until the reign of Charles II , a procession would be led from the Tower to Westminster Abbey on the coronation of a monarch . In the absence of the monarch , the Constable of the Tower is in charge of the castle . This was a powerful and trusted position in the medieval period . In the late 15th century , the castle was the prison of the Princes in the Tower . Under the Tudors , the Tower became used less as a royal residence , and despite attempts to refortify and repair the castle , its defences lagged behind developments to deal with artillery . The peak period of the castle 's use as a prison was the 16th and 17th centuries , when many figures who had fallen into disgrace , such as Elizabeth I before she became queen , Sir Walter Raleigh , and Elizabeth Throckmorton , were held within its walls . This use has led to the phrase `` sent to the Tower '' . Despite its enduring reputation as a place of torture and death , popularised by 16th - century religious propagandists and 19th - century writers , only seven people were executed within the Tower before the World Wars of the 20th century . Executions were more commonly held on the notorious Tower Hill to the north of the castle , with 112 occurring there over a 400 - year period . In the latter half of the 19th century , institutions such as the Royal Mint moved out of the castle to other locations , leaving many buildings empty . Anthony Salvin and John Taylor took the opportunity to restore the Tower to what was felt to be its medieval appearance , clearing out many of the vacant post-medieval structures . In the First and Second World Wars , the Tower was again used as a prison and witnessed the executions of 12 men for espionage . After the Second World War , damage caused during the Blitz was repaired , and the castle reopened to the public . Today , the Tower of London is one of the country 's most popular tourist attractions . Under the ceremonial charge of the Constable of the Tower , it is cared for by the charity Historic Royal Palaces and is protected as a World Heritage Site . Contents ( hide ) 1 Architecture 1.1 Layout 1.2 White Tower 1.3 Innermost ward 1.4 Inner Ward 1.5 Outer Ward 2 Foundation and early history 3 Expansion 4 Later Medieval Period 5 Changing use 6 Restoration and tourism 7 Crown Jewels 8 Royal Menagerie 9 Ghosts 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Architecture ( edit ) Audio description of the Tower of London by Mike Gatting Layout ( edit ) Plan of the Tower of London The Tower was orientated with its strongest and most impressive defences overlooking Saxon London , which archaeologist Alan Vince suggests was deliberate . It would have visually dominated the surrounding area and stood out to traffic on the River Thames . The castle is made up of three `` wards '' , or enclosures . The innermost ward contains the White Tower and is the earliest phase of the castle . Encircling it to the north , east , and west is the inner ward , built during the reign of Richard I ( 1189 -- 1199 ) . Finally , there is the outer ward which encompasses the castle and was built under Edward I . Although there were several phases of expansion after William the Conqueror founded the Tower of London , the general layout has remained the same since Edward I completed his rebuild in 1285 . The castle encloses an area of almost 12 acres ( 4.9 hectares ) with a further 6 acres ( 2.4 ha ) around the Tower of London constituting the Tower Liberties -- land under the direct influence of the castle and cleared for military reasons . The precursor of the Liberties was laid out in the 13th century when Henry III ordered that a strip of land adjacent to the castle be kept clear . Despite popular fiction , the Tower of London never had a permanent torture chamber , although the basement of the White Tower housed a rack in later periods . Tower Wharf was built on the bank of the Thames under Edward I and was expanded to its current size during the reign of Richard II ( 1377 -- 1399 ) . White Tower ( edit ) Main article : White Tower ( Tower of London ) The White Tower is a keep ( also known as a donjon ) , which was often the strongest structure in a medieval castle , and contained lodgings suitable for the lord -- in this case , the king or his representative . According to military historian Allen Brown , `` The great tower ( White Tower ) was also , by virtue of its strength , majesty and lordly accommodation , the donjon par excellence '' . As one of the largest keeps in the Christian world , the White Tower has been described as `` the most complete eleventh - century palace in Europe '' . The original entrance to the White Tower was at first - floor level The White Tower , not including its projecting corner towers , measures 36 by 32 metres ( 118 by 105 ft ) at the base , and is 27 m ( 90 ft ) high at the southern battlements . The structure was originally three storeys high , comprising a basement floor , an entrance level , and an upper floor . The entrance , as is usual in Norman keeps , was above ground , in this case on the south face , and accessed via a wooden staircase which could be removed in the event of an attack . It was probably during Henry II 's reign ( 1154 -- 1189 ) that a forebuilding was added to the south side of the tower to provide extra defences to the entrance , but it has not survived . Each floor was divided into three chambers , the largest in the west , a smaller room in the north - east , and the chapel taking up the entrance and upper floors of the south - east . At the western corners of the building are square towers , while to the north - east a round tower houses a spiral staircase . At the south - east corner there is a larger semi-circular projection which accommodates the apse of the chapel . As the building was intended to be a comfortable residence as well as a stronghold , latrines were built into the walls , and four fireplaces provided warmth . The main building material is Kentish rag - stone , although some local mudstone was also used . Caen stone was imported from northern France to provide details in the Tower 's facing , although little of the original material survives as it was replaced with Portland stone in the 17th and 18th centuries . As most of the Tower 's windows were enlarged in the 18th century , only two original -- albeit restored -- examples remain , in the south wall at the gallery level . The tower was terraced into the side of a mound , so the northern side of the basement is partially below ground level . As was typical of most keeps , the bottom floor was an undercroft used for storage . One of the rooms contained a well . Although the layout has remained the same since the tower 's construction , the interior of the basement dates mostly from the 18th century when the floor was lowered and the pre-existing timber vaults were replaced with brick counterparts . The basement is lit through small slits . St John 's Chapel , inside the White Tower The entrance floor was probably intended for the use of the Constable of the Tower , Lieutenant of the Tower of London and other important officials . The south entrance was blocked during the 17th century , and not reopened until 1973 . Those heading to the upper floor had to pass through a smaller chamber to the east , also connected to the entrance floor . The crypt of St John 's Chapel occupied the south - east corner and was accessible only from the eastern chamber . There is a recess in the north wall of the crypt ; according to Geoffrey Parnell , Keeper of the Tower History at the Royal Armouries , `` the windowless form and restricted access , suggest that it was designed as a strong - room for safekeeping of royal treasures and important documents '' . The upper floor contained a grand hall in the west and residential chamber in the east -- both originally open to the roof and surrounded by a gallery built into the wall -- and St John 's Chapel in the south - east . The top floor was added in the 15th century , along with the present roof . St John 's Chapel was not part of the White Tower 's original design , as the apsidal projection was built after the basement walls . Due to changes in function and design since the tower 's construction , except for the chapel little is left of the original interior . The chapel 's current bare and unadorned appearance is reminiscent of how it would have been in the Norman period . In the 13th century , during Henry III 's reign , the chapel was decorated with such ornamentation as a gold - painted cross , and stained glass windows that depicted the Virgin Mary and the Holy Trinity . Innermost ward ( edit ) The innermost ward encloses an area immediately south of the White Tower , stretching to what was once the edge of the River Thames . As was the case at other castles , such as the 11th - century Hen Domen , the innermost ward was probably filled with timber buildings from the Tower 's foundation . Exactly when the royal lodgings began to encroach from the White Tower into the innermost ward is uncertain , although it had happened by the 1170s . The lodgings were renovated and elaborated during the 1220s and 1230s , becoming comparable with other palatial residences such as Windsor Castle . Construction of Wakefield and Lanthorn Towers -- located at the corners of the innermost ward 's wall along the river -- began around 1220 . They probably served as private residences for the queen and king respectively . The earliest evidence for how the royal chambers were decorated comes from Henry III 's reign : the queen 's chamber was whitewashed , and painted with flowers and imitation stonework . A great hall existed in the south of the ward , between the two towers . It was similar to , although slightly smaller than , that also built by Henry III at Winchester Castle . Near Wakefield Tower was a postern gate which allowed private access to the king 's apartments . The innermost ward was originally surrounded by a protective ditch , which had been filled in by the 1220s . Around this time , a kitchen was built in the ward . Between 1666 and 1676 , the innermost ward was transformed and the palace buildings removed . The area around the White Tower was cleared so that anyone approaching would have to cross open ground . The Jewel House was demolished , and the Crown Jewels moved to Martin Tower . Interior of the innermost ward . Right of centre is the 11th - century White Tower ; the structure at the end of the walkway to the left is Wakefield Tower . Beyond that can be seen Traitors ' Gate . Inner ward ( edit ) See also : Church of St Peter ad Vincula The inner ward was created during Richard the Lionheart 's reign , when a moat was dug to the west of the innermost ward , effectively doubling the castle 's size . Henry III created the ward 's east and north walls , and the ward 's dimensions remain to this day . Most of Henry 's work survives , and only two of the nine towers he constructed have been completely rebuilt . Between the Wakefield and Lanthorn Towers , the innermost ward 's wall also serves as a curtain wall for the inner ward . The main entrance to the inner ward would have been through a gatehouse , most likely in the west wall on the site of what is now Beauchamp Tower . The inner ward 's western curtain wall was rebuilt by Edward I . The 13th - century Beauchamp Tower marks the first large - scale use of brick as a building material in Britain , since the 5th - century departure of the Romans . The Beauchamp Tower is one of 13 towers that stud the curtain wall . Clockwise from the south - west corner they are : Bell , Beauchamp , Devereux , Flint , Bowyer , Brick , Martin , Constable , Broad Arrow , Salt , Lanthorn , Wakefield , and the Bloody Tower . While these towers provided positions from which flanking fire could be deployed against a potential enemy , they also contained accommodation . As its name suggests , Bell Tower housed a belfry , its purpose to raise the alarm in the event of an attack . The royal bow - maker , responsible for making longbows , crossbows , catapults , and other siege and hand weapons , had a workshop in the Bowyer Tower . A turret at the top of Lanthorn Tower was used as a beacon by traffic approaching the Tower at night . The south face of the Waterloo Block As a result of Henry 's expansion , St Peter ad Vincula , a Norman chapel which had previously stood outside the Tower , was incorporated into the castle . Henry decorated the chapel by adding glazed windows , and stalls for himself and his queen . It was rebuilt by Edward I at a cost of over £ 300 and again by Henry VIII in 1519 ; the current building dates from this period , although the chapel was refurbished in the 19th century . Immediately west of Wakefield Tower , the Bloody Tower was built at the same time as the inner ward 's curtain wall , and as a water-gate provided access to the castle from the River Thames . It was a simple structure , protected by a portcullis and gate . The Bloody Tower acquired its name in the 16th century , as it was believed to be the site of the murder of the Princes in the Tower . Between 1339 and 1341 , a gatehouse was built into the curtain wall between Bell and Salt Towers . During the Tudor period , a range of buildings for the storage of munitions was built along the inside of the north inner ward . The castle buildings were remodelled during the Stuart period , mostly under the auspices of the Office of Ordnance . In 1663 just over £ 4,000 was spent building a new storehouse ( now known as the New Armouries ) in the inner ward . Construction of the Grand Storehouse north of the White Tower began in 1688 , on the same site as the dilapidated Tudor range of storehouses ; it was destroyed by fire in 1841 . The Waterloo Block , a former barracks in the castellated Gothic Revival style with Domestic Tudor details , was built on the site and remains to this day , housing the Crown Jewels on the ground floor . Outer ward ( edit ) A third ward was created during Edward I 's extension to the Tower , as the narrow enclosure completely surrounded the castle . At the same time a bastion known as Legge 's Mount was built at the castle 's north - west corner . Brass Mount , the bastion in the north - east corner , was a later addition . The three rectangular towers along the east wall 15 metres ( 49 ft ) apart were dismantled in 1843 . Although the bastions have often been ascribed to the Tudor period , there is no evidence to support this ; archaeological investigations suggest that Legge 's Mount dates from the reign of Edward I. Blocked battlements ( also known as crenellations ) in the south side of Legge 's Mount are the only surviving medieval battlements at the Tower of London ( the rest are Victorian replacements ) . A new 50 - metre ( 160 ft ) moat was dug beyond the castle 's new limits ; it was originally 4.5 metres ( 15 ft ) deeper in the middle than it is today . With the addition of a new curtain wall , the old main entrance to the Tower of London was obscured and made redundant ; a new entrance was created in the south - west corner of the external wall circuit . The complex consisted of an inner and an outer gatehouse and a barbican , which became known as the Lion Tower as it was associated with the animals as part of the Royal Menagerie since at least the 1330s . The Lion Tower itself no longer survives . Edward extended the south side of the Tower of London onto land that had previously been submerged by the River Thames . In this wall , he built St Thomas 's Tower between 1275 and 1279 ; later known as Traitors ' Gate , it replaced the Bloody Tower as the castle 's water-gate . The building is unique in England , and the closest parallel is the now demolished water-gate at the Louvre in Paris . The dock was covered with arrowslits in case of an attack on the castle from the River ; there was also a portcullis at the entrance to control who entered . There were luxurious lodgings on the first floor . Edward also moved the Royal Mint into the Tower ; its exact location early on is unknown , although it was probably in either the outer ward or the Lion Tower . By 1560 , the Mint was located in a building in the outer ward near Salt Tower . Between 1348 and 1355 , a second water-gate , Cradle Tower , was added east of St Thomas 's Tower for the king 's private use . The Tower of London 's outer curtain wall , with the curtain wall of the inner ward just visible behind . In the centre is Legge 's Mount . Foundation and early History ( edit ) Victorious at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066 , the invading Duke of Normandy , William the Conqueror , spent the rest of the year securing his holdings , by fortifying key positions . He founded several castles along the way , but took a circuitous route toward London ; only when he reached Canterbury did he turn towards England 's largest city . As the fortified bridge into London was held by Saxon troops , he decided instead to ravage Southwark before continuing his journey around southern England . A series of Norman victories along the route cut the city 's supply lines and in December 1066 , isolated and intimidated , its leaders yielded London without a fight . Between 1066 and 1087 , William established 36 castles , although references in the Domesday Book indicate that many more were founded by his subordinates . The new ruling elite undertook what has been described as `` the most extensive and concentrated programme of castle - building in the whole history of feudal Europe '' . They were multi-purpose buildings , serving as fortifications ( used as a base of operations in enemy territory ) , centres of administration , and residences . William sent an advance party to prepare the city for his entrance , to celebrate his victory and found a castle ; in the words of William 's biographer , William of Poitiers , `` certain fortifications were completed in the city against the restlessness of the huge and brutal populace . For he ( William ) realised that it was of the first importance to overawe the Londoners '' . At the time , London was the largest town in England ; the foundation of Westminster Abbey and the old Palace of Westminster under Edward the Confessor had marked it as a centre of governance , and with a prosperous port it was important for the Normans to establish control over the settlement . The other two castles in London -- Baynard 's Castle and Montfichet 's Castle -- were established at the same time . The fortification that would later become known as the Tower of London was built onto the south - east corner of the Roman town walls , using them as prefabricated defences , with the River Thames providing additional protection from the south . This earliest phase of the castle would have been enclosed by a ditch and defended by a timber palisade , and probably had accommodation suitable for William . The White Tower dates from the late 11th century . Most of the early Norman castles were built from timber , but by the end of the 11th century a few , including the Tower of London , had been renovated or replaced with stone . Work on the White Tower -- which gives the whole castle its name -- is usually considered to have begun in 1078 , however the exact date is uncertain . William made Gundulf , Bishop of Rochester , responsible for its construction , although it may not have been completed until after William 's death in 1087 . The White Tower is the earliest stone keep in England , and was the strongest point of the early castle . It also contained grand accommodation for the king . At the latest , it was probably finished by 1100 when Bishop Ranulf Flambard was imprisoned there . Flambard was loathed by the English for exacting harsh taxes . Although he is the first recorded prisoner held in the Tower , he was also the first person to escape from it , using a smuggled rope secreted in a butt of wine . He was held in luxury and permitted servants , but on 2 February 1101 he hosted a banquet for his captors . After plying them with drink , when no one was looking he lowered himself from a secluded chamber , and out of the Tower . The escape came as such a surprise that one contemporary chronicler accused the bishop of witchcraft . The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle records that in 1097 King William II ordered a wall to be built around the Tower of London ; it was probably built from stone as a replacement for the timber palisade that arced around the north and west sides of the castle , between the Roman wall and the Thames . The Norman Conquest of London manifested itself not only with a new ruling class , but in the way the city was structured . Land was confiscated and redistributed amongst the Normans , who also brought over hundreds of Jews , for financial reasons . The Jews arrived under the direct protection of the Crown , as a result of which Jewish communities were often found close to castles . The Jews used the Tower as a retreat , when threatened by anti-Jewish violence . The death in 1135 of Henry I left England with a disputed succession ; although the king had persuaded his most powerful barons to swear support for the Empress Matilda , just a few days after Henry 's death Stephen of Blois arrived from France to lay claim to the throne . The importance of the city and its Tower is marked by the speed at which he secured London . The castle , which had not been used as a royal residence for some time , was usually left in the charge of a Constable , a post held at this time by Geoffrey de Mandeville . As the Tower was considered an impregnable fortress in a strategically important position , possession was highly valued . Mandeville exploited this , selling his allegiance to Matilda after Stephen was captured in 1141 at the Battle of Lincoln . Once her support waned , the following year he resold his loyalty to Stephen . Through his role as Constable of the Tower , Mandeville became `` the richest and most powerful man in England '' . When he tried the same ploy again , this time holding secret talks with Matilda , Stephen had him arrested , forced him to cede control of his castles , and replaced him with one of his most loyal supporters . Until then the position had been hereditary , originally held by Geoffrey de Mandeville ( a friend of William the Conqueror 's and ancestor of the Geoffrey that Stephen and Matilda dealt with ) , but the position 's authority was such that from then on it remained in the hands of an appointee of the monarch . The position was usually given to someone of great importance , who might not always be at the castle due to other duties . Although the Constable was still responsible for maintaining the castle and its garrison , from an early stage he had a subordinate to help with this duty : the Lieutenant of the Tower . Constables also had civic duties relating to the city . Usually they were given control of the city and were responsible for levying taxes , enforcing the law and maintaining order . The creation in 1191 of the position of Lord Mayor of London removed many of the Constable 's civic powers , and at times led to friction between the two . Expansion ( edit ) The castle probably retained its form as established by 1100 until the reign of Richard I ( 1189 -- 1199 ) . The castle was extended under William Longchamp , King Richard 's Lord Chancellor and the man in charge of England while he was on crusade . The Pipe Rolls record £ 2,881 1s 10d spent at the Tower of London between 3 December 1189 and 11 November 1190 , from an estimated £ 7,000 spent by Richard on castle building in England . According to the contemporary chronicler Roger of Howden , Longchamp dug a moat around the castle and tried in vain to fill it from the Thames . Longchamp was also Constable of the Tower , and undertook its expansion while preparing for war with King Richard 's younger brother , Prince John , who in Richard 's absence arrived in England to try to seize power . As Longchamp 's main fortress , he made the Tower as strong as possible . The new fortifications were first tested in October 1191 , when the Tower was besieged for the first time in its history . Longchamp capitulated to John after just three days , deciding he had more to gain from surrender than prolonging the siege . The Tower of London from The Shard . The River Thames is to the south . The outer curtain walls were erected in the 13th century . John succeeded Richard as king in 1199 , but his rule proved unpopular with many of his barons , who in response moved against him . In 1214 , while the king was at Windsor Castle , Robert Fitzwalter led an army into London and laid siege to the Tower . Although under - garrisoned , the Tower resisted and the siege was lifted once John signed the Magna Carta . The king reneged on his promises of reform , leading to the outbreak of the First Barons ' War . Even after the Magna Carta was signed , Fitzwalter maintained his control of London . During the war , the Tower 's garrison joined forces with the barons . John was deposed in 1216 and the barons offered the English throne to Prince Louis , the eldest son of the French king . However , after John 's death in October 1216 , many began to support the claim of his eldest son , Henry III . War continued between the factions supporting Louis and Henry , with Fitzwalter supporting Louis . Fitzwalter was still in control of London and the Tower , both of which held out until it was clear that Henry III 's supporters would prevail . In the 13th century , Kings Henry III ( 1216 -- 1272 ) and Edward I ( 1272 -- 1307 ) extended the castle , essentially creating it as it stands today . Henry was disconnected from his barons , and a mutual lack of understanding led to unrest and resentment towards his rule . As a result , he was eager to ensure the Tower of London was a formidable fortification ; at the same time Henry was an aesthete and wished to make the castle a comfortable place to live . From 1216 to 1227 nearly £ 10,000 was spent on the Tower of London ; in this period , only the work at Windsor Castle cost more ( £ 15,000 ) . Most of the work was focused on the palatial buildings of the innermost ward . The tradition of whitewashing the White Tower ( from which it derives its name ) began in 1240 . Beginning around 1238 , the castle was expanded to the east , north , and north - west . The work lasted through the reign of Henry III and into that of Edward I , interrupted occasionally by civil unrest . New creations included a new defensive perimeter , studded with towers , while on the west , north , and east sides , where the wall was not defended by the river , a defensive ditch was dug . The eastern extension took the castle beyond the bounds of the old Roman settlement , marked by the city wall which had been incorporated into the castle 's defences . The Tower had long been a symbol of oppression , despised by Londoners , and Henry 's building programme was unpopular . So when the gatehouse collapsed in 1240 , the locals celebrated the setback . The expansion caused disruption locally and £ 166 was paid to St Katherine 's Hospital and the prior of Holy Trinity in compensation . Henry III often held court at the Tower of London , and held parliament there on at least two occasions ( 1236 and 1261 ) when he felt that the barons were becoming dangerously unruly . In 1258 , the discontented barons , led by Simon de Montfort , forced the King to agree to reforms including the holding of regular parliaments . Relinquishing the Tower of London was among the conditions . Henry III resented losing power and sought permission from the pope to break his oath . With the backing of mercenaries , Henry installed himself in the Tower in 1261 . While negotiations continued with the barons , the King ensconced himself in the castle , although no army moved to take it . A truce was agreed with the condition that the King hand over control of the Tower once again . Henry won a significant victory at the Battle of Evesham in 1265 , allowing him to regain control of the country and the Tower of London . Cardinal Ottobuon came to England to excommunicate those who were still rebellious ; the act was deeply unpopular and the situation was exacerbated when the cardinal was granted custody of the Tower . Gilbert de Clare , 6th Earl of Hertford , marched on London in April 1267 and laid siege to the castle , declaring that custody of the Tower was `` not a post to be trusted in the hands of a foreigner , much less of an ecclesiastic '' . Despite a large army and siege engines , Gilbert de Clare was unable to take the castle . The Earl retreated , allowing the King control of the capital , and the Tower experienced peace for the rest of Henry 's reign . Although he was rarely in London , Edward I undertook an expensive remodelling of the Tower , costing £ 21,000 between 1275 and 1285 , over double that spent on the castle during the whole of Henry III 's reign . Edward I was a seasoned castle builder , and used his experience of siege warfare during the crusades to bring innovations to castle building . His programme of castle building in Wales heralded the introduction of the widespread use of arrowslits in castle walls across Europe , drawing on Eastern influences . At the Tower of London , Edward filled in the moat dug by Henry III and built a new curtain wall along its line , creating a new enclosure . A new moat was created in front of the new curtain wall . The western part of Henry III 's curtain wall was rebuilt , with Beauchamp Tower replacing the castle 's old gatehouse . A new entrance was created , with elaborate defences including two gatehouses and a barbican . In an effort to make the castle self - sufficient , Edward I also added two watermills . Six hundred Jews were imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1278 , charged with coin clipping . Persecution of the country 's Jewish population under Edward began in 1276 and culminated in 1290 when he issued the Edict of Expulsion , forcing the Jews out of the country . Later medieval period ( edit ) A model of the Tower of London as it appeared after the final period of expansion under Edward I During Edward II 's reign ( 1307 -- 1327 ) there was relatively little activity at the Tower of London . However , it was during this period that the Privy Wardrobe was founded . The institution was based at the Tower and responsible for organising the state 's arms . In 1321 , Margaret de Clare , Baroness Badlesmere became the first woman imprisoned in the Tower of London after she refused Queen Isabella admittance to Leeds Castle and ordered her archers to fire upon Isabella , killing six of the royal escort . Generally reserved for high - ranking inmates , the Tower was the most important royal prison in the country . However it was not necessarily very secure , and throughout its history people bribed the guards to help them escape . In 1323 Roger Mortimer , Baron Mortimer , was aided in his escape from the Tower by the Sub-Lieutenant of the Tower who let Mortimer 's men inside . They hacked a hole in his cell wall and Mortimer escaped to a waiting boat . He fled to France where he encountered Edward 's Queen . They began an affair and plotted to overthrow the King . One of Mortimer 's first acts on entering England in 1326 was to capture the Tower and release the prisoners held there . For four years he ruled while Edward III was too young to do so himself ; in 1330 , Edward and his supporters captured Mortimer and threw him in the Tower . Under Edward III 's rule ( 1312 -- 1377 ) England experienced renewed success in warfare after his father 's reign had put the realm on the backfoot against the Scots and French . Amongst Edward 's successes were the battles of Crécy and Poitiers where King John II of France was taken prisoner , and the capture of the King David II of Scotland at Neville 's Cross . During this period , the Tower of London held many noble prisoners of war . Edward II had allowed the Tower of London to fall into a state of disrepair , and by the reign of Edward III the castle was an uncomfortable place . The nobility held captive within its walls were unable to engage in activities such as hunting which were permissible at other royal castles used as prisons , for instance Windsor . Edward III ordered that the castle should be renovated . One of the powerful French magnates held in the Tower during the Hundred Years ' War was Charles , Duke of Orléans , the nephew of the King of France . The above late 15th - century image is the earliest surviving non-schematic picture of the Tower of London . It shows the White Tower and the water-gate . When Richard II was crowned in 1377 , he led a procession from the Tower to Westminster Abbey . This tradition began in at least the early 14th century and lasted until 1660 . During the Peasants ' Revolt of 1381 the Tower of London was besieged with the King inside . When Richard rode out to meet with Wat Tyler , the rebel leader , a crowd broke into the castle without meeting resistance and looted the Jewel House . The Archbishop of Canterbury , Simon Sudbury , took refuge in St John 's Chapel , hoping the mob would respect the sanctuary . However , he was taken away and beheaded on Tower Hill . Six years later there was again civil unrest , and Richard spent Christmas in the security of the Tower rather than Windsor as was more usual . When Henry Bolingbroke returned from exile in 1399 , Richard was imprisoned in the White Tower . He abdicated and was replaced on the throne by Bolingbroke , who became King Henry IV . In the 15th century , there was little building work at the Tower of London , yet the castle still remained important as a place of refuge . When supporters of the late Richard II attempted a coup , Henry IV found safety in the Tower of London . During this period , the castle also held many distinguished prisoners . The heir to the Scottish throne , later King James I of Scotland , was kidnapped while journeying to France in 1406 and held in the Tower . The reign of Henry V ( 1413 -- 1422 ) renewed England 's fortune in the Hundred Years ' War against France . As a result of Henry 's victories , such as the Battle of Agincourt , many high - status prisoners were held in the Tower of London until they were ransomed . Much of the latter half of the 15th century was occupied by the Wars of the Roses between the claimants to the throne , the houses of Lancaster and York . The castle was once again besieged in 1460 , this time by a Yorkist force . The Tower was damaged by artillery fire but only surrendered when Henry VI was captured at the Battle of Northampton . With the help of Richard Neville , 16th Earl of Warwick ( nicknamed `` the Kingmaker '' ) Henry recaptured the throne for a short time in 1470 . However , Edward IV soon regained control and Henry VI was imprisoned in the Tower of London , where he was probably murdered . During the wars , the Tower was fortified to withstand gunfire , and provided with loopholes for cannons and handguns : an enclosure was created for this purpose to the south of Tower Hill , although it no longer survives . The Two Princes Edward and Richard in the Tower , 1483 by Sir John Everett Millais , 1878 , part of the Royal Holloway picture collection Shortly after the death of Edward IV in 1483 , the notorious murder of the Princes in the Tower is traditionally believed to have taken place . The incident is one of the most infamous events associated with the Tower of London . Edward V 's uncle Richard , Duke of Gloucester was declared Lord Protector while the prince was too young to rule . Traditional accounts have held that the 12 - year - old Edward was confined to the Tower of London along with his younger brother Richard . The Duke of Gloucester was proclaimed King Richard III in June . The princes were last seen in public in June 1483 ; it has traditionally been thought that the most likely reason for their disappearance is that they were murdered late in the summer of 1483 . Bones thought to belong to them were discovered in 1674 when the 12th - century forebuilding at the entrance to the White Tower was demolished ; however , the reputed level at which the bones were found ( 10 ft or 3 m ) would put the bones at a depth similar to that of the recently discovered Roman graveyard found 12 ft ( 4 m ) underneath the Minories a few hundred yards to the north . Opposition to Richard escalated until he was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 by the Lancastrian Henry Tudor , who ascended to the throne as Henry VII . Changing use ( edit ) The beginning of the Tudor period marked the start of the decline of the Tower of London 's use as a royal residence . As 16th - century chronicler Raphael Holinshed said the Tower became used more as `` an armouries and house of munition , and thereunto a place for the safekeeping of offenders than a palace roiall for a king or queen to sojourne in '' . The Yeoman Warders have been the Royal Bodyguard since at least 1509 . During the reign of Henry VIII , the Tower was assessed as needing considerable work on its defences . In 1532 , Thomas Cromwell spent £ 3,593 on repairs and imported nearly 3,000 tons of Caen stone for the work . Even so , this was not sufficient to bring the castle up to the standard of contemporary military fortifications which were designed to withstand powerful artillery . Although the defences were repaired , the palace buildings were left in a state of neglect after Henry 's death . Their condition was so poor that they were virtually uninhabitable . From 1547 onwards , the Tower of London was only used as a royal residence when its political and historic symbolism was considered useful , for instance each of Edward VI , Mary I , and Elizabeth I briefly stayed at the Tower before their coronations . In the 16th century , the Tower acquired an enduring reputation as a grim , forbidding prison . This had not always been the case . As a royal castle , it was used by the monarch to imprison people for various reasons , however these were usually high - status individuals for short periods rather than common citizenry as there were plenty of prisons elsewhere for such people . Contrary to the popular image of the Tower , prisoners were able to make their life easier by purchasing amenities such as better food or tapestries through the Lieutenant of the Tower . As holding prisoners was originally an incidental role of the Tower -- as would have been the case for any castle -- there was no purpose - built accommodation for prisoners until 1687 when a brick shed , a `` Prison for Soldiers '' , was built to the north - west of the White Tower . The Tower 's reputation for torture and imprisonment derives largely from 16th - century religious propagandists and 19th - century romanticists . Although much of the Tower 's reputation is exaggerated , the 16th and 17th centuries marked the castle 's zenith as a prison , with many religious and political undesirables locked away . The Privy Council had to sanction the use of torture , so it was not often used ; between 1540 and 1640 , the peak of imprisonment at the Tower , there were 48 recorded cases of the use of torture . The three most common forms used were the infamous rack , the Scavenger 's daughter , and manacles . The rack was introduced to England in 1447 by the Duke of Exeter , the Constable of the Tower ; consequentially it was also known as the Duke of Exeter 's daughter . One of those tortured at the Tower was Guy Fawkes , who was brought there on 6 November 1605 ; after torture he signed a full confession to the Gunpowder Plot . Among those held and executed at the Tower was Anne Boleyn . Although the Yeoman Warders were once the Royal Bodyguard , by the 16th and 17th centuries their main duty had become to look after the prisoners . The Tower was often a safer place than other prisons in London such as the Fleet , where disease was rife . High - status prisoners could live in conditions comparable to those they might expect outside ; one such example was that while Walter Raleigh was held in the Tower his rooms were altered to accommodate his family , including his son who was born there in 1605 . Executions were usually carried out on Tower Hill rather than in the Tower of London itself , and 112 people were executed on the hill over 400 years . Before the 20th century , there had been seven executions within the castle on Tower Green ; as was the case with Lady Jane Grey , this was reserved for prisoners for whom public execution was considered dangerous . After Lady Jane Grey 's execution on 12 February 1554 , Queen Mary I imprisoned her sister Elizabeth , later Queen Elizabeth I , in the Tower under suspicion of causing rebellion as Sir Thomas Wyatt had led a revolt against Mary in Elizabeth 's name . The cobbled surface of Tower Hill to the north of the Tower of London . Over a period of 400 years , 112 people were executed on the hill . The Office of Ordnance and Armoury Office were founded in the 15th century , taking over the Privy Wardrobe 's duties of looking after the monarch 's arsenal and valuables . As there was no standing army before 1661 , the importance of the royal armoury at the Tower of London was that it provided a professional basis for procuring supplies and equipment in times of war . The two bodies were resident at the Tower from at least 1454 , and by the 16th century they had moved to a position in the inner ward . The Board of Ordnance ( successor to these Offices ) had its headquarters in the White Tower and used surrounding buildings for storage . In 1855 the Board was abolished ; its successor ( the Military Store Department of the War Office ) was also based there until 1869 , after which its headquarters staff were relocated to the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich ( where the recently closed Woolwich Dockyard was converted into a vast ordnance store ) . Political tensions between Charles I and Parliament in the second quarter of the 17th century led to an attempt by forces loyal to the King to secure the Tower and its valuable contents , including money and munitions . London 's Trained Bands , a militia force , were moved into the castle in 1640 . Plans for defence were drawn up and gun platforms were built , readying the Tower for war . The preparations were never put to the test . In 1642 , Charles I attempted to arrest five members of parliament . When this failed he fled the city , and Parliament retaliated by removing Sir John Byron , the Lieutenant of the Tower . The Trained Bands had switched sides , and now supported Parliament ; together with the London citizenry , they blockaded the Tower . With permission from the King , Byron relinquished control of the Tower . Parliament replaced Byron with a man of their own choosing , Sir John Conyers . By the time the English Civil War broke out in November 1642 , the Tower of London was already in Parliament 's control . The last monarch to uphold the tradition of taking a procession from the Tower to Westminster to be crowned was Charles II in 1661 . At the time , the castle 's accommodation was in such poor condition that he did not stay there the night before his coronation . Under the Stuart kings the Tower 's buildings were remodelled , mostly under the auspices of the Office of Ordnance . Just over £ 4,000 was spent in 1663 on building a new storehouse , now known as the New Armouries in the inner ward . In the 17th century there were plans to enhance the Tower 's defences in the style of the trace italienne , however they were never acted on . Although the facilities for the garrison were improved with the addition of the first purpose - built quarters for soldiers ( the `` Irish Barracks '' ) in 1670 , the general accommodations were still in poor condition . An engraving of the Tower of London in 1737 by Samuel and Nathaniel Buck When the Hanoverian dynasty ascended the throne , their situation was uncertain and with a possible Scottish rebellion in mind , the Tower of London was repaired . Gun platforms added under the Stuarts had decayed . The number of guns at the Tower was reduced from 118 to 45 , and one contemporary commentator noted that the castle `` would not hold out four and twenty hours against an army prepared for a siege '' . For the most part , the 18th - century work on the defences was spasmodic and piecemeal , although a new gateway in the southern curtain wall permitting access from the wharf to the outer ward was added in 1774 . The moat surrounding the castle had become silted over the centuries since it was created despite attempts at clearing it . It was still an integral part of the castle 's defences , so in 1830 the Constable of the Tower , the Duke of Wellington , ordered a large - scale clearance of several feet of silt . However this did not prevent an outbreak of disease in the garrison in 1841 caused by poor water supply , resulting in several deaths . To prevent the festering ditch posing further health problems , it was ordered that the moat should be drained and filled with earth . The work began in 1843 and was mostly complete two years later . The construction of the Waterloo Barracks in the inner ward began in 1845 , when the Duke of Wellington laid the foundation stone . The building could accommodate 1,000 men ; at the same time , separate quarters for the officers were built to the north - east of the White Tower . The building is now the headquarters of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers . The popularity of the Chartist movement between 1828 and 1858 led to a desire to refortify the Tower of London in the event of civil unrest . It was the last major programme of fortification at the castle . Most of the surviving installations for the use of artillery and firearms date from this period . During the First World War , eleven men were tried in private and shot by firing squad at the Tower for espionage . During the Second World War , the Tower was once again used to hold prisoners of war . One such person was Rudolf Hess , Adolf Hitler 's deputy , albeit just for four days in 1941 . He was the last state prisoner to be held at the castle . The last person to be executed at the Tower was German spy Josef Jakobs who was shot on 15 August 1941 . The executions for espionage during the wars took place in a prefabricated miniature rifle range which stood in the outer ward and was demolished in 1969 . The Second World War also saw the last use of the Tower as a fortification . In the event of a German invasion , the Tower , together with the Royal Mint and nearby warehouses , was to have formed one of three `` keeps '' or complexes of defended buildings which formed the last - ditch defences of the capital . Restoration and tourism ( edit ) A recreation of Edward I 's bedchamber in St Thomas 's Tower The Tower of London has become established as one of the most popular tourist attractions in the country . It has been a tourist attraction since at least the Elizabethan period , when it was one of the sights of London that foreign visitors wrote about . Its most popular attractions were the Royal Menagerie and displays of armour . The Crown Jewels also garner much interest , and have been on public display since 1669 . The Tower steadily gained popularity with tourists through the 19th century , despite the opposition of the Duke of Wellington to visitors . Numbers became so high that by 1851 a purpose - built ticket office was erected . By the end of the century , over 500,000 were visiting the castle every year . Over the 18th and 19th centuries , the palatial buildings were slowly adapted for other uses and demolished . Only the Wakefield and St Thomas 's Towers survived . The 18th century marked an increasing interest in England 's medieval past . One of the effects was the emergence of Gothic Revival architecture . In the Tower 's architecture , this was manifest when the New Horse Armoury was built in 1825 against the south face of the White Tower . It featured elements of Gothic Revival architecture such as battlements . Other buildings were remodelled to match the style and the Waterloo Barracks were described as `` castellated Gothic of the 15th century '' . Between 1845 and 1885 institutions such as the Mint which had inhabited the castle for centuries moved to other sites ; many of the post-medieval structures left vacant were demolished . In 1855 , the War Office took over responsibility for manufacture and storage of weapons from the Ordnance Office , which was gradually phased out of the castle . At the same time , there was greater interest in the history of the Tower of London . Public interest was partly fuelled by contemporary writers , of whom the work of William Harrison Ainsworth was particularly influential . In The Tower of London : A Historical Romance he created a vivid image of underground torture chambers and devices for extracting confessions that stuck in the public imagination . Harrison also played another role in the Tower 's history , as he suggested that Beauchamp Tower should be opened to the public so they could see the inscriptions of 16th - and 17th - century prisoners . Working on the suggestion , Anthony Salvin refurbished the tower and led a further programme for a comprehensive restoration at the behest of Prince Albert . Salvin was succeeded in the work by John Taylor . When a feature did not meet his expectations of medieval architecture Taylor would ruthlessly remove it ; as a result , several important buildings within the castle were pulled down and in some cases post-medieval internal decoration removed . The main entrance to the Tower of London . Today the castle is a popular tourist attraction . Although only one bomb fell on the Tower of London in the First World War ( it landed harmlessly in the moat ) , the Second World War left a greater mark . On 23 September 1940 , during the Blitz , high - explosive bombs damaged the castle , destroying several buildings and narrowly missing the White Tower . After the war , the damage was repaired and the Tower of London was reopened to the public . In 1974 , there was a bomb explosion in the Mortar Room in the White Tower , leaving one person dead and 35 injured . No one claimed responsibility for the blast , but the police investigated suspicions that the IRA was behind it . In the 21st century , tourism is the Tower 's primary role , the remaining routine military activities , under the Royal Logistic Corps , having wound down in the latter half of the 20th century and moved out of the castle . However , the Tower is still home to the ceremonial regimental headquarters of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers , and the museum dedicated to it and its predecessor , the Royal Fusiliers . Also , a detachment of the unit providing the Queen 's Guard at Buckingham Palace still mounts a guard at the Tower , and with the Yeomen Warders , takes part in the Ceremony of the Keys each day . On several occasions through the year gun salutes are fired from the Tower by the Honourable Artillery Company , these consist of 62 rounds for royal occasions , and 41 on other occasions . Two of the ravens Since 1990 , the Tower of London has been cared for by an independent charity , Historic Royal Palaces , which receives no funding from the Government or the Crown . In 1988 , the Tower of London was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites , in recognition of its global importance and to help conserve and protect the site . However , recent developments , such as the construction of skyscrapers nearby , have pushed the Tower towards being added to the United Nations ' Heritage in Danger List . The remains of the medieval palace have been open to the public since 2006 . Visitors can explore the chambers restored to their former glory , once used by past kings and queens . Although the position of Constable of the Tower remains the highest position held at the Tower , the responsibility of day - to - day administration is delegated to the Resident Governor . At least six ravens are kept at the Tower at all times , in accordance with the belief that if they are absent , the kingdom will fall . They are under the care of the Yeomen Warders . The earliest known reference to a Tower raven is a picture from 1883 . As well as having ceremonial duties , the Yeoman Warders provide guided tours around the Tower . Just over 2.7 million people visited the Tower of London in 2016 . Crown Jewels ( edit ) See also : Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom and Jewel House The Imperial State Crown The tradition of housing the Crown Jewels in the Tower of London probably dates from the reign of Henry III ( 1216 -- 1272 ) . The Jewel House was built specifically to house the royal regalia , including jewels , plate , and symbols of royalty such as the crown , sceptre , and sword . When money needed to be raised , the treasure could be pawned by the monarch . The treasure allowed the monarch independence from the aristocracy , and consequently was closely guarded . A new position for `` keeper of the jewels , armouries and other things '' was created , which was well rewarded ; in the reign of Edward III ( 1327 -- 1377 ) the holder was paid 12d a day . The position grew to include other duties including purchasing royal jewels , gold , and silver , and appointing royal goldsmiths and jewellers . In 1649 , during the English Civil War , the contents of the Jewel House were disposed of along with other royal properties , as decreed by Cromwell . Metal items were sent to the Mint to be melted down and re-used , and the crowns were `` totallie broken and defaced '' . When the monarchy was restored in 1660 , the only surviving items of the coronation regalia were a 12th - century spoon and three ceremonial swords . ( Some pieces that had been sold were later returned to the Crown . ) Detailed records of old regalia survived , and replacements were made for the coronation of Charles II in 1661 based on drawings from the time of Charles I . For the coronation of Charles II , gems were rented because the treasury could not afford to replace them . In 1669 , the Jewel House was demolished and the Crown Jewels moved into Martin Tower ( until 1841 ) . They were displayed here for viewing by the paying public . This was exploited two years later when Colonel Thomas Blood attempted to steal them . Blood and his accomplices bound and gagged the Jewel House keeper . Although they laid their hands on the Imperial State Crown , Sceptre and Orb , they were foiled when the keeper 's son turned up unexpectedly and raised the alarm . Since 1994 , the Crown Jewels have been on display in the Jewel House in the Waterloo Block . Some of the pieces are used regularly by the Queen . The display includes 23,578 gemstones , the 800 - year - old Coronation Spoon , St. Edward 's Crown ( worn during all crownings at Westminster Abbey ) and the Imperial State Crown . Royal Menagerie ( edit ) Wire animal sculptures at the tower , Kendra Haste There is evidence that King John ( 1166 -- 1216 ) first started keeping wild animals at the Tower . Records of 1210 -- 1212 show payments to lion keepers . The Royal Menagerie is frequently referenced during the reign of Henry III . Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II presented Henry with three leopards , circa 1235 , which were kept in the Tower . In 1251 , the sheriffs were ordered to pay fourpence a day towards the upkeep of the King 's polar bear , a gift from Haakon IV of Norway in the same year ; the bear attracted a great deal of attention from Londoners when it went fishing in the Thames while tied to the land by a chain . In 1254 or 1255 , Henry III received an African elephant from Louis IX of France depicted by Matthew Paris in his Chronica Majora . A wooden structure was built to house the elephant , 12.2 m ( 40 ft ) long by 6.1 m ( 20 ft ) wide . The animal died in 1258 , possibly because it was given red wine , but also perhaps because of the cold climate of England . In 1288 , Edward I added a lion and a lynx and appointed the first official Keeper of the animals . Edward III added other types of animals , two lions , a leopard and two wildcats . Under subsequent kings , the number of animals grew to include additional cats of various types , jackals , hyenas , and an old brown bear , Max , gifted to Henry VIII by Emperor Maximilian . In 1436 , during the time of Henry V , all the lions died and the employment of Keeper William Kerby was terminated . Historical records indicate that a semi-circular structure or barbican was built by Edward I in 1277 ; this area was later named the Lion Tower , to the immediate west of the Middle Tower . Records from 1335 indicate the purchase of a lock and key for the lions and leopards , also suggesting they were located near the western entrance of the Tower . By the 1500s that area was called the Menagerie . Between 1604 and 1606 the Menagerie was extensive refurbished and an exercise yard was created in the moat area beside the Lion Tower . An overhead platform was added for viewing of the lions by the royals , during lion baiting , for example in the time of James I. Reports from 1657 include mention of six lions , increasing to 11 by 1708 , in addition to other types of cats , eagles , owls and a jackal . By the 18th century , the menagerie was open to the public ; admission cost three half - pence or the supply of a cat or dog to be fed to the lions . By the end of the century , that had increased to 9 pence . A particularly famous inhabitant was Old Martin , a large grizzly bear given to George III by the Hudson 's Bay Company in 1811 . An 1800 inventory also listed a tiger , leopards , a hyena , a large baboon , various types of monkeys , wolves and `` other animals '' . By 1822 , however , the collection included only a grizzly bear , an elephant and some birds . Additional animals were then introduced . In 1828 there were over 280 representing at least 60 species as the new keeper Alfred Copps was actively acquiring animals . After the death of George IV in 1830 , a decision was made to close down the Menagerie . In 1831 , most of the stock was moved to the London Zoo which had opened in 1828 . The last of the animals left in 1835 , relocated to Regent 's Park . This decision was made after an incident , although sources vary as to the specifics : either a lion was accused of biting a soldier , or a sailor , Ensign Seymour , had been bitten by a monkey . The Menagerie buildings were removed in 1852 but the Keeper of the Royal Menagerie was entitled to use the Lion Tower as a house for life . Consequently , even though the animals had long since left the building , the tower was not demolished until the death of Copps , the last keeper , in 1853 . In 1999 , physical evidence of lion cages was found , one being 3x3 meters ( 6.5 x10 feet ) in size , very small for a lion that can grow to be 2.5 meters ( approximately 8 feet ) long . In 2008 , the skulls of two male Barbary lions ( now extinct in the wild ) from northwest Africa were found in the moat area of the Tower . Radiocarbon tests dated them from 1280 -- 1385 and 1420 -- 1480 . During 2011 an exhibition was hosted at the Tower with fine wire sculptures by Kendra Haste . Ghosts ( edit ) Anne Boleyn was beheaded in 1536 for treason against Henry VIII ; her ghost supposedly haunts the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula , where she is buried , and has been said to walk around the White Tower carrying her head under her arm . This haunting is commemorated in the 1934 comic song `` With Her Head Tucked Underneath Her Arm '' . Other reported ghosts include Henry VI , Lady Jane Grey , Margaret Pole , and the Princes in the Tower . In January 1816 , a sentry on guard outside the Jewel House claimed to have witnessed an apparition of a bear advancing towards him , and reportedly died of fright a few days later . In October 1817 , a tubular , glowing apparition was claimed to have been seen in the Jewel House by the Keeper of the Crown Jewels , Edmund Lenthal Swifte . He said that the apparition hovered over the shoulder of his wife , leading her to exclaim : `` Oh , Christ ! It has seized me ! '' Other nameless and formless terrors have been reported , more recently , by night staff at the Tower . See also ( edit ) London portal Criminal justice portal Castles in Great Britain and Ireland List of buildings that survived the Great Fire of London List of castles in England List of Keepers of the Records in the Tower of London List of prisoners of the Tower of London Tower of London in popular culture Zammitello Palace , built in imitation of the Tower of London References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Wakefield Tower was originally called Blundeville Tower . Jump up ^ Flambard , Bishop of Durham , was imprisoned by Henry I `` for the many injustices which Henry himself and the king 's other sons had suffered '' . Footnotes ^ Jump up to : `` Visits made in 2016 to visitor attractions in membership with ALVA '' . Association of Leading Visitor Attractions . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Historic Royal Palaces . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . 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Retrieved 21 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Parnell , Geoffrey ( 2 December 1993 ) . Book of the Tower of London . B.T. Batsford -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Maev ( 18 October 1999 ) . `` Tower 's old grizzly back on show '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Medieval Lion Skulls Reveal Secrets of Tower of London `` Zoo '' `` . News.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Royal Beasts at Tower of London , View London , retrieved 14 April 2011 Jump up ^ Farson 1978 , pp. 14 -- 16 ^ Jump up to : Hole 1951 , pp. 61 -- 62 , 155 Jump up ^ Roud 2009 , pp. 60 -- 61 Bibliography Allen Brown , Reginald ( 1976 ) ( 1954 ) , Allen Brown 's English Castles , The Boydell Press , ISBN 1 - 84383 - 069 - 8 Allen Brown , Reginald ; Curnow , P ( 1984 ) , Tower of London , Greater London : Department of the Environment Official Handbook , Her Majesty 's Stationery Office , ISBN 0 - 11 - 671148 - 5 Bennett , Matthew ( 2001 ) , Campaigns of the Norman Conquest , Essential Histories , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 1 - 84176 - 228 - 8 Black , Ernest ( 1927 ) , `` Torture under English Law '' , University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register , University of Pennsylvania , 75 ( 4 ) : 344 -- 348 , doi : 10.2307 / 3307506 , JSTOR 3307506 Blunt , Wilfred ( 1976 ) , The Ark in the Park : The Zoo in the Nineteenth Century , Hamish Hamilton , ISBN 0 - 241 - 89331 - 3 Cathcart King , David James ( 1988 ) , The Castle in England and Wales : an Interpretative History , Croom Helm , ISBN 0 - 918400 - 08 - 2 Collinson , Patrick ( 2004 ) , `` Elizabeth I ( 1533 -- 1603 ) , Queen of England and Ireland '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press ( subscription required ) Costain , Thomas ( 1958 ) , The Three Edwards , Garden City Creighton , Oliver ( 2002 ) , Castles and Landscapes , Continuum , ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5896 - 3 Farson , Daniel ( 1978 ) , Ghosts in Fact and Fiction , Hamlyn Young Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 600 - 34053 - 9 Friar , Stephen ( 2003 ) , The Sutton Companion to Castles , Sutton Publishing , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7509 - 3994 - 2 Gillingham , John ( 2002 ) ( 1999 ) , Richard I , Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 09404 - 3 Hole , Christina ( 1951 ) , Haunted England : A Survey of English Ghost - Lore ( 3 ed . ) , Batsford Horrox , Rosemary ( 2004 ) , `` Edward V ( 1470 -- 1483 ) , king of England and lord of Ireland '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press ( subscription required ) Impey , Edward ; Parnell , Geoffrey ( 2000 ) , The Tower of London : The Official Illustrated History , Merrell Publishers in association with Historic Royal Palaces , ISBN 1 - 85894 - 106 - 7 Jerome , Fiona ( 2006 ) , Tales from the Tower : Secrets and Stories from a Gory and Glorious Past , Think Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84525 - 026 - 3 Lapper , Ivan ; Parnell , Geoffrey ( 2000 ) , The Tower of London : A 2000 - year History , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 170 - 1 Liddiard , Robert ( 2005 ) , Castles in Context : Power , Symbolism and Landscape , 1066 to 1500 , Windgather Press Ltd , ISBN 0 - 9545575 - 2 - 2 Parnell , Geoffrey ( 1993 ) , The Tower of London , Batsford , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 6864 - 9 Plowden , Alison ( 2004 ) , `` Grey ( married name Dudley ) , Lady Jane ( 1537 -- 1554 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press ( subscription required ) Roud , Steve ( 2009 ) ( 2008 ) , London Lore : The Legends and Traditions of the World 's Most Vibrant City , Arrow Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 951986 - 7 Sax , Boria ( 2007 ) , `` How Ravens Came to the Tower of London '' ( PDF ) , Society and Animals , 15 ( 3 ) : 269 -- 283 , doi : 10.1163 / 156853007X217203 , Archived from the original on 27 July 2011 CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Sellers , Leonard ( 1997 ) , Shot in the Tower : The Story of the Spies executed in the Tower of London during the First World War , Leo Cooper , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84884 - 026 - 3 Strickland , Agnes ( 1840 ) , Lives of the Queens of England from the Norman Conquest . Volume II , II , Henry Colburn Vince , Alan ( 1990 ) , Saxon London : An Archaeological Investigation , Seaby , ISBN 1 - 85264 - 019 - 7 Wilson , Derek ( 1998 ) ( 1978 ) , The Tower of London : A Thousand Years ( 2nd ed . ) , Allison & Busby , ISBN 0 - 7490 - 0332 - 4 Further reading ( edit ) Bennett , Edward Turner ( 1829 ) . The Tower Menagerie : Comprising the Natural History of the Animals Contained in that Establishment ; with Anecdotes of their Characters and History . Robert Jennings . Harman , A. ( 1864 ) . Sketches of the Tower of London as a Fortress , a Prison , and a Palace . J. Wheeler . Parnell , Geoffrey ( 2009 ) . The Tower of London : Past & Present . History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 5036 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Tower of London ( category ) Wikivoyage has a listing for Tower of London . Official website Further reading recommended by Historic Royal Palaces Bibliography of sources relating to the Tower of London `` Tower of London , The '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . 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Operation Peter Pan

Operation Peter Pan - wikipedia Operation Peter Pan Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs attention from an expert on the subject . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . When placing this tag , consider associating this request with a WikiProject . ( October 2014 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Operation Pedro Pan ( or Operación Pedro Pan ) was a mass exodus of over 14,000 unaccompanied Cuban minors to the United States between 1960 and 1962 . Father Bryan O. Walsh of the Catholic Welfare Bureau created the program to provide air transportation to the United States for Cuban children . It operated without publicity out of fear that it would be viewed as an anti-Castro political enterprise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Operations 3 Political legacy 4 Participants in Operation Peter Pan 5 In culture 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Origins ( edit ) Father Bryan O. Walsh , director of the Catholic Welfare Bureau , developed Operation Peter Pan in November 1960 . He was inspired by Pedro Menéndez , a fifteen - year - old Cuban boy who had immigrated to Miami to live with relatives who proved unable to provide for him and sought assistance from the Catholic Welfare Bureau . Walsh understood that many similar youngsters would be immigrating to the United States as Fidel Castro established a Communist government . Speculation that this new government was planning to send minors to the Soviet Union to serve in work camps was causing panic in Cuban families who could not afford to emigrate . Walsh contacted Tracy Voorhees , a veteran U.S. government official who was serving as the president 's Personal Representative for Cuban Refugees , who suggested the Eisenhower Administration could provide funds to support Cuban immigrants once they reached Miami . James Baker , the headmaster of an American school in Havana , met with Walsh and detailed his efforts helping parents expatriate their children to Miami . Operation Peter Pan was formed with the understanding that Baker would arrange the children 's transportation , and Walsh would arrange for accommodations in Miami . Underground organizations led by the involved parents spread information regarding Operation Peter Pan . Among those who helped alert parents about the program were Penny Powers , Pancho and Bertha Finlay , Drs . Sergio and Serafina Giquel , Sara del Toro de Odio , and Albertina O'Farril . To maintain confidentiality , the program 's leaders in the U.S. minimized their communications with their contacts in Cuba . Operations ( edit ) Between 26 December 1960 and 23 October 1962 , many Cuban youths traveled to Miami without their parents . Until early 1962 , the children were required to have a visa and twenty - five dollars for airfare into the United States . Many family members already in the United States applied for visas and sent the necessary funds to relatives in Cuba . The U.S. Embassy in Havana issued the necessary student visas . On 3 January 1962 , the U.S. Department of State announced that Cuban minors no longer needed visas to immigrate to the United States . Many Cubans believed that Castro 's time in power would be short - lived . They anticipated that minors in the United States would eventually rejoin their families in Cuba . Nearly half of the minors who arrived were reunited with family members , while a majority were placed in shelters managed by the Catholic Welfare Bureau . By late 1960 , Castro had expropriated several companies that made up the American Chamber of Commerce in Havana , including Esso Standard Oil Company and Freeport Sulfur Company . The leaders of these companies moved to Miami while they analyzed the actions of Cuba 's new government . Under the impression that Castro 's rule would be brief , they agreed to aid the Cuban children by providing funding for Operation Peter Pan . Through collaborations with Baker , these business leaders agreed to help secure donations from multiple US businesses and send them to Cuba . Because Castro was supervising all major monetary transactions , the businessmen were very careful in how the funds were transferred . Some donations were sent to the Catholic Welfare Bureau , and others were written out as checks to citizens living in Miami . These individuals then wrote checks out to the W. Henry Smith Travel Agency in Havana , which helped fund the children 's flights to the United States . It was necessary to send the funds in American currency because Castro had ruled that plane tickets could not be purchased with Cuban pesos . As the need for shelters grew as the children arrived in increasing numbers , several prominent locations were converted to house them , including Camp Matecumbe , the Opa - locka Airport Marine barracks . Special homes , authorized by state officials and operated by Cuban refugees , were formed in several hundred cities across the nation including Albuquerque , New Mexico ; Lincoln , Nebraska ; Wilmington , Delaware ; Fort Wayne , Indiana ; Jacksonville and Orlando , Florida . Laws prevented any relocated children from being housed in reform schools or centers for juvenile delinquents . A large majority of the minors who arrived in Miami were between the ages of 12 and 18 , and more than two - thirds were boys over the age of 12 . They were predominantly Catholic , but Protestant , Jewish , and non-practicing backgrounds as well . Most were children of the middle or lower classes . The minors were not made available for adoption . Operation Peter Pan ended when all air traffic between the United States and Cuba ceased in the aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 . Cuban immigrants needed to travel via Spain or Mexico to reach the United States until December 1965 when the United States established a program of Freedom Flights to unite Cuban parents with their children . The Catholic Welfare Bureau reported that once the Freedom Flights began nearly 90 % of the minors still in its care were reunited with their parents . The program was unknown outside of Miami until the Cleveland Plain Dealer detailed its size and procedures . Political legacy ( edit ) In 1962 , Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy approved funding for a documentary film designed to serve the U.S. government 's campaign against communism . Called The Lost Apple , it recounted the stories of the children who came to Miami . An ongoing political controversy developed around charges that Operation Peter Pan was not an effort of volunteers and charitable organization , but had been secretly funded by the U.S. government as a covert operation of the Central Intelligence Agency . Author Maria de los Angeles Torres filed a Freedom of Information Act suit to obtain government files on the program . In 1999 , a ruling by the U.S. District Court for Northern Illinois determined that this `` evacuation of Cuban children turned out not to be a CIA operation at all '' . The ruling was based in part on the court 's review of 733 pages of documentation provided by the CIA for use in an earlier lawsuit . Participants in Operation Peter Pan ( edit ) Unaccompanied Cuban minors , known at the time as `` Pedro Pans '' or `` Peter Pans '' , who participated in the operation include : Eduardo Aguirre , United States Ambassador to Spain ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Frank Angones , first Cuban - born head of the Florida Bar Willy Chirino , Cuban - American rapper and salsa singer Carlos Eire , Author , professor of the history of religion at Yale University Felipe de Jesus Estevez , bishop Roman Catholic diocese of St. Augustine ( 2011 - ) Mario Garcia , newspaper designer and media consultant Hugo Llorens , United States Ambassador to Honduras ( 2008 - 2011 ) Raul Andres Martinez Tome , Senior Executive Service , Director of Administration , US Department of Defense ( 1980 - 2001 ) Ana Mendieta , artist Agustin De Rojas de la Portilla ( 1944 - 2011 ) , inventor of the extended - wear contact lens Guillermo `` Bill '' Vidal , Mayor of Denver ( 2011 ) and author of Boxing For Cuba Miguel Bezos , Jeff Bezos ' ( Amazon. com 's founder ) stepfather , who raised him since he was 4 years old Carlos Oliva , singer - songwriter with Los Sobrinos del Juez U.S. Senator Mel Martinez , former Florida Senator and first Latino chairman of the Republican party Lissette Alvarez , singer - songwriter Eduardo J. Padrón , current President of Miami Dade College Armando Codina , real estate developer Alfredo Lanier , journalist for the Chicago Tribune Margarita Exquiroz , Miami - Dade County circuit judge and Florida 's first female Hispanic judge Maria de los Angeles Torres , author of studies of Cuban history Carlos Saladrigas , business executive Nelson Marin , business executive Roberto Pérez y Lopez , business executive In culture ( edit ) Operation Peter Pan is recounted in : Waiting for Snow in Havana , in which Carlos Eire describes his experiences during Operation Peter Pan Learning to Die in Miami , another memoir by Carlos Eire about his emigration to the United States from Havana Operation Pedro Pan : The Untold Exodus of 14,048 Cuban Children , based on the research and interviews of Yvonne M. Conde The Red Umbrella , a young - adult historical fiction novel by Christina Diaz Gonzalez , based on her mother 's exile from Cuba as a teenager Cuba on My Mind : Journeys to a Severed Nation , an exploration of Havana , Miami , and the `` one - and - half - generation '' by Román de la Campa Boxing For Cuba , a 2007 memoir by Bill Vidal , civil servant and mayor of Denver Operation Peter Pan , a song written by Tori Amos originally on the B - side to the limited edition release of her single A Sorta Fairytale The operation is the main influence behind the Manic Street Preachers song ' Baby Elián ' , the penultimate track from the band 's sixth studio album Know Your Enemy . On the 2017 TV series One Day at a Time , Lydia Alvarez , the grandmother on the show , came to the US via Pedro Pan . See also ( edit ) Cuba portal Cuban migration to Miami Cuban American Cuban exile Mariel boatlift Opposition to Fidel Castro Operation Baby Lift ( South Vietnam , 1975 ) Polita Grau References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Neyra , Edward ( 2010 ) . Cuba , Lost and Found . Cincinnati , OH : Clerisy Press . pp. 13 -- 15 . ISBN 978 - 1578603909 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pedro Pan '' . NPR. 3 May 2000 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Krull , Catherine ( 2014 ) . Cuba in a Global Context . Gainesville , FL : University Press of Florida . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 4910 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kuper , Simon ( 19 November 2010 ) . `` My friend , the Cuban Peter Pan '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` History : The Cuban Children 's Exodus '' . www.pedropan.org . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Agustin Blazquez '' . www.cubankids1960.com . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Torres v. C.I.A. '' . 12 March 1999 . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Torres v. C.I.A. '' . 15 December 1998 . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Moraid , Fernando ( 2015 ) . The Last Soldiers of the Cold War : The Story of the Cuban Five . Verso . ISBN 978 - 1781688762 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Muellner , Alexis ( 29 November 2013 ) . `` ' Pedro - Pan kid ' Mario Garcia had to show resiliency , passion for storytelling early '' . Tampa Bay Business Journal . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Contact lens inventor arrived with Pedro Pan '' . Miami Herald . 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Effort Begins to List Pedro Pan Children '' . TheLedger.com . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CNN - Cuban - Americans struggle with memories of childhood airlifts - January 12 , 1998 '' . www.cnn.com . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fallece Margarita Esquiroz , una de las primeras juezas hispanas de Miami - Dade '' . El Nuevo Herald ( in Spanish ) . 17 April 2012 . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maria de los Angeles Torres UIC News Center '' . news.uic.edu . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Kuper , Simon ( 19 November 2010 ) . `` My friend , the Cuban Peter Pan '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Carlos Saladrigas '' . Frontline . PBS . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Quattlebaum , Mary ( 4 August 2010 ) . `` Christina Diaz Gonzalez 's ' The Red Umbrella ' and Adam Rex 's ' Fat Vampire ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Flores , Juan . `` Latinos , Cubanos and the New Americanism . '' Foreword to Cuba on My Mind Jump up ^ `` Denver Official Tells Childhood Story of Rescue , Survival '' . Around the Nation . NPR. 15 July 2011 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The inspiration behind Netflix 's timely ' One Day at a Time ' reboot '' . CNN . 6 January 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Rita M. Cauce ( 2012 ) . `` Pedro Pan '' . Tequesta . Historical Association of Southern Florida . 72 . 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Pokhran-II

Pokhran - II - Wikipedia Pokhran - II Jump to : navigation , search Pokhran - II Operation Shakti A cylindrical shaped nuclear bomb , Shakti I , prior to its detonation . Information Country India Test site Pokhran Test Range , Rajasthan Period 11 -- 13 May 1998 Number of tests 5 Test type Underground tests Device type Fission / fusion Max . yield 43 -- 45 kilotons of TNT ( 180 -- 190 TJ ) tested Test chronology ← Pokhran - I ( Operation Smiling Buddha ) Pokhran - II was the series of five nuclear bomb test explosions conducted by India at the Indian Army 's Pokhran Test Range in May 1998 . It was the second Indian nuclear test ; the first test , code - named Smiling Buddha , was conducted in May 1974 . Pokhran - II consisted of five detonations , of which the first was a fusion bomb and the remaining four were fission bombs . These nuclear tests resulted in a variety of sanctions against India by a number of major states , including Japan and the United States . On 11 May 1998 , Operation Shakti ( Pokhran - II ) was initiated with the detonation of one fusion and two fission bombs ; the word `` Shakti '' ( Devanagari : शक्ति ) means `` power '' in Sanskrit . On 13 May 1998 , two additional fission devices were detonated , and the Indian government led by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee shortly convened a press conference to declare India a full - fledged nuclear state . Many names are attributed to these tests ; originally they were called Operation Shakti -- 98 ( Power -- 98 ) , and the five nuclear bombs were designated Shakti - I through Shakti - V. More recently , the operation as a whole has come to be known as Pokhran II , and the 1974 explosion as Pokhran - I . Contents ( hide ) 1 India 's nuclear bomb project 1.1 Post-Smiling Buddha 2 Political momentum : 1988 -- 1998 2.1 1998 Indian general elections 2.2 Preparations for the test 3 Nuclear weapon designs and development 3.1 Development and test teams 3.2 Movement and logistics 3.3 Nuclear bombs and detonations 4 Reactions to the tests 4.1 Reactions in India 4.2 International reactions 4.2. 1 United States 4.2. 2 Canada , Japan , and other states 4.2. 3 China 4.2. 4 Pakistan 4.3 U.N. sanctions 4.3. 1 Effects on Indian economy 5 Legacy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links India 's nuclear bomb project ( edit ) Efforts towards building the nuclear bomb , infrastructure , and research on related technologies has been undertaken by India since World War II . Origins of India 's nuclear program dates back to 1944 when nuclear physicist Homi Bhabha began persuading the Indian Congress towards harnessing of the nuclear energy -- a year later he established the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research ( TIFR ) . In 1950s , the preliminary studies were carried out at the BARC and plans were developed to produce plutonium and other bomb components . In 1962 , India and China engaged in the disputed northern front , and was further intimidated with Chinese nuclear test in 1964 . Direction towards militarisation of the nuclear program slowed down when Vikram Sarabhai became its head and little interest of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1965 . After Indira Gandhi became Prime Minister in 1966 , the nuclear program was consolidated when physicist Raja Ramanna joined the efforts . Another nuclear test by China eventually led to India 's decision toward building nuclear weapons in 1967 and conducted its first nuclear test , Smiling Buddha , in 1974 . Post-smiling Buddha ( edit ) Responding to Smiling Buddha , the Nuclear Suppliers Group severely affected the India 's nuclear program . The world 's major nuclear powers imposed technological embargo on India and Pakistan , which was technologically racing to meet with India 's challenge . The nuclear program struggled for years to gain credibility and its progress crippled by the lack of indigenous resources and dependent on imported technology and technical assistance . At IAEA , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared that India 's nuclear program was not militarising despite authorising preliminary work on the hydrogen bomb design . As an aftermath of the state emergency in 1975 that resulted in the collapse of the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi 's government , the nuclear program was left with a vacuum of political leadership and even basic management . Work on the hydrogen bomb design continued under M. Srinivasan , a mechanical engineer , but progress was slow . The nuclear program received little attention from Prime Minister Morarji Desai who was renowned for his peace advocacy . In 1978 , Prime Minister Desai transferred physicist Ramanna to Indian MoD , and his government was not entirely without progress in nuclear program and had the program continue to grow at a desirable rate . Disturbing news came from Pakistan when the world discovered the Pakistan 's clandestine atomic bomb program . Contrary to India 's nuclear program , Pakistan 's atomic bomb program was akin to United States 's Manhattan Project , it was under military oversight with civilian scientists in charge of the scientific aspects of the program . The Pakistani atomic bomb program was well funded and organised by then ; India realised that Pakistan was likely to succeed in its project in matter of two years . In 1980 , the general elections marked the return of Indira Gandhi and the nuclear program began to gain momentum under Ramanna in 1981 . Requests for additional nuclear tests were continued to be denied by the government when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi saw Pakistan began exercising the brinkmanship , though the nuclear program continued to advance . Initiation towards hydrogen bomb began as well as the launch of the missile programme began under Late president Dr. Abdul Kalam , who was then an aerospace engineer . Political momentum : 1988 -- 1998 ( edit ) During the 1998 Indian general election , BJP 's Atal Bihari Vajpayee promised to carry out nuclear tests . In 1989 , the general elections witnessed the Janata Dal , the right - wing party led by V.P. Singh , forming the government . Prime Minister V.P. Singh down played the relations with the Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto whose Pakistan Peoples Party ( PPP ) won the general elections in 1988 . Foreign relations between India and Pakistan began to severely worsen when India began charging Pakistan of supporting the militancy in Jammu and Kashmir . During this time , the missile program succeeded in the development of the Prithvi missiles . Successive governments in India decided to observe this temporary moratorium for fear of inviting international criticism . The Indian public had been supportive towards the nuclear tests which ultimately led Prime Minister Narasimha Rao deciding to conduct further tests in 1995 . Plans were halted after American spy satellites picked up signs of preparations for nuclear testing at Pokhran Test Range in Rajasthan . President Bill Clinton and his administration exerted enormous pressure on Prime Minister Narasimha Rao to stop the preparations . Responding to India , Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto issued harsh and severe statements against India on Pakistan 's news channels ; thus putting stress on the relations between two countries . Diplomatic tension escalated between two countries when Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto raised the Kashmir issue at the United Nations in 1995 . In a speech delivered by then - Speaker National Assembly Yousaf Raza Gillani , stressed the `` Kashmir issue '' as continue to endanger the peace and security in the region . The Indian delegation headed by Atal Bihari Vajpayee at the United Nations , reiterated that the `` UN resolutions only call upon Pakistan -- the occupying force to vacate the `` Jammu and Kashmir Area . '' 1998 Indian general elections ( edit ) Main articles : Indian general election , 1998 ; Bharatiya Janata Party ; Indian economy ; and Indian politics The BJP , came to power in 1998 general elections with an exclusive public mandate . BJP 's political might have been growing steadily in strength over the past decade over several issues . In Pakistan , the similar conservative force , the PML ( N ) , was also in power with an exclusive mandate led by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif who defeated the leftist PPP led by Benazir Bhutto in general elections held in 1997 . During the BJP campaign , Atal Bihari Vajpayee indulged in grandstanding -- such as when he declared on 25 February that his government would `` take back that part of Kashmir that is under Pakistan 's control . '' Before this declaration , the BJP platform had clear intention to `` exercise the option to induct nuclear weapons '' and `` India should become an openly nuclear power to garner the respect on the world stage that India deserved . '' By 18 March 1998 , Vajpayee had publicly begun his lobbying for nuclear explosion and declared that `` there is no compromise on national security ; all options including the nuclear options will be exercised to protect security and sovereignty . '' Consultation began between Prime Minister Vajpayee , Dr. Abdul Kalam , R. Chidambaram and officials of the Indian DAE on nuclear options . Chidambaram briefed Prime Minister Vajpayee extensively on the nuclear program ; Abdul Kalam presented the status of the missile program . On 28 March 1998 , Prime Minister Vajpayee asked the scientists to make preparations in the shortest time possible , and preparations were hastily made . It was time of tense atmosphere when Pakistan , at a Conference on Disarmament , offered a peace rhetoric agreement with India for `` an equal and mutual restraint in conventional , missile and nuclear fields . '' Pakistan 's equation was later reemphasised on 6 April and the momentum in India for nuclear tests began to build up which strengthened Vajpayee 's position to order the tests . Preparations for the test ( edit ) Main articles : CIA activities in India , ISI activities in India , and Indo - US Relations The US Marine Intelligence maps showing the Indian test site , 1997 . Unlike Pakistan 's weapon -- testing laboratories , there was very little that India could do to hide its activity at Pokhran . Contrary to high - altitude granite mountains in Pakistan , the bushes are sparse and the dunes in the Rajasthan Desert do n't provide much cover from probing satellites . The Indian intelligence had been aware of United States spy satellites and the American CIA had been detecting Indian test preparations since 1995 ; therefore , the tests required complete secrecy in India and also needed to avoid detection by other countries . The 58th Engineer Regiment of Indian Army 's Corps of Engineers was commissioned to prepare the test sites without being probed by the United States spy satellites . The 58th Engineer 's commander Colonel Gopal Kaushik supervised the test preparations and ordered his `` staff officers take all measures to ensure total secrecy . '' Extensive planning was done by a very small group of scientists , senior military officers and senior politicians to ensure that the test preparations would remain secret , and even senior members of the Indian government did n't know what was going on . The chief scientific adviser and the director of DRDO , Dr. Abdul Kalam , and Dr. R. Chidambaram , the director of the DAE , were the chief coordinators of this test planning . The scientists and engineers of the BARC , the AMDER , and the DRDO were involved in the nuclear weapon assembly , layout , detonation and obtaining test data . A very small group of senior scientists were involved in the detonation process , all scientists were required to wear army uniforms to preserve the secrecy of the tests . Since 1995 , the 58th Engineer Regiment had learned to avoid satellite detection . Work was mostly done during night , and equipment was returned to the original place to give the impression that it was never moved . Bomb shafts were dug under camouflage netting and the dug - out sand was shaped like shaped dunes . Cables for sensors were covered with sand and concealed using native vegetation . Scientists would not depart for Pokhran in groups of two or three . They travelled to destination other than Pokhran under pseudonyms , and were then transported by the army . Technical staff at the test range wore military uniform , to prevent detection in satellite images . Nuclear weapon designs and development ( edit ) Development and test teams ( edit ) The main technical personnel involved in the operation were : Project Chief Coordinators Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( later , President of India ) , Scientific Adviser to the prime minister and Head of the DRDO . Dr. R. Chidambaram , Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission and the Department of Atomic energy . Defence Research & Development Organization ( DRDO ) Dr. K. Santhanam ; Director , Test Site Preparations . Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research Dr. G.R. Dikshitulu ; Senior Research Scientist B.S.O.I Group , Nuclear Materials Acquisition Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC ) Dr. Anil Kakodkar , Director of BARC . Dr. Satinder Kumar Sikka , Director ; Thermonuclear Weapon Development . Dr. M.S. Ramakumar , Director of Nuclear Fuel and Automation Manufacturing Group ; Director , Nuclear Component Manufacture . Dr. D.D. Sood , Director of Radiochemistry and Isotope Group ; Director , Nuclear Materials Acquisition . Dr. S.K. Gupta , Solid State Physics and Spectroscopy Group ; Director , Device Design & Assessment . Dr. G. Govindraj , Associate Director of Electronic and Instrumentation Group ; Director , Field Instrumentation . Movement and logistics ( edit ) Main articles : Military logistics and Indian Army Corps of Engineers The Thar Desert in the state of Rajasthan where the nuclear site , the Pokhran Test Range , is located . Three laboratories of the DRDO were involved in designing , testing and producing components for the bombs , including the advanced detonators , the implosion and high - voltage trigger systems . These were also responsible for weaponising , systems engineering , aerodynamics , safety interlocks and flight trials . The bombs were transported in four Indian Army trucks under the command of Colonel Umang Kapur ; all devices from BARC were relocated at 3 : 00Hrs on 1 May 1998 . From the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport , the bombs were flown in an Indian Air Force 's AN - 32 plane to the Jaisalmer army base . They were transported to Pokhran in an army convoy of four trucks , and this required three trips . The devices were delivered to the device preparation building , which was designated as ' Prayer Hall ' . The test sites was organised into two government groups and were fired separately , with all devices in a group fired at the same time . The first group consisted of the thermonuclear device ( Shakti I ) , the fission device ( Shakti II ) , and a sub-kiloton device ( Shakti III ) . The second group consisted of the remaining two sub-kiloton devices Shakti IV and V. It was decided that the first group would be tested on 11 May and the second group on 13 May . The thermonuclear device was placed in a shaft code named ' White House ' , which was over 200 m deep , the fission bomb was placed in a 150 m deep shaft code named ' Taj Mahal ' , and the first sub-kiloton device in ' Kumbhkaran ' . The first three devices were placed in their respective shafts on 10 May , and the first device to be placed was the sub-kiloton device in the ' Kumbhkaran ' shaft , which was sealed by the army engineers by 8 : 30 pm . The thermonuclear device was lowered and sealed into the ' White House ' shaft by 4 am , and the fission device being placed in the ' Taj Mahal ' shaft was sealed at 7 : 30 am , which was 90 minutes before the planned test time . The shafts were L - shaped , with a horizontal chamber for the test device . The timing of the tests depended on the local weather conditions , with the wind being the critical factor . The tests were underground , but due to a number of shaft seal failures that had occurred during tests conducted by the United States , the Soviet Union , and the United Kingdom , the sealing of the shaft could not be guaranteed to be leak - proof . By early afternoon , the winds had died down and the test sequence was initiated . Dr. K. Santhanam of the DRDO , in charge of the test site preparations , gave the two keys that activated the test countdown to Dr. M. Vasudev , the range safety officer , who was responsible for verifying that all test indicators were normal . After checking the indicators , Vasudev handed one key each to a representative of BARC and the DRDO , who unlocked the countdown system together . At 3 : 45 pm the three devices were detonated . Nuclear bombs and detonations ( edit ) Five nuclear devices were detonated during Operation Shakti . All devices were weapon - grade plutonium and they were : Shakti I -- A thermonuclear device yielding 45 kt , but designed for up to 200 kt . Shakti II -- A plutonium implosion design yielding 15 kt and intended as a warhead that could be delivered by bomber or missile . It was an improvement of the device detonated in the 1974 Smiling Buddha ( Pokhran - I ) test of 1974 , developed using simulations on the PARAM supercomputer . Shakti III -- An experimental linear implosion design that used `` non-weapon grade '' plutonium , but which likely omitted the material required for fusion , yielding 0.3 kt . Shakti IV - A 0.5 kt experimental device . Shakti V -- A 0.2 kt experimental device . An additional , sixth device ( Shakti VI ) is suspected to have been present but not detonated . At 3 : 43 pm IST ; three nuclear bombs ( specifically , the Shakti I , II and III ) were detonated simultaneously , as measured by international seismic monitors . On 13 May , at 12.21 p.m. IST 6 : 51 UTC , two sub-kiloton devices ( Shakti IV and V ) were detonated . Due to their very low yield , these explosions were not detected by any seismic station . On 13 May 1998 , India declared the series of tests to be over after this . Reactions to the tests ( edit ) Reactions in India ( edit ) Following the Pokhran - II tests , India became the sixth country to join the nuclear club . Shortly after the tests , a press meet was convened at the Prime Minister 's residence in New Delhi . Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee appeared before the press corps and made the following short statement : `` Today , at 15 : 45 hours , India conducted three underground nuclear tests in the Pokhran range . The tests conducted today were with a fission device , a low yield device and a thermonuclear device . The measured yields are in line with expected values . Measurements have also confirmed that there was no release of radioactivity into the atmosphere . These were contained explosions like the experiment conducted in May 1974 . I warmly congratulate the scientists and engineers who have carried out these successful tests . '' News of the tests were greeted with jubilation and large - scale approval by society in India . The Bombay Stock Exchange registered significant gains . Newspapers and television channels praised the government for its bold decision ; editorials were full of praise for the country 's leadership and advocated the development of an operational nuclear arsenal for the country 's armed forces . The Indian opposition , led by Congress Party criticised the Vajpayee administration for carrying out the series of nuclear tests . The Congress Party spokesman , Salman Khursheed , accused the BJP of trying to use the tests for political ends rather than to enhance the country 's national security . By the time India had conducted tests , the country had a total of $44 bn in loans in 1998 , from IMF and the World Bank . The industrial sectors of the Indian economy such as the chemicals industry , were likely to be hurt by sanctions . The Western consortium companies , which has invested heavily in India , especially in construction , computing and telecoms , were generally the one who were harmed by the sanctions . In 1998 , Indian government announced that it had already allowed for some economic response and was willing to take the consequences . International reactions ( edit ) United States ( edit ) The United States issued a strong statement condemning India and promised that sanctions would follow . The American intelligence community was embarrassed as there had been `` a serious intelligence failure of the decade '' in detecting the preparations for the test . In keeping with its preferred approach to foreign policy in recent decades , and in compliance with the 1994 anti-proliferation law , the United States imposed economic sanctions on India . The sanctions on India consisted of cutting off all assistance to India except humanitarian aid , banning the export of certain defence material and technologies , ending American credit and credit guarantees to India , and requiring the US to oppose lending by international financial institutions to India . From 1998 -- 99 , the United States held series of bilateral talks with India over the issue of India becoming party of the CTBT and NPT . In addition , the United States also made an unsuccessful attempt of holding talks regarding the rollback of India 's nuclear program . India took a firm stand against the CTBT and refusing to be signatory party of it despite under pressure by the US President Bill Clinton , and noted the treaty as it was not consistent with India 's national security interest . Canada , Japan , and other States ( edit ) Strong criticism was drawn from Canada on India 's actions and its High Commissioner . Sanctions were also imposed by Japan on India and consisted of freezing all new loans and grants except for humanitarian aid to India . Some other nations also imposed sanctions on India , primarily in the form of suspension of foreign aid to India and government - to - government credit lines . However , the United Kingdom , France , and Russia refrained from condemning India . China ( edit ) On 12 May the Chinese Foreign Ministry stated : `` The Chinese government is seriously concerned about the nuclear tests conducted by India , '' and that the tests `` run counter to the current international trend and are not conducive to peace and stability in South Asia . '' . The next day the Chinese Foreign Ministry issued the statement clearly stating that `` it shocked and strongly condemned '' the Indian nuclear tests and called for the international community to `` adopt a unified stand and strongly demand that India immediate stop development of nuclear weapons '' . China further rejected India 's stated rationale of needing nuclear capabilities to counter a Chinese threat as `` totally unreasonable '' . In a meeting with Masayoshi Takemura of Democratic Party of Japan , Foreign Minister of the People 's Republic of China Qian Qichen was quoted as saying that India 's nuclear tests were a `` serious matter , '' particularly because they were conducted in light of the fact that more than 140 countries have signed the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty . `` It is even more unacceptable that India claims to have conducted the tests to counter what it called a `` China threat '' . On 24 November 1998 , the Chinese Embassy , New Delhi issued a formal statement : ( sic ) ... But regrettably , India conducted nuclear tests last May , which has run against the contemporary historical trend and seriously affected peace and stability in South Asia . Pakistan also conducted nuclear tests later on . India 's nuclear tests have not only led to the escalation of tensions between India and Pakistan and provocation of nuclear arms races in South Asia , but also dealt a heavy blow to international nuclear disarmament and the global nonproliferation regime . It is only natural that India 's nuclear tests have met with extensive condemnation and aroused serious concern from the international community . -- Chinese Embassy , New Delhi Pakistan ( edit ) Main article : India - Pakistan relations The most vehement and strong reaction to India 's nuclear explosion was from a neighbouring country , Pakistan . Great ire was raised in Pakistan , which issued a severe statement blaming India for instigating a nuclear arms race in the region . Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif vowed that his country would give a suitable reply to India . The day after the first tests , Foreign Minister Gohar Ayub Khan indicated that Pakistan was ready to conduct a nuclear test . He stated : `` Pakistan is prepared to match India , we have the capability ... We in Pakistan will maintain a balance with India in all fields '' , he said in an interview . `` We are in a headlong arms race on the subcontinent . '' On 13 May 1998 , Pakistan bitterly condemned the tests , and Foreign Minister Gohar Ayub was quoted as saying that Indian leadership seemed to `` have gone berserk ( sic ) and was acting in a totally unrestrained way . '' Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was much more subdued , maintaining ambiguity about whether a test would be conducted in response : `` We are watching the situation and we will take appropriate action with regard to our security '' , he said . Sharif sought to mobilise the entire Islamic world in support of Pakistan and criticised India for nuclear proliferation . Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif had been under intense pressure regarding the nuclear tests by President Bill Clinton and Opposition leader Benazir Bhutto at home . Initially surprising the world , Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif authorised nuclear testing program and the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission ( PAEC ) carried out nuclear testings under the codename Chagai - I on 28 May 1998 and Chagai - II on 30 May 1998 . These six underground nuclear tests at the Chagai and Kharan test site were conducted fifteen days after India 's last test . The total yield of the tests was reported to be 40 kt ( see codename : Chagai - I ) . Pakistan 's subsequent tests invited similar condemnation from the United States . American President Bill Clinton was quoted as saying `` Two wrongs do n't make a right '' , criticising Pakistan 's tests as reactionary to India 's Pokhran - II . The United States and Japan reacted by imposing economic sanctions on Pakistan . According to the Pakistan 's science community , the Indian nuclear tests gave an opportunity to Pakistan to conduct nuclear tests after 14 years of conducting only cold tests ( See : Kirana - I ) . Pakistan 's leading nuclear physicist and one of the top scientists , Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy , held India responsible for Pakistan 's nuclear test experiments in Chagai . UN sanctions ( edit ) Main article : United Nations Security Council Resolution 1172 The reactions from abroad started immediately after the tests were advertised . On 6 June , the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1172 condemning the test and that of Pakistan 's . China issued a vociferous condemnation calling upon the international community to exert pressure on India to sign the NPT and eliminate its nuclear arsenal . With India joining the group of countries possessing nuclear weapons , a new strategic dimension had emerged in Asia , particularly South Asia . Effects on Indian economy ( edit ) Overall , the effect of international sanctions on Indian economy was minimal ; the technological progress was marginal . Most nations did not call for embargoes against India as the exports and imports together constituted only 4.0 % of its GDP , with United States trade accounting for only 10.0 % of this total . Far more significant were the restrictions on lending imposed by the United States and its representatives on international finance bodies . Most of the sanctions were lifted within five years . Legacy ( edit ) Main article : Public holidays in India The Indian government has officially declared the 11 May as National Technology Day in India to commemorate the first of the five nuclear tests that were carried out on 11 May 1998 . It was officially signed by then - Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 1998 and the day is celebrated by giving awards to various individuals and industries in the field of science and technology . See also ( edit ) A.P.J. Abdul Kalam R. Chidambaram Anil Kakodkar India and weapons of mass destruction Pokhran - I -- First nuclear test explosion by India on 18 May 1974 Chagai - I -- Pakistan 's nuclear test on 28 May 1998 Chagai - II -- Pakistan 's second nuclear test on 30 May 1998 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` India 's Nuclear Weapons Program -- Operation Shakti : 1998 '' . nuclearweaponarchive.org. 30 March 2001 . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : CNN India Bureau ( 17 May 1998 ) . `` India releases pictures of nuclear tests '' . CNN India Bureau , 1998 . CNN India Bureau . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official press release by India '' . meadev.gov.in/ . Ministry of External Affairs , 1998 . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : BBC Release ( 13 May 1998 ) . `` US imposes sanctions on India '' . BBC America . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : et . al . `` The nuclear politics : The 1998 Election '' . Nuclear weapon archives . Nuclear politics . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Bates , Crispin ( 2007 ) . Subalterns and Raj : South Asia Since 1600 . Routledge . p. 343 . ISBN 978 - 0415214841 . ^ Jump up to : Sublette , Carey . `` The Long Pause : 1974 -- 1989 '' . nuclearweaponarchive.org . Retrieved 14 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Chengappa , Raj ( 2000 ) . Weapons of peace : the secret story of India 's quest to be a nuclear power . New Delhi : Harper Collins Publishers , India . pp. 219 -- 220 . ISBN 81 - 7223 - 330 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : weapon archive . `` The Momentum builds '' . Nuclear weapon Archive . Retrieved 14 November 2011 . Jump up ^ CNN ( 4 January 1996 ) . `` India wants to divert attention from N - test plan '' . Dawn Archives . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Masood Haider ( 5 September 1995 ) . `` Pakistan 's raising of Kashmir issue upsets India '' . Dawn . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ See : Pakistani general elections , 1997 Jump up ^ ( PTI ) , Press Trust of India . `` Pokhran II row : Sethna slams Kalam , Iyengar says tests were done in haste '' . DNA News . dna news . Retrieved 15 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Books : Weapons of Peace -- How the CIA was Fooled '' . India Today . Jump up ^ `` Forces gung - ho on N - arsenal '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Note : While the plutonium used in Shakti III has been reported in some sources as `` reactor - grade '' , it may have been fuel - grade , which is intermediate between the former and weapons - grade ; cf . Why You Ca n't Build a Bomb From Spent Fuel Jump up ^ Press Release ( 13 May 1998 ) . `` Planned Series of Nuclear Tests Completed '' . Indian Government < http://www.indiagov.org/news/official/19980516/official.htm > . Ministry of External Affairs . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ BBC Report ( 13 May 1998 ) . `` Asia 's nuclear challenge : Third World joins the nuclear club '' . BBC India 1998 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Minister 's announcement of India 's three underground nuclear tests '' . Fas.org . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lyon , David ( 31 May 1998 ) . `` India detonates two more bombs '' . BBC India , 1998 ( Follow up ) . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : BBC Reports ( 1 June 1998 ) . `` India -- will sanctions bite ? '' . BBC Economic review . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Weiner , T. ( 13 May 1998 ) . `` Nuclear anxiety : The Blunders ; U.S. Blundered On Intelligence , Officials Admit '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. imposes sanctions on India '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Chandrasekharan , S. `` CTBT : where does India stand ? '' . southasiaanalysis.org/ . South Asia analysis . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clarifying India 's Nascent Nuclear Doctrine '' . armscontrol.org/ . arms control interview . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/east-meets-far-east/article6365598.ece Jump up ^ `` U.S. lifts final sanctions on Pakistan '' . CNN . 29 October 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Charan D. Wadhva ( 27 June -- 3 July 1998 ) . `` Costs of Economic Sanctions : Aftermath of Pokhran II '' . Economic and Political Weekly . 33 ( 26 ) : 1604 -- 1607 . JSTOR 4406922 . Jump up ^ `` China is ' Seriously Concerned ' But Restrained in Its Criticism , '' . New York Times , 13 May 1998 . 13 May 1998 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Resources on India and Pakistan ( 1999 ) . `` China 's Reaction to India 's Nuclear Tests '' . CNS Center for Nonproliferation Studies Monterey Institute of International Studies . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Active Correspondents ( 24 November 1998 ) . `` India - China Claim ' active approach '' . The Hindu , 24 / xi - 1998 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Special Report ( 13 May 1998 ) . `` Pakistan condemns India 's nuclear tests '' . BBC Pakistan . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gertz , Bill ( 2013 ) . Betrayal : How the Clinton Administration Undermined American Security . Washington DC : Regnery Publishing . ISBN 1621571378 . Jump up ^ See Chagai - I Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's tests '' . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoodbhoy , PhD ( Nuclear Physics ) , Pervez Amerali ( 23 January 2011 ) . `` Nuclear Bayonet '' . Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy , Doctor of Philosophy ( Nuclear Physics ) , Professor of Nuclear and High - Energy Physics at the Quaid - e-Azam University and Senior academic research scientist at the National Center for Nuclear Physics . Dr. Prof. Pervez Amerali Hoodbhoy and The Herald . ^ Jump up to : Dittmer , L. , ed. ( 2005 ) . South Asia 's nuclear security dilemma : India , Pakistan , and China . Armonk , NY : Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0765614193 . ^ Jump up to : Press Information Bureau ( 11 May 2008 ) . `` National technology day celebrated '' . Department of Science and Technology . Retrieved 9 January 2011 . External links ( edit ) Nuclear Weapons Archive : Operation Shakti India aborted nuclear bomb plans in 1994 Sumit Ganguly ( Spring 1999 ) . `` India 's Pathway to Pokhran II : The Prospects and Sources of New Delhi 's Nuclear Weapons Program '' . International Security . 23 ( 4 ) : 148 -- 177 . doi : 10.1162 / isec. 23.4. 148 . JSTOR 2539297 . Chengappa , Raj . How the CIA was Fooled written by Raj Chengappa ( Weapons of peace ) . India Today . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Coordinates : 27 ° 04 ′ 44 '' N 71 ° 43 ′ 20 '' E  /  27.07884 ° N 71.722113 ° E  / 27.07884 ; 71.722113 Pokhran - II ( Operation Shakti ) Sites 58th Regiment of the Army Engineering Corps Pokhran CIRUS reactor Department of Atomic Energy Rajasthan Trombay Research Institutes Defence Research and Development Organisation ( DRDO ) Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory ( TBRL ) High Energy Materials Research Laboratory ( HEMRL ) Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC ) Administrators Atal Bihari Vajpai George Fernandes Brajesh Mishra Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana Ved Prakash Malik Jaswant Singh Saleem Iqbal Shervani K. Subrahmanyam Scientists Raja Ramanna Homi Sethna A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Satinder Kumar Sikka K. Santhanam Waman Dattatreya Patwardhan P.K. Iyengar Rajagopala Chidambaram Ravi Grover Anil Kakodkar M.P. Parameswaran Srikumar Banerjee D.D. Sood M.S. Ramkumar Related articles India and weapons of mass destruction History of nuclear weapons Pokhran - I Trinity expolsion Tsar Bomba Operation Shakti Chagai - I Test No. 6 See also : Nuclear power in India Military of India Indian Army Indian Navy Indian Air Force Leadership Chief of the Army Staff Chief of the Naval Staff Chief of the Air Staff Topics History Academies Ranks and insignia Army Air Force Navy Special Forces Indian Peace Keeping Force Central Armed Police Forces Paramilitary forces Andaman and Nicobar Command Strategic Forces Command Nuclear Command Authority Ballistic missiles Weapons of mass destruction Defence Research and Development Organisation Ordnance Factories Board Territorial Army National Cadet Corps Wars and conflicts Indo - Pakistani wars 1947 1965 1971 Operation Polo Congo Crisis Operation Vijay Operation Trident Sino - Indian War Cho La incident Siachen conflict Blue Star Woodrose 1987 Sino - Indian skirmish Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War Operation Cactus Kargil War Kashmir insurgency 2001 Bangladeshi - Indian border skirmish Operation Parakram Piracy off the coast of Somalia Army Navy Air Force Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokhran-II&oldid=808403593 '' Categories : Indian nuclear weapons testing 1998 in India Pokaran Vajpayee administration initiatives Underground nuclear weapons testing Code names 1998 in science Political history of India Nuclear history of India Politics of India A.P.J. Abdul Kalam May 1998 events Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use Indian English from December 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from December 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা 한국어 हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी 日本 語 සිංහල Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 17 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when did india conduct the nuclear test at pokhran

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List of NHL records (individual)

List of NHL records ( individual ) - wikipedia List of NHL records ( individual ) Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of individual records recognized by the National Hockey League through the end of the 2016 -- 17 NHL season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seasons 2 Games 3 Stanley Cup 4 NHL Awards 5 Goals 6 Assists 7 Points 8 Plus / minus 9 Power - play goals 10 Shorthanded goals 11 Overtime 12 Goals / assists / points by position 13 Records by a rookie 14 Points / goals / assists per game average 15 Milestone goal seasons 16 Hat trick or better games 17 Goal / assist / point streaks 18 Fastest goals 19 Shots 20 Hits 21 Blocked Shots 22 Penalty Shots 23 Penalty minutes 24 Goaltending 25 Shootout 26 See also 27 References 28 Sources Seasons ( edit ) Most seasons : Gordie Howe ( 1946 -- 47 to 1970 -- 1971 ; 1979 -- 1980 ) and Chris Chelios ( 1983 -- 84 to 2009 -- 10 , except for the 2004 -- 05 NHL lock - out ) , 26 Most playoff seasons : Chris Chelios , 24 ( 1983 -- 84 to 2008 -- 09 , except for 1997 -- 98 and the 2004 -- 05 NHL lock - out year ) Most consecutive playoff seasons : Larry Robinson , ( 1972 -- 73 to 1991 -- 92 ) and Nicklas Lidstrom , ( 1991 -- 92 to 2011 -- 12 , except for the 2004 -- 05 NHL lock - out ) , 20 Games ( edit ) Most games : Gordie Howe , 1,767 Most games , including playoffs : Mark Messier , 1,992 Most playoff games : Chris Chelios , 266 Most games played in a single NHL season , not including playoffs : Jimmy Carson ( 1992 -- 93 ) and Bob Kudelski ( 1993 -- 94 ) , 86 Most consecutive games : Doug Jarvis ( October 8 , 1975 -- October 10 , 1987 ) , 964 Most consecutive games by a defenceman : Jay Bouwmeester , 737 Oldest player to play a game : Gordie Howe , 52 years , 11 days Most games by a coach in the Stanley Cup Final : Dick Irvin ( Chicago ( 5 ) , Toronto ( 29 ) , Montreal ( 43 ) ) , 77 Most games played in the Finals : Red Kelly ( Detroit ( 37 ) , Toronto ( 28 ) ) , Henri Richard ( Montreal ) , 65 Most games won by a coach in the Stanley Cup Finals : Scotty Bowman ( Montreal ( 20 ) , Pittsburgh ( 4 ) , Detroit ( 12 ) ) , 36 Stanley Cup ( edit ) Most Stanley Cup wins , as a player : Henri Richard Montreal Canadiens , ( 1956 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 65 , 66 , 68 , 69 , 71 , 73 ) 11 Most Stanley Cup wins , as a non-player : Scotty Bowman ( Montreal : 1973 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ( Coach ) ; Pittsburgh : 1991 ( Director of Player Development - Recruitment ) , 1992 ( Head Coach ) ; Detroit : 1997 , 98 , 2002 ( Head Coach ) , 2008 ( Consultant ) ; Chicago : 2010 , 13 , 15 ( Sr. Advisor ) 14 Most Stanley Cup wins , combined player or non-player : Jean Beliveau , Montreal Canadiens ( Player : 1956 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 65 , 66 , 68 , 69 , 71 ; Sr. Vice President : 1973 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 86 , 93 ) , 17 Won the Stanley Cup with the highest number of different teams Player - Jack Marshall ( Winnipeg Victorias 1901 , Montreal AAA 1902 , 1903 , Montreal Wanderers 1907 , 1910 , Toronto Blueshirts 1914 ) and Hap Holmes ( Toronto Blueshirts 1914 , Seattle Metropolitans 1917 , Toronto Arenas 1918 , Victoria Cougars 1925 ) , 4 Player / Non-Player - Al Arbour ( Player : Detroit 1954 , Chicago 1961 , Toronto 1962 , 1964 ; Coach : New York Islanders 1980 , 81 , 82 , 83 ) , 4 Non-Player - Tommy Gorman ( Ottawa Senators : 1920 , 1921 , 1923 ( Manager ) ; Chicago : 1934 ( Manager / Coach ) ; Montreal Maroons : 1935 ( Manager / Coach ) ; Montreal Canadiens : 1944 , 1946 ( Manager ) and Scotty Bowman ( Montreal : 1973 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ( Coach ) ; Pittsburgh : 1991 ( Director of Player Development - Recruitment ) , 1992 ( Head Coach ) ; Detroit : 1997 , 98 , 2002 ( Head Coach ) , 2008 ( Consultant ) ; Chicago : 2010 , 13 , 15 ( Sr. Advisor ) 4 NHL Awards ( edit ) Most Hart Memorial Trophies : Wayne Gretzky , 9 Most consecutive Hart Memorial Trophies : Wayne Gretzky , 8 Most Ted Lindsay Awards : Wayne Gretzky , 5 Most consecutive Ted Lindsay Awards : Wayne Gretzky , 4 Most Conn Smythe Trophies : Patrick Roy 3 Most consecutive Conn Smythe Trophies : Bernie Parent , Mario Lemieux , and Sidney Crosby : 2 Most James Norris Trophies : Bobby Orr , 8 Most consecutive James Norris Trophies : Bobby Orr , 8 Most Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophies : Alexander Ovechkin , 6 Most consecutive Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophies : Alexander Ovechkin , 4 Most Art Ross Trophies : Wayne Gretzky , 10 Most consecutive Art Ross Trophies : Wayne Gretzky , 7 Most Frank J. Selke Trophies : Bob Gainey and Patrice Bergeron , 4 Most consecutive Frank J. Selke Trophies : Bob Gainey 4 Most Lady Byng Trophies : Frank Boucher , 7 Most consecutive Lady Byng Trophies : Frank Boucher and Pavel Datsyuk , 4 Most William M Jennings Trophies : Patrick Roy , Martin Brodeur , 5 Most consecutive William M Jennings Trophies : Patrick Roy and Brian Hayward , 3 Most Vezina Trophies : Jacques Plante , 7 Most consecutive Vezina Trophies : Jacques Plante , 5 Most Jack Adams Awards : Pat Burns , 3 Most consecutive Jack Adams Awards : Jacques Demers , 2 Goals ( edit ) Most goals career : Wayne Gretzky , 894 Most goals playoffs career ; Wayne Gretzky , 122 Most goals career , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky , 1,016 Most goals , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 ‐ 82 ) , 92 Most goals , in playoffs one season : Reggie Leach ( 1976 ) and Jari Kurri ( 1985 ) , 19 Most goals , one season , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 100 Most goals , one playoff series : Jari Kurri ( six - game series ) ( 1985 ) , 12 Most goals in a Stanley Cup Final : Cyclone Taylor ( 1918 , five games ) , Frank Foyston ( 1919 , five games ) , Babe Dye ( 1922 , five games ) , 9 Most goals in the Finals , career : Maurice Richard , 34 Most goals , 50 games from start of season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 -- 82 and 1983 -- 84 ) , 61 Fastest 50 goals from start of season : Wayne Gretzky ( December 30 , 1981 ) , 39 games Most goals , one regular season game : Joe Malone ( January 31 , 1920 ) , 7 Most goals , one regular season home game : Joe Malone ( January 31 , 1920 ) , 7 Most goals , one regular season road game : Red Berenson ( November 7 , 1968 ) , 6 Most goals , one playoff game : Newsy Lalonde ( March 1 , 1919 ) , Maurice Richard ( March 23 , 1944 ) , Darryl Sittler ( April 22 , 1976 ) , Reggie Leach ( May 6 , 1976 ) , and Mario Lemieux ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 5 Most goals , one home playoff game : Maurice Richard ( March 23 , 1944 ) , Darryl Sittler ( April 22 , 1976 ) , Reggie Leach ( May 6 , 1976 ) , and Mario Lemieux ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 5 Most goals , one road playoff game : Newsy Lalonde ( March 1 , 1919 ) , 5 Most goals , one period : Max Bentley ( January 28 , 1943 ) , Busher Jackson ( November 20 , 1934 ) , Clint Smith ( March 4 , 1945 ) , Red Berenson ( November 7 , 1968 ) , Wayne Gretzky ( February 18 , 1981 ) , Grant Mulvey ( February 3 , 1982 ) , Bryan Trottier ( February 13 , 1982 ) , Tim Kerr ( April 13 , 1985 ) , Al Secord ( January 7 , 1987 ) , Joe Nieuwendyk ( January 11 , 1989 ) , Peter Bondra ( February 5 , 1994 ) , Mario Lemieux ( January 26 , 1997 ) , and Patrick Marleau ( January 23 , 2017 ) , 4 Most goals in one period during the Finals : Busher Jackson ( April 5 , 1932 ) , Ted Lindsay ( April 5 , 1955 ) , Maurice Richard ( April 6 , 1957 ) , Wayne Gretzky ( May 25 , 1985 ) , Dirk Graham ( June 1 , 1992 ) , and Peter Forsberg ( June 6 , 1996 ) , 3 Most game - winning goals in a season : Phil Esposito ( 1970 -- 71 and 1971 -- 72 ) and Michel Goulet ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 16 Most game - winning goals in playoffs one season : Brad Richards ( 2004 ) , 7 Most game - winning goals in a playoff series : Mike Bossy ( six - game series ) ( 1983 ) , 4 Most game - winning goals career : Jaromir Jagr , 135 Most game - winning goals playoffs career : Wayne Gretzky and Brett Hull , 24 Most goals in first game career : Auston Matthews ( 2016 ) , 4 Assists ( edit ) Most assists regular season career : Wayne Gretzky , 1,963 Most assists playoffs career : Wayne Gretzky 260 Most assists career , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky , 2,223 Most assists , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 163 Most assists , one playoff season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1987 -- 88 ) , 31 Most assists , one season , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 174 Most assists , playoff series : Rick Middleton ( seven - game series ) ( 1983 ) , Wayne Gretzky ( six - game series ) ( 1985 ) , 14 Most assists , one game : Billy Taylor ( March 16 , 1947 ) and Wayne Gretzky ( February 15 , 1980 , December 11 , 1985 , and February 14 , 1986 ) , 7 Most assists , one home game : Wayne Gretzky ( February 15 , 1980 , and February 14 , 1986 ) , 7 Most assists , one road game : Billy Taylor ( March 16 , 1947 ) and Wayne Gretzky ( December 11 , 1985 ) , 7 Most assists , one playoff game : Mikko Leinonen ( April 8 , 1982 ) , and Wayne Gretzky ( April 9 , 1987 ) , 6 Most assists , one playoff home game : Mikko Leinonen ( April 8 , 1982 ) , and Wayne Gretzky ( April 9 , 1987 ) , 6 Most assists , one period : Dale Hawerchuk ( March 6 , 1984 ) , 5 Points ( edit ) Most points regular season career : Wayne Gretzky , 2,857 Most points playoff career : Wayne Gretzky , 382 Most points career , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky , 3,239 Most points , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 215 Fastest 100 points from the start of a season : Wayne Gretzky ( December 27 , 1981 ) , 34 games Most points , one season , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky ( 1984 -- 85 ) , 255 Most points , one game : Darryl Sittler ( February 7 , 1976 ) , 10 Most points , one home game : Darryl Sittler ( February 7 , 1976 ) , 10 Most points , one road game : Peter Stastny and Anton Stastny , ( February 22 , 1981 ) , 8 Most points , one playoff game : Patrik Sundstrom ( April 22 , 1988 ) and Mario Lemieux ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 8 Most points , one playoff home game : Patrik Sundstrom ( April 22 , 1988 ) and Mario Lemieux ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 8 Most points , one period : Bryan Trottier ( December 23 , 1978 ) , 6 Most points , one playoff season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 ) , 47 Most points , one playoff series : Rick Middleton ( seven - game series ) ( 1983 ) , 19 Most points in the Final , one series : Wayne Gretzky ( 1988 ) , 13 Most points in the Final , career : Jean Beliveau , 62 Plus / minus ( edit ) Best ± rating , regular season career : Larry Robinson , + 730 Best ± rating one season : Bobby Orr ( 1970 -- 71 ) , + 124 Best ± rating one game : Tom Bladon ( December 11 , 1977 , 11 - 1 game against the Cleveland Barons ) , + 10 Worst ± rating , season : Bill Mikkelson ( 1974 -- 75 ) , - 82 Worst ± rating , game : Doug Wilson ( February 10 , 1993 against the Calgary Flames ) and Chris Butler , ( January 5 , 2012 against the Boston Bruins ) , - 7 Worst ± rating , regular season career : Robert Stewart , - 260 Best ± ratings playoffs career : Charlie Huddy , + 94 Best ± ratings one playoff season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1984 -- 85 ) , + 28 Power - play goals ( edit ) Most power - play goals , career : Dave Andreychuk , 274 Most power - play goals , one season : Tim Kerr ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 34 Most power - play goals , one season for a defenceman : Sheldon Souray ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 19 Most power - play goals , career playoffs : Brett Hull 38 , Most power - play goals , one playoff season : Mike Bossy , ( 1981 ) , and Cam Neely , ( 1991 ) , 9 Most power - play goals , one playoff series : Chris Kontos ( seven - game series ) , ( 1989 ) , 6 Most power - play goals , one playoff game : Syd Howe ( March 23 , 1939 ) , Sid Smith ( April 10 , 1949 ) , Phil Esposito ( April 2 , 1969 ) , Johnny Bucyk ( April 2 , 1969 ) , Denis Potvin ( April 17 , 1981 ) , Tim Kerr ( April 13 , 1985 ) , Jari Kurri ( April 3 , 1987 ) , Mark Johnson ( April 22 , 1988 ) , Dino Ciccarelli ( April 29 , 1993 , May 11 , 1995 ) and Valeri Kamensky ( April 24 , 1997 ) , Jonathan Toews ( May 7 , 2010 ) , 3 Most power - play goals , one playoff game period : Tim Kerr ( April 13 , 1985 ) , 3 Most power - play goals , rookie Joe Nieuwendyk ( 1987 - 88 ) 31 Shorthanded goals ( edit ) Most shorthanded goals , career : Wayne Gretzky , 73 Most shorthanded goals , career playoffs : Mark Messier , 14 Most shorthanded goals , one season : Mario Lemieux ( 1988 -- 89 ) , 13 Most shorthanded goals , one playoff season : Derek Sanderson ( 1969 ) , Bill Barber ( 1980 ) , Lorne Henning ( 1980 ) , Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 ) , Wayne Presley ( 1989 ) , and Todd Marchant ( 1997 ) , 3 Most shorthanded goals , one playoff series : Bill Barber ( five - game series ) ( 1980 ) and Wayne Presley ( six - game series ) ( 1989 ) , 3 Most shorthanded goals , one game : Theoren Fleury ( March 9 , 1991 ) , 3 Most shorthanded goals , rookie : Jordan Staal ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 7 Most two - man shorthanded goals , career : Mike Richards , 3 Overtime ( edit ) Most overtime goals , career : Alexander Ovechkin , 22 Most playoff overtime goals , career : Joe Sakic , 8 Most overtime assists , career : Mark Messier , 18 Most overtime points , career : Sergei Fedorov , 27 Most overtime goals , season : Steven Stamkos ( 2011 -- 12 ) , Jonathan Toews ( 2015 -- 16 ) , and Alex Galchenyuk ( 2016 -- 17 ) , 5 Most overtime goals by a rookie , season : Shayne Gostisbehere , 4 Most overtime goals , playoffs season : Mel Hill and Maurice Richard 3 Most overtime goals , one playoff series : Mel Hill , 3 Most consecutive overtime goals : Andrew Cogliano ( 2007 -- 08 ) and Nathan Horton ( 2010 -- 11 ) , 3 Goals / assists / points by position ( edit ) Most goals by a centre , career : Wayne Gretzky , 894 Most goals by a centre , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 -- 82 ) , 92 Most assists by a centre , career : Wayne Gretzky , 1,963 Most assists by a centre , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 163 Most points by a centre , career : Wayne Gretzky , 2,857 Most points by a centre , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 215 Most goals by a left wing , career : Luc Robitaille , 668 Most goals by a left wing , one season : Alexander Ovechkin ( 2007 -- 08 ) , 65 Most assists by a left wing , career : John Bucyk , 813 Most assists by a left wing , one season : Joe Juneau ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 70 Most points by a left wing , career : Luc Robitaille , 1,394 Most points by a left wing , one season : Luc Robitaille ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 125 Most goals by a right wing , career : Gordie Howe , 801 Most goals by a right wing , one season : Brett Hull ( 1990 -- 91 ) , 86 Most assists by a right wing , career : Jaromir Jagr , 1,149 Most assists by a right wing , one season : Jaromir Jagr ( 1995 -- 96 ) , 87 Most points by a right wing , career : Jaromir Jagr , 1,914 Most points by a right wing , one season : Jaromir Jagr ( 1995 -- 96 ) , 149 Most goals by a defenceman , career : Ray Bourque , 410 Most goals by a defenceman , one season : Paul Coffey ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 48 Most goals by a defenceman , one game : Ian Turnbull ( February 2 , 1977 ) , 5 Most assists by a defenceman , career : Ray Bourque , 1,169 Most assists by a defenceman , one season : Bobby Orr ( 1970 -- 71 ) , 102 Most assists by a defenceman , one game : Babe Pratt ( January 8 , 1944 ) , Pat Stapleton ( March 30 , 1969 ) , Bobby Orr ( January 1 , 1973 ) , Ron Stackhouse ( March 8 , 1975 ) , Paul Coffey ( March 14 , 1986 ) , and Gary Suter , ( April 4 , 1986 ) , 6 Most points by a defenceman , career : Ray Bourque , 1579 Most points by a defenceman , one season : Bobby Orr ( 1970 -- 71 ) , 139 Most points by a defenceman , one game : Tom Bladon ( December 11 , 1977 ) and Paul Coffey ( March 14 , 1986 ) , 8 Most points by a defenceman , one playoff year : Paul Coffey ( 1985 ) , 37 Most goals by a goaltender regular season career : Martin Brodeur ( February 15 , 2000 & March 21 , 2013 ) , 2 Most goals by a goaltender in the playoffs : Ron Hextall ( April 11 , 1989 ) and Martin Brodeur ( April 17 , 1997 ) , 1 Most goals by a goaltender career , including playoffs : Martin Brodeur , 3 Most assists by a goaltender , one season : Grant Fuhr , 14 Most assists by a goaltender , regular season career : Tom Barrasso , 48 Most assists by a goaltender playoffs one season Martin Brodeur ( 2011 -- 12 ) , 4 Most assists by a goaltender , playoffs career : Grant Fuhr , 14 Most assists by a goaltender , career , including playoffs : Grant Fuhr ( 46 regular season , 14 playoffs ) , 60 Most assists by a goaltender , one game Jeff Reese ( February 10 , 1993 ) , 3 Most points by a goaltender , one season : Grant Fuhr ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 14 Most points by a goaltender regular season career : Tom Barrasso , 48 - all assists Most points by a goaltender regular season one season : Grant Fuhr ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 14 - all assists Most points by a goaltender career , including playoffs Grant Fuhr ( 46 regular season , 14 playoffs ) , 60 Most points by a goaltender regular season one game : Jeff Reese ( February 10 , 1993 ) , 3 - all assists Most points by a goaltender playoffs one season Martin Brodeur ( 2011 -- 12 ) , 4 - all assists Most points by a goaltender , one period : Jeff Reese ( February 10 , 1993 ) , 3 - all assists Records by a rookie ( edit ) Most goals by a rookie , one season : Teemu Selanne ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 76 Most goals by a player in his first NHL season , one game : Joe Malone ( December 19 , 1917 , January 12 , 1918 and February 2 , 1918 ) , Howie Meeker ( January 8 , 1947 ) and Don Murdoch ( October 12 , 1976 ) , 5 Most goals by a player in his first NHL game : Joe Malone ( December 19 , 1917 ) , 5 Most goals by a rookie in his first NHL game : Auston Matthews ( October 12 , 2016 ) , 4 Most assists by a rookie , one season : Peter Stastny ( 1980 -- 81 ) and Joe Juneau ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 70 Most assists by a player in his first NHL season , one game : Wayne Gretzky ( February 15 , 1980 ) , 7 Most assists by a player in his first NHL game : Dutch Reibel ( October 8 , 1953 ) , 4 Most points by a rookie , one season : Teemu Selanne ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 132 Most goals by a rookie , one playoff season : Dino Ciccarelli ( 1981 ) , 14 Most assists by a rookie , one playoff season : Ville Leino ( 2010 ) , 14 Most points by a rookie , one playoff season : Dino Ciccarelli ( 1981 ) , Ville Leino ( 2010 ) , and Jake Guentzel ( 2017 ) , 21 Most points by a player in his first NHL season , one game : Peter Stastny and Anton Stastny ( February 22 , 1981 ) , 8 Most points by a player in his first NHL game : Al Hill ( February 14 , 1977 ) , 5 Most goals by a rookie defenceman , one season : Brian Leetch ( 1988 -- 89 ) , 23 Most assists by a rookie defenceman , one season : Larry Murphy ( 1980 -- 81 ) , 60 Most points by a rookie defenceman , one season : Larry Murphy ( 1980 -- 81 ) , 76 Longest goal scoring streak in his first NHL Season : Joe Malone ( 1917 -- 18 ) , 14 games Longest point streak by a rookie , one season : Paul Stastny ( February 3 , 2007 -- March 17 , 2007 ) , 20 games Longest point streak by an eighteen - year - old : Nathan MacKinnon ( January 10 , 2014 -- March 6 , 2014 ) , 13 games Longest point streak by a rookie defenceman : Shayne Gostisbehere ( January 19 , 2016 -- February 20 , 2016 ) , 15 games Points / goals / assists per game average ( edit ) Highest goals - per - game average , career ( among players with 200 - or - more goals ) : Mike Bossy , . 762 Highest goals - per - game average including playoffs , career ( among players with 200 - or - more goals ) : Mario Lemieux , . 749 Highest goals - per - game average , one season ( among players with 20 - or - more goals ) : Joe Malone ( 1917 -- 18 ) , 2.20 Highest goals - per - game average , one season ( among players with 50 - or - more goals ) : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 1.18 Highest assists - per - game average , career ( among players with 300 - or - more assists ) : Wayne Gretzky , 1.320 Highest assists - per - game average , one season ( among players with 35 - or - more assists ) : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 2.04 Highest points - per - game average , career ( among players with 500 - or - more points ) : Wayne Gretzky , 1.921 Highest points - per - game average , one season ( among players with 50 - or - more - points ) : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 2.77 Milestone goal seasons ( edit ) Most 20 - or - more goal seasons : Gordie Howe , 22 Most consecutive 20 - or - more goal seasons : Gordie Howe ( 1949 -- 1971 ) , 22 Most 30 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Gartner , 17 Most consecutive 30 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Gartner ( 1979 -- 1994 ) and Jaromir Jagr ( 1991 -- 2007 ) , 15 Most 40 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky , 12 Most consecutive 40 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky ( 1979 -- 1991 ) , 12 Most 50 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Bossy and Wayne Gretzky , 9 Most consecutive 50 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Bossy ( 1977 -- 1986 ) , 9 Most 60 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Bossy and Wayne Gretzky , 5 Most consecutive 60 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 - 1984 ) , 4 Most 70 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky , 4 Most consecutive 70 - or more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 -- 1984 ) , 4 Most 80 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky , 2 Most 90 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky , 1 Hat trick or better games ( edit ) Most three - or - more goal games , career : Wayne Gretzky , 50 Most three - or - more goal games , playoffs career : Wayne Gretzky , 10 Most three - or - more goal games , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 -- 82 and 1983 -- 84 ) , 10 Most three - or - more goal games , one playoffs season : Jari Kurri ( 1985 ) , 4 Most three - or - more goal games , one playoff series : Jari Kurri ( 1985 ) , 3 Most four - or - more goal games , one season : Joe Malone ( 1917 - 18 ) , 5 Most five - or - more goal games , one season : Joe Malone ( 1917 - 18 ) , 3 Goal / assist / point streaks ( edit ) Longest consecutive goal - scoring streak from start of NHL career : Joe Malone ( 1917 -- 18 ) , 14 games Longest consecutive goal - scoring streak : Punch Broadbent , 16 games ( 1921 -- 22 ) Longest consecutive goal - scoring streak , one playoff season : Reggie Leach 10 games ( 1976 ) Longest consecutive goal - scoring streak by a defenceman : Mike Green ( 2008 -- 09 ) , 8 games Longest consecutive assist - scoring streak : Wayne Gretzky ( 1990 -- 91 ) , 23 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 51 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak , one playoff season : Bryan Trottier ( 1981 ) , 18 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak from start of season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 51 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak by a defenceman from start of season : John - Michael Liles ( 2010 -- 11 ) , 9 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak by a defenceman : Paul Coffey ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 28 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak by a rookie forward : Paul Stastny ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 20 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak by a rookie defenceman : Shayne Gostisbehere ( 2015 -- 16 ) , 15 games Fastest goals ( edit ) Fastest goal from start of game : Doug Smail ( December 20 , 1981 ) , Bryan Trottier ( March 22 , 1984 ) , and Alexander Mogilny ( December 21 , 1991 ) , 5 seconds Fastest goal from start of game , playoffs : Don Kozak ( April 17 , 1977 ) , 6 seconds Fastest goal from start of period : Claude Provost ( November 9 , 1957 ) , Denis Savard ( January 12 , 1986 ) , and James van Riemsdyk ( March 28 , 2014 ) , 4 seconds Fastest goal from start of period , playoffs : Pelle Eklund ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 6 seconds Fastest goal by a player in his first NHL game : Dave Christian ( March 2 , 1980 ) , 7 seconds Fastest two goals from start of game : Mike Knuble , 27 seconds ( February 14 , 2003 ) Fastest two goals from start of game , playoffs : Dick Duff ( April 9 , 1963 ) , 68 seconds Fastest two goals : Nels Stewart ( January 3 , 1931 ) and Deron Quint ( December 15 , 1995 ) , 4 seconds Fastest two goals , playoffs : Norm Ullman ( April 11 , 1965 ) , 5 seconds Fastest three goals : Bill Mosienko ( March 23 , 1952 ) , 21 seconds Fastest three assists : Gus Bodnar ( March 23 , 1952 ) , 21 seconds Fastest regular season overtime goal : Mats Sundin , Alexander Ovechkin , William Nylander , David Legwand , and Andreas Athanasiou , 6 seconds Fastest playoff overtime goal : Brian Skrudland ( May 18 , 1986 ) , 9 seconds Fastest goal after being scored on : Doug Gilmour ( December 19 , 1987 ) , and Mikael Granlund ( January 5 , 2016 ) , 2 seconds Shots ( edit ) Most shots on goal , career : Ray Bourque , 6,206 Most shots on goal , playoffs career : Ray Bourque , 812 Most shots on goal , one season : Phil Esposito ( 1970 -- 71 ) , 550 Most shots on goal , one playoff season : Henrik Zetterberg , 116 Most shots on goal , one game : Ray Bourque ( March 21 , 1991 ) , 19 Most shots on goal , one playoff game : Daniel Briere ( April 22 , 2006 ) , 14 Hits ( edit ) Most hits , one season : Matt Martin ( 2014 -- 15 ) , 382 Most hits , one playoff season : Dustin Brown ( 2014 ) , 125 Most hits , regular season career : Zdeno Chara , 3502 Most hits , playoff career : Brooks Orpik , 499 Most hits , one game : Brenden Morrow , 19 Most hits , one regular season game : Gary Roberts ( March 10 , 1999 ) and Zdeno Chara ( November 3 , 1999 ) 17 Most hits , one playoff game : Brenden Morrow ( May 4 , 2008 ) , 19 Blocked Shots ( edit ) Most blocked shots , one season : Kris Russell ( 2014 -- 15 ) , 283 Most blocked shots , one playoff season : Anton Volchenkov ( 2007 ) , 80 Most blocked shots , career : Zbynek Michalek , 1719 Most blocked shots , playoffs career : Chris Pronger , 374 Most blocked shots , one game : Kris Russell ( March 5 , 2015 ) , 15 Most blocked shots , one playoff game : Richard Matvichuk ( May 1 , 2001 ) , 13 Penalty Shots ( edit ) Most penalty shot goals , career : Pavel Bure , 7 Most penalty shot goals , playoffs career : Michael Frolik , 2 Most penalty shot goals , one season : Pavel Bure , 3 Most penalty shot attempts , career : Vincent Lecavalier , 13 Most penalty shot attempts , playoffs career : Mats Sundin and Michael Frolik , 2 Most penalty shot attempts , one season : Erik Cole , 5 Most penalty shot attempts , one game : Erik Cole ( November 9 , 2005 ) , Max Pacioretty ( February 6 , 2009 ) , and Auston Matthews ( November 3 , 2017 ) , 2 Most penalty shots faced by a goaltender , career : Marc - Andre Fleury , 21 Most penalty shots faced by a goaltender , playoffs career : Dominik Hasek , 5 Most penalty shots faced by a goaltender , one game : Ben Bishop ( October 8 , 2015 ) , Miikka Kiprusoff ( March 4 , 2011 ) , Roberto Luongo ( February 6 , 2014 ) , and Jonathan Quick ( November 3 , 2017 ) , 2 Most penalty shots stopped by a goaltender , career : Marc - Andre Fleury , 15 Most penalty shots stopped by a goaltender , playoffs career : Dominik Hasek , 4 Most penalty shots allowed by a goaltender , career : Tomas Vokoun , 8 Penalty minutes ( edit ) Most penalty minutes , career : Tiger Williams , 3,966 Most penalty minutes , playoffs career : Dale Hunter , 729 Most penalty minutes , career , including playoffs : Tiger Williams , 4,421 Most penalty minutes , one season : Dave Schultz ( 1974 -- 75 ) , 472 Most penalties , one game : Chris Nilan ( March 31 , 1991 ) , 10 Most penalties , one playoff game : Forbes Kennedy ( April 2 , 1969 ) and Kim Clackson ( April 20 , 1980 ) , 8 Most penalty minutes , one game : Randy Holt ( March 11 , 1979 ) , 67 Most penalty minutes , one playoff game : Dave Schultz ( April 22 , 1976 ) and Deryk Engelland ( April 17 , 2015 ) , 42 Most penalty minutes , career , in the Stanley Cup Final : Gordie Howe , 94 Goaltending ( edit ) Most wins by a goaltender regular season career : Martin Brodeur , 691 Most wins by a goaltender playoffs career : Patrick Roy , 151 Most wins by a goaltender career , including playoffs : Martin Brodeur 804 Best Winning Percentage ( minimum 250 played ) : Ken Dryden . 740 in 397 games played Best Winning Percentage ( minimum 500 games played ) : Jacques Plante . 610 in 837 games played Most wins by a goaltender , one season : Martin Brodeur ( 2006 -- 07 ) and Braden Holtby ( 2015 -- 16 ) , 48 Most wins by a goaltender , career , in the Finals : Jacques Plante , 25 Most wins by a goaltender , expansion team season : Ron Tugnutt ( 2000 -- 01 Columbus Blue Jackets ) , 22 Most ties , career : Terry Sawchuk , 172 Most shutouts regular season career : Martin Brodeur 125 Most shutouts playoffs career : Martin Brodeur 24 Most shutouts , including playoffs career : Martin Brodeur 149 Most shutouts , one regular season : George Hainsworth ( 1928 -- 29 ) , 22 Most shutouts , one playoff season : Martin Brodeur ( 2002 -- 03 ) , 7 Most games appeared in by a goaltender , career regular season : Martin Brodeur , 1,265 Most games appeared in by a goaltender , career playoffs : Patrick Roy , 247 Most games appeared in by a goaltender career , including playoffs Martin Brodeur , 1,470 Most games appeared in by a goaltender career , in the Finals : Jacques Plante ( Montreal ( 38 ) , St. Louis ( 3 ) ) , 41 Most consecutive complete games by a goaltender : Glenn Hall , 502 ( 1955 -- 1962 ) Most games appeared in by a goaltender , one regular season : Grant Fuhr , 79 ( 1995 -- 96 ) Most games appeared in by a goaltender , one playoff season Ron Hextall ( 1986 -- 87 ) and Jonathan Quick ( 2013 -- 14 ) , 26 Most minutes played by a goaltender , career : Martin Brodeur , 74,380 Most minutes played by a goaltender , one season : Martin Brodeur ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 4,697 Longest continuous shutout by a goaltender : Alec Connell ( 7 games , 2 periods ) ( 1927 -- 28 ) , 461 minutes , 29 seconds Longest continuous shutout by a goaltender at start of NHL career : Matt Hackett ( December 6 & 8 , 2011 ) , 102 minutes , 48 seconds Longest winning streak by a goaltender , one season : Gilles Gilbert ( 1975 -- 76 ) , 17 games Longest winning streak to start a season : Carey Price ( 2016 -- 17 ) , 10 games Longest undefeated streak by a goaltender , one season : Gerry Cheevers ( 24 wins , 8 ties 1971 -- 72 ) , 32 games Longest undefeated streak by a goaltender in his first NHL season : Grant Fuhr ( 15 wins , 8 ties 1981 -- 82 ) , 23 games Longest undefeated streak by a goaltender from start of career : Patrick Lalime ( 14 wins , 2 ties 1996 -- 97 ) , 16 games Most 20 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender Martin Brodeur , 16 Most consecutive 20 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur ( 1995 -- 2008 ) and Henrik Lundqvist ( 2005 -- 2017 ) , 12 Most 30 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur 14 Most consecutive 30 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur ( 1995 -- 2008 ) , 12 Most consecutive 30 - or - more win seasons to start a career : Henrik Lundqvist ( 2005 -- 2012 ) , 7 Most 40 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur 8 Most consecutive 40 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur ( 2005 -- 2008 ) and Evgeni Nabokov ( 2007 -- 10 ) , 3 Most consecutive wins by a goaltender in his rookie season : Bill Durnan ( 1943 -- 44 ) , 10 Most consecutive wins by a goaltender in his first NHL season : George Hainsworth ( 1926 -- 27 ) , 11 Most losses by a goaltender regular season career : Martin Brodeur , 397 Most losses by a goaltender , one season : Gary Smith ( 1970 -- 71 ) , 48 Most home games played by a goaltender , one season : Roberto Luongo ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 41 Most shots faced by a goaltender , in a regular season game : Sam LoPresti ( March 4 , 1941 ) , 83 Most shots faced by a goaltender , in a season : Roberto Luongo ( 2005 -- 06 ) , 2,488 Most shots faced by a goaltender , in a playoff game : Normie Smith ( March 24 , 1936 ) , 92 Most saves by a goaltender career : Martin Brodeur , 28,928 Most saves by a goaltender playoffs career : Patrick Roy , 6,561 Most saves by a goaltender , including playoffs career : Martin Brodeur , 33,758 Most saves by a goaltender , in a regular season game : Sam LoPresti ( March 4 , 1941 ) , 80 Most saves by a goaltender , in a playoff game : Normie Smith ( March 24 , 1936 ) , 92 Most saves by a goaltender , in a playoffs overtime game shutout : Normie Smith ( March 24 , 1936 ) , 92 Most saves by a goaltender , in a regular season shutout : Ben Scrivens ( January 29 , 2014 ) , 59 Most saves by a goaltender , in a season : Roberto Luongo ( 2003 -- 04 ) , 2,303 Most saves by a goaltender , in a playoff run : Tim Thomas ( 2011 ) , 798 Most saves by a goaltender , in a Stanley Cup finals series : Tim Thomas ( 2011 ) , 238 Highest save percentage , in a regular season : Craig Anderson ( 2013 ) , . 941 Highest save percentage , playoffs ( minimum 10 games ) : Jonathan Quick ( 2012 ) , . 946 Lowest goals - against average in a season ( minimum 20 games ) : George Hainsworth , 0.92 Lowest goals - against average playoffs ( minimum 10 games ) : Frank Brimsek , 1.25 Highest goals - against average in a season ( minimum 20 games ) : Frank Brophy , 7.11 Highest goals - against average playoffs ( minimum 10 games ) : Murray Bannerman , 4.77 Most overtime wins : Roberto Luongo , 49 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender regular season career : Ron Hextall , 584 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender playoffs career : Ron Hextall , 115 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender career , including playoffs : Ron Hextall ( 584 regular season , 115 playoffs ) , 699 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender one season Ron Hextall ( 1988 -- 89 ) , 113 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender one playoff season Ron Hextall ( 1986 -- 87 ) , 43 Youngest goaltender to win 50 regular - season games : Patrick Roy 22 yrs Youngest goaltender to win 100 regular - season games : Patrick Roy 23 yrs Youngest goaltender to win 200 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 26 yrs. , 1 mos Youngest goaltender to win 300 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 29 yrs. , 7 mos . Youngest goaltender to win 400 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 31 yrs. , 10 mos . Youngest goaltender to win 500 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 35 yrs. , 6 mos . Youngest goaltender to win 600 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 37 yrs. , 11 mos . Quickest goaltender to win 400 regular - season games : Henrik Lundqvist 727 Most Stanley Cup finals series played by a goaltender : Jacques Plante ( Montreal : 8 ( 1953 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 ) ; St. Louis : 2 ( 1969 , 70 ) ) , 10 Most Stanley Cup consecutive finals series played by a goaltender : Jacques Plante ( Montreal ( 1953 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 ) , 8 Least saves required in a win : Ryan Miller ( Anaheim Jan. 25 , 2018 ) 11 : 40 min ; Antti Niemi ( Dallas , Dec. 12 , 2015 ) 6 : 43 min ; Richard Bachman ( Dallas Mar. 29 , 2013 ) 2 : 32 min ; Craig Billington ( Colorado Dec. 21 , 1998 ) 1 : 52 min , ( Colorado Dec. 31 , 1996 ) 0 : 12 sec ; Steve Weeks ( NY Rangers Mar. 24 , 1982 ) 0 : 17 sec 0 Shootout ( edit ) Most shootout goals in one season : Ilya Kovalchuk ( 2011 -- 12 ) , 11 Most game - deciding shootout goals in one season : Ilya Kovalchuk ( 2011 -- 12 ) , 7 Most shootout goals career : Radim Vrbata , 45 Most game - deciding shootout goals career : Frans Nielsen and T.J. Oshie , 19 Highest shootout percentage ( Minimum 15 attempts ) : Vyacheslav Kozlov , 58.7 % ( 27 / 46 ) Most shootout attempts in a season : Radim Vrbata , 18 Most shootout attempts career : Radim Vrbata , 104 Most shootout games played by a goaltender in a season : Martin Brodeur ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 16 Most shootout games played by a goaltender career : Roberto Luongo , 107 Most shootout wins by a goaltender in a season : Ryan Miller and Martin Brodeur ( 2006 -- 07 ) , Mathieu Garon ( 2007 -- 08 ) , and Jonathan Quick ( 2010 -- 11 ) , 10 Most shootout wins by a goaltender career : Ryan Miller , 57 Most shootout losses by a goaltender in a season : Tomas Vokoun ( 2009 -- 10 ) and Tuukka Rask ( 2014 -- 15 ) , 9 Most shootout losses by a goaltender career : Roberto Luongo , 55 Most goals allowed in a shootout by a goaltender career : Roberto Luongo , 123 Most saves in a shootout by a goaltender career : Henrik Lundqvist , 265 See also ( edit ) List of NHL records ( team ) List of NHL statistical leaders List of NHL statistical leaders by country References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Individual All Time Career Records ( 1918 - 2011 ) '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Bouwmeester '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hart Memorial Trophy '' . National Hockey League . July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Lindsay Award '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Conn Smythe Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Norris Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maurice Richard Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Art Ross Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Frank J. Selke Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Byng Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` William M. Jennings Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vezina Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Adams Award '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Player Defensive Statistics '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Sources ( edit ) NHL Official Guide and Record Book , 2016 www.nhl.com List of NHL - related topics History Pre-NHL seasons National Hockey Association 1917 -- 42 1942 -- 67 1967 -- 92 1992 -- present All - time standings All - time team performance Seasons Most frequent playoff series Retired numbers First NHL player by country Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Personnel Famous linemates Captains Head coaches General managers Owners Notable families Presidents and Commissioners Referees and linesmen Records League records ( individual , team ) Statistical leaders ( by country of birth ) Points , career ( min . 1000 ) Assists , career ( min . 1000 ) Goals , career ( min . 500 ) Points , season ( min . 100 ) Goals , season ( min . 50 ) 50 goals in 50 games Games , career ( min . 1000 ) Consecutive games , career ( min . 500 ) PIMs , career ( min . 2000 ) 5 + goals , game 8 + points , game 300 wins , goaltender Goaltenders who have scored Wayne Gretzky 's records Gordie Howe 's records Related International games with NHL teams International games with NHL players World Cup of Hockey Hockey Fights Cancer Other Trade deadline Player salaries Team payrolls Video games Mascots National Hockey League lore Advanced statistics NHL uniform Franchise records of the National Hockey League Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals League records : Individual records Team records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NHL_records_(individual)&oldid=828160682 '' Categories : National Hockey League statistical records National Hockey League lists Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Magyar Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 22 : 28 . 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Sagging (fashion)

Sagging ( fashion ) - wikipedia Sagging ( fashion ) Jump to : navigation , search A sagger in New York City . Sagging is a manner of wearing trousers or jeans which sag so that the top of the trousers or jeans are significantly below the waist , sometimes revealing much of the underwear . Sagging is predominantly a male fashion . Women 's wearing of low - rise jeans to reveal their G - string underwear ( the `` whale tail '' ) is not generally described as sagging . A person wearing sagging trousers is sometimes called a `` sagger '' , and in some countries this practice is known as `` low - riding '' . It has become popular since the popularity of wearing brightly colored and patterned `` boxer shorts '' . Sagging first peaked in popularity during the 1990s and remained popular into the mid 2000s , but it has recently made a comeback in the 2010s , with celebrities like Justin Bieber , Liam Payne , Ross Lynch and more bringing back the fashion trend . Sagging in the 1990s usually focused on baggy trousers with plaid boxers , but in the 2010s sagging has become popular with skinny jeans and branded boxer - briefs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Reaction 3 Music videos 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Origin ( edit ) The style was popularized by skaters and hip - hop artists in the 1990s . It later became a symbol of freedom and cultural awareness among some youths or a symbol of their rejection of the values of mainstream society . It is often claimed the style originated from the United States prison system where belts are sometimes prohibited and there can be a lack of appropriately sized clothing . Reaction ( edit ) Two male Detroiters sagging their pants in 2007 During the first decade of the 21st century , many North American local governments , school systems , transit agencies , and even airlines passed laws and regulations against the practice of wearing sagging pants , although no state or federal laws have been enacted banning the practice . US presidential candidate Barack Obama , speaking just before the 2008 US Presidential Election , appeared on MTV and said that laws banning the practice of wearing low - slung pants that expose one 's underwear were `` a waste of time ... Having said that , brothers should pull up their pants . You are walking by your mother , your grandmother , your underwear is showing . What 's wrong with that ? Come on . Some people might not want to see your underwear . I 'm one of them . '' In June 2007 the Town Council of Delcambre , Louisiana , passed an indecent exposure ordinance , which prohibited intentionally wearing trousers in such a way as to show underwear . In March 2008 the Hahira , Georgia City Council passed a controversial clothing ordinance , in the name of public safety , that bans citizens from wearing pants with top below the waist that reveal skin or undergarments . The council was split 2 -- 2 , but the tie was broken by the mayor . Benetta Standly , statewide organizer for the American Civil Liberties Union of Georgia stated , `` In Atlanta , we see this as racial profiling ... It 's going to target African - American male youths . There 's a fear with people associating the way you dress with crimes being committed . '' The interim police chief of Flint , Michigan ordered the arrest of saggers for disorderly conduct ; however , as of August 2008 , only warnings had been issued . The local chapter of the ACLU threatened legal action in response , saying that sagging did not violate the Flint disorderly conduct ordinance and a Florida judge threw out a case brought under a similar rule , as being unconstitutional . Sagging clothing is a violation of some school dress codes , and the prohibition has been supported in the court system . Two weeks after the `` Pants on the Ground '' video became popular thanks to American Idol ( see below ) , a billboard campaign against the style of sagging pants was launched in the Dallas , Texas , area . The billboards feature Big Mama Joseph from the 1997 film Soul Food saying , `` Pull ' Em Up ! '' and asks youngsters to `` Keep it a secret ! '' The campaign is the brainchild of Dallas Mayor Pro Tem Dwaine R. Caraway , and uses advertising space donated by Clear Channel Outdoor . Another billboard campaign against sagging pants was launched in Brooklyn , New York by New York State Senator Eric Adams on March 28 , 2010 . In May 2010 New York State Senate President Malcolm Smith used US $ 2,200 from his campaign fund to launch a similar campaign in Queens . At the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Japanese snowboarder Kazuhiro Kokubo was barred from participating in the opening ceremonies due to dressing sloppily , including a loosened tie , shirt hanging out , and sagging pants . In the fall of 2010 at Westside Middle School in Memphis , Tennessee , the policy on handling sagging pants is for students to pull them up or get `` Urkeled '' , a reference to the character Steve Urkel of the 1990s television show Family Matters . In this practice , teachers would pull their pants up and attach them there using zip ties . Students would also have their photo taken and posted on a board in the hallway , for all of their classmates to see . In an interview with WMC - TV , Principal Bobby White stated that the general idea is to fight pop culture with pop culture . One teacher at the school claimed to have `` Urkeled '' up to 80 students per week , although after five weeks students got the message , and the number dropped to 18 . On November 23 , 2010 , Albany , Georgia passed a city ordinance that banned the wearing of pants or skirts with top more than three inches below the top of the hips , and imposed a fine of $25 for the first offense , increasing to up to $250 for subsequent offenses . By September 2011 , City Attorney Nathan Davis reported that 187 citations had been issued and fines of $3,916 collected . On December 8 , 2010 , the city of Opa - locka , Florida voted unanimously on a $250 fine or 10 hours of community service for individuals who did not pull their pants up . In Fort Worth , Texas , the local transportation authority implemented a policy in June 2011 that prohibited any passenger from boarding a bus while wearing sagging pants that exposes their underwear or buttocks . Signs were posted on buses saying , `` Pull ' em up or find another ride '' , and one City Council member was looking for funds for a billboard campaign . The communications manager for the Fort Worth Transportation Authority said that on the first day the policy was enforced , 50 people were removed from buses for wearing improper pants . Some complained about the policy , but the overall response was positive . A state law went into effect in Florida for the 2011 -- 2012 school year banning the practice of sagging while at school . Pupils found in violation receive a verbal warning for the first offense , followed by parental notification by the principal for the second offense , which will require the parent to bring a change of clothing to school . Students would then face in - school suspension for subsequent violations . University of New Mexico football player Deshon Marman was removed from a U.S. Airways flight bound for Albuquerque , New Mexico for wearing sagging pants . A few months later Green Day singer Billie Joe Armstrong was removed from a Southwest Airlines flight from Oakland to Burbank , California for the same reason . In April 2012 Alabama County Circuit Judge John Bush sentenced 20 - year - old LaMarcus Ramsey to three days in jail for appearing in court with sagging blue jeans that exposed his underwear , telling him , `` You are in contempt of court because you showed your butt in court . '' On June 12 , 2013 , the Town Council of Wildwood , New Jersey , located on the Jersey Shore , voted unanimously to ban sagging pants from the town 's boardwalk . In Ocala , FL , a law was passed against sagging jeans , violators face a $500 fine or up to six months in jail . Something similar was done in Wildwood , NJ . On July 5 , 2016 an ordinance was passed in Timmonsville , SC that punishes sagging pants . If the law is violated , offenders could face up to a $600 fine . Music videos ( edit ) American rapper Travis Scott sagging his pants while performing in 2015 . Sagging has been ridiculed in music videos , first , in the 1996 song `` Back Pockets on the Floor '' performed by The Green Brothers of Highland Park , Michigan . Another song in 2007 by Dewayne Brown of Dallas , Texas entitled `` Pull Your Pants Up '' has a similar message . On January 13 , 2010 , `` General '' Larry Platt performed `` Pants on the Ground '' during auditions for the ninth season of American Idol in Atlanta , Georgia . In 2012 a 9 - year - old rapper named Amor `` Lilman '' Arteaga wrote a song titled `` Pull Ya Pants Up , '' and made a music video with an appearance by Brooklyn president Marty Markowitz . See also ( edit ) Wide leg jeans References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` In Pictures : Sagging Pants '' . BBC News . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lung , Haha ( 2008 ) . Mind Fist : The Asian Art of the Ninja Masters . Kensington Publishing Corp. p. 168 . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 3062 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Low - riding cool dudes told to hitch ' em high '' , Jun 30 , 2000 , Angela Gregory , NZ Herald Jump up ^ `` Undie - exposed for the beach '' , Jan 1 , 2002 , Patrick Gower , NZ Herald ^ Jump up to : Koppel , Niko ( August 30 , 2007 ) . `` Are Your Jeans Sagging ? Go Directly to Jail . '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Teens ' Sagging Jeans Not Just for ' Gangstas . ' '' , Jennifer Skordas , Salt Lake Tribune . 15 October 1995 ( p . B1 ) . ^ Jump up to : Forsyth , Jim ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` Saggy pants mean no ride on one Texas bus system . '' . Reuters . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Westbury , Anthony ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Saggy pants symbolize what 's gone wrong in black community , kids say '' . TCPalm . Florida . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Christian , Margena A. ( May 7 , 2007 ) . `` The facts behind the saggin ' pants craze '' . Jet . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mikkelson , Barbara ( October 15 , 2005 ) . `` Sag Harbored '' . Snopes . Jump up ^ Thomas , Robert Murray ( 2008 ) . What schools ban and why . Westport , CT : Praeger Publishers . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35298 - 0 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Haberman , Clyde ( November 13 , 2008 ) . `` Can Obama Help Kill Baggy Pants Look ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Siddique , Haroon ( June 14 , 2007 ) . `` US town bans saggy pants '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved June 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fulton , Malynda ( March 6 , 2008 ) . `` Hahira passes clothing ordinance '' . Valdosta Daily Times . Associated Press . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Crackdown ! - Cities begin to belt wearers of saggy pants -- but do laws violate rights ? '' . Associated Press . September 17 , 2007 . Retrieved November 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Jessica ; Mary Chapman ( 18 August 2008 ) . `` Fashion Police : Flint Cracks Down on Sagging '' . Newsweek . Retrieved November 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Judge rules saggy pants law unconstitutional / '' , 9 / 17 / 2008 , NBC Jump up ^ Board Approves Dress Code Changes , Fresno Unified School District , 1993 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 Jump up ^ Central Unified School District Dress Code , Central Unified School District , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 Jump up ^ Anderson Union High School District Dress Code Guidelines , Anderson Union High School district , 2008 - 08 - 20 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 Jump up ^ Brunsma , David L. ( 2004 ) . The school uniform movement and what it tells us about American education : a symbolic crusade . Scarecrow Education . p. 60 . ISBN 1 - 57886 - 125 - X . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Heinz , Frank ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` City Begins Battle Against Saggy Drawers '' . www.nbcdfw.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Pearson , Jake ( March 28 , 2010 ) . `` Sen. Eric Adams fights ' crack ' epidemic by launching ads urging youth to pull up saggy pants . '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schneiderman , R.M. ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` Ad Campaign Asks Queens Bus Riders to Pull Up Their Pants '' . The Wall Street Journal . Metropolis ( blog ) . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Japan rider apologises for hip - hop dress attire '' . AFP . February 12 , 2010 . Retrieved February 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bruce , Becky ( December 7 , 2010 ) . `` Threat of ' Urkel ' solves sagging pants problem '' . KSL.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Students get ' Urkeled ' for baggy pants '' . ABC2 . December 7 , 2010 . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` City Makes Thousands From Sagging Pants . '' . WYFF - TV . September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pull Your Pants Up , ' City Officials Say '' . WPLG Local 10 . December 8 , 2010 . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Valero , Marc ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Droopy drawers ' law is mixed bag . '' . The Tampa Tribune . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Green Day 's Billie Joe Armstrong Kicked Off Plane for Saggy Pants . '' . US Magazine . September 3 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Judge Slaps Saggy Pants - Wearing Man With Jail Sentence . '' . NewsOne. April 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marcius , Chelsia Rose ; Stephen Rex Brown ; Daniel Beekman ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' Crack - down ' in NJ town bans saggy pants , too - short skirts , other fashion flubs '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Demby , Gene . `` Sagging Pants and the Long Histor of ' Dangerous ' Street Fashion . '' npr.org. 11 Sept. 2014 . Web . 11 Apr. 2015 . Jump up ^ Ian Cross July 5 , 2016 `` South Carolina town passes ordinance banning sagging pants '' http://www.foxcarolina.com/story/32378388/south-carolina-town-passes-ordinance-banning-sagging-pants?clienttype=generic&sf30338757=1 Jump up ^ `` ' Pants on the Ground ' similar to ' Back Pockets on the Floor ? ' '' . USA Today . January 26 , 2010 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goodwyn , Wade ( October 24 , 2007 ) . `` In Dallas , a Hip - Hop Plea : Pull Your Pants Up '' . NPR . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jonsson , Patrik ( January 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' Pants on the ground ' goes viral : Top five Larry Platt covers '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved January 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weichselbaum , Simone ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Flatbush rapper Amor Arteaga , 9 , is creative force behind music video titled : ' Pull Ya Pants Up ' '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sagging . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sagging_(fashion)&oldid=802875367 '' Categories : 2000s fashion 2010s fashion African - American - related controversies Clothing controversies Hip hop fashion History of clothing ( Western fashion ) Trousers and shorts Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Piemontèis Português Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 00 : 46 . About Wikipedia

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NBA Finals

NBA Finals - wikipedia NBA Finals Jump to : navigation , search NBA Finals Status Active Genre Sporting event Date ( s ) June Frequency Annual Country United States Inaugurated 1947 ( 1947 ) The NBA Finals is the championship series of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The entrants are determined by the victors of the Eastern and Western conferences , who engage in a best - of - seven game series to determine the league champion . The winners of the Finals are awarded the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy , which replaced the Walter A. Brown Trophy in 1983 . Prior to the 1949 - 50 season , the series was named the BAA Finals , before seeing alteration following the merger between the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) and the National Basketball League ( NBL ) which created the modern NBA . The competition oversaw further name changes to NBA World Championship Series from 1950 to 1982 , as well as a brief stint as the Showdown , before settling on NBA Finals in 1986 . The NBA Finals was initially structured to harbor a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format until 2013 , where the first two and last two games of the series were played at the arena of the team who earned home - court advantage by having the better record during the regular season . This was then altered , because teams with the home - court advantage went 21 -- 8 in all Finals appearances . The competition is currently structured under a 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format , where the first two games are played at home for the higher - seeded team , and the following two at the home of the lower - seeded team . The following three are played at each team 's home arena respectively . A total of 19 franchises have won the NBA Finals . The Boston Celtics hold the record for the most victories , having won the competition 17 times , as well as winning the competition the most times in a row , winning it eight times from 1959 to 1966 . The Los Angeles Lakers have been runners - up the most times , winning 16 finals . The Eastern Conference has provided the most champions , with 38 wins from ten franchises , while the Western Conference have 32 , from nine franchises . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1947 -- 56 : Beginnings and Lakers dynasty 1.2 1957 -- 69 : Celtics dynasty 1.3 1970 -- 79 : Decade of parity 1.4 1980 -- 90 : Lakers -- Celtics rivalry and the Bad Boys 1.5 1991 -- 98 : Bulls dynasty 1.6 1999 -- 2010 : Lakers ' and Spurs ' dominance 1.7 2011 -- 14 : Rise of the Heat 1.8 2015 -- present : Cavaliers -- Warriors rivalry 2 Team records 2.1 Finals appearances 2.2 Active franchises with no Finals appearances 2.3 Most common matchups 2.4 Individual games records 3 Player records 3.1 Individual 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) See also : List of NBA champions 1947 -- 56 : beginnings and Lakers dynasty ( edit ) During the first decade of the NBA , the Minneapolis Lakers had the first NBA dynasty , winning five championships in six years under Hall of Fame head coach John Kundla . The team also featured George Mikan , one of the greatest players in NBA history . 1957 -- 69 : Celtics dynasty ( edit ) Bill Russell ( off ball ) was a member of one of the first dynasties in the NBA , winning eight straight titles while contending against Wilt Chamberlain ( on ball ) . The Boston Celtics went 11 -- 1 in the NBA Finals during 13 seasons ( 1956 -- 57 to 1968 -- 69 ) . They won eight straight NBA championships from 1959 through 1966 . This period marks the largest stretch of seasons that a single team made up over 65 % of Finals appearances , and also includes the only ever time the NBA Finals was decided in double overtime . With the establishment of the Celtics dynasty in 1957 spearheaded by center Bill Russell , the team would see great success , only ever encountering difficulty when up against teams led by Wilt Chamberlain . However , for most of the late 1950s and 1960s , the Celtics and Russell managed to have an upper hand on teams led by Chamberlain . In 1964 , Chamberlain , who had moved to the state of California alongside his team , led the San Francisco Warriors to a Western Conference championship , but again failed to conquer the Celtics . The following season , he returned to the Eastern Conference to join the Philadelphia 76ers , who were the former Syracuse Nationals that had relocated to the city to cover the vacancy created with the departure of the Warriors . The first clash between the two stars in the playoffs was in 1966 , with Boston winning the series 4 -- 1 . In the following season , Philadelphia coach Alex Hannum instructed Chamberlain to provide an increased focus on playing a team game , to avoid drawing the double - teams that troubled Chamberlain during the Finals . This tactical change brought the team to a new record of 68 wins the following season , as well as defeating the Celtics before winning the Finals . In 1968 , Boston overcame a 3 -- 1 deficit against Philadelphia to once again arrive in the Finals . They went on to defeat the Los Angeles Lakers in the Finals to again become NBA Champions . In 1969 , the Celtics faced great difficulty entering the postseason , as they had an aging team and multiple injuries to a number of players . They qualified for the playoffs as the fourth and final seed in the East , while the Lakers , who in the added Chamberlain in the offseason to join stars Jerry West and Elgin Baylor . The Lakers won the West and were prohibitive favorites to become Champions for the first time since relocating to Los Angeles . Despite holding a 2 - 1 advantage going into Game 4 , the Lakers led 87 -- 86 and had the ball with 10 seconds to play . But after a turnover , Sam Jones scored to give the Celtics a narrow 88 -- 87 win and tying the series . The series was eventually tied 3 - 3 going into Game 7 in Los Angeles , with Lakers owner Jack Cooke hanging balloons in the arena in anticipation of a Lakers victory . West also picked up injuries to his thigh and hamstring during the series , however , returned to play for the final game . Russell utilized this newly lacking mobility in West to organize fast breaks at every opportunity for the Celtics , which allowed them to gain an early lead . They held off a furious Lakers comeback to win 108 -- 106 and win the series , and win their eleventh championship in 13 years . As many stars either declined or retired following this win , it is largely recognized as the last NBA Finals conducted by the Celtics dynasty . 1970 -- 79 : decade of parity ( edit ) The 1970s saw eight different teams win the title , with the Celtics and New York Knicks winning twice . In 1970 , a classic final featured the Knicks against the Lakers . In the waning moments of Game 3 , with the series tied , Jerry West hit a basket from 60 feet to tie the game , a shot which became one of the most famous ever . However , the Knicks won in overtime and continued their momentum for a 4 -- 3 win , becoming the first team after the Celtics dynasty to win an NBA championship . The Milwaukee Bucks also won their first franchise title , defeating the Baltimore Bullets in 1971 . Two seasons after losing in the Finals , the Lakers got a measure of revenge by winning 33 straight games , the longest such streak in NBA history . By season 's end , they broke the record for most wins in a season with 69 , one more than the 1966 -- 67 Philadelphia 76ers , before taking home the championship for the first time since relocating to Los Angeles . The Knicks returned to win the championship again a season later to record their second ever victorious season . Despite the rise of the Knicks , the 1974 championship returned to the Celtics , as a newly formed cohort of players led by Dave Cowens demonstrated excellent teamwork and resilience to win in seven games to secure another title . Following the success of the Lakers , the 1970s were characterized by a major breakthrough of the league 's western franchises . In 1975 , after compiling a 48 -- 34 regular - season record , the Golden State Warriors swept the heavily favored Washington Bullets 4 -- 0 in the 1975 NBA Finals . In 1976 , the Phoenix Suns , who only enjoyed eight years of existence as a franchise , overcame a losing record early in the season to build a remarkable win streak to finish 42 -- 40 . The events culminated in upset victories over the Seattle SuperSonics and the Warriors , before facing Boston in the Finals . The teams split the first four games , before Game 5 went into three overtimes before Boston won 128 -- 126 . The Celtics managed to secure their 13th championship quickly after , defeating the Suns 87 -- 80 in Game 6 . Other western franchises that secured their first titles in the 1970s included the Portland Trail Blazers in 1977 , and the Washington Bullets defeating the SuperSonics in 1978 . The SuperSonics managed to exact revenge in the following season , however , as they secured their first franchise title in 1979 . 1980 -- 90 : Lakers -- Celtics rivalry and the Bad Boys ( edit ) The 1980s saw a renewal in the rivalry between the Boston Celtics ( green ) and the Los Angeles Lakers ( gold ) , combining to win eight titles . Between 1980 and 1990 , the Celtics , 76ers , Lakers , or the Detroit Pistons won every NBA Finals . The Lakers won five titles from 1980 to 1990 ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , and 1988 ) ; the Celtics won three ( 1981 , 1984 , and 1986 ) ; the Pistons won twice ( 1989 and 1990 ) ; and the 76ers won once ( 1983 ) . The 1979 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship Game featured Magic Johnson 's Michigan State University team facing off against Larry Bird 's Indiana State University team . This meeting has been immortalized as the beginning of the Lakers and Celtics rivalry of the 1980s , which saw each team being represented by either player respectively . The game also attracted the largest ever TV rating for an NCAA Championship game , with 38 percent of all television viewers that night tuned to the game . Bird had actually been drafted the year before , but later decided to stay an additional year , and the two superstars both entered the league in 1979 , leading their respective teams to dazzling heights . Johnson and the Showtime Lakers reached the 1980 NBA Finals against the 76ers , which was also led by NBA superstar Julius Erving . The Lakers took a 3 -- 2 lead , but Kareem Abdul - Jabbar could not play in Game 6 due to injury . Johnson , a natural point guard , was shifted to center , and ended up playing every position on the court during the game , scoring 42 points , while also attaining 15 rebounds and 7 assists to win his first championship while being awarded his first NBA Finals MVP ; a remarkable performance in the annals of the sport . Boston reached the 1981 NBA Finals led by the `` Big Three '' of Larry Bird , Kevin McHale , and Robert Parish . During the 1980 NBA draft , the Celtics traded two first round picks to the Warriors for Parish and a first round pick later spent on McHale . Considered to be one of the best front courts of all time , all three players would later make the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . They met the Houston Rockets in the 1981 Finals , practically single - handedly carried by Moses Malone , who upset the Lakers and Johnson in the first round . The Rockets were only the second team in NBA history to make the Finals after posting a losing record in the regular season , and the Celtics had an NBA best record of 62 -- 20 . The Celtics would later win the Finals in 6 games . The Lakers returned to the NBA Finals in 1982 , time time led by new coach Pat Riley , in a rematch against the 76ers . The 76ers defeated the Celtics in the Eastern Conference finals in a 7 - game series , but were defeated by Lakers in 6 games , with Johnson being named Finals MVP . Upon losing their past three NBA Finals appearances , the 76ers decided that they needed one more piece to become champions , and enlisted Malone as their premier target . On September 15 , 1982 , they traded for Malone , who was also the league 's reigning MVP . With the new duo of Malone and Erving , the 76ers won the 1983 NBA Finals , losing only once in the entire playoffs , as well as sweeping the Lakers . However , the 1984 NBA Finals was conducted by the Celtics and Lakers , who faced each other for the first time since 1969 . After an inspired performance from Bird , the Celtics toppled the Lakers 4 -- 3 . The final game of this series attracted the largest ever TV audience for an NBA game , and the second - largest ever for a basketball game , with only the game between the two stars played five years earlier having a larger audience . It was the last NBA Finals played in the 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format , until 2014 . In the 1985 NBA Finals , the Lakers made amends for their previous eight losses to the Celtics by defeating them in six games . Even though the Lakers lost the first game by 34 points in the Memorial Day Massacre , they won 4 of the next 5 games , including Game 6 at the Boston Garden , to finally end the long years of frustration of failing to defeat the Celtics . These finals were the first to be played in the 2 -- 3 -- 2 format , which was suggested by Boston coach Red Auerbach to NBA commissioner David Stern , as he hoped to cut back on the frequent traveling from Boston to Los Angeles . The 1986 NBA Finals saw the Celtics face off against the Rockets , with Boston winning in six games , as well as securing their 16th title . Bird was also named Finals MVP for the second time . In 1987 , the Lakers and Celtics met again , with both sides holding a win in the Finals apiece . With the third being contested , it is regarded as a rubber match between the two dynasties . The Lakers won the first two games , but Boston won Game 3 . In Game 4 , Johnson hit an sky - hook with two seconds left to give the Lakers a 107 -- 106 win and a 3 -- 1 series lead . The Lakers would lose Game 5 , but would eventually win Game 6 to clinch the series , and a 2 - 1 all time win against the Celtics . Johnson was also named Finals MVP for the third time . In the following two seasons , the aging Celtics failed to reach the Finals , becoming overshadowed by the rise of the Detroit Pistons . The Lakers would manage to defend their title in the 1988 Finals , winning the series in 7 games against the Pistons . They then became the first team to win back - to - back NBA titles since 1969 . Seeking a three - peat in 1989 , the Lakers were swept by the Pistons in a rematch of the previous year 's Finals . In 1990 , the Pistons then went back - to - back after defeating the Blazers in five games , attaining the nickname `` Bad Boys '' due to its rough , physical play . Led by a Hall of Fame back court in Joe Dumars and Isiah Thomas and a rugged front court in Dennis Rodman and Bill Laimbeer , the Pistons were attained great success . 1991 -- 98 : Bulls dynasty ( edit ) Michael Jordan combined with coach Phil Jackson to win six NBA championships . The majority of the 1990s was marked by the supremacy of the Chicago Bulls , which saw them appear in six Finals . Coached by Phil Jackson and led by NBA superstar Michael Jordan , the Bulls won a title in every single appearance to the Finals from 1991 to 1998 . Jordan was also the Finals MVP every time . The only other team to win championships during this period was the Houston Rockets , who went back - to - back in 1994 and 1995 during Jordan 's initial retirement from professional basketball . The first championship came at the expense of the Los Angeles Lakers , which also saw the last appearance in the Finals for Magic Johnson . Billed as a showdown between the aging Johnson and the upstart Jordan , the Lakers won the first game , 93 -- 91 . For the rest of the series , Pippen guarded Johnson , allowing Jordan to attain a free scoring role to lead Chicago to ultimately taking the next four games . The Bulls returned to the Finals in the next year , pitted against Clyde Drexler and the Portland Trail Blazers . Throughout the 1991 -- 1992 season , Jordan and Drexler led their teams to the best records in their respective conferences , leading to several comparisons between the two players in anticipation of a postseason match - up . Chicago defeated the Trail Blazers in Game 1 by 33 points , a game notable for Jordan breaking the record for the most three - pointer in a first half , with six . Game 2 went into overtime , with the Trail Blazers outscoring the Bulls 18 -- 7 in the final period to run away with the win . Game 3 and 4 were split between Chicago and Portland , respectively , but the Bulls took the final two games , clinching their second championship . In 1993 , Jordan was matched against close friend Charles Barkley , who was the league 's reigning MVP at the Phoenix Suns . The Bulls won the first two games in Phoenix , with 100 -- 92 and 111 -- 108 as the final scores , respectively . The Suns , rallying behind Barkley , won Game 3 , 129 -- 121 , in Chicago in triple overtime . The Bulls took Game 4 , 111 -- 105 , with Jordan scoring 55 points and tying Rick Barry for the second-most points in an NBA Finals game . The Suns won Game 5 , 108 -- 98 , sending the series back to Phoenix . Chicago won the series clincher in Game 6 , 99 -- 98 , on John Paxson 's three - pointer , as the Bulls became the third team in history to three - peat . After this win , Jordan would retire from basketball to pursue a career in baseball . Following Jordan 's departure , the Houston Rockets , led by Hakeem Olajuwon , won the 1994 and 1995 NBA titles . During this period , Olajuwon became the only player in history to win the NBA MVP , NBA Defensive Player of the Year and Finals MVP awards in the same season . That was the only year that both the NBA and NHL finals went to seven games while involving teams from the same city , with the Rockets facing the New York Knicks in 1994 . With their win in Game 7 , the Rockets denied New York from winning both the NBA and NHL titles in the same year , as the New York Rangers won the 1994 Stanley Cup Finals . After trading for Drexler midseason , the Rockets later swept an Orlando Magic team consisting of Shaquille O'Neal and Penny Hardaway in the 1995 Finals ; Olajuwon was again named Finals MVP , and the Rockets became the fifth franchise to win back - to - back titles and became the first 6th - seeded team to win the title without enjoying home court advantage on any of their playoff series . After his short stint in baseball , Jordan returned to basketball late in the 1994 -- 95 season . Although he did not lead the Bulls to the Finals , he returned to pre-retirement form the next year while the team acquired perennial rebounding champion Dennis Rodman . The 1995 -- 96 Bulls finished the regular season 72 -- 10 , attaining , at the time , the best regular season record in NBA history ( Later surpassed by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 - 16 season with a record of 73 - 9 ) . They dominated in the playoffs , with series records of 3 -- 0 , 4 -- 1 and 4 -- 0 , before facing the Seattle SuperSonics in the NBA Finals . After the Bulls took a 3 -- 0 series lead , Seattle won the next two games after coach George Karl switched point guard Gary Payton onto Jordan , leading to a sixth game . However , Jordan altered his game to accommodate the advances of Payton , and the Bulls won Game 6 to win their fourth title . In 1997 and 1998 , the Bulls met the Utah Jazz in the Finals twice . Led by Olympians John Stockton and Karl Malone , the Jazz were defeated in both Finals by the Bulls in six games . In both series , Chicago won by hitting winning shots in the sixth and deciding game -- the first by Steve Kerr in 1997 in Chicago , and the second by Jordan in Utah in 1998 . This saw Chicago winning their sixth NBA championship , and managing their second three - peat . However , prior to the 1999 season , Jackson decided to retire , which set off a chain reaction that resulted in most of the team , including Jordan and Pippen , requesting to leave the Bulls . With no foundation of youth to build upon , the Bulls became a lottery - bound team for the next six seasons . 1999 -- 2010 : Lakers ' and Spurs ' dominance ( edit ) Kobe Bryant was a member of the Los Angeles Lakers that won five NBA championships from 2000 - 2010 . The Los Angeles Lakers and San Antonio Spurs combined to win nine NBA Championships during this period . The Spurs were responsible for winning four championships during this period , in 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , and 2007 . In the 1999 NBA Playoffs , the Spurs finished with a 15 -- 2 mark , including sweeps of the Blazers and Lakers . With a defensive squad led by David Robinson and Tim Duncan , San Antonio 's 84.7 points allowed per game was the fewest average points allowed in the post-season in the last 30 years . In the Finals that year , the Spurs held the New York Knicks , the first # 8 seed team to reach the finals in NBA history , to an average of 79.8 points per game . During the 2003 NBA Finals , the Spurs defeated the Nets in 6 games , which also marked the first championship contested between two former ABA teams . In Game 6 , Duncan was two blocks short of recording the first quadruple - double in NBA Finals history , finishing with 21 points , 20 rebounds , 10 assists , and 8 blocks . The Spurs went on to defeat the Detroit Pistons 4 -- 3 in the 2005 NBA Finals , as well as sweeping the LeBron James - led Cleveland Cavaliers in the 2007 NBA Finals . Duncan won the Finals MVP in 1999 , 2003 and 2005 . In 2007 , Tony Parker was named MVP , becoming the first European - born player to win the award . Tim Duncan won five championships with the San Antonio Spurs from 1999 - 2014 . From 2000 to 2002 , the Lakers , led by Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant , won three straight NBA Championships . O'Neal won the finals MVP all three times . Their first championship came at the expense of the Indiana Pacers , whom the Lakers defeated in 6 games . During their 2001 postseason run , the Lakers swept their first 3 series and won the Finals in 5 games , finishing with an unprecedented 15 -- 1 record , the best postseason record in NBA history . Their opponent in the Finals that year were the Philadelphia 76ers , led by Allen Iverson . In the 2002 NBA Finals , the Lakers swept the New Jersey Nets , leading almost the entire time in each game ; only for a short while after the beginning of Game 4 did the New Jersey Nets gain any significant lead in any game . In the 2003 offseason , veteran stars Gary Payton and Karl Malone signed with the Lakers . Along with Bryant and O'Neal , they formed what many expected to be one of the best teams in NBA history , and were the favorites to win the championship in 2004 . However , the Detroit Pistons , under coach Larry Brown , upset the Lakers in 5 games . Chauncey Billups was named the Finals MVP . Now established as one of the premier powerhouses of the East , the Pistons would return to the NBA Finals in the following year , bowing out to the Spurs in seven games . The 2006 NBA Finals were the only Finals during this period not to feature the Spurs or Lakers , instead featuring the Miami Heat and Dallas Mavericks . It was the first NBA Finals since 1971 that had both Western and Eastern Conference champions making their first Finals appearance in franchise history . The Mavericks won the first two games at home , but the turning point of the series was in Game 3 , when the Heat overcame a 13 - point deficit with less than 6 minutes left in the fourth quarter to win 98 -- 96 . The comeback was led by Dwyane Wade 's 12 points in the final six minutes and a clutch outside jumpshot by Gary Payton , who was appearing in his third NBA finals . Miami swept all three of their home games , two of which were sparked by fourth quarter comebacks led by Wade ; the Heat would win their first ever championship in game six . The Lakers returned to the finals in 2008 , against the Boston Celtics . Renewing the teams ' fierce rivalry , this marked the 11th time that these two teams met in the Finals , the last such meeting happening in 1987 . The Celtics , who defeated the Lakers 4 -- 2 , were led by their `` Big Three '' superstars of Ray Allen , Kevin Garnett , and Paul Pierce , who was also named Finals MVP . The Lakers bounced back from their 2008 loss and returned to the Finals in 2009 , where they faced the Orlando Magic , led by Defensive Player of the Year Dwight Howard in 2009 . The Lakers would defeat Orlando in five games , with Bryant earning the Finals MVP award . The Lakers met the Celtics once again in 2010 , trailing 3 -- 2 before winning the last two at home , marking the first time in the history of the Celtics that they lost a Game 7 in the NBA Finals . Bryant was also named Finals MVP , with the triumphs in 2009 and 2010 becoming Phil Jackson 's 10th and 11th NBA titles . With these championship victories , Jackson surpassed both Red Auerbach 's record for most NBA titles of all time and National Hockey League coach Scotty Bowman 's record for most titles as head coach in any major American professional sport . 2011 -- 14 : rise of the Heat ( edit ) LeBron James ( left ) joined Dwyane Wade ( center ) and Chris Bosh ( right ) at the Miami Heat to form the Big Three . During the 2010 offseason , the Miami Heat re-signed team captain Dwyane Wade and added free agents Chris Bosh and LeBron James to form the Big Three . The Heat were then considered the favorites by many to win multiple championships , appearing in the next four finals , and winning two , in 2012 and 2013 . James has also later represented the Eastern Conference in the NBA Finals in every year since 2011 . The second appearance by the Heat in a Finals came in 2011 , where they were pitted against the Dallas Mavericks in a rematch of the finals from five years earlier . The Mavericks , who were led by Dirk Nowitzki , Jason Terry , Tyson Chandler , and Jason Kidd , won the series 4 -- 2 , with Nowitzki being named the Finals MVP . The Heat returned to the finals in the following year against the young upstart Oklahoma City Thunder team , in a series that pitted reigning league MVP James and 3 - time NBA scoring leader Kevin Durant against each other , neither of whom had won a championship at the time . After the Thunder took Game 1 at home , the Heat won four straight games to win the series 4 -- 1 becoming the first team to win a championship after trailing in three different series . Winning his first championship , James was unanimously named NBA Finals MVP . The Heat repeated as champions in 2013 , this time over the San Antonio Spurs , with the finals being the first since 1987 to feature four former Finals MVPs in a Finals ; with Tim Duncan ( 1999 , 2003 , 2005 ) and Tony Parker ( 2007 ) for the Spurs , and Wade ( 2006 ) and James ( 2012 ) for the Heat . The Spurs were up 3 -- 2 in the series going into Game 6 in Miami . With seconds remaining in regulation , Ray Allen scored a game - tying three - pointer to send the game into overtime , and the Heat would prevail 103 -- 100 . The game is considered by some to have been one of the greatest playoff games in NBA history . The Heat would win Game 7 , 95 -- 88 , to clinch the title . James was again named the Finals MVP for the second straight year . Looking for a 3 - peat , the Heat dominated the 2014 postseason , going 12 -- 3 in the first three rounds . They reached the 2014 NBA Finals and faced the Spurs in a rematch of the 2013 Finals . With James limited in Game 1 due to leg cramps , the Spurs ended the game on a 31 -- 9 run , winning the game 110 -- 95 . The Heat would win Game 2 , but that would be their only win of the series , as the Spurs would win Games 3 , 4 , and 5 to win the Championship , their first since 2007 and the fifth and final title of Duncan 's career . Kawhi Leonard was named Finals MVP , becoming the third - youngest Finals MVP after Duncan and Magic Johnson . 2015 -- present : Cavaliers -- Warriors rivalry ( edit ) The rivalry between these two teams began when they faced each other in the 2015 NBA Finals . Stephen Curry led the Golden State Warriors to the best regular season record in NBA history , and the 2015 and 2017 championship . After the 2014 Finals , LeBron James became a free agent and returned to the Cleveland Cavaliers where he teamed up with Kyrie Irving . The Cavs also traded for Kevin Love to form a new Big Three in Cleveland as they led the Cavs to the 2015 NBA Finals . In the 2015 postseason , 2014 finalist Miami Heat did not qualify in the playoffs after losing James to free agency and due to mediocrity stemming from brutal injuries all season , and the former defending champions , the San Antonio Spurs , were eliminated in a Game 7 battle against the Los Angeles Clippers in the first round . This allowed Cleveland to conquer the East . Golden State , spearheaded by reigning MVP , Stephen Curry , achieved a 67 -- 15 record and were able to take the West . Entering the 2015 Finals , James and current Cavalier and former Heat teammate James Jones made their fifth straight finals appearance -- the first two players to do this since the 1960s Celtics . The Warriors managed to defy conventional wisdom and traditionalist ideas by winning the championship with a small - ball , three - point shooting , fast - paced team . The Warriors won Game 1 in overtime , with the Cavaliers losing Irving to injury in the process . The Cavaliers would win Games 2 and 3 , however , the Warriors won the next three games after coach Steve Kerr made the adjustment of inserting sixth man Andre Iguodala into the starting lineup in place of center Andrew Bogut , thus achieving the desired small - ball offense . The Warriors defeated the Cavaliers 4 -- 2 , with Iguodala becoming the first player to not start in any regular season game to win the Finals MVP award . During the 2015 -- 16 season , the Warriors broke the record for most wins in a season with a record of 73 -- 9 and Curry would go on to win his second straight MVP award , as well as becoming the first unanimous MVP in history and shattering his own record for three - pointers made in a single season by over one hundred in the process . The Warriors would advance to the NBA Finals with 3 straight wins against a Kevin Durant led Oklahoma City Thunder in the Western Conference Finals after trailing 3 -- 1 . The Cavaliers finished the season as the top - seed in the Eastern Conference and defeated the Toronto Raptors 4 -- 2 in the Eastern Conference Finals to advance , facing the Warriors in a rematch of last year 's matchup . In the 2016 NBA Finals , James led the Cavaliers to their first - ever NBA championship in franchise history , recovering from a 3 -- 1 deficit to win 4 -- 3 . During the final three minutes of Game 7 with the score tied at 89 , Irving missed a tightly contested lay - up , allowing Iguodala to secure the rebound and run for a fast break . Curry passed the ball back to Iguodala for a give - and - go play , however , James tracked back to make a chase - down block on Iguodala , keeping the scores leveled as a timeout was called with 1 : 07 remaining . Irving hit a 3 - point shot to take the lead with less than one minute remaining and Love successfully defended Curry trying to make a 3 - pointer . The Cavaliers managed to hold on to the lead to win and end the city 's 52 - year championship drought , James was named the Finals MVP . In the summer of 2016 , the Warriors acquired Durant through free agency . After finishing 67 -- 15 , they became the first team in history to win 67 + games in three straight seasons , and also went 12 -- 0 in the playoffs , becoming the first team to sweep the first three rounds of the playoffs since the first round changed to best - of - seven in 2003 . Meanwhile , the Cavaliers only lost one game in their first three series , setting up another rubber match against the Warriors in the 2017 NBA Finals . This marks the first time in history that two teams have met in three straight NBA Finals . The Warriors eventually won the series 4 -- 1 with Durant being named the Finals MVP . The Warriors took a 3 - 0 series lead while setting a playoffs record of 15 consecutive wins before losing game 4 of the finals to the Cavs . The Warriors closed out their playoff series with a 13.5 point differential . Team records ( edit ) Finals appearances ( edit ) The statistics below refer to series wins and losses , not individual games won and lost . No . Team % Most recent appearance Most recent title Notes 31 Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers 16 15 . 516 Currently hold the record for the most appearances in the NBA Finals , and have appeared in the Finals in every decade since the 1940s . They have won 11 titles in Los Angeles and 5 in Minneapolis . They also attained a three - peat in Minneapolis from 1952 to 1954 , and another in Los Angeles from 2000 to 2002 . 21 Boston Celtics 17 . 810 2008 Won 8 straight titles from 1959 to 1966 , and are the most successful team in the NBA Finals , winning 17 championships . 9 Philadelphia / San Francisco / Golden State Warriors 5 . 555 2017 2017 Won two titles in Philadelphia , before eventually securing three more as the Golden State Warriors . 9 Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers 6 . 333 2001 Won one title in Syracuse , before winning another two following the move to Philadelphia . 8 New York Knicks 6 . 250 1999 1973 In their most recent appearance , they became the first 8th seed to ever reach the Finals . 7 Fort Wayne / Detroit Pistons . 429 2005 Went back - to - back in 1989 - 90 , and won all three championships in Detroit . 6 Chicago Bulls 6 0 1.000 1998 1998 All the titles were with head coach Phil Jackson and players Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen . The titles were won via two three - peats , from 1991 -- 93 and 1996 -- 98 . They are the only active NBA franchise with multiple Finals appearances , and no losses . 6 San Antonio Spurs 5 . 833 2014 2014 All the titles were with Tim Duncan and Gregg Popovich . Won their first championship in 1999 , and an additional three championships in the odd years from 2003 - 2007 , before another in 2014 . They are the only franchise to move from the ABA to the NBA , and subsequently win a championship . 5 Miami Heat . 600 2014 2013 All the titles were with Dwyane Wade and Udonis Haslem . They faced the Mavericks in 2006 and 2011 , and made four straight appearances from 2011 to 2014 , yielding two titles , the first franchise to accomplish that since the 1984 -- 87 Celtics . Houston Rockets . 500 1995 1995 Won two championships with Hakeem Olajuwon and coach Rudy Tomjanovich , with both championships being back - to - back . Their 1995 triumph was done as the 6th seed , the lowest seeded team to win a championship . St. Louis / Atlanta Hawks . 250 1961 1958 All appearances when the team resided in St. Louis . Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder . 250 2012 1979 Hold a record of 1 -- 2 as Seattle SuperSonics , and 0 -- 1 as Oklahoma City Thunder . They remain the only franchise since the 1977 to win a title in one city , and later relocate . Baltimore / Washington Bullets / Washington Wizards . 250 1979 1978 All appearances in the Finals came between 1971 and 1979 , featuring Wes Unseld . They were 0 -- 1 as the newly formed Baltimore Bullets , and 1 -- 2 as Washington Bullets . Cleveland Cavaliers . 250 2017 2016 Lost in the 2007 and 2015 Finals , but won their first title in 2016 . LeBron James featured in all four Finals appearances . Cleveland lost again in the 2017 Finals . Portland Trail Blazers . 333 1992 1977 Their only title was won with Bill Walton , but the franchise lost two finals with Clyde Drexler . Dallas Mavericks . 500 2011 2011 They lost in 2006 and won in 2011 , both times against the Heat . Both Mavericks teams were led by Dirk Nowitzki and Jason Terry . Milwaukee Bucks . 500 1971 Their singular triumph was recorded with a team that consisted of Oscar Robertson and Kareem Abdul - Jabbar . New York / New Jersey / Brooklyn Nets 0 . 000 2003 None They appeared twice in the Finals as New Jersey Nets , in 2002 and 2003 . Orlando Magic 0 . 000 2009 None They were swept by the Rockets in 1995 , and defeated by the Lakers in 2009 . Have only recorded a singular win in the Finals . Phoenix Suns 0 . 000 1993 None Lost in the 1976 and 1993 Finals to the Celtics and Bulls , respectively . Best historical won - loss record among all franchises to have never won a title . New Orleans / Utah Jazz 0 . 000 1998 None Both appearances were with coach Jerry Sloan and players Karl Malone and John Stockton , and losses against the Bulls . Rochester / Cincinnati Royals / Kansas City - Omaha Kings / Kansas City Kings / Sacramento Kings 0 1.000 1951 1951 Only ever appearance in NBA Finals and only ever title was won as the Rochester Royals . Indiana Pacers 0 . 000 2000 None Baltimore Bullets 0 1.000 1948 1948 Team folded in 1954 and is the only championship winning team to fold . Chicago Stags 0 . 000 1947 None Team folded in 1950 . Washington Capitols 0 . 000 1949 None Team folded in 1951 . Active franchises with no Finals appearances ( edit ) Team No. of seasons Founded Other achievements Buffalo Braves / San Diego / Los Angeles Clippers 46 1970 Reached three conference semifinals as the Braves , and four as the Clippers . First appeared was in the 2005 -- 06 season and lost to the Phoenix Suns , before returning in the 2011 -- 12 season , losing to the San Antonio Spurs . Their other appearances came in the 2013 -- 14 season when they lost to the Oklahoma City Thunder , and in the 2014 -- 15 season when they lost to the Houston Rockets . Denver Nuggets 40 1976 Joined NBA after nine American Basketball Association ( ABA ) in 1976 . They have played in the 1976 ABA championship , but lost to the New York Nets , as well as participating in the 1978 conference finals , before ultimately losing to the Seattle SuperSonics . They also featured in the 1985 and 2009 conference finals , but lost both times to the Los Angeles Lakers . Minnesota Timberwolves 27 1989 Reached the Western Conference finals in the 2003 -- 04 season , but lost to the Lakers . Charlotte Bobcats / Hornets * 28 1988 Reached the conference semifinals four times , first in the 1992 -- 93 season when they lost to the New York Knicks , second in the 1997 -- 98 season , losing to the Chicago Bulls , third in the 2000 -- 01 season when they lost to the Milwaukee Bucks , and fourth in the 2001 -- 02 season , losing to the New Jersey Nets . Vancouver / Memphis Grizzlies 21 1995 Reached the Western Conference finals in the 2012 -- 13 season , but lost to the Spurs . Toronto Raptors 21 1995 Reached the Eastern Conference finals in the 2015 -- 16 season , but lost to the Cleveland Cavaliers . New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets / Pelicans * 14 2002 Reached the conference semifinals in the 2007 -- 08 season , but lost to the Spurs . ( * ) As a result of the original franchise 's relocation to New Orleans , the NBA team in Charlotte suspended operations for the 2002 -- 03 and the 2003 -- 04 seasons , before a new team , also named the Bobcats , was established for the 2004 -- 05 season . In 2014 , the Bobcats later became the second incarnation of the Charlotte Hornets , and retained the history and records of the Hornets organization from 1982 to 2002 . The original Hornets , now renamed the Pelicans , obtained the records during their time in New Orleans and Oklahoma City from 2002 to 2013 . Most common matchups ( edit ) 12 times : Boston Celtics ( 9 ) vs. Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) 6 times : Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 5 ) vs. Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) 5 times : Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) vs. New York Knicks ( 2 ) 4 times : Boston Celtics ( 3 ) vs. St. Louis / Atlanta Hawks ( 1 ) 3 times : Detroit Pistons ( 2 ) vs. Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 3 times : Golden State Warriors ( 2 ) vs. Cleveland Cavaliers ( 1 ) 2 times : Boston Celtics ( 2 ) vs. Houston Rockets ( 0 ) 2 times : Chicago Bulls ( 2 ) vs. Utah Jazz ( 0 ) 2 times : Dallas Mavericks ( 1 ) vs. Miami Heat ( 1 ) 2 times : Miami Heat ( 1 ) vs. San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) 2 times : Seattle SuperSonics ( 1 ) vs. Washington Bullets ( 1 ) ( * ) the number in parentheses describes the victories in the Finals for either team . Individual games records ( edit ) Team PCT Notes 179 Los Angeles Lakers 89 90 . 497 Hold the record for the most games in a Finals , with a record of 20 -- 15 in Minneapolis and 69 - 75 while in Los Angeles . Won 4 - 3 in their last Finals appearance in 2010 . 129 Boston Celtics 77 52 . 597 Recorded the first ever sweep in the Finals . Lost 4 - 3 in their last Finals appearance in 2010 . 53 Philadelphia 76ers 24 29 . 453 Includes a record of 9 -- 11 while in Syracuse , and 15 - 18 while in Philadelphia . Lost 4 - 1 in their last Finals appearance in 2001 . 48 New York Knicks 20 28 . 417 Lost 4 -- 1 in their last Finals appearance in 1999 . 45 Golden State Warriors 24 21 . 533 Includes records of 10 -- 6 while in Philadelphia , 3 -- 8 while in San Francisco , and 11 - 7 in their current incarnation . Won 4 - 1 in their last Finals appearance in 2017 . 40 Detroit Pistons 22 18 . 550 Includes a record of 4 -- 8 while in Fort Wayne , and 18 - 10 while in Detroit . Lost 4 - 3 their last Finals appearance in 2005 . 35 Chicago Bulls 24 11 . 686 Won 4 -- 2 in their last Finals appearance in 1998 . 34 San Antonio Spurs 23 11 . 676 Won 4 -- 1 in their last Finals appearance in 2014 . 29 Miami Heat 15 14 . 517 Lost 4 - 1 in their last Finals appearance in 2014 . 25 Atlanta Hawks 11 14 . 440 All appearances in the Finals occurred while the team was in St. Louis . 23 Houston Rockets 12 11 . 522 Won 4 - 0 in their last Finals appearance in 1995 . 22 Cleveland Cavaliers 7 15 . 318 Lost 4 - 1 in their last Finals appearance in 2017 , as well as becoming the only team in the Finals to overcome a 3 - 1 deficit in 2016 . 20 Washington Wizards 5 15 . 250 Includes a record of 0 -- 4 in Baltimore and 5 -- 11 in Washington , all as the Bullets . 17 Portland Trail Blazers 7 10 . 412 Lost 4 - 2 in their last Finals appearance in 1992 . 12 Dallas Mavericks 6 6 . 500 All games played during the Finals have been against the Heat , and won 4 - 2 in their last Finals appearance in 2011 . 12 Phoenix Suns 8 . 333 Lost 4 - 2 in their last Finals appearance in 1993 . 12 Utah Jazz 8 . 333 Lost 4 - 2 in both Finals appearances in 1997 and 1998 , both times against the Bulls . 11 Milwaukee Bucks 7 . 636 Lost 4 -- 3 in their last Finals appearance in 1974 . 10 Brooklyn Nets 8 . 200 All Finals appearances have occurred while the team was in New Jersey , and lost 4 - 2 in their last Finals appearance in 2003 . 9 Orlando Magic 8 . 111 Lost 4 - 1 in their last Finals appearance in 2009 . 7 Sacramento Kings . 571 All appearances have occurred while the team was in Rochester . 6 Baltimore Bullets . 667 Franchise defunct . 6 Indiana Pacers . 333 Lost 4 - 2 in their only Finals appearance in 2000 . 6 Washington Capitols . 333 Franchise defunct . 5 Chicago Stags . 200 Franchise defunct . Player records ( edit ) Individual ( edit ) Career Most years in Finals ( 12 ) -- Bill Russell Most games played in Finals ( 70 ) -- Bill Russell Most career points in Finals ( 1,679 ) -- Jerry West Most career assists in Finals ( 584 ) -- Magic Johnson Most career rebounds in Finals ( 1,718 ) -- Bill Russell Most career blocks in Finals ( 116 ) -- Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most career steals in Finals ( 102 ) -- Magic Johnson Most career turnovers in Finals ( 190 ) -- Magic Johnson Total points ( finals ) Jerry West -- 1,679 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar -- 1,317 LeBron James -- 1,255 Michael Jordan -- 1,176 Elgin Baylor -- 1,161 Bill Russell -- 1,151 Sam Jones -- 1,143 Tom Heinsohn -- 1,037 John Havlicek -- 1,018 Magic Johnson -- 971 PPG average ( min 10 games ) ( finals ) Rick Barry -- 36.3 Michael Jordan -- 33.6 Jerry West -- 30.5 Series Most points , one series ( 284 ) -- Elgin Baylor ( 1962 ) Most assists , one series ( 95 ) -- Magic Johnson ( 1984 ) Most rebounds , one series ( 189 ) -- Bill Russell ( 1962 ) Most blocks , one series ( 32 ) -- Tim Duncan ( 2003 ) Most steals , one series ( 20 ) -- Isiah Thomas ( 1988 ) Most turnovers , one series ( 31 ) -- Magic Johnson ( 1984 ) and LeBron James ( 2016 ) See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal NBA D - League Finals List of NBA players with most championships List of NBA champions List of National Basketball Association Finals head coaches References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ballard , Bill ( June 4 , 1989 ) . `` Here Are Some Final Facts on NBA Playoffs '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA owners change Finals format to 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics History '' . Boston Celtics . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Magic Fills in at Center '' . nba.com . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Jump up ^ `` NBA Season Recaps '' . NBA.com. 1 July 2014 . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Team Stream Now . `` LeBron James and the Ghost of 23 '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Michael C. ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` NBA Finals 2013 , Spurs vs. Heat Game 6 : The greatest game ever played ? '' . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jared . `` NBA Finals Live : Cavs vs. Warriors in Game 7 '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Powered by Kevin Durant , Warriors roll to second NBA title in three years '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` G.O.A.T. Grade : Definitive proof the 2017 Warriors are the Greatest Team of All Time '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NBA : Golden State Warriors Finals appearances '' . mcubed.net . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA.com : Líderes en la historia de las Finales ( Estadísticas ) '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : All - Time Records Index '' . nba.com . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . External links ( edit ) NBA Finals : All - Time Champions List of Championships - Year by Year NBA Finals Champions O'Brien Trophy Most Valuable Player Award Brown Trophy Championship ring Broadcasters Game sevens Droughts Streaks TV ratings 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 NBA playoffs List of playoff series Conference Finals Finals 60 Greatest Playoff Moments Game sevens Streaks Droughts Records Scoring Leaders Assists Leaders 3 Pt Leaders Rebound Leaders WNBA playoffs 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game MVP Playoffs List Finals Champions MVP Others NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players ABA Merger Arenas Awards BAA Cheerleading Collective bargaining agreement Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal G League Dress code Draft eligibility Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 First overall draft picks Hall of Fame Members Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches Lockouts Larry O'Brien Trophy Mascots Midwest Division NBA champions NBA Store Media TV NBA TV NBL NBPA Owners Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity Retired numbers Banned or suspended Highest paid Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Rivalries Salary cap Seasons Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_Finals&oldid=808921876 '' Categories : National Basketball Association Finals Recurring sporting events established in 1947 1947 establishments in the United States Annual sporting events in the United States June sporting events Hidden categories : Good articles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 01 : 29 . 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Three-way junction

Three - way junction - wikipedia Three - way junction Jump to : navigation , search For the type of railroad junction , see Wye ( railroad ) . Three way junction at Dragons Green - geograph.org.uk - 1578998 A 3 - way junction ( or 3 - way intersection ) is a type of road intersection with three arms . A Y junction ( or Y intersection ) generally has 3 arms of equal size . A T junction ( or T intersection ) also has 3 arms , but one of the arms is generally a minor road connecting to larger road . Contents ( hide ) 1 Right - of - way 2 Turns 3 Variations 4 Image gallery 5 References Right - of - way ( edit ) Some T junctions are controlled by traffic lights , but others rely upon drivers to obey right - of - way rules , which vary from place to place . For example , in some jurisdictions , vehicles on the right always have the right - of - way ( even at T junctions ) , while in other jurisdictions , vehicles travelling on the `` through '' road of a T junction have the right - of - way , meaning that vehicles approaching the `` major '' road must allow through traffic to pass before joining the flow of traffic . In the People 's Republic of China , going straight on red when approaching a T junction on the main road with the intersecting road on the left was permitted until the Road Traffic Safety Law of the People 's Republic of China took effect on 1 May 2004 . In Taiwan ( administered by the Republic of China ) , when at least two vehicles reach a T intersection without a working traffic light , the vehicle on the side road is to yield to any other vehicle straight on the main road . If two vehicles want to turn left , the vehicle on the left is to yield . Turns ( edit ) When one road at a 3 - way junction has a higher traffic volume than the other ( and particularly when the roads are perpendicular to each other ) , turns are characterized as `` right - in '' , `` right - out '' , `` left - in '' and `` left - out '' . A turn `` in '' represents a turn from the major road into the minor road . A turn `` out '' represents a turn out of the minor road onto the major road . A 3 - way junction allowing all four of these turns is characterized as `` full - movement '' . These terms also apply to turns between roads and driveways . Variations ( edit ) An experiment was done in Illinois , United States to allow going straight on red ( like a right turn on red ) when approaching a T junction on the main road , with the intersecting road on the left . It was a failure . However , at some T junctions where the main road includes at least two lanes on the side away from the intersecting road , the farthest ( rightmost , in areas where traffic drives to the right ) lane is given the right of way to proceed straight through the intersection at all times , denoted by a `` green arrow '' signal if a traffic light is installed at the intersection . In such cases , often that lane is also specially delimited with pavement markings or other lane separation devices , to keep left - turning traffic on the intersecting road from colliding with traffic proceeding through the intersection on the main road . There are now safer variations of this , called continuous green - T ( or seagull ) intersections , that have a left turn lane off the main road either channelized or otherwise separated from traffic going straight , which allows for a traffic signal on only one side of the road . Image gallery ( edit ) T Intersection Sign in Taiwan with no more road straight ahead T Intersection Sign in Taiwan with side road on the left T Intersection Sign in Taiwan with side road on the right Y Intersection Sign in Taiwan 3 - way Intersection Sign in Taiwan with side road on the right but not right angle 3 - way Intersection Sign in Taiwan with side road on the left but not right angle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ SGI . `` SGI - Driver 's Handbook - Right of way '' . Jump up ^ Clause 2 of Section 1 of Article 102 of the Road Traffic Security Rules ( s : zh : 道路 交通 安全 規則 ) Jump up ^ Staff . `` Technical Summary ( FHWA - SA - 10 - 002 ) '' . Access Management in the Vicinity of Intersections . Federal Highway Administration . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Joe G. Bared ( January -- February 2005 ) . `` Improving Signalized Intersections , Publication Number : FHWA - HRT - 05 - 003 '' . Public Roads . Federal Highway Administration . 68 ( 4 ) . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ An Applied Technology and Traffic Analysis Program ( ( 1 ) ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to T junctions . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Y junctions . Streets and roadways Types of road Limited - access Freeway / Motorway Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway Elevated highway By country Australia Brazil China Croatia Czech Republic Germany Greece Hong Kong India Ireland Italy Pakistan Portugal Spain United Kingdom United States Main roads Arterial road Collector road County highway Express - collector setup Farm - to - market road Highway Link road Two - lane expressway 2 + 1 road 2 + 2 road Parkway Super two Trunk road Highway systems by country Local roads Alley Backroad Bicycle boulevard Boulevard Country lane Dead end Driveway Frontage road Green lane Main street Primitive road Road Side road Single carriageway Single - track road Street Sunken lane Other terms Channelization Concurrency Detour Hierarchy of roads Private highway Route number Special route Business route Street hierarchy Toll road Road junctions Interchanges ( grade - separated ) Cloverleaf Diamond Free - flow Directional T Diverging diamond Parclo Raindrop Roundabout Single - point urban ( SPUI ) Stack Three - level diamond Trumpet Intersections ( at - grade ) 3 - way junction Bowtie Box junction Continuous flow Hook turn Jughandle Michigan left Offset T - intersection Protected intersection Quadrant roadway Right - in / right - out ( RIRO ) Roundabout Seagull intersection Split intersection Superstreet Texas U-turn Traffic circle Turnaround Surfaces Asphalt concrete Bioasphalt Brick Chipseal Cobblestone Concrete Reinforced concrete Corduroy Crocodile cracking Crushed stone Diamond grinding of pavement Dirt Full depth recycling Glassphalt Gravel Ice Macadam Pavement milling Permeable Plank Rubberized asphalt Sealcoat Sett Stamped asphalt Tarmac Texture Road hazards Aquaplaning Black ice Bleeding Crosswind Dead Man 's Curve Expansion joint Fog Ford Hairpin turn Level crossing Manhole cover Oil spill Oversize load Pothole Road debris Road slipperiness Road train Roadkill Rockfall Rut Speed bump Storm drain Washboarding Washout Whiteout Space and time allocation Barrier transfer machine Bicycle lane Climbing lane Complete streets Contraflow lane Contraflow lane reversal High - occupancy toll lane High - occupancy vehicle lane Lane Living street Managed lane Median / Central reservation Motorcycle lane Passing lane Pedestrian crossing Pedestrian zone Refuge island Reversible lane Road diet Road verge Runaway truck ramp Shared space Sidewalk / Pavement Shoulder Street running railway Traffic calming Traffic directionality Traffic island Traffic lanes Traffic signal preemption Unused highway Wide outside lane Woonerf Demarcation Bollard Botts ' dots Cable barrier Cat 's eye ( road ) Concrete step barrier Constant - slope barrier Curb F - Shape barrier Guard rail Jersey barrier Kassel kerb Noise barrier Raised pavement marker Road surface marking Rumble strip Traffic barrier Traffic cone Structures Bridge Causeway Overpass / Flyover Underpass / Tunnel Glossary of road transport terms Road types by features Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three-way_junction&oldid=826854198 '' Categories : Road junction types Hidden categories : Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2012 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from September 2012 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk فارسی Nederlands 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 10 : 38 . 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Rainwater harvesting

Rainwater harvesting - wikipedia Rainwater harvesting Jump to : navigation , search Rainwater capture and storage system at the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education , Mexico City . A cistern for rainwater storage Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse on - site , rather than allowing it to run off . Rainwater can be collected from rivers or roofs , and in many places , the water collected is redirected to a deep pit ( well , shaft , or borehole ) , a reservoir with percolation , or collected from dew or fog with nets or other tools . Its uses include water for gardens , livestock , irrigation , domestic use with proper treatment , indoor heating for houses , etc . The harvested water can also be used as drinking water , longer - term storage , and for other purposes such as groundwater recharge . Rainwater harvesting is one of the simplest and oldest methods of self - supply of water for households usually financed by the user . Contents ( hide ) 1 Advantages 2 Quality 3 System setup 4 Lifecycle assessment : design for environment 5 Rainwater harvesting by freshwater - flooded forests 6 New approaches 7 History 8 Current use 8.1 Canada 8.2 India 8.3 Israel 8.4 New Zealand 8.5 Sri Lanka 8.6 South Africa 8.7 United Kingdom 8.8 Nontraditional 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Advantages ( edit ) Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water supply during regional water restrictions , and in developed countries , is often used to supplement the main supply . It provides water when a drought occurs , can help mitigate flooding of low - lying areas , and reduces demand on wells which may enable groundwater levels to be sustained . It also helps in the availability of potable water , as rainwater is substantially free of salinity and other salts . Application of rainwater harvesting in urban water system provides a substantial benefit for both water supply and wastewater subsystems by reducing the need for clean water in water distribution system , less generated stormwater in sewer system , and a reduction in stormwater runoff polluting freshwater bodies . A large body of work has focused on the development of lifecycle assessment and lifecycle costing methodologies to assess the level of environmental impacts and money that can be saved by implementing rainwater harvesting systems . More development and knowledge is required to understand the benefits rainwater harvesting can provide to agriculture . Many countries , especially those with arid environments , use rainwater harvesting as a cheap and reliable source of clean water . To enhance irrigation in arid environments , ridges of soil are constructed to trap and prevent rainwater from running down hills and slopes . Even in periods of low rainfall , enough water is collected for crops to grow . Water can be collected from roofs , and dams and ponds can be constructed to hold large quantities of rainwater so that even on days when little to no rainfall occurs , enough is available to irrigate crops . Quality ( edit ) The concentration of contaminants is reduced significantly by diverting the initial flow of run - off water to waste . Improved water quality can also be obtained by using a floating draw - off mechanism ( rather than from the base of the tank ) and by using a series of tanks , withdraw from the last in series . Prefiltration is a common practice used in the industry to ensure that the water entering the tank is free of large sediment . Prefiltration is important to keep the system healthy . Conceptually , a water supply system should match the quality of water with the end use . However , in most of the developed world , high - quality potable water is used for all end uses . This approach wastes money and energy and imposes unnecessary impacts to the environment . Supplying rainwater that has gone through preliminary filtration measures for nonpotable water uses , such as toilet flushing , irrigation , and laundry , may be a significant part of a sustainable water management strategy . System setup ( edit ) Rainwater harvesting systems can range in complexity , from systems that can be installed with minimal skills , to automated systems that require advanced setup and installation . The basic rainwater harvesting system is more of a plumbing job than a technical job , as all the outlets from the building terrace are connected through a pipe to an underground tank that stores water . Systems are ideally sized to meet the water demand throughout the dry season , since it must be big enough to support daily water consumption . Specifically , the rainfall capturing area such as a building roof must be large enough to maintain adequate flow of water . The water storage tank size should be large enough to contain the captured water . For low - tech systems , many low - tech methods are used to capture rainwater : rooftop systems , surface water capture , and pumping the rainwater that has already soaked into the ground or captured in reservoirs and storing it in tanks ( cisterns ) . Before a rainwater harvesting system is built , use of digital tools is useful . For instance , to detect if a region has a high rainwater harvesting potential , rainwater - harvesting GIS maps can be made using an online interactive tool . Or , to estimate how much water is needed to fulfill a community 's water needs , the Rain is Gain tool helps . Tools like these can save time and money before a commitment to build a system is undertaken , in addition to making the project sustainable and last a long time . Lifecycle assessment : design for Environment ( edit ) EEAST model for LCAs of rainwater harvesting systems Contemporary system designs require an analysis of not only the economic and technical performance of a system , but also the environmental performance . Lifecycle assessment is a methodology used to evaluate the environmental impacts of a precut or systems , from cradle - to - grave of its lifetime . Devkota et al. , developed such a methodology for rainwater harvesting , and found that the building design ( e.g. , dimensions ) and function ( e.g. , educational , residential , etc . ) play critical roles in the environmental performance of the system . The Economic and Environmental Analysis of Sanitations Technologies , EEAST model evaluates the greenhouse gas emissions and cost of such systems over the lifetime of a variety of building types . To address the functional parameters of rainwater harvesting systems , a new metric was developed - the demand to supply ratio ( D / S ) - identifying the ideal building design ( supply ) and function ( demand ) in regard to the environmental performance of rainwater harvesting for toilet flushing . With the idea that supply of rainwater not only saves the potable water , but also saves the stormwater entering the combined sewer network ( thereby requiring treatment ) , the savings in environmental emissions were higher if the buildings are connected to a combined sewer network compared to separate one . Rainwater harvesting by freshwater - flooded forests ( edit ) Ratagul Freshwater Flooded Forest , Bangladesh Rainwater harvesting is possible by growing freshwater - flooded forests without losing the income from the used , submerged land . The main purpose of the rainwater harvesting is to use the locally available rainwater to meet water requirements throughout the year without the need of huge capital expenditure . This would facilitate the availability of uncontaminated water for domestic , industrial , and irrigation needs . New approaches ( edit ) Instead of using the roof for catchment , the RainSaucer , which looks like an upside - down umbrella , collects rain straight from the sky . This decreases the potential for contamination and makes potable water for developing countries a potential application . Other applications of this free - standing rainwater collection approach are sustainable gardening and small - plot farming . A Dutch invention called the Groasis Waterboxx is also useful for growing trees with harvested and stored dew and rainwater . Presentation of RainSaucer system to students at orphanage in Guatemala Traditionally , stormwater management using detention basins served a single purpose . However , optimized real - time control lets this infrastructure double as a source of rainwater harvesting without compromising the existing detention capacity . This has been used in the EPA headquarters to evacuate stored water prior to storm events , thus reducing wet weather flow while ensuring water availability for later reuse . This has the benefit of increasing water quality released and decreasing the volume of water released during combined sewer overflow events . Generally , check dams are constructed across the streams to enhance the percolation of surface water into the subsoil strata . The water percolation in the water - impounded area of the check dams can be enhanced artificially manyfold by loosening the subsoil strata and overburden using ANFO explosives as used in open cast mining . Thus , local aquifers can be recharged quickly using the available surface water fully for use in the dry season . History ( edit ) Around the third century BCE , the farming communities in Balochistan ( now located in Pakistan , Afghanistan , and Iran ) , and Kutch , India , used rainwater harvesting for agriculture and many other uses . In ancient Tamil Nadu , rainwater harvesting was done by Chola kings . Rainwater from the Brihadeeswarar temple ( located in Balaganpathy Nagar , Thanjavur , India ) was collected in Shivaganga tank . During the later Chola period , the Vīrānam tank was built ( 1011 to 1037 CE ) in Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu state to store water for drinking and irrigation purposes . Vīrānam is a 16 - km - long tank with a storage capacity of 1,465,000,000 cu ft ( 41,500,000 m ) . Though little - known , for centuries , the town of Venice depended on rainwater harvesting . The lagoon which surrounds Venice is brackish water , which is not suitable for drinking . The ancient inhabitants of Venice established a system of rainwater collection which was based on man - made insulated collection wells . Water percolated down the specially designed stone flooring , and was filtered by a layer of sand , then collected at the bottom of the well . Later , as Venice acquired territories on the mainland , it started to import water by boat from local rivers , but the wells remained in use , and were especially important in time of war when access to the mainland water could be blocked by an enemy . Rainwater harvesting tank in Burkina Faso Rainwater harvesting system in South Africa Current use ( edit ) In China , Argentina , and Brazil , rooftop rainwater harvesting is being practised for providing drinking water , domestic water , water for livestock , water for small irrigation , and a way to replenish groundwater levels . Gansu province in China and semiarid northeast Brazil have the largest rooftop rainwater harvesting projects going on . Thailand has the largest fraction of the population in the rural area relying on rainwater harvesting ( currently around 40 % ) . Rainwater harvesting was promoted heavily by the government in the 1980s . In the 1990s , after government funding for the collection tanks ran out , the private sector stepped in and provided several million tanks to private households , many of which continue to be used . This is one of the largest examples of self - supply of water worldwide . In Bermuda , the law requires all new construction to include rainwater harvesting adequate for the residents . The U.S. Virgin Islands has a similar law . In Senegal and Guinea - Bissau , the houses of the Diola - people are frequently equipped with homebrew rainwater harvesters made from local , organic materials . In the Irrawaddy Delta of Myanmar , the groundwater is saline and communities rely on mud - lined rainwater ponds to meet their drinking water needs throughout the dry season . Some of these ponds are centuries old and are treated with great reverence and respect . In the United States , until 2009 in Colorado , water rights laws almost completely restricted rainwater harvesting ; a property owner who captured rainwater was deemed to be stealing it from those who have rights to take water from the watershed . Now , residential well owners who meet certain criteria may obtain a permit to install a rooftop precipitation collection system ( SB 09 - 080 ) . Up to 10 large scale pilot studies may also be permitted ( HB 09 - 1129 ) . The main factor in persuading the Colorado Legislature to change the law was a 2007 study that found that in an average year , 97 % of the precipitation that fell in Douglas County , in the southern suburbs of Denver , never reached a stream -- it was used by plants or evaporated on the ground . In Colorado , one can not even drill a water well on properties less than 35 acres ( 14 ha ) . Rainwater catchment is mandatory for new dwellings in Santa Fe , New Mexico . Texas offers a sales tax exemption on the purchase of rainwater harvesting equipment . Both Texas and Ohio allow the practice even for potable purposes . Oklahoma passed the Water for 2060 Act in 2012 , to promote pilot projects for rainwater and graywater use among other water - saving techniques . In Beijing , some housing societies are now adding rainwater in their main water sources after proper treatment . In Ireland , Professor Micheal Mcginley established a project to design a rainwater harvesting prototype in the biosystems design challenge module at University College Dublin Canada ( edit ) Main article : Rainwater harvesting in Canada A number of Canadians have started implementing rainwater harvesting systems for use in stormwater reduction , irrigation , laundry , and lavatory plumbing . Substantial reform to Canadian law since the mid-2000s has increased the use of this technology in agricultural , industrial , and residential use , but ambiguity remains amongst legislation in many provinces . Bylaws and local municipal codes often regulate rainwater harvesting . India ( edit ) Pan India Potential : No authenticated potential of rainwater harvesting has been assessed in India . Tamil Nadu was the first state to make rainwater harvesting compulsory for every building to avoid groundwater depletion . The scheme was launched in 2001 and has been implemented in all rural areas of Tamil Nadu . Posters all over Tamil Nadu including rural areas create awareness about harvesting rainwater TN Govt site . It gave excellent results within five years , and slowly every state took it as a role model . Since its implementation , Chennai had a 50 % rise in water level in five years and the water quality significantly improved . Karnataka : In Bangalore , adoption of rainwater harvesting is mandatory for every owner or the occupier of a building having the site area measuring 60 ft ( 18.3 m ) X 40 ft ( 12.2 m ) and above and for newly constructed building measuring 30 ft ( 9.1 m ) X 40 ft ( 12.2 m ) and above dimensions . In this regard , Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board has initiated and constructed `` Rain Water Harvesting Theme Park '' in the name of Sir M. Visvesvaraya in 1.2 acres ( 4,900 m ) of land situated at Jayanagar , Bangalore . In this park , 26 different type of rainwater harvesting models are demonstrated along with the water conservation tips . The auditorium on the first floor is set up with a `` green '' air conditioning system and will be used to arrange the meeting and showing of a video clip about the rainwater harvesting to students and general public . In Rajasthan , rainwater harvesting has traditionally been practised by the people of the Thar Desert . Many ancient water harvesting systems in Rajasthan have now been revived . Water harvesting systems are widely used in other areas of Rajasthan , as well , for example the chauka system from the Jaipur district . Kerala : Main article : Rainwater harvesting in Kerala Maharashtra : At present , in Pune , rainwater harvesting is compulsory for any new housing society to be registered . In Mumbai , Maharashtra , rainwater harvesting is being considered as a good solution to solve the water crisis . The Mumbai City council is planning to make rainwater harvesting mandatory for large societies . An attempt has been made at the Department of Chemical Engineering , IISc , Bangalore to harvest rainwater using upper surface of a solar still , which was used for water distillation Israel ( edit ) The Southwest Center for the Study of Hospital and Healthcare Systems in cooperation with Rotary International is sponsoring a rainwater harvesting model program across the country . The first rainwater catchment system was installed at an elementary school in Lod , Israel . The project is looking to expand to Haifa in its third phase . The Southwest Center has also partnered with the Water Resources Action Project of Washington , DC , which currently has rainwater harvesting projects in the West Bank . Rainwater harvesting systems are being installed in local schools for the purpose of educating schoolchildren about water conservation principles and bridging divides between people of different religious and ethnic backgrounds , all while addressing the water scarcity issue that the Middle East faces . New Zealand ( edit ) Although New Zealand has plentiful rainfall in the West and South , for much of the country , rainwater harvesting is the normal practice for most rural housing and is encouraged by most councils . Sri Lanka ( edit ) Rainwater harvesting has been a popular method of obtaining water for agriculture and for drinking purposes in rural homes . The legislation to promote rainwater harvesting was enacted through the Urban Development Authority ( Amendment ) Act , No. 36 of 2007 . Lanka rainwater harvesting forum is leading the Sri Lanka 's initiative . South Africa ( edit ) The South African Water Research Commission has supported research into rainwater harvesting . Reports on this research are available on their ' Knowledge Hub ' . Studies in arid , semiarid , and humid regions have confirmed that techniques such as mulching , pitting , ridging , and modified run - on plots are effective for small - scale crop production . United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Rainwater harvesting in the United Kingdom In the United Kingdom , water butts are often found in domestic gardens and on allotments to collect rainwater , which is then used to water the garden . However , the British government 's Code For Sustainable Homes encouraged fitting large underground tanks to newly built homes to collect rainwater for flushing toilets , watering , and washing . Ideal designs had the potential to reduce demand on mains water supply by half . The code was revoked in 2015 . Nontraditional ( edit ) In 1992 , American artist Michael Jones McKean created an artwork in Omaha , Nebraska , at the Bemis Center for Contemporary Art that created a fully sustainable rainbow in the Omaha skyline . The project collected thousands of gallons of rainwater , storing the water in six daisy - chained 12,000 gallons tanks . The massive logistical undertaking , during its five - month span , was one of the largest urban rainwater harvesting sites in the American Midwest . See also ( edit ) Sustainable development portal Ecology portal Air well ( condenser ) Atmospheric water generator Deepwater rice Detention basin Peak water Retention basin Water conservation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rural Water Supply Network . `` Rural Water Supply Network Self - supply site '' . www.rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Behzadian , k ; Kapelan , Z ( 2015 ) . `` Advantages of integrated and sustainability based assessment for metabolism based strategic planning of urban water systems '' . Science of The Total Environment . Elsevier . 527 - 528 : 220 -- 231 . doi : 10.1016 / j. scitotenv. 2015.04. 097 . Jump up ^ Zhu , Qiang ; et al. ( 2015 ) . Rainwater Harvesting for Agriculture and Water Supply . Beijing : Springer . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 287 - 964 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : http://practicalaction.org/rainwater-harvesting-8 Jump up ^ New Scientist , 3 April 1999 Jump up ^ Devkota , J. ; Schlachter , H. ; Anand , C. ; Phillips , R. ; Apul , Defne ( November 2013 ) . `` Development and application of EEAST : A lifecycle - based model for use of harvested rainwater and composting toilets in buildings '' . Journal of Environmental Management . 130 : 397 -- 404 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jenvman. 2013.09. 015 . ^ Jump up to : Devkota , Jay ; Schlachter , Hannah ; Apul , Defne ( May 2015 ) . `` Life cycle based evaluation of harvested rainwater use in toilets and for irrigation '' . Journal of Cleaner Production . 95 : 311 -- 321 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jclepro. 2015.02. 021 . Jump up ^ Rainwater harvesting by fresh water flooded forests Jump up ^ `` Harvesting rainwater for more than greywater '' . SmartPlanet . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Ro . `` Collect up to 10 gallons of water per inch of rain with Rainsaucers ' latest standalone rainwater catchment '' . LocalBlu . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rainwater Harvesting - Controls in the Cloud '' . SmartPlanet . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Sara Ashley . `` The Tech Behind Smart Cities - Eliminating Water Pollution '' . CNN Money . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Braga , Andrea . `` Making Green Work , and Work Harder '' ( PDF ) . Geosyntec . p. 5 . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rain water Harvesting '' . Tamil Nadu State Government , India . Retrieved 23 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Believes in past , lives in future '' . The Hindu . India . 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rare Chola inscription found near Big Temple '' . The Hindu . India . 24 August 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Venetian wells '' . Jump up ^ JMP ( 2016 ) . `` Joint Monitoring Programme Thailand Data '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Saladin , Matthias ( 2016 ) . `` Rainwater Harvesting in Thailand - learning from the World Champions '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Harry Low ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Why houses in Bermuda have white stepped roofs '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Rainwater Collection in Colorado '' ( PDF ) . Colorado water law , notices . Colorado Division of Water Resources . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Criteria and Guidelines for the `` Rainwater Harvesting '' '' ( PDF ) . Pilot Project Program . Colorado Water Conservation Board ( CWCB ) . January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kirk ( June 28 , 2009 ) . `` It 's Now Legal to Catch a Raindrop in Colorado '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 30 . Precipitation , every last drop or flake , was assigned ownership from the moment it fell in many Western states , making scofflaws of people who scooped rainfall from their own gutters . In some instances , the rights to that water were assigned a century or more ago . Jump up ^ `` 82 ( R ) H.B. No. 3391 . Act relating to rainwater harvesting and other water conservation initiatives . † went into effect on September 1 , 2011 '' . 82nd Regular Session . Texas Legislature Online . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` State Rainwater Harvesting Statutes , Programs and Legislation '' . NCSL . Retrieved 7 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tamil Nadu praised as role model for Rainwater Harvesting '' . Hindu.com. 2011 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Rain Water Harvesting BWSSB - Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board '' . bwssb.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` Ancient water harvesting systems in Rajasthan '' . Rainwaterharvesting.org . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Chauka System '' . rainwaterharvesting.org : technology : rural : improvised . Centre for Science and Environment . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://www.mid-day.com/articles/bmc-to-make-rainwater-harvesting-mandatory-for-large-societies/17110192 Jump up ^ Anjaneyulu , L. ; Kumar , E. Arun ; Sankannavar , Ravi ; Rao , K. Kesava ( 13 June 2012 ) . `` Defluoridation of Drinking Water and Rainwater Harvesting Using a Solar Still '' . Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research . 51 ( 23 ) : 8040 -- 8048 . doi : 10.1021 / ie201692q . Jump up ^ http://www.haaretz.com/rainwater-collection-system-saves-water-money-for-schools-1.8233 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Rainwater tanks '' . Greater Wellington Regional Council . 28 April 2016 . Archived from the original on 14 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Parliament Of The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Lanka Rain Water Harvesting forum ( LRWHF ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Rainwater harvesting '' . www.wrc.org.za . South African Water Research Commission . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Everson C , Everson TM , Modi AT , Csiwila D , Fanadzo M , Naiken V , Auerbach RM , Moodley M , Mtshali SM , Dladla R ( 2011 ) . Sustainable techniques and practices for water harvesting and conservation and their effective application in resource - poor agricultural production through participatory adaptive research : report to the Water Research Commission ( PDF ) . Gezina ( South Africa ) : Water Research Commission . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4312 - 0185 - 3 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutRainwater harvestingat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity American Rainwater Association Canadian Rainwater Association Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainwater_harvesting&oldid=801073537 '' Categories : Water supply Water conservation Irrigation Appropriate technology Hydrology and urban planning DIY culture Aquifers Rainwater harvesting Sustainable gardening Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Svenska தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 14 : 00 . 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rain water harvesting in different parts of india

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List of moments of inertia

List of moments of inertia - wikipedia List of moments of inertia Jump to : navigation , search In physics and applied mathematics , the mass moment of inertia , usually denoted by I , measures the extent to which an object resists rotational acceleration about a particular axis , and is the rotational analogue to mass . Mass moments of inertia have units of dimension ML ( ( mass ) × ( length ) ) . It should not be confused with the second moment of area , which is used in beam calculations . The mass moment of inertia is often also known as the rotational inertia , and sometimes as the angular mass . For simple objects with geometric symmetry , one can often determine the moment of inertia in an exact closed - form expression . Typically this occurs when the mass density is constant , but in some cases the density can vary throughout the object as well . In general , it may not be straightforward to symbolically express the moment of inertia of shapes with more complicated mass distributions and lacking symmetry . When calculating moments of inertia , it is useful to remember that it is an additive function and exploit the parallel axis and perpendicular axis theorems . This article mainly considers symmetric mass distributions , with constant density throughout the object , and the axis of rotation is taken to be through the center of mass unless otherwise specified . Contents ( hide ) 1 Moments of inertia 2 List of 3D inertia tensors 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Moments of inertia ( edit ) Following are scalar moments of inertia . In general , the moment of inertia is a tensor , see below . Description Figure Moment ( s ) of inertia Point mass m at a distance r from the axis of rotation . A point mass does not have a moment of inertia around its own axis , but using the parallel axis theorem a moment of inertia around a distant axis of rotation is achieved . I = m r 2 ( \ displaystyle I = mr ^ ( 2 ) ) Two point masses , M and m , with reduced mass μ and separated by a distance , x about an axis passing through the center of mass of the system and perpendicular to the line joining the two particles . I = M m M + m x 2 = μ x 2 ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( Mm ) ( M \ ! + \ ! m ) ) x ^ ( 2 ) = \ mu x ^ ( 2 ) ) Rod of length L and mass m , rotating about its center . This expression assumes that the rod is an infinitely thin ( but rigid ) wire . This is a special case of the thin rectangular plate with axis of rotation at the center of the plate , with w = L and h = 0 . I c e n t e r = m L 2 12 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( \ mathrm ( center ) ) = ( \ frac ( mL ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 12 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Rod of length L and mass m , rotating about one end . This expression assumes that the rod is an infinitely thin ( but rigid ) wire . This is also a special case of the thin rectangular plate with axis of rotation at the end of the plate , with h = L and w = 0 . I e n d = m L 2 3 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( \ mathrm ( end ) ) = ( \ frac ( mL ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 3 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Thin circular hoop of radius r and mass m . This is a special case of a torus for a = 0 ( see below ) , as well as of a thick - walled cylindrical tube with open ends , with r = r and h = 0 . I z = m r 2 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( z ) = mr ^ ( 2 ) \ ! ) I x = I y = m r 2 2 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( mr ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Thin , solid disk of radius r and mass m . This is a special case of the solid cylinder , with h = 0 . That I x = I y = I z 2 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( I_ ( z ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ , ) is a consequence of the perpendicular axis theorem . I z = m r 2 2 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( z ) = ( \ frac ( mr ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ , \ ! ) I x = I y = m r 2 4 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( mr ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Thin cylindrical shell with open ends , of radius r and mass m . This expression assumes that the shell thickness is negligible . It is a special case of the thick - walled cylindrical tube for r = r . Also , a point mass m at the end of a rod of length r has this same moment of inertia and the value r is called the radius of gyration . I ≈ m r 2 ( \ displaystyle I \ approx mr ^ ( 2 ) \ , \ ! ) Solid cylinder of radius r , height h and mass m . This is a special case of the thick - walled cylindrical tube , with r = 0 . I z = m r 2 2 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( z ) = ( \ frac ( mr ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ , \ ! ) I x = I y = m 12 ( 3 r 2 + h 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 12 ) ) \ left ( 3r ^ ( 2 ) + h ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) Thick - walled cylindrical tube with open ends , of inner radius r , outer radius r , length h and mass m . I z = m 2 ( r 1 2 + r 2 2 ) = m r 2 2 ( 1 − t + t 2 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( z ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( r_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) + r_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) = mr_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) \ left ( 1 - t+ ( \ frac ( t ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ) where t = ( r -- r ) / r is a normalized thickness ratio ; I x = I y = m 12 ( 3 ( r 2 2 + r 1 2 ) + h 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 12 ) ) \ left ( 3 \ left ( ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) + h ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) With a density of ρ and the same geometry I z = π ρ h 2 ( r 2 4 − r 1 4 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( z ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi \ rho h ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 4 ) - ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 4 ) \ right ) ) I x = I y = π ρ h 12 ( 3 ( r 2 4 − r 1 4 ) + h 2 ( r 2 2 − r 1 2 ) ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi \ rho h ) ( 12 ) ) \ left ( 3 ( ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 4 ) - ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 4 ) ) + h ^ ( 2 ) ( ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) - ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ) Regular tetrahedron of side s and mass m I s o l i d = m s 2 20 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( \ mathrm ( solid ) ) = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 20 ) ) \ , \ ! ) I h o l l o w = m s 2 12 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 12 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Regular octahedron of side s and mass m I x , h o l l o w = I y , h o l l o w = I z , h o l l o w = m s 2 6 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x , \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = I_ ( y , \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = I_ ( z , \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6 ) ) \ , \ ! ) I x , s o l i d = I y , s o l i d = I z , s o l i d = m s 2 10 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x , solid ) = I_ ( y , solid ) = I_ ( z , solid ) = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 10 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Regular dodecahedron of side s and mass m I x , h o l l o w = I y , h o l l o w = I z , h o l l o w = m s 2 ( 39 φ + 28 ) 90 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x , \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = I_ ( y , \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = I_ ( z , \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) ( 39 \ phi + 28 ) ) ( 90 ) ) ) I x , s o l i d = I y , s o l i d = I z , s o l i d = m s 2 ( 39 φ + 28 ) 150 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x , \ mathrm ( solid ) ) = I_ ( y , \ mathrm ( solid ) ) = I_ ( z , \ mathrm ( solid ) ) = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) ( 39 \ phi + 28 ) ) ( 150 ) ) \ , \ ! ) ( where φ = 1 + 5 2 ( \ displaystyle \ phi = ( \ frac ( 1 + ( \ sqrt ( 5 ) ) ) ( 2 ) ) ) ) Regular icosahedron of side s and mass m I x , h o l l o w = I y , h o l l o w = I z , h o l l o w = m s 2 φ 2 6 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x , \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = I_ ( y , \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = I_ ( z , \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) \ phi ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6 ) ) ) I x , s o l i d = I y , s o l i d = I z , s o l i d = m s 2 φ 2 10 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x , \ mathrm ( solid ) ) = I_ ( y , \ mathrm ( solid ) ) = I_ ( z , \ mathrm ( solid ) ) = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) \ phi ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 10 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Hollow sphere of radius r and mass m . A hollow sphere can be taken to be made up of two stacks of infinitesimally thin , circular hoops , where the radius differs from 0 to r ( or a single stack , where the radius differs from - r to r ) . I = 2 m r 2 3 ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( 2mr ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 3 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Solid sphere ( ball ) of radius r and mass m . A sphere can be taken to be made up of two stacks of infinitesimally thin , solid discs , where the radius differs from 0 to r ( or a single stack , where the radius differs from - r to r ) . I = 2 m r 2 5 ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( 2mr ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 5 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Sphere ( shell ) of radius r and mass m , with centered spherical cavity of radius r . When the cavity radius r = 0 , the object is a solid ball ( above ) . When r = r , ( r 2 5 − r 1 5 r 2 3 − r 1 3 ) = 5 3 r 2 2 ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 5 ) - ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 5 ) ) ( ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 3 ) - ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \ right ) = ( \ frac ( 5 ) ( 3 ) ) ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) , and the object is a hollow sphere . I = 2 m 5 ( r 2 5 − r 1 5 r 2 3 − r 1 3 ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( 2m ) ( 5 ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 5 ) - ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 5 ) ) ( ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 3 ) - ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \ right ) \ , \ ! ) Right circular cone with radius r , height h and mass m I z = 3 m r 2 10 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( z ) = ( \ frac ( 3mr ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 10 ) ) \ , \ ! ) I x = I y = 3 m 20 ( r 2 + 4 h 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( 3m ) ( 20 ) ) \ left ( r ^ ( 2 ) + 4h ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) \ , \ ! ) Right circular hollow cone with radius r , height h and mass m I z = m r 2 2 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( z ) = ( \ frac ( mr ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ , \ ! ) I x = I y = m 4 ( r 2 + 2 h 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 4 ) ) \ left ( r ^ ( 2 ) + 2h ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) \ , \ ! ) Torus with minor radius a , major radius b and mass m . About an axis passing through the center and perpendicular to the diameter : m 4 ( 4 b 2 + 3 a 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( m ) ( 4 ) ) \ left ( 4b ^ ( 2 ) + 3a ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) About a diameter : m 8 ( 5 a 2 + 4 b 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( m ) ( 8 ) ) \ left ( 5a ^ ( 2 ) + 4b ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) Ellipsoid ( solid ) of semiaxes a , b , and c with mass m I a = m 5 ( b 2 + c 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( a ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 5 ) ) \ left ( b ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) \ , \ ! ) I b = m 5 ( a 2 + c 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( b ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 5 ) ) \ left ( a ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) \ , \ ! ) I c = m 5 ( a 2 + b 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( c ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 5 ) ) \ left ( a ^ ( 2 ) + b ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) \ , \ ! ) Thin rectangular plate of height h , width w and mass m ( Axis of rotation at the end of the plate ) I e = m 12 ( 4 h 2 + w 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( e ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 12 ) ) \ left ( 4h ^ ( 2 ) + w ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) \ , \ ! ) Thin rectangular plate of height h , width w and mass m ( Axis of rotation at the center ) I c = m 12 ( h 2 + w 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( c ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 12 ) ) \ left ( h ^ ( 2 ) + w ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) \ , \ ! ) Solid cuboid of height h , width w , and depth d , and mass m . For a similarly oriented cube with sides of length s ( \ displaystyle s ) , I C M = m s 2 6 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( CM ) = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6 ) ) \ , \ ! ) I h = m 12 ( w 2 + d 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( h ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 12 ) ) \ left ( w ^ ( 2 ) + d ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) I w = m 12 ( d 2 + h 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( w ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 12 ) ) \ left ( d ^ ( 2 ) + h ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) I d = m 12 ( w 2 + h 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( d ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 12 ) ) \ left ( w ^ ( 2 ) + h ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) Solid cuboid of height D , width W , and length L , and mass m , rotating about the longest diagonal . For a cube with sides s ( \ displaystyle s ) , I = m s 2 6 ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6 ) ) \ , \ ! ) . I = m 6 ( W 2 D 2 + D 2 L 2 + W 2 L 2 W 2 + D 2 + L 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 6 ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( W ^ ( 2 ) D ^ ( 2 ) + D ^ ( 2 ) L ^ ( 2 ) + W ^ ( 2 ) L ^ ( 2 ) ) ( W ^ ( 2 ) + D ^ ( 2 ) + L ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) ) Triangle with vertices at the origin and at P and Q , with mass m , rotating about an axis perpendicular to the plane and passing through the origin . I = m 6 ( P ⋅ P + P ⋅ Q + Q ⋅ Q ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 6 ) ) ( \ mathbf ( P ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( P ) + \ mathbf ( P ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( Q ) + \ mathbf ( Q ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( Q ) ) ) Plane polygon with vertices P , P , P , ... , P and mass m uniformly distributed on its interior , rotating about an axis perpendicular to the plane and passing through the origin . I = m 6 ( ∑ n = 1 N ∥ P n + 1 × P n ∥ ( ( P n ⋅ P n ) + ( P n ⋅ P n + 1 ) + ( P n + 1 ⋅ P n + 1 ) ) ∑ n = 1 N ∥ P n + 1 × P n ∥ ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 6 ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ sum \ limits _ ( n = 1 ) ^ ( N ) \ \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n + 1 ) \ times \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n ) \ \ left ( \ left ( \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n ) \ right ) + \ left ( \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n + 1 ) \ right ) + \ left ( \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n + 1 ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n + 1 ) \ right ) \ right ) ) ( \ sum \ limits _ ( n = 1 ) ^ ( N ) \ \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n + 1 ) \ times \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n ) \ ) ) \ right ) ) Plane regular polygon with n - vertices and mass m uniformly distributed on its interior , rotating about an axis perpendicular to the plane and passing through the origin . a stands for side length . I = m a 2 24 ( 1 + 3 cot 2 ⁡ ( π n ) ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( ma ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 24 ) ) \ left ( 1 + 3 \ cot ^ ( 2 ) \ left ( ( \ tfrac ( \ pi ) ( n ) ) \ right ) \ right ) ) Infinite disk with mass normally distributed on two axes around the axis of rotation with mass - density as a function of x and y : ρ ( x , y ) = m 2 π a b e − ( ( x / a ) 2 + ( y / b ) 2 ) / 2 , ( \ displaystyle \ rho ( x , y ) = ( \ tfrac ( m ) ( 2 \ pi ab ) ) \ , e ^ ( - ( ( x / a ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( y / b ) ^ ( 2 ) ) / 2 ) \ , , ) I = m ( a 2 + b 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I = m ( a ^ ( 2 ) + b ^ ( 2 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Uniform disk about an axis perpendicular to its edge . I = 3 m r 2 2 ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( 3mr ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) ) List of 3d inertia tensors ( edit ) This list of moment of inertia tensors is given for principal axes of each object . To obtain the scalar moments of inertia I above , the tensor moment of inertia I is projected along some axis defined by a unit vector n according to the formula : n ⋅ I ⋅ n ≡ n i I i j n j , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( n ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( I ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( n ) \ equiv n_ ( i ) I_ ( ij ) n_ ( j ) \ , , ) where the dots indicate tensor contraction and we have used the Einstein summation convention . In the above table , n would be the unit Cartesian basis e , e , e to obtain I , I , I respectively . Description Figure Moment of inertia tensor Solid sphere of radius r and mass m I = ( 2 5 m r 2 0 0 0 2 5 m r 2 0 0 0 2 5 m r 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) &0&0 \ \ 0& ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) &0 \ \ 0&0& ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) Hollow sphere of radius r and mass m I = ( 2 3 m r 2 0 0 0 2 3 m r 2 0 0 0 2 3 m r 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) &0&0 \ \ 0& ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) &0 \ \ 0&0& ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) Solid ellipsoid of semi-axes a , b , c and mass m I = ( 1 5 m ( b 2 + c 2 ) 0 0 0 1 5 m ( a 2 + c 2 ) 0 0 0 1 5 m ( a 2 + b 2 ) ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ) m ( b ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) ) &0&0 \ \ 0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ) m ( a ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) ) &0 \ \ 0&0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ) m ( a ^ ( 2 ) + b ^ ( 2 ) ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) Right circular cone with radius r , height h and mass m , about the apex I = ( 3 5 m h 2 + 3 20 m r 2 0 0 0 3 5 m h 2 + 3 20 m r 2 0 0 0 3 10 m r 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ) mh ^ ( 2 ) + ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 20 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) &0&0 \ \ 0& ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ) mh ^ ( 2 ) + ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 20 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) &0 \ \ 0&0& ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 10 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) Solid cuboid of width w , height h , depth d , and mass m I = ( 1 12 m ( h 2 + d 2 ) 0 0 0 1 12 m ( w 2 + d 2 ) 0 0 0 1 12 m ( w 2 + h 2 ) ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) m ( h ^ ( 2 ) + d ^ ( 2 ) ) &0&0 \ \ 0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) m ( w ^ ( 2 ) + d ^ ( 2 ) ) &0 \ \ 0&0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) m ( w ^ ( 2 ) + h ^ ( 2 ) ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) Slender rod along y - axis of length l and mass m about end I = ( 1 3 m l 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 m l 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) ml ^ ( 2 ) &0&0 \ \ 0&0&0 \ \ 0&0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) ml ^ ( 2 ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) Slender rod along y - axis of length l and mass m about center I = ( 1 12 m l 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 12 m l 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) ml ^ ( 2 ) &0&0 \ \ 0&0&0 \ \ 0&0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) ml ^ ( 2 ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) Solid cylinder of radius r , height h and mass m I = ( 1 12 m ( 3 r 2 + h 2 ) 0 0 0 1 12 m ( 3 r 2 + h 2 ) 0 0 0 1 2 m r 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) m ( 3r ^ ( 2 ) + h ^ ( 2 ) ) &0&0 \ \ 0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) m ( 3r ^ ( 2 ) + h ^ ( 2 ) ) &0 \ \ 0&0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) Thick - walled cylindrical tube with open ends , of inner radius r , outer radius r , length h and mass m I = ( 1 12 m ( 3 ( r 1 2 + r 2 2 ) + h 2 ) 0 0 0 1 12 m ( 3 ( r 1 2 + r 2 2 ) + h 2 ) 0 0 0 1 2 m ( r 1 2 + r 2 2 ) ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) m ( 3 ( ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) + h ^ ( 2 ) ) &0&0 \ \ 0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) m ( 3 ( ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) + h ^ ( 2 ) ) &0 \ \ 0&0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) m ( ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) See also ( edit ) Parallel axis theorem Perpendicular axis theorem List of second moments of area The inertia tensor of a triangle in three - dimensional space References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Raymond A. Serway ( 1986 ) . Physics for Scientists and Engineers ( 2nd ed . ) . Saunders College Publishing . p. 202 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 004534 - 7 . Jump up ^ Classical Mechanics - Moment of inertia of a uniform hollow cylinder . LivePhysics.com . Retrieved on 2008 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Satterly , John ( 1958 ) . `` The Moments of Inertia of Some Polyhedra '' . The Mathematical Gazette . Mathematical Association . 42 ( 339 ) : 11 -- 13 . doi : 10.2307 / 3608345 . JSTOR 3608345 . ^ Jump up to : Ferdinand P. Beer and E. Russell Johnston , Jr ( 1984 ) . Vector Mechanics for Engineers , fourth ed . McGraw - Hill . p. 911 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 004389 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Eric W. Weisstein . `` Moment of Inertia -- Ring '' . Wolfram Research . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Karel Rektorys ( 1994 ) . Survey of Applicable Mathematics , second ed. , Vol. II . Kluwer Academic Publisher . p. 942 . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 0681 - 3 . Jump up ^ http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~ygao/phy141/Lecture15/sld010.htm External links ( edit ) The inertia tensor of a tetrahedron Tutorial on deriving moment of inertia for common shapes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_moments_of_inertia&oldid=809498778 '' Categories : Mechanics Physics - related lists Physical quantities Rigid bodies Tensors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Русский Shqip Slovenčina Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 14 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

moment of inertia of a rod about a point

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Lateral pass

Lateral pass - wikipedia Lateral pass A lateral during an option play . In American football and Canadian football , a lateral pass or lateral ( officially backward pass in American football and onside pass in Canadian football ) occurs when the ball carrier throws the football to a teammate in a direction parallel to or away from the opponents ' goal line . A lateral pass is distinguished from a forward pass , in which the ball is thrown forward , towards the opposition 's end zone . In a lateral pass the ball is not advanced , but unlike a forward pass a lateral may be attempted from anywhere on the field by any player to any player at any time . While the forward pass is an invention of the North American games , the lateral and backward pass is also a part of rugby union and rugby league , where such passes are the norm . Compared to its use in rugby , laterals and backward passes are less common in North American football , due to a much greater focus on ball control in American football strategy ; they are most commonly used by the quarterback , after taking the snap , to quickly transfer ( `` pitch '' ) the ball a short distance to a nearby running back ( or , rarely , wide receiver ) on a rushing play . Laterals are also often seen as part of a last - minute desperation strategy or as part of a trick play . Examples of plays utilizing the lateral pass are the toss , flea flicker , hook and lateral , and buck - lateral . Contents 1 Rules 2 Alternate uses 3 Famous plays in history 4 References Rules ( edit ) While a forward pass may only be thrown once per down by the team on offense from within or behind the neutral zone , there are no restrictions on the use of lateral passes ; any player legally carrying the ball may throw a lateral pass from any position on the field at any time , any player may receive such a pass , and any number of lateral passes may be thrown on a single play . Additionally , a player receiving a lateral pass may throw a forward pass if he is still behind the neutral zone , subject to the forward pass rules . A pitch to a receiver Unlike a forward pass , if a backward pass hits the ground or an official , play continues and , as with a fumble , a backward pass that has hit the ground may be recovered and advanced by either team . Backward passes can also be intercepted . A lateral may be underhand or overhand as long as the ball is not advanced in the pass . A ball that is passed exactly sideways is considered a backwards pass . If it hits the ground , the person throwing or `` pitching '' the lateral pass will be subjected to the fumble designation in the statistics in the NFL , even if the ball is dropped or muffed by a teammate , although in college football this can be credited to whichever player the statistician feels is most responsible . If the ball hits the ground after travelling even slightly forward , however , it is then incomplete instead of a fumble . The snap is legally considered to be a backward pass . Alternate uses ( edit ) The oxymoron `` forward lateral '' is used to describe an attempted `` lateral '' ( backward pass ) that actually goes forward . In most cases , it is illegal . A variant , the hook and lateral , where a forward pass is immediately passed backward to a second receiver to fool the defense , is used on occasion . Famous plays in history ( edit ) The lateral pass rule , or rather the lack of restrictions contained therein , has given rise to some of the most memorable and incredible plays in football history . Both collegiate and NFL football have certain examples of football lore which involve laterals . One famous college play involving the backward passes is simply known as The Play . In the 1982 Big Game between Stanford and California , with four seconds left and trailing by one point , Cal ran the ball back on a kickoff all the way for the game - winning touchdown using five backward passes , eventually running through the Stanford Band , who had already taken the field ( believing the game was over after Stanford players appeared to have tackled a Cal ball - carrier ) . The game remains controversial because of Stanford 's contention that the Cal player 's knee was down before he passed the ball during the third lateral and that the fifth lateral was an illegal forward pass . A well - known and controversial NFL lateral pass occurred during the Music City Miracle play at the end of the 2000 playoff game between the Tennessee Titans and the Buffalo Bills . The play was a true lateral ( the ball did not move forward or backward in the pass ) , but the receiver was a step ahead of the passer and reached back to catch the ball , so it gave the appearance of an illegal forward pass . Another well known backward pass in the NFL was the River City Relay in a game between the New Orleans Saints and the Jacksonville Jaguars on December 21 , 2003 . With time running out , the Saints threw backward passes and brought the ball down the length of the field for a touchdown . However , kicker John Carney missed the extra point , which would have tied the game , so the Saints lost by one point , 20 -- 19 . Another well known play was executed in a college football game by Presbyterian against Wake Forest in 2010 . In this trick play , three lateral pass rules were used in combination . First the quarterback passed the ball sideways while intentionally bouncing the ball on the ground ( a so - called `` fake fumble pass '' ) . The pass - receiver faked the end of the play , suggesting that it was an incomplete pass , but then passed the ball forward to a wide - receiver , who successfully ran for a touchdown . Wake Forest coach Jim Grobe described the play `` as well executed as anything I 've ever seen '' . In a Division III college football game on October 27 , 2007 , Trinity University was trailing by two points with two seconds left in a game against conference rival Millsaps College . Starting from their own 39 - yard line , Trinity called a play for a short pass across the middle . The receiver pitched the ball backward , with a sequence of additional backward passes as players were in danger of being tackled . The `` Mississippi Miracle '' ultimately included 15 backward passes as it covered 61 yards for the winning touchdown . On October 31 , 2015 , the Miami Hurricanes threw eight lateral passes over the course of 45 seconds to score a touchdown and upset the 22nd - ranked Duke Blue Devils 30 - 27 . The play stirred controversy amid a number of missed calls by the Atlantic Coast Conference officiating crew . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : NFL Rules Digest : Backward Pass , NFL.com . Jump up ^ NFL Rules Digest : Forward Pass , NFL.com . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/rulebook/backwardpass NFL Rules Digest : Backward Pass Jump up ^ NCAA Football Statisticians Manual Jump up ^ Pelissero , Tom ( August 17 , 2014 ) . `` Cardinals RB Zach Bauman scores most bizarre TD of early NFL preseason '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ BitterlyCheerful ( 3 September 2010 ) . `` Presbyterian Trick Play vs. Wake Forest '' . Retrieved 23 April 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ http://www.lostlettermen.com/article/presbyterian-bounce-pass-shocks-wfu-in-10 Jump up ^ Briggs , Jerry ( October 27 , 2007 ) . `` Football : Trinity wins on miracle play '' . San Antonio Express News . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 28 . Gridiron football maneuvers Huddle Stance ( three - point ) Offense Snap Hand - off Blocking Pulling Spiral Routes Pump fake Cutback Juke Lateral Stiff arm Scramble Shift Motion Defense Tackle Rush Stunt Blitz Shooting the gap Bump and run Double coverage Spy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lateral_pass&oldid=837788629 '' Categories : American football plays Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 01 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

how many times can you pass the ball in nfl

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List of Pakistani dramas

List of Pakistani dramas - Wikipedia List of Pakistani dramas Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of Pakistani dramas , television serials that were created in Pakistan . Pakistani dramas are generally short and usually end after a run of less than one year and are based on Urdu novels , however sometimes the story tends to deviate away from the novel . The serials have been used repeatedly to transmit socio - cultural messages , by incorporating them into story lines . Shailja Kejriwal says that in India , Pakistani dramas have a reputation for `` being slightly classier than the local fare . '' Pakistani television series ( edit ) Mera Naam Yousaf Hai 2015 A Plus Mehreen Jabbar Imran Abbas , Maya Ali , Mansha Pasha , Behroze Sabzwari , Waseem Abbas , Hina Khawaja Bayat , Seema Sehar Tum Kon Piya 2016 Urdu1 Yasir Nawaz Imran Abbas , Ayeza Khan , Ali Abbas , Hina Khawaja Bayat , Hira Tareen Dayar - e-Dil 2015 Hum TV Haseeb Hassan Mikaal Zulfiqar , Maya Ali , Osman Khalid Butt , Sanam Saeed , Hareem Farooq Dil E Muztar 2013 Hum TV Shahzad Kashmiri Imran Abbas , Sanam Jung , Sarwat Gilani , Aijaz Aslam Humsafar 2011 - 12 Hum TV Sarmad Sultan Khoosat Mahira Khan , Fawad Afzal Khan , Naveen Waqar , Atiqa Odho Zindagi Gulzar Hai 2012 - 2013 Hum TV Sultana Siddiqui Sanam Saeed , Fawad Afzal Khan , Samina Peerzada , Waseem Abbas Kuch Pyar Ka Pagalpan 2012 ARY Digital Haissam Hussain Fawad Khan , Ayesha Khan , Mikaal Zulfiqar Akbari Asghari 2011 Hum TV Haissam Hussain Fawad Khan , Imran Abbas , Humaima Malik , Sanam Baloch Aunn Zara 2013 A-Plus Entertainment Haissam Hussain Maya Ali , Osman Khalid Butt Dastaan Hum TV Haissam Hussain Sanam Baloch , Fawad Afzal Khan , Mehreen Raheel Noorpur Ki Rani 2009 Hum TV Haissam Hussain Mahnoor Baloch , Sanam Baloch , Samina Peerzada , Noman Ijaz , Danish Taimoor , Naila Jaffery , Qavi Khan Mera Naseeb 2011 Hum TV Adnan Ahmed Rubina Ashraf , Samina Peerzada , Sanam Saeed , Imran Abbas , Syra Yousuf , Sakina Sammo , Bushra Ansari Aasmanon Pay Likha 2013 Geo Entertainment Mohsin Raza Sajal Ali , Sheheryar Munawar Siddiqui Shehr - e-Zaat 2012 Hum TV Sarmad Sultan Khoosat Mahira Khan , Mohib Mirza , Mikaal Zulfiqar Meri Zaat Zarra - e-Benishan 2009 Geo Entertainment Babar Javed Samiya Mumtaz , Faisal Qureshi , Samina Peerzada , Imran Abbas , Sarwat Gillani Kis Ki Ayegi Baraat 2011 Geo Entertainment Marina Khan Uroosa Siddiqui , Ali Safina , Ahsan Khan , Alishba Yousuf , Sana Askari , Bushra Ansari Qaid - e-Tanhai Hum TV Babar Javed Savera Nadeem , Faisal Qureshi , Saba Hameed , Neelam Muneer Meri Ladli 2012 ARY Digital Nadeem Siddique Sajal Ali , Ahsan Khan , Maria Wasti , Sami Khan , Urwa Hocane Thakan 2012 ARY Digital Ameen Iqbal Saba Qamar , Tauqeer Nasir , Saba Hameed , Yumna Zaidi , Bindiya Main Abdul Qadir Hoon 2011 Hum TV Babar Javed Alishba Yousuf , Fahad Mustafa , Aamina Sheikh , Saba Hameed Maat 2011 Hum TV Amna Nawaz Khan Saba Qamar , Aamina Sheikh , Adnan Siddiqui , Asad Malik Pani Jaisa Piyar 2011 Hum TV Sarmad Sultan Khoosat Saba Qamar , Ahsan Khan , Mikaal Zulfiqar , Juggan Kazim Aik Pal 2014 Hum TV Affan Waheed Arij Fatyma , Danish Taimoor , Sumbul Iqbal , Tariq Jameel , Nargis Rasheed Dhaani 2015 present Geo Entertainment Ali Faizan Sami Khan , Madiha Iman Udaari 2016 presents Hum TV Entertainment Urwa Hocane , Samiya Mumtaz , Farhan Saeed , Bushra Ansari , Ahsan Khan ( yaken ka safar ) ( 2017 ) presents ( ( hum t.v entertainment ) ) ( ( ( ahad raza ) ( ( , sajal Ali , , ) ) ( ( Hera Mani ) ) and others ( ( sun yara ) ( ( janaid ) ) ( ( hira Mani ) ) ( ( minal khan ) ) ( ( directed by Danish nawaz ) ) presented by ( ( art digital ) ) ( ( oh rangarezera ) ) ( ( balal Abbas ) ) ( ( sajal Ali ) ) ( ( Norman ajaz ) ) ( ( sana fakhar ) ) presented by ( ( hum TV entertainment ) ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/23/indian-tv-channel-show-pakistani-soaps Hum TV Dramas Official PAK TV Dramas Latest Episodes ARY Digital programs Drama serials Aks Bulbulay Daagh Daam Daddy Dareecha Dugdugi Dusri Bivi Guzaarish Khuda Mera Bhi Hai Khushboo Ka Ghar Khushi Ek Roag Kuch Pyar Ka Pagalpan Main Manto Mehmoodabad Ki Malkain Mera Saaein Mera Yaqeen Meri Behan Meri Dewrani Meri Ladli Meri Beti Meri Beti Neeyat Omer Dadi Aur Gharwale Pyarey Afzal Quddusi Sahab Ki Bewah Rubber Band Tanhaiyan Naye Silsilay Thakan Timmy G Zindagi Dhoop Tum Ghana Saya Shows Bigg Boss 8 Jeeto Pakistan Kuch Kar Dikha Madventures Nachley Pakistan Music Stars Geo Entertainment Programs Serials Aasmanon Pay Likha Adhoori Aurat Aik Nayee Cinderella Ana Ashk Bashar Momin Bikhra Mera Naseeb Chemistry Doraha Do Qadam Door Thay Ghaao Hum Tum Ishq Ibadat Jal Pari Kash Mein Teri Beti Na Hoti Khuda Aur Muhabbat Ladies Park Malika - e-Aliya Meri Behan Maya Meri Dulari Meri Maa Meri Zaat Zarra - e-Benishan Mil Ke Bhi Hum Na Mile Mirat Ul Uroos Nanhi Numm Saat Pardon Mein Tanveer Fatima ( B.A ) Uff Yeh Mohabbat Uraan Yariyan Yeh Zindagi Hai Zeenat Bint - e-Sakina Hazir Ho Zip Bus Chup Raho Mor Mahal Mohabbat Tumse Nafrat Hai Series Kis Ki Ayegi Baraat ( Azar Ki Ayegi Baraat - Dolly Ki Ayegi Baraat - Takkay Ki Ayegi Baraat - Annie Ki Ayegi Baraat ) Shows Pehchan Ramazan Amaan Ramazan Ramazan Sharif Banana News Network Burka Avenger Chal Parha Inaam Ghar Khabarnaak Nadia Khan Show Pakistan Idol Subh - e-Pakistan Sur Kshetra The Awaien Show The Shareef Show Mubarak Ho Sitcoms Ham Sab Umeed Say Hain Jalebiyan Nadaaniyaan Uski Suno Awaz Hum TV programming Primetime ( current ) Toh Dil Ka Kia Hua ( 2 July 2017 ) Kitni Girhain Baaki Hain ( 30 October 2017 ) Yeh Raha Dil ( 13 February 2017 ) Mohabbat Khawab Safar ( 24 April 2017 ) Alif Allah ( 25 April 2017 ) Dil - e-Jaanam ( 1 March 2017 ) Adhi Gawahi ( 5 July 2017 ) Phir Wohi Mohabbat ( 16 March 2017 ) Yaqeen Ka Safar ( 19 April 2017 ) Tumhari Marium ( 30 June 2017 ) Woh Aik Pal ( 11 March 2017 ) Daytime Jago Pakistan Jago ( since 2005 ) Wonderful Indonesia ( since 2017 ) Tilawat - e-Quran Paak ( since 2005 ) Late night Saturday Night Special ( 2012 -- ) Tonite with HSY ( 2014 -- ) Upcoming O Rangreza ( Summer 2017 ) Hum TV Telefilms ( ( a plus entertainment ) ) ( ( t.v one ) ) ( ( urdu 1 ) ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Pakistani_dramas&oldid=802996033 '' Categories : 2013 Pakistani television series debuts Hum TV series Pakistani drama television series Geo TV series Urdu - language television programs 2012 Pakistani television series debuts Romantic fantasy television series ARY Digital television series Hidden categories : Use Pakistani English from June 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Pakistani English Use dmy dates from June 2015 Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 20 : 28 . 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Mark Sloan (Grey's Anatomy)

Mark Sloan ( Grey 's Anatomy ) - wikipedia Mark Sloan ( Grey 's Anatomy ) Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( October 2011 ) Mark Sloan Grey 's Anatomy character Eric Dane as Mark Sloan First appearance `` Yesterday '' 2x18 , February 19 , 2006 ( as guest star ) `` Sometimes a Fantasy '' 3x03 , October 5 , 2006 ( as main cast ) Last appearance `` Remember the Time '' 9x02 , October 4 , 2012 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Eric Dane Information Full name Mark Everett Sloan Nickname ( s ) McSteamy Prettier Occupation Attending plastic surgeon and ENT at Seattle Grace Hospital and later Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital Title Chief of Plastic Surgery M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Sloan Riley ( daughter ) Sofia Robbin Sloan Torres ( daughter ) Grandson ( via Sloan ) Significant other ( s ) Lexie Grey ( deceased ) Addison Montgomery Callie Torres Teddy Altman Reed Adamson ( deceased ) Amelia Shepherd Julia Canner Nancy Shepherd Mark Everett Sloan , M.D. , F.A.C.S. is a fictional surgeon from the ABC medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , portrayed by Eric Dane . Dr. Sloan is an attending specializing in plastic surgery . Dr. Sloan earned the nickname `` McSteamy '' for his good looks by the female interns of Seattle Grace later Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital . He was good friends with Dr. Derek Shepherd , a fellow physician at Seattle Grace , but was the catalyst for the end of Shepherd 's marriage when Shepherd caught Sloan sleeping with his wife , Addison . Later , he pursues a ' forbidden ' relationship with Dr. Lexie Grey , straining his relationship with Derek yet again . He reveals that he loves Lexie in episodes `` Migration '' , `` Flight '' , `` Going , Going , Gone '' , and `` Remember The Time '' In the show 's ninth season , he dies of injuries sustained in a jet plane crash that also injured or killed several of his colleagues from the hospital . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Mark first appears in season two , introduced as a highly respected otolaryngologist sub-specialized in plastic surgery and the childhood best friend of neurosurgeon Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) . Derek explains that Mark had an affair with his wife , Addison ( Kate Walsh ) while they were living in New York . Mark travels to Seattle , intent on convincing Addison to return with him , but his offer is rejected and Derek declines to renew their friendship . Mark returns during season three at Addison 's drunken behest , but she again rejects him once sober . Undeterred , Mark sells his successful private practice ( which he previously shared with Derek ) and takes over the plastics program at Seattle Grace Hospital . During Meredith 's morphine rampage , Mark finds out about his nickname McSteamy which was given to him by her during his first trip to Seattle back when he attempted to get Addison back and earn Derek 's friendship back . It is later revealed that Mark has at some point slept with all of Derek 's sisters . Mark has a brief fling with Addison 's friend , orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) , and develops a friendship with Derek 's girlfriend , intern Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) . It is revealed that after Derek left New York , Mark and Addison continued their relationship for two months , during which she conceived and aborted his child . Just weeks after moving to Seattle he quickly observes that Derek 's true love was Meredith and tries to convince Addison that her marriage with Derek was over . Mark enters into a sixty - day abstinence pact with Addison , agreeing that if they can remain celibate for that time , Addison will give their relationship another chance . Addison ultimately breaks the pact by having sex with intern Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) , and soon thereafter departs from Seattle to work in Los Angeles . Mark supports Derek when Meredith comes close to dying after drowning , and the two are able to rekindle their friendship . It is eventually revealed that he and Derek grew up together and that he , having lost his mother as a child and emotionally neglected by his father , considered Derek 's mother as his maternal figure . As he was an only child and Derek was the only son , they became close friends and he was Derek 's best man at the latter 's wedding to Addison . He also forms a friendship with Callie , and develops an attraction to cardiothoracic surgeon Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) . Erica does not reciprocate his feelings , and he is supportive of Callie when she and Erica have a brief relationship . When Addison shows up at Seattle Grace for a case , Mark attempts to sleep with Addison again but she refuses . The nurses later start a club against him called Nurses United Against Mark Sloan . After a string of unresolved sexual tension on his part , Mark then finds himself seduced by Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , despite Derek 's request that he keep their relationship platonic even before their relationship had begun . They begin a sexual relationship , which Lexie halts until he is willing to publicly admit to being her partner . Mark eventually agrees and tells Derek , who attacks him . Animosity exists between them for several episodes , before they once more repair their friendship . Mark and Lexie 's relationship becomes increasingly serious . He meets her father , Thatcher ( Jeff Perry ) ; and at the end of season five , asks her to move in with him . Though Lexie initially declines , he remains committed to their relationship , and she agrees early in season six . Mark discovers that he has an 18 - year - old daughter , Sloan Riley ( Leven Rambin ) , who arrives seeking his support after becoming pregnant and being evicted by her mother . Mark permits her to move in with him , which angers Lexie . When Lexie makes it clear that she knew that Mark would choose his own daughter over her , she puts an end to their relationship . Sloan experiences difficulties in her pregnancy , so Mark takes her to LA to be treated . He and Addison once again sleep together , but when he comes back he tells Lexie because he does n't want to lie to her and wants them to get back together , but when she tells him she slept with Alex it puts an end to their relationship . When Sloan decides to give her baby up for adoption , Mark and Callie offer to raise it together . Sloan declines his offer and leaves Seattle , leaving Mark distraught . He enters into a relationship with cardiothoracic surgeon Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , despite the fact she is in love with their trauma colleague , Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) . Sloan returns unexpectedly and gives birth to a son . She reconsiders having the baby adopted , but when Mark reassures her that he will support her no matter what , gives the baby to an adoptive couple from Washington . In the sixth - season finale , a gunman commits mass murder at the hospital . Mark helps Lexie save Alex , her new boyfriend . In the aftermath of the shooting , Lexie has a nervous breakdown and Mark has her committed to the psychiatric unit . Their friendship is strained , however Lexie softens towards him when she learns that he is still in love with her . As Lexie goes to talk to Mark about him still being in love with her , she sees Mark entering his apartment with Derek 's sister Amelia kissing her and ultimately having sex with her . When Callie 's girlfriend , pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , breaks up with her , she and Mark have a drunken one - night stand . Shortly thereafter , he reconciles with Lexie , but is delighted when Callie discovers she is pregnant with his child . Lexie , however , is dismayed by the news and leaves Mark . Mark asks Dr. Jackson Avery to find out how Lexie 's doing , but Jackson lies to Mark that he was n't able to find it out , and he ( Jackson ) starts dating Lexie shortly after that . In the meanwhile , Callie and Mark 's daughter is born . Mark later gives Jackson and Lexie his blessing , and tells Lexie he will let her go ; Lexie replies that she is still in love with him , but right now she needs Jackson to be happy . After giving Jackson a hard time , Mark finally acknowledges his surgery skills and decides to teach him , although he still evidences feelings towards Lexie , while he shows his own parenting skills with Sofia . He also starts getting along better with Arizona . After a long time without dating , Mark finally embarks on a relationship with Julia . This makes Lexie jealous , which leads to her and Jackson breaking up . Lexie struggles to tell Mark how she feels but finally admits it leaving him torn between her and Julia . In the season 8 finale , Mark , Lexie , Derek , Meredith , Cristina , and Arizona are involved in an aviation accident while on the way to Boise , Idaho to perform surgery on conjoined twins , crushing Lexie under debris . After trying and failing to save her , Mark holds a dying Lexie by the hand , telling her that he has and will always love her . He and the remaining surviving crash victims are left stranded in the woods , mourning Lexie and fighting to stay alive . In the ninth - season premiere , it is discovered that Mark is on life support due to the extensive injuries he sustained in the plane crash and , as determined by his will , the machines would be turned off if he showed no signs of waking within 30 days . Flashbacks of some moments in Mark 's life showcased him being videotaped as he was extending his congratulations to newlyweds Callie and Arizona . At the end of the speech , he declares that Lexie was the one he wanted to grow old and dance with in their granddaughter 's wedding . At 5 : 00 that day , with Derek and Callie keeping vigil at his bedside , the machines were turned off , and Mark Sloan died shortly thereafter . The following episode reveals that he had a surge of good health upon his return to Seattle Grace before ultimately succumbing to his injuries . His ' surge ' allowed him enough energy to advise his protégé Jackson , ' when you love someone , tell them ' , which is believed to be a reflection on the major obstacle of his failed relationship with Lexie . During this momentary energy , Mark also took the opportunity to make a clean break with his girlfriend , Julia , stating that the situation was not fair to her as he had always loved only Lexie . Following his death , Shonda Rhimes muses regarding Mark and Lexie 's relationship : ' ... he and Lexie get to be together in a way . Their love remains true . '' Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital is later renamed Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital in tribute to Lexie and Mark . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2011 ) Dane auditioned for the role during the casting of the pilot and ultimately received the role , which was only later introduced in the show . He initially appeared as a guest - star in the episode `` Yesterday '' of the second season , becoming a series regular from the third season episode `` Sometimes a Fantasy '' , first broadcast in October 2006 . Casting director Linda Lowy gave the insight : `` You ca n't forget about McSteamy . We cast ( Dane ) for one episode , and I think the women across the nation went kind of crazy . Everyone was talking about him , so we decided to make him a regular . '' In July 2012 , TVLine announced Dane would leave the show after the first two episodes of the ninth season . Rhimes said she and Dane decided to end Mark 's storyline after much discussion . She added : `` It was a thing that Eric had been thinking about for a while , but it felt like the right time to him . '' However , E ! Online reported that Rhimes had been forced by the network to reduce the cast for budget reasons and that Dane had not asked to leave the series . Characterization ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2013 ) The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) characterized Sloan as `` charming '' , `` confident '' , `` smug '' , `` smarmy '' , and `` great with his hands '' . Shonda Rhimes said of the character : `` Mark , the original bad boy , is struggling with his own demons . He brings a healthy serving of mystery and potential conflict to Seattle Grace . '' Actress Kate Walsh said : `` He 's the guy you should n't go out with but you ca n't help yourself . '' Carolina Paiz , one of the writers of the series , wrote : `` he can be impertinent and evil and demeaning . '' Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2011 ) His role in the episode `` In the Midnight Hour '' from the fifth season was well received by Debbie Chang of BuddyTV who wrote , `` Mark ( Eric Dane ) is pretty freaking awesome in this episode . He 's lascivious as all heck , but he 's showing some compassion . '' His scenes with Shepherd were described as `` fun . '' Victor Balta of Today listed their friendship in its `` TV 's best bromances '' . He called them `` the most exciting couple on Grey 's , '' explaining `` they 've demonstrated an easy chemistry that makes for some of the great comic relief around Seattle Grace Hospital with their banter , sage wisdom on each other 's lives , and locker room - style teasing . '' Their bromance was furthermore included in lists by About.com , BuddyTV , Cosmopolitan , Wetpaint . However , following the announcement of Dane 's upcoming departure from the show , Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald felt he and Derek `` never clicked like you 'd expect friends would . Any scene they had together ranged from uncomfortable to forced . '' His bromance with Jackson Avery was also well received . Janalen Samson of BuddyTV wrote : `` Eric Dane has always shown a facility for sly , deft comedy and these scenes with Jesse Williams are proving to be gems . I do love a good Bromance and these two actors are bringing the love and the funny in spades . Writing for TV Fanatic , Courtney Morrison commented : `` Sloan has brought the GA comedy scale up a bit with his bromances and mentoring Jackson . The pairing was listed in Zap2it 's 25 Top Bromances of 2012 . Los Angeles Times TV columnist , Carina Mackenzie , described his scenes with Torres as `` always perfectly sharp . '' At the 13th Screen Actors Guild Awards , Dane was part of the Grey 's Anatomy cast awarded the `` Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series '' accolade , for which they were also nominated the following year . References ( edit ) Specific ^ Jump up to : `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' boss Shonda Rhimes writes Mark Sloan obituary : ' I like to believe that Mark is with Lexie somewhere ' -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . October 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) Bio - Grey 's Anatomy '' . ABC . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( February 22 , 2007 ) . `` Q & A With Eric Dane '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Ann ( April 4 , 2006 ) . `` Dr. McSteamy scrubs in as cast regular '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hendrickson , Paula ( May 6 , 2009 ) . `` Casting chemistry keeps ' Grey 's ' fresh '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Exclusive : Eric Dane Checks Out ! '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( July 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' boss Shonda Rhimes explains Eric Dane 's exit , teases unique season opener '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Why Did ( Spoiler Alert ) Have to Die ? Insiders Spill Scoop '' . E !. Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) Bio '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Marsi , Steve ( November 15 , 2006 ) . `` Eric Dane , Kate Walsh Grace TV Guide '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Paiz , Carolina ( November 30 , 2006 ) . `` Carolina Paiz on `` Do n't Stand So Close To Me '' `` . Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chang , Debbie ( November 20 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode 5.9 `` In the Midnight Hour '' Recap ( Page 2 / 4 ) `` . BuddyTV . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Balta , Victor . `` How adorable ! TV 's best bromances '' . Today.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Rachel . `` TV 's Best Bromances '' . About.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best TV Bromances # 15 McDreamy and McSteamy '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hottest TV bromances '' . Cosmopolitan . July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Kim ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Top 14 TV Bromances -- I Love You , Man ! ( PHOTOS ) '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Perigard , Mark ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' drops another doc '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Samson , Janalen ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Fan Columnist : Love Is All You Need '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Courtney ( November 18 , 2011 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Midseason Report Card : B + '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Zap2it 's 25 Top Bromances of 2012 '' . Zap2it . December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Love is in the air for Bailey '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 13th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations announced for the 14th annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' ( Press release ) . Screen Actors Guild . December 20 , 2007 . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . General `` Mark Sloan 's Character Journey '' . ABC . 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Mark Sloan at ABC.com Mark Sloan on IMDb ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Sloan_(Grey%27s_Anatomy)&oldid=802017652 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional surgeons Fictional characters from New York City Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2013 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from October 2011 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from October 2011 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles to be expanded from July 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles to be expanded from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Македонски Polski Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 12 : 56 . 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Where Were You (When the World Stopped Turning)

Where Were You ( When the World Stopped Turning ) - wikipedia Where Were You ( When the World Stopped Turning ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Where Were You ( When the World Stopped Turning ) '' Single by Alan Jackson from the album Drive B - side `` Drive ( For Daddy Gene ) '' Released November 26 , 2001 Format Promo - only CD single ; 7 '' Recorded November 7 , 2001 ( live ) Genre Country Length 5 : 05 ( studio version ) 5 : 47 ( live version ) Label Arista Nashville 69129 Songwriter ( s ) Alan Jackson Producer ( s ) Keith Stegall Alan Jackson singles chronology `` It 's Alright to Be a Redneck '' ( 2001 ) `` Where Were You ( When the World Stopped Turning ) '' ( 2001 ) `` Drive ( For Daddy Gene ) '' ( 2002 ) `` It 's Alright to Be a Redneck '' ( 2001 ) `` Where Were You ( When the World Stopped Turning ) '' ( 2001 ) `` Drive ( For Daddy Gene ) '' ( 2002 ) `` Where Were You ( When the World Stopped Turning ) '' is a song written by the American singer - songwriter Alan Jackson . It was the lead single from his tenth studio album , Drive ( 2002 ) , released on Arista Nashville . The song 's lyrics center on reactions to the September 11 attacks in the United States , written in the form of questions . Jackson desired to write a song capturing the emotions surrounding the attacks , but found it difficult to do so . He debuted the song publicly at the Country Music Association 's annual awards show on November 7 , 2001 . It was released that month as a single and topped the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart for five weeks ; in addition , it reached number 28 on Billboard 's all - genre Hot 100 chart . The song received largely positive reviews from critics , who appreciated its simple , largely apolitical stance . The song won multiple awards at the Academy of Country Music and Country Music Association Awards , including Song of the Year , and also earned Jackson his first Grammy Award for Best Country Song . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Promotion 4 Reception 4.1 Commercial 4.2 Critical 4.3 Accolades 5 Cover versions 6 Charts 6.1 Year - end charts 7 Track listings 8 See also 9 Notes 9.1 References Background ( edit ) The song was written after the September 11 attacks . The song is based on the September 11 attacks , a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al - Qaeda on the United States on September 11 , 2001 . Jackson had finished walking outside and returned indoors to discover news of the attacks on television . He immediately wanted to write a song expressing his thoughts and emotions , but he found it hard to do so for many weeks . `` I did n't want to write a patriotic song , '' Jackson said . `` And I did n't want it to be vengeful , either . But I did n't want to forget about how I felt and how I knew other people felt that day . '' Finally , on the Sunday morning of October 28 , 2001 , he woke up at 4 a.m. with the melody , opening lines , and chorus going through his mind . He hastily got out of bed , still in his underwear , and sang them into a hand - held digital recorder so he would not forget them . Later that morning , when his wife and children had gone to Sunday school , he sat down in his study and completed the lyrics . Initially , he felt squeamish about recording it , much less releasing it , because he disliked the idea of capitalizing on a tragedy . But after he played it for his wife Denise and for his producer , Keith Stegall , and it met with their approval , Jackson went into the studio to record `` Where Were You '' that week . On Stegall 's advice , Jackson played the finished track for a group of executives at his record label . `` We just kind of looked at one another , '' RCA Label Group chairman Joe Galante said later . `` Nobody spoke for a full minute . '' Composition ( edit ) The verses focus on others ' reactions in the form of questions . One verse asks , `` Did you lay down at night and think of tomorrow ? / Go out and buy you a gun ? / Did you turn off that violent old movie you 're watchin ' / And turn on I Love Lucy reruns ? '' In between , he asks about the locations of people when the tragedy played out , `` Were you in the yard with your wife and children ? / Or workin ' on some stage in LA ? '' In the chorus , Jackson tries to sum up his own feelings , first by calling himself merely `` a singer of simple songs '' , and `` not a real political man '' , and finally by paraphrasing the Biblical New Testament 's first letter of Paul to the Corinthians , chapter 13 , verse 13 : `` Faith , hope and love are some good things He gave us / And the greatest is love . '' The song is in the key of C major with a vocal range of A-C and a primary chord pattern of C-G . Promotion ( edit ) Jackson was scheduled to perform at the Country Music Association 's annual awards ceremony on November 7 , 2001 , to be aired on CBS . Originally , he planned to perform `` Where I Come From '' , which at the time was the number 1 hit on the Billboard country charts . But mere days before the awards show , Jackson 's manager , Nancy Russell , played a recording of `` Where Were You '' for four of the CMA 's top executives . All four were crying by the time the song ended . The day before the show , CMT had a brief note on its web site that Jackson would be introducing the new song during the awards telecast . The next night , after an introduction from the show 's host , Vince Gill , Jackson performed `` Where Were You '' seated on a stool , with an orchestra and backing singers behind him . At the conclusion of the five - minute - long song , the audience gave him an immediate standing ovation . This performance , along with the Vince Gill introduction , is used as the song 's music video . Reception ( edit ) Commercial ( edit ) Jackson performing the song at the Pentagon in 2002 . The next morning , many stations already were playing Jackson 's new song after taping it from the broadcast . Several pop - oriented stations , including one in New York , started to play it as well . Based almost entirely on that unsolicited airplay , `` Where Were You '' debuted at number 25 on the Billboard country chart the week ending November 24 , 2001 , the highest debut since `` The Thunder Rolls '' by Garth Brooks debuted at number 19 in 1991 . A week later , with Arista finally having serviced a promotional single to radio , it jumped to number 12 . On the December 29 country singles chart , `` Where Were You ( When the World Stopped Turning ) '' was the number 1 song . It had taken only six weeks to get there , the fastest rise to the top in four years . The song spent five weeks at the top , and it also became a Top 40 pop hit , peaking at number 28 . At the time , it was Jackson 's biggest country and pop hit . Jackson 's record label determined that it could not manufacture a commercial single fast enough to meet demand . Instead , Arista pushed up the release date for the new album , Drive , from May to January 15 . Arista also chose to include both the studio version and the live CMA Awards version on the new album . The pent - up demand for `` Where Were You '' helped propel the album to the top of both the Billboard country and pop album charts , becoming Jackson 's first number 1 on the main album chart . It spent five weeks at the top . The song was never sold as a benefit song , and it is unknown if proceeds from the song 's success were contributed to 9 / 11 - related benefit organizations . Management for Jackson only claimed at the time of the song release that Jackson `` has no official ties to any nonprofit group , '' and he preferred `` to make his donations privately . '' As of September 2015 , the song has sold 395,000 digital copies in the United States . Critical ( edit ) `` I 've always been real careful about writing or recording ' preachy ' songs , and I did n't want it to look like I was taking advantage of the situation for my own career or something . I never wanted it to come across that way . '' -- Alan Jackson on his reservations for the song , 2002 Critical response to the single was positive . Deborah Evans Price ( with Billboard ) remarked `` A multitude of songs have been written and recorded in the wake of September 11 , but none captures the myriad emotions unleashed by the terrorist attacks on an unsuspecting nation more perfectly than Jackson 's eloquent ballad '' . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of the All Music Guide remarked , `` Given the enormity of the subject -- it 's simply not something that can be summarized in song -- it 's a surprisingly effective and moving tune '' . Jackson 's reaction to `` Where Were You ( When the World Stopped Turning ) '' was this : `` I think it was Hank Williams who said , ' God writes the songs , I just hold the pen . ' That 's the way I felt with this song . '' He considered the song 's success personally overwhelming and uncomfortable due to its subject matter . After the song 's success , Jim Bessman of Billboard summarized its impact : `` Deeply personal and self - effacingly simple , ( the song ) struck a chord with poignant , understatedly eloquent contemplations and a basic , overriding `` love is the answer '' theme . '' Dan Milliken of Country Universe rated the song number 7 on his list of the 201 Greatest Singles of the Decade . He stated that the song `` can not travel forward into the future the way other songs on this countdown can ; its full impact will remain locked in the memories of those of us who lived through September 11th , 2001 , and will never be experienced quite so deeply ever again . '' Rolling Stone ranked it among the 40 `` Saddest Country Songs '' at number 11 , with a reviewer claiming , `` Jackson 's heartfelt expression of stunned helplessness encapsulated the American collective consciousness perfectly . '' Georgia Rep. Mac Collins entered the lyrics into the U.S. Congressional Record , citing the song as `` an example of how all Americans can help heal our nation from the wounds we suffered on that tragic day . '' Nevertheless , there were negative reactions to the song . Some of the song 's lyrics , particularly `` I watch CNN but I 'm not sure I could tell you / The difference in Iraq and Iran '' drew criticism . Bessman wrote that these passages `` inadvertently point out our dangerously widespread ignorance of the rest of the world . '' The song was mocked in `` A Ladder to Heaven '' , a 2002 episode of the American animated television series South Park . The show 's creators , Trey Parker and Matt Stone , disliked the song ; Stone later said in the episode 's audio commentary that he felt Jackson was `` cashing in on the sentimentality of ( remembering the 9 / 11 attacks ) . '' Accolades ( edit ) Later in 2002 , `` Where Were You '' won both the Academy of Country Music and CMA honors for `` Song of the Year '' and `` Single of the Year '' . In 2003 , `` Where Were You ( When the World Stopped Turning ) '' earned Jackson his first Grammy Award , for `` Best Country Song '' . It was also nominated in the overall `` Song of the Year '' category , a rarity for a pure country song , but it lost to `` Do n't Know Why '' , written by Jesse Harris and a hit for Norah Jones . It was also ranked 28th on CMT 's list of the `` 100 Greatest Country Songs '' . Cover versions ( edit ) Country singer Scotty McCreery covered the song while on the tenth season of American Idol . He would later win the season . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 -- 02 ) Peak position US Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 28 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Position US Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( Billboard ) 24 Track listings ( edit ) US promotional CD single Arista Nashville 69118 Where Were You ( When the World Stopped Turning ) 4 : 58 Where Were You ( When the World Stopped Turning ) 4 : 58 ( same version appears twice ) US 7 - inch single Arista Nashville 69129 Where Were You ( When the World Stopped Turning ) 5 : 05 Drive ( For Daddy Gene ) 4 : 03 See also ( edit ) `` Have You Forgotten '' `` Courtesy of the Red , White and Blue ( The Angry American ) '' Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Owen , Linda ( January -- February 2003 ) . `` Story Behind the Song : `` Where Were You ( When the World Stopped Turning ) '' `` . Today 's Christian . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Willman , Chris ( March 15 , 2002 ) . `` Cat in the Hat ( part 1 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Brian ( November 21 , 2001 ) . `` Inspiration awakens Jackson to country hit '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Neal , Chris ( January 22 , 2002 ) . `` Alan Jackson : Reluctant Hero '' . Country Weekly . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grossberg , Josh ( November 6 , 2002 ) . `` Jackson Dominates CMAs '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Jackson finds balance in his `` World '' `` . CMT.com . January 16 , 2002 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ' Where Were You ' sheet music '' . musicnotes.com . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Willman , Chris ( March 15 , 2002 ) . `` Cat in the Hat ( part 2 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2005 ) . Top Country Songs 1944 to 2005 . Menomonee Falls , Wis. : Record Research . p. 620 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 165 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson to Premiere New Song at CMA Awards '' . CMT.com . November 6 , 2001 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Shania ( Twain ) in the News Archives '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Jackson earns fastest # 1 of any country artist in 4 years '' . ThatsCountry.com . December 18 , 2001 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 . Menomonee Falls , Wis. : Record Research . p. 341 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 155 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( September 6 , 2002 ) . `` Country music , in 9 / 11 time '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` How much money went to 9 / 11 charities ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 28 , 2002 . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles : September 22 , 2015 '' . Roughstock . Sale figure given here Jump up ^ Price , Deborah Evans ( 2001 - 12 - 29 ) , `` The Eloquent ' Drive ' of Artista 's Jackson '' . Billboard. 113 ( 52 / 1 ) : 5 Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/r567069 ^ Jump up to : Bessman , Jim ( February 1 , 2003 ) . `` Words & Music '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 115 ( 5 ) : 45 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ The 201 Greatest Singles of the Decade Part 5 Jump up ^ `` 40 Saddest Country Songs -- Alan Jackson , `` Where Were You ( When the World Stopped Turning ) '' `` . Rolling Stone . September 26 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stone , Matt ( October 2005 ) . South Park : The Complete Sixth Season : `` A Ladder to Heaven '' ( Audio commentary ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( DVD ) . Paramount Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards : Song of the Year '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` CMT 's 100 Greatest Country Songs and 1st on CMT 's 40 Greatest Songs of the Decade . '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot Country Songs for Alan Jackson '' . Jump up ^ `` Alan Jackson -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Alan Jackson . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2002 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2002 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Preceded by `` I Wanna Talk About Me '' by Toby Keith Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks number - one single December 29 , 2001 - January 26 , 2002 Succeeded by `` Good Morning Beautiful '' by Steve Holy ( hide ) Alan Jackson singles Here in the Real World `` Blue Blooded Woman '' `` Here in the Real World '' `` Wanted '' `` Chasin ' That Neon Rainbow '' `` I 'd Love You All Over Again '' Do n't Rock the Jukebox `` Do n't Rock the Jukebox '' `` Someday '' `` Dallas '' `` Midnight in Montgomery '' `` Love 's Got a Hold on You '' A Lot About Livin ' ( And a Little ' bout Love ) `` She 's Got the Rhythm ( And I Got the Blues ) '' `` Tonight I Climbed the Wall '' `` Chattahoochee '' `` Mercury Blues '' `` ( Who Says ) You Ca n't Have It All '' Who I Am `` Summertime Blues '' `` Livin ' on Love '' `` Gone Country '' `` Song for the Life '' `` I Do n't Even Know Your Name '' The Greatest Hits Collection `` Tall , Tall Trees '' `` I 'll Try '' `` Home '' Everything I Love `` Little Bitty '' `` Everything I Love '' `` Who 's Cheatin ' Who '' `` There Goes '' `` Between the Devil and Me '' `` A House with No Curtains '' High Mileage `` I 'll Go On Loving You '' `` Right on the Money '' `` Gone Crazy '' `` Little Man '' Under the Influence `` Pop a Top '' `` The Blues Man '' `` It Must Be Love '' When Somebody Loves You `` www. memory '' `` When Somebody Loves You '' `` Where I Come From '' `` It 's Alright to Be a Redneck '' Drive `` Where Were You ( When the World Stopped Turning ) '' `` Drive ( For Daddy Gene ) '' `` Work in Progress '' `` That 'd Be Alright '' Greatest Hits Volume II `` It 's Five O'Clock Somewhere '' ( w / Jimmy Buffett ) `` Remember When '' What I Do `` Too Much of a Good Thing '' `` Monday Morning Church '' `` The Talkin ' Song Repair Blues '' `` USA Today '' Like Red on a Rose `` Like Red on a Rose '' `` A Woman 's Love '' Good Time `` Small Town Southern Man '' `` Good Time '' `` Country Boy '' `` Sissy 's Song '' `` I Still Like Bologna '' Freight Train `` It 's Just That Way '' `` Hard Hat and a Hammer '' 34 Number Ones `` Ring of Fire '' Thirty Miles West `` Long Way to Go '' `` So You Do n't Have to Love Me Anymore '' `` You Go Your Way '' Angels and Alcohol `` Jim and Jack and Hank '' `` The One You 're Waiting On '' Other songs `` Tequila Sunrise '' `` Good Year for the Roses '' ( w / George Jones ) `` Redneck Games '' ( w / Jeff Foxworthy ) `` Margaritaville '' ( w / Jimmy Buffett ) `` Murder on Music Row '' ( w / George Strait ) `` Designated Drinker '' ( w / George Strait ) `` Hey , Good Lookin ' '' ( w / Jimmy Buffett , Clint Black , Kenny Chesney , Toby Keith and George Strait ) `` You Ai n't Just Whistlin ' Dixie '' ( w / The Bellamy Brothers ) `` Barefootin ' '' ( w / Jimmy Buffett ) `` As She 's Walking Away '' ( w / Zac Brown Band ) `` A Million Ways to Die '' See also Singles discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_Were_You_(When_the_World_Stopped_Turning)&oldid=801228711 '' Categories : 2001 singles 2001 songs Alan Jackson songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Songs about the United States Music about the September 11 attacks Songs written by Alan Jackson Song recordings produced by Keith Stegall Arista Nashville singles Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart making named ref Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 13 : 31 . 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where were you were when the world stopped turning lyrics

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Vietnamese nationalism

Vietnamese nationalism - wikipedia Vietnamese nationalism This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Flag of Vietnam Flag of the Republic of Vietnam Vietnamese nationalism ( Vietnamese : Chủ nghĩa dân tộc Việt Nam ) is the nationalism that asserts that the Vietnamese are a nation and promotes the cultural unity of the Vietnamese . It encompasses a broad range of ideas and sentiments harbored by the Vietnamese people for many centuries in the history to preserve and defend the national identity of the Vietnamese nation . Unlike any type of nationalism in the world , Vietnamese nationalism appears in every aspect of the society , from cultural , folklore and even military , which led Vietnam into becoming one of the world 's most nationalistic countries . Most of Vietnamese nationalism focuses on the military history of the country ; however there are also other aspects of the nationalism in Vietnam . However , most of Vietnamese nationalist concepts aim mainly on China , which has many times fueled the anti-Chinese sentiment in Vietnam , although there are other anti-Cambodian and anti-French as well , with nothing much significant . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of Vietnamese nationalism 1.1 Modern Vietnamese nationalism 2 Vietnamization 2.1 Economy 2.2 Culture 2.3 Military 2.4 Education 2.5 Sports 2.5. 1 Association football 3 Greater Vietnam 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History of Vietnamese nationalism ( edit ) Vietnamese nationalism appeared since the independence of Vietnam around 2,800 years ago , when Vietnam was made up of the independent kingdoms under Văn Lang and Âu Lạc . In there , Vietnam was one of the oldest - formed nations in Southeast Asia , Asia and the world . However , following with the later Chinese millennium in Vietnam , several attempts against Chinese occupation resulted with many wars that happened throughout thousand years of Chinese rule , after which Vietnam finally regained independence in the 10th century following the battle of Bạch Đằng . Through then , Vietnam remained very militaristic and nationalistic due to the history of Vietnam often had brutal past with China and later , with its neighbors like Champa , Khmer Empire , Lan Xang , and later with Siam , which led to many wars . One of these wars had a serious effect , with the destruction of Champa Kingdom . Lý Thường Kiệt 's famous declaration of Vietnam 's independence , Nam quốc sơn hà ( Mountains and Rivers of the Southern Country ) , is a patriotic and nationalistic poem that still lives on in Vietnamese society generations later and now . During the Vietnamese `` March to the South '' or Nam tiến in which they , over the span of 700 years starting from the 11th century during the Lý dynasty gradually invaded and colonized the entire state of Champa and parts of the Khmer Empire . During the period of conquests , the Vietnamese attempted to assimilate all of the ethnic minorities in the territories that they had captured by forcing them to adopt Vietnamese customs . The Vietnamese saw themselves as belonging to a superior culture , having been Sinicized , unlike the Indianized states of Champa and the Khmer Empire . As such , they saw themselves as carrying out a civilizing mission against the minorities who were not sinicized and were seen as barbarians . In spite of considering themselves as superior due to being sinicized , members of the Vietnamese royalty looked down upon those that were non-Vietnamese as inferior due to Chinese influence . Modern Vietnamese nationalism ( edit ) The first real concept of Vietnamese nationalism dated from the late 18th century , when the Tây Sơn reunited Vietnam into a single state after being separated into Trịnh lords and Nguyễn lords 's North and South . Throughout of time , there were numerous massacres against non-Vietnamese ethnics such as the Cham people and Hoa people . In the North during the time of the Trịnh Lords , the Trịnh mandated that the Chinese entering the country had to strictly follow Vietnamese customs and refrain from contacts with the local Vietnamese populace in the cities . On the later time , after the Nguyễn dynasty ruling Vietnam , the dynasty had been using the Vietnamization concepts to begin its massive Vietnamization of non-Vietnamese people . During the nam tiến period of the Nguyễn Dynasty , the Gia Long Emperor stated that `` Hán di hữu hạn '' 漢 夷 有限 ( `` the Vietnamese and the barbarians must have clear borders '' ) when differentiating between Khmer and the Vietnamese . Emperor Minh Mạng , the son of Gia Long stated with regards to the Vietnamese forcing the ethnic minorities to follow Sino - Vietnamese customs that `` We must hope that their barbarian habits will be subconsciously dissipated , and that they will daily become more infected by Han ( Sino - Vietnamese ) customs . '' As for the French invasion , many resistances came around but failed . However , following from time , Vietnamese nationalism also changed and through it , it also focused on only one goal - independence of Vietnam , however only after Ho Chi Minh appeared , the Vietnamese nationalism was seriously fueled with it . Later , Vietnamese nationalism also divided after 1945 , when two different parties , the Communists in the North and the pro-Western in the South , had affected on Vietnam . Many wars later arrived , but the Northern Communists proved to be more successful on using its nationalism than the South . Their victory on the Battle of Dien Bien Phu had brought Vietnam into serious nationalist conflicts which had led to Vietnam War . Again , after 1975 , the Communists proved to be the masters of using Vietnamese nationalism by reunifying it , in power . Still , a series of wars with China , Khmer Rouge and Thailand later affected on Vietnamese growth . Vietnamization ( edit ) The Vietnamization is an attempt to enforce about the Vietnamese pride in every aspects of nation . Economy ( edit ) There has been a growing movement among Vietnamese by boycotting Chinese products , and rather using the Vietnamese - made products , which is called `` made in Vietnam '' to counter with `` made in China '' . Press medias also play a significant role on promoting the products from Vietnam and limiting Chinese - made products . Culture ( edit ) Despite of being part of Sinosphere cultural influence and sharing many cultural aspects such as Confucianism , and having Chữ Nôm as its former writing script , Vietnam mostly refuses to accept the factor of Chinese influence . Adding with the later conquests of Indianized Kingdom of Champa and Southern Vietnam which was once part of Cambodia , Vietnam believes it is a major cross-road of two civilizations rather than one . Vietnamese textbooks also refer the influence of China but refuses to recognize Chinese elements in Vietnamese nation . Military ( edit ) For much of its history being razed by wars , Vietnamese developed its nationalism based on its successful history of warfare . Many Vietnamese generals are revered and are a source of pride and nationalism in Vietnamese society , such as Trần Hưng Đạo , the famous general who stood up to the mighty Mongol Empire by successfully repelling the 3 Mongol invasions of Vietnam in 1258 , 1285 , 1287 -- 88 and Nguyễn Huệ , a revered Emperor and general who defeated the Qing Dynasty of China in the Battle of Ngọc Hồi - Đống Đa , which was a large battle that is considered to be one of the greatest military victories in Vietnamese history . Both Trần Hưng Đạo and Nguyễn Huệ have several streets named after them and statues erected to honor them in Vietnam named , and both are listed as being among the greatest generals in history . Vietnam also heavily honors its long lists of generals in ancient Vietnamese history that fought against Chinese imperialism , such as the Trưng Sisters and Lady Triệu , who were female generals that led major independent movements against Chinese occupation . Ngô Quyền is well honored for being the first to successfully defeat the Southern Han of China at the Battle of Bạch Đằng ( 938 ) and establishing Vietnamese independence , Lê Hoàn for defeating the Song dynasty at the same river in 981 , and Lê Lợi who liberated Vietnam by defeating the Ming dynasty and founding the Lê dynasty . Education ( edit ) Vietnamese national pride is heavily promoted in Vietnamese textbooks , especially of its development and its heroism . Many Vietnamese stories are still heavily mentioned in the youth education system and among the older generations which have been regarded as a major factor that keeps Vietnamese nationalism alive . Sports ( edit ) Association football ( edit ) Main article : Football in Vietnam Vietnamese take pride on football heavily and in Vietnam , football is a God sport for the Vietnamese population in majority . When the national team won big matches , the streets are often overwhelmed by large Vietnamese crowds , demonstrating nationalist chants , singing Vietnamese nationalist songs . It has been proven like in 2007 AFC Asian Cup , where Vietnam qualified to the quarter - finals and the only host in this tournament to do so , or in 2008 AFF Championship which Vietnam won , and recently 2018 AFC U-23 Championship which its Olympic team won silver medal after losing the final . It has also stemmed the old , long bloody rivalry exists between Vietnam and China , their historical adversary . Anti-Vietnamese comments have also been seriously noticed , and attacked by Vietnamese supporters . Some fans , notably Uzbek and Thai fans who had disdains of Vietnam , had to block its Facebook until the Vietnamese angers slowed down . According to the Bleacher Report after the 2018 AFC U-23 Championship , they were totally astonished and shocked with the massive celebration of Vietnamese people . Greater Vietnam ( edit ) One of Greater Vietnam concept which claiming Laos and Cambodia are not sovereign but Vietnamese territory . There are varieties of Greater Vietnam irredentism . The ideology of Greater Vietnam is a popular concept among some popular Vietnamese nationalist parties that claim the territory of Southern China ( Yunnan , Guangxi , Guangdong and Hainan ) , as well as Laos , Cambodia and Thailand 's Isan to Myanmar 's Shan State as part of greater Vietnamese sovereignty . The idea is just a newly developed ideology following the beginning of 20th century , but it only gains popularity in the aftermath of 2014 Vietnam anti-China protests . From the view of Vietnamese nationalist groups , these territories have been traditionally Vietnamese territory until expansionism from foreign powers brought the situation like today , and Vietnam must retake it . For this causes , Vietnam had carried a long - time conquests and conflicts with neighboring countries , as well as assimilations and even genocides due to its irredentist sentiment . See also ( edit ) History of Vietnam Culture of Vietnam Ho Chi Minh Thought Ho Chi Minh Võ Nguyên Giáp Ngo Dinh Diem Phan Chu Trinh Phan Bội Châu References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` March to the South ( Nam Tiến ) '' . Khmers Kampuchea - Krom Federation . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Barbara Watson Andaya ( 2006 ) . The Flaming Womb : Repositioning Women in Early Modern Southeast Asia . University of Hawaii Press . pp. 23 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2955 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lee ( 2010 ) , pp. 8 - 9 Jump up ^ Choi Byung Wook ( 2004 ) . Southern Vietnam Under the Reign of Minh Mạng ( 1820 -- 1841 ) : Central Policies and Local Response . SEAP Publications . pp. 34 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87727 - 138 - 3 . Jump up ^ A. Dirk Moses ( 1 January 2008 ) . Empire , Colony , Genocide : Conquest , Occupation , and Subaltern Resistance in World History . Berghahn Books . pp. 209 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84545 - 452 - 4 . Archived from the original on 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-01/24/c_136920125.htm Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/augustrick/2018/01/29/how-vietnamese-soccer-upset-the-odds-that-china-is-banking-on/#7bf2bdba59d6 Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/BleacherReportFootball/posts/1787708637958264 External links ( edit ) hide Ethnic nationalism Africa Acholi Afrikaner Algerian Arab Berber Canarian Congolese Coptic Egyptian Ethiopian Hutu Igbo Libyan Nigerian Sahrawi Rhodesian Somali Tunisian Ugandan Asia Arab Armenian Assamese Assyrian Azerbaijani Baloch Bangladeshi Bengali Bodo Burmese ( Burmese Buddhist ) Chinese Dalit East Turkestani Filipino Georgian Gorkha Hindu Hong Kong Indian Indonesian Iranian Iraqi Israeli Japanese Kashmiri Khmer Korean Korean ethnicity Kurdish Lebanese Malay Early Malaysian Malay Malaysian Hindu Manchurian Mongolian Marathi Naga New Zealander Pashtun Pakistani Palestinian Punjabi Ryukyu Saraiki Sikh Sindhi Sinhalese Buddhist South Asian Muslim South Islander Sri Lankan Tamil Syrian Taiwanese Tamil Thai Tibetan Tripuri Turkic Turkish Vietnamese Zaza Europe Albanian in Albania in Kosovo in Rep. of Macedonia Alsatian Andalusian Aragonese Armenian Asturian Austrian Azerbaijani Balkar and Karachay Basque Bavarian Belgian Belarusian Bosnian Breton British Bulgarian Canarian Castilian Catalan Celtic Circassian Cornish Corsican Croatian Cypriot Czech Czechoslovak Dalmatian English Estonian Faroese Flemish Finnish French Galician German in Austria Georgian Greek in Cyprus Hungarian Icelandic Irish Italian Lezgian Lithuanian Macedonian Maltese Moldovan Montenegrin Norwegian Occitan Padanian Polish Prussian Rhenish Romanian Russian Scandinavian Sardinian Scottish Serbian Sicilian Silesian Slavic Slovak Slovenian South Tyrolean Spanish Swabian Swiss Székely Turkic Turkish Ukrainian Ulster Valencian Venetian Walloon Welsh The Americas American Argentine Brazilian Californian Canadian Confederate Chicano Puerto Rican Native - American Greenlandic Québécois Texan Oceania Australian Hawaiian Māori Other Racial Black White Religious Christian Islamic Soviet ( spanning two continents ) Yugoslav Note : Forms of nationalism based primarily on ethnic groups are listed above . This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of ethnic nationalism . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_nationalism&oldid=843099136 '' Categories : History of Vietnam Politics of Vietnam Vietnamese nationalism Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Vietnamese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 21 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Iguazu Falls

Iguazu falls - wikipedia Iguazu falls Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Iguazu Falls View of Iguazu Falls Location Argentina : Misiones Province Brazil : Paraná State Coordinates 25 ° 41 ′ 12 '' S 54 ° 26 ′ 41 '' W  /  25.68667 ° S 54.44472 ° W  / - 25.68667 ; - 54.44472 Coordinates : 25 ° 41 ′ 12 '' S 54 ° 26 ′ 41 '' W  /  25.68667 ° S 54.44472 ° W  / - 25.68667 ; - 54.44472 Type Cataract Total height 60 -- 82 metres ( 197 -- 269 ft ) Number of drops 275 Longest drop 82 metres ( 269 ft ) Total width 2.7 kilometres ( 1.7 mi ) Watercourse Iguazu River Average flow rate 1,756 m / s ( 62,010 cu ft / s ) The Iguazu Falls , Iguazú Falls , Iguassu Falls , or Iguaçu Falls ( Spanish : Cataratas del Iguazú ( kataˈɾatas ðel iɣwaˈsu ) ; Guarani : Chororo Yguasu ( ɕoɾoɾo ɨɣwasu ) ; Portuguese : Cataratas do Iguaçu ( kataˈɾatɐs du iɡwaˈsu ) ) are waterfalls of the Iguazu River on the border of the Argentine province of Misiones and the Brazilian state of Paraná . They are the largest waterfalls system in the world . The falls divide the river into the upper and lower Iguazu . The Iguazu River rises near the city of Curitiba . For most of its course , the river flows through Brazil ; however , most of the falls are on the Argentine side . Below its confluence with the San Antonio River , the Iguazu River forms the boundary between Argentina and Brazil . The name `` Iguazú '' comes from the Guarani or Tupi words `` y '' ( ɨ ) , meaning `` water '' , and `` ûasú `` ( waˈsu ) , meaning `` big '' . Legend has it that a deity planned to marry a beautiful woman named Naipí , who fled with her mortal lover Tarobá in a canoe . In a rage , the deity sliced the river , creating the waterfalls and condemning the lovers to an eternal fall . The first European to record the existence of the falls was the Spanish conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca in 1541 . Play media Video Clip : Panoramic view of the falls from Argentine side Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Distribution of the falls between Argentina and Brazil 3 Tourism 4 Access 5 Comparisons to other notable falls 6 Climate 7 Gallery 8 Portrayals in film 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Geography ( edit ) The Iguazu Falls are located where the Iguazu River tumbles over the edge of the Paraná Plateau , 23 kilometres ( 14 mi ) upriver from the Iguazu 's confluence with the Paraná River . Numerous islands along the 2.7 - kilometre - long ( 1.7 mi ) edge divide the falls into many separate waterfalls and cataracts , varying between 60 to 82 metres ( 197 to 269 ft ) high . The number of these smaller waterfalls fluctuates from 150 to 300 , depending on the water level . Approximately half of the river 's flow falls into a long and narrow chasm called the Devil 's Throat ( Garganta del Diablo in Spanish or Garganta do Diabo in Portuguese ) . The Devil 's Throat is U-shaped , 82 by 150 by 700 metres ( 269 ft × 492 ft × 2,297 ft ) . Placenames have been given also to many other smaller falls , such as San Martín Falls , Bossetti Falls , and many others . About 900 metres ( 2,950 ft ) of the 2.7 - kilometre ( 1.7 mi ) length does not have water flowing over it . The edge of the basalt cap recedes by 3 mm ( 0.1 in ) per year . The water of the lower Iguazu collects in a canyon that drains into the Paraná River , a short distance downstream from the Itaipu Dam . The junction of the water flows marks the border between Brazil , Argentina , and Paraguay . There are points in the cities of Foz do Iguaçu , Brazil , Puerto Iguazú , Argentina , and Ciudad del Este , Paraguay , which have access to the Iguazu River , where the borders of all three nations may be seen , a popular tourist attraction for visitors to the three cities . Distribution of the falls between Argentina and Brazil ( edit ) The Iguazu Falls are arranged in a way that resembles a reversed letter `` J '' . The border between Brazil and Argentina runs through the Devil 's Throat . On the right bank is the Brazilian territory , which has just over 20 % of the jumps of these falls , and the left side jumps are Argentine , which make up almost 80 % of the falls . Tourism ( edit ) There are two international airports close to Iguazú Falls : the Argentine Cataratas del Iguazú International Airport ( IGR ) and the Brazilian Foz do Iguaçu International Airport ( IGU ) . Argentina 's airport is 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) from the city of Iguazu , but is closer to the falls hotels than its Brazilian counterpart . There are bus and taxi services from and to the Airport - Falls . Brazil 's airport is between Foz do Iguaçu , Brazil , and the falls . Aerolíneas Argentinas and LATAM Argentina have direct flights from Buenos Aires to Iguazu International Airport Krause . Azul , GOL , and LATAM Brasil offer services from main Brazilian cities to Foz do Iguaçu . Access ( edit ) Iguazú Falls from the International Space Station , 2016 The falls may be reached from two main towns , with one on either side of the falls : Puerto Iguazú in Argentina and Foz do Iguaçu in Brazil , as well as from Ciudad del Este , Paraguay , on the other side of the Paraná river from Foz do Iguaçu . The falls are shared by the Iguazú National Park ( Argentina ) and Iguaçu National Park ( Brazil ) . The two parks were designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1984 and 1987 , respectively . The first proposal for a Brazilian national park aimed at providing a pristine environment to `` future generations '' , just as `` it had been created by God '' and endowed with `` all possible preservation , from the beautiful to the sublime , from the picturesque to the awesome '' and `` an unmatched flora '' located in the `` magnificent Iguaçú waterfalls '' . These were the words used by André Rebouças , an engineer , in his book `` Provinces of Paraná , Railways to Mato Grosso and Bolivia '' , which started up the campaign aimed at preserving the Iguaçu Falls in 1876 . At this time , Yellowstone National Park in the U.S. , the first national park in the world , was four years old . On the Brazilian side , there is a walkway along the canyon with an extension to the lower base of Devil 's Throat . Helicopter rides offering aerial views of the falls have been available from Brazil , however , Argentina has prohibited such helicopter tours because of the adverse environmental impact on the flora and fauna of the falls . From Foz do Iguaçu airport , the park may be reached by taking a taxi or bus to the entrance of the park . There is an entrance fee to the park on both sides . Once inside , free and frequent buses are provided to various points within the park . The town of Foz do Iguaçu is approximately 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) away , and the airport is between the park and the town . The Argentine access , across the forest , is by a Rainforest Ecological Train very similar to the one in Disney 's Animal Kingdom . The train brings visitors to the entrance of Devil 's Throat , as well as the upper and lower trails . The Paseo Garganta del Diablo is a 1 - kilometre - long ( 0.6 mi ) trail that brings visitors directly over the falls of Devil 's Throat , the highest and deepest of the falls . Other walkways allow access to the elongated stretch of falls across the forest on the Argentine side and to the boats that connect to San Martin Island . Also on the Argentine side , there are inflatable boat services that take visitors very close to the falls . Walkways allow close views of the falls from both Argentina and Brazil . The Brazilian transportation system aims at allowing the increase in the number of visitors , while reducing the adverse environmental impact , through an increase in the average number of passengers per vehicle inside the park . The new transportation system has 72 - passenger capacity , panoramic - view , double - deck buses . The upper deck is open , which enables visitors a broad view of the flora and fauna during the trip to the falls . The bus combustion systems are in compliance with the CONAMA ( phase IV ) and EURO ( phase II ) emissions and noise requirements . The reduction in the number of vehicles , of noise levels , and speed , is enabling tourists to observe increasing numbers of wild animals along the route . Each bus has an exclusive paint scheme , representing some of the most common wild animals found in the Iguaçú National Park , including the spotted jaguars , butterflies , raccoons , prego monkeys , coral snakes , toucans , parrots , and yellow breasted caimans . Comparisons to other notable falls ( edit ) See also : Victoria Falls § Statistics Tourists visiting the spot Upon seeing Iguazu , the United States First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt reportedly exclaimed `` Poor Niagara ! '' ( which , at 50 m or 165 feet , are a third shorter ) . Often Iguazu also is compared with Victoria Falls in Southern Africa , which separates Zambia and Zimbabwe . Iguazu is wider , but because it is split into approximately 275 discrete falls and large islands , Victoria has the largest curtain of water in the world , at more than 1,600 m ( 5,249 ft ) wide and over 100 m ( 328 ft ) in height ( in low flow Victoria is split into five by islands ; in high flow it may be uninterrupted ) . The only wider falls are extremely large rapid - like falls , such as the Boyoma Falls ( Stanley Falls ) . With the flooding of the Guaíra Falls in 1982 , Iguazu currently has the sixth - greatest average annual flow of any waterfall in the world , following number five Niagara , with an average rate of 1,746 m / s ( 61,660 cu ft / s ) . Its maximum recorded flow was 45,700 m / s ( 1,614,000 cu ft / s ) in 9 June 2014 . By comparison , the average flow of Niagara Falls is 2,400 m / s ( 85,000 cu ft / s ) , with a maximum recorded flow of 8,300 m / s ( 293,000 cu ft / s ) . The average flow at Victoria Falls is 1,088 m / s ( 38,420 cu ft / s ) , with a maximum recorded flow of 7,100 m / s ( 250,000 cu ft / s ) . Climate ( edit ) The Iguazu Falls experience a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa , according to the Köppen climate classification ) with abundant precipitation and high temperatures year - round . During the summer of 2006 , a severe drought caused the Iguazu River to become diminished , reducing the amount of water flowing over the falls to 300 cubic metres per second ( 11,000 cu ft / s ) until early December . This was unusual , as dry periods normally last only a few weeks . ( show ) Climate data for Iguazu Falls ( Foz do Iguacu ) , Brazil Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 40.0 ( 104 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) 38.8 ( 101.8 ) 36.8 ( 98.2 ) 36.0 ( 96.8 ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 31.3 ( 88.3 ) 35.0 ( 95 ) 36.8 ( 98.2 ) 39.0 ( 102.2 ) 38.6 ( 101.5 ) 39.4 ( 102.9 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 33.0 ( 91.4 ) 32.6 ( 90.7 ) 31.1 ( 88 ) 28.2 ( 82.8 ) 25.2 ( 77.4 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 23.7 ( 74.7 ) 25.3 ( 77.5 ) 26.9 ( 80.4 ) 28.8 ( 83.8 ) 31.0 ( 87.8 ) 32.6 ( 90.7 ) 28.5 ( 83.3 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 15.8 ( 60.4 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 17.5 ( 63.5 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 25.1 ( 77.2 ) 20.9 ( 69.6 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 19.6 ( 67.3 ) 20.0 ( 68 ) 18.4 ( 65.1 ) 15.4 ( 59.7 ) 12.2 ( 54 ) 10.4 ( 50.7 ) 9.7 ( 49.5 ) 11.3 ( 52.3 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 15.3 ( 59.5 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 15.1 ( 59.2 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 5.2 ( 41.4 ) 3.0 ( 37.4 ) − 1.0 ( 30.2 ) − 3.1 ( 26.4 ) − 4.2 ( 24.4 ) 0.0 ( 32 ) 1.0 ( 33.8 ) 5.0 ( 41 ) 6.3 ( 43.3 ) 3.8 ( 38.8 ) − 4.2 ( 24.4 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 196.0 ( 7.717 ) 180.1 ( 7.091 ) 174.8 ( 6.882 ) 151.0 ( 5.945 ) 127.6 ( 5.024 ) 138.3 ( 5.445 ) 84.4 ( 3.323 ) 107.4 ( 4.228 ) 146.6 ( 5.772 ) 219.8 ( 8.654 ) 153.7 ( 6.051 ) 189.0 ( 7.441 ) 1,868.7 ( 73.571 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 1.0 mm ) 9 9 8 8 6 8 6 8 8 9 7 9 95 Average relative humidity ( % ) 77 80 82 85 86 85 83 80 79 78 75 74 80.3 Mean monthly sunshine hours 230.5 196.3 209.9 193.6 180.8 151.2 168.7 157.9 146.4 195.6 231.4 232.3 2,294.6 Source : INMET Gallery ( edit ) Aerial view of the Iguazu Falls from a helicopter Iguazu Falls from the Argentine side Iguazu Falls from the Brazilian side Aerial view , from the Argentine side Bosetti waterfall Falls and Brazilian tourist complex Panorama of the Falls Portrayals in film ( edit ) Iguazu Falls have been featured in several TV shows and movies , including : Le cascate dell'Ignazu ( 1907 , Ambrosio . Shot by Roberto Omegna , 135 meters ) Z Argentiny do Mexika ( 1954 ) Curucu , Beast of the Amazon ( 1956 ) Moonraker ( 1979 ) The Mission ( 1986 ) The Country Bears Down Under ( 1990 ) Baraka ( 1992 ) Extermineitors IV : Como hermanos gemelos ( 1992 ) O Trem Caipira ( 1994 ) Tummy ( 1995 ) Happy Together ( 1997 ) Mr. Magoo ( 1997 ) Miami Vice ( 2006 ) In the Hands of the Gods ( 2007 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) OSS 117 : Rio ne répond plus ( 2009 ) Salve Geral ( 2009 ) Survivor : Tocantins ( 2009 ) Operação X ( 2011 ) Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) If Cats Disappeared From the World ( 2016 ) See also ( edit ) List of waterfalls by flow rate References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Iguaçu Falls '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library ed . ) . 2011 . Retrieved 15 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Dominic Couzens ( 2008 ) , Top 100 Birding Sites of the World , University of California Press , p. 228 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 52 - 025932 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Bonnie Hamre . `` Iguazu Falls '' . About.com Travel . Jump up ^ `` Travel to Puerto Iguazu '' . LATAM . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Travel to Foz Do Iguaçu '' . LATAM . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre . `` UNESCO World Heritage Centre -- World Heritage List '' . unesco.org . Jump up ^ `` IguazuFalls.com Helicopter Ride '' . IguazuFalls.com . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Fabiula Wurmeister ( 9 June 2014 ) . `` Chuvas fazem vazão das Cataratas bater recorde e Itaipu abrir vertedouro '' . globo.com notícias . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dia histórico nas Cataratas do Iguaçu '' . Cataratas do Iguaçu S.A. 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Niagara Falls '' . World Waterfall Database . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Victoria Falls '' . World Waterfall Database . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Kerala Articles '' . keralaarticles.blogspot.com . Jump up ^ `` NORMAIS CLIMATOLÓGICAS DO BRASIL 1961 -- 1990 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ IMDb . `` Most Popular Titles With Location Matching `` Foz do Iguaçu , Paraná , Brazil '' `` . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iguaçu Falls . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Iguaçu Falls . Foz do Iguaçu ( Brazilian government site , in Portuguese ) Copel Monitoramento Hydrológico ( Iguazu River flow rate measurements ; leftmost green dot gives flow rate at Hotel Cataratas ) Iguazu Falls -- Information , Hotels , Activities Iguazu Falls Travel Information ( English website ) Greatest Places : Iguazu Falls page Iguazu Falls at UNESCO World Heritage Centre site Iguazu Falls facts `` Iguazu Falls '' . World Waterfall Database . https://vimeo.com/44873371 New 7 Wonders of Nature Amazon rainforest and river Hạ Long Bay Iguazu / Iguaçu Falls Jeju Island Komodo Island Puerto Princesa Underground River Table Mountain Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iguazu_Falls&oldid=809433270 '' Categories : Waterfalls of Argentina Waterfalls of Brazil International waterfalls Argentina -- Brazil border Landforms of Misiones Province Landforms of Paraná ( state ) Block waterfalls Segmented waterfalls Environment of Paraná ( state ) Foz do Iguaçu Tourist attractions in Misiones Province Tourist attractions in Paraná ( state ) World Heritage Sites in Argentina World Heritage Sites in Brazil Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles needing additional references from April 2012 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from August 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Guaraní - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Rumantsch Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 02 : 11 . 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History of Egypt

History of Egypt - wikipedia History of Egypt Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article or section appears to be slanted towards recent events . Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non-recent events . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on the History of Egypt Prehistoric Egypt pre -- 3150 BC Ancient Egypt Early Dynastic Period 3150 -- 2686 BC Old Kingdom 2686 -- 2181 BC 1st Intermediate Period 2181 -- 2055 BC Middle Kingdom 2055 -- 1650 BC 2nd Intermediate Period 1650 -- 1550 BC New Kingdom 1550 -- 1069 BC 3rd Intermediate Period 1069 -- 744 BC Kushite Egypt 744 -- 656 BC Twenty - sixth Dynasty of Egypt 664 -- 525 BC Classical antiquity Achaemenid Egypt 525 -- 404 BC Twenty - eighth Dynasty of Egypt 404 -- 398 BC Twenty - ninth Dynasty of Egypt 398 -- 380 BC Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 380 -- 343 BC Achaemenid Egypt 343 -- 332 BC Macedonian and Ptolemaic Egypt 332 -- 30 BC Roman and Byzantine Egypt 30 BC -- 641 AD Sasanian Egypt 619 -- 629 Middle Ages Rashidun Egypt 641 -- 661 Umayyad Egypt 661 -- 750 Abbasid Egypt 750 -- 935 Tulunid Egypt 868 -- 905 Ikhshidid Egypt 935 -- 969 Fatimid Egypt 969 -- 1171 Ayyubid Egypt 1171 -- 1250 Mamluk Egypt 1250 -- 1517 Early modern Ottoman Egypt 1517 -- 1867 French occupation 1798 -- 1801 Egypt under Muhammad Ali 1805 -- 1882 Khedivate of Egypt 1867 -- 1914 Modern Egypt British occupation 1882 -- 1922 Sultanate of Egypt 1914 -- 1922 Kingdom of Egypt 1922 -- 1953 Republic 1953 -- present Egypt portal The history of Egypt has been long and rich , due to the flow of the Nile river , with its fertile banks and delta . Its rich history also comes from its native inhabitants and outside influence . Much of Egypt 's ancient history was a mystery until the secrets of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs were deciphered with the discovery and help of the Rosetta Stone . The Great Pyramid of Giza is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still standing . The Lighthouse of Alexandria , one of the other Seven Wonders , is gone . The Library of Alexandria was the only one of its kind for centuries . Human settlement in Egypt dates back to at least 40,000 BC with Aterian tool manufacturing . Ancient Egyptian civilization coalesced around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh of the First Dynasty , Narmer . Predominately native Egyptian rule lasted until the conquest by the Achaemenid Empire in the sixth century BC . In 332 BC , Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great conquered Egypt as he toppled the Achaemenids and established the Hellenistic Ptolemaic Kingdom , whose first ruler was one of Alexander 's former generals , Ptolemy I Soter . The Ptolemies had to fight native rebellions and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its final annexation by Rome . The death of Cleopatra ended the nominal independence of Egypt resulting in Egypt becoming one of the provinces of the Roman Empire . Roman rule in Egypt ( including Byzantine ) lasted from 30 BC to 641 AD , with a brief interlude of control by the Sasanian Empire between 619 - 629 , known as Sasanian Egypt . After the Muslim conquest of Egypt , parts of Egypt became provinces of successive Caliphates and other Muslim dynasties : Rashidun Caliphate ( 632 - 661 ) , Umayyad Caliphate ( 661 -- 750 ) , Abbasid Caliphate ( 750 - 909 ) , Fatimid Caliphate ( 909 - 1171 ) , Ayyubid Sultanate ( 1171 -- 1260 ) , and the Mamluk Sultanate ( 1250 - 1517 ) . In 1517 , Ottoman sultan Selim I captured Cairo , absorbing Egypt into the Ottoman Empire . Egypt remained entirely Ottoman until 1867 , except during French occupation from 1798 to 1801 . Starting in 1867 , Egypt became a nominally autonomous tributary state called the Khedivate of Egypt . However , Khedivate Egypt fell under British control in 1882 following the Anglo - Egyptian War . After the end of World War I and following the Egyptian revolution of 1919 , the Kingdom of Egypt was established . While a de jure independent state , the United Kingdom retained control over foreign affairs , defense , and other matters . British occupation lasted until 1954 , with the Anglo - Egyptian agreement of 1954 . The modern Republic of Egypt was founded in 1953 , and with the complete withdrawal of British forces from the Suez Canal in 1956 , it marked the first time in 2300 years that Egypt was both fully independent and ruled by native Egyptians . President Gamal Abdel Nasser ( president from 1956 to 1970 ) introduced many reforms and created the short - lived United Arab Republic ( with Syria ) . His terms also saw the Six - Day War and the creation of the international Non-Aligned Movement . His successor , Anwar Sadat ( president from 1970 to 1981 ) changed Egypt 's trajectory , departing from many of the political , and economic tenets of Nasserism , re-instituting a multi-party system , and launching the Infitah economic policy . He led Egypt in the Yom Kippur War of 1973 to regain Egypt 's Sinai Peninsula , which Israel had occupied since the Six - Day War of 1967 . This later led to the Egypt -- Israel Peace Treaty . Recent Egyptian history has been dominated by events following nearly thirty years of rule by former president Hosni Mubarak . The Egyptian revolution of 2011 deposed Mubarak and resulted in the first democratically elected president in Egyptian history , Mohamed Morsi . Unrest after the 2011 revolution and related disputes led to the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prehistory ( pre -- 3100 BC ) 2 Ancient Egypt ( 3100 -- 332 BC ) 2.1 Achaemenid rule 2.2 Second Achaemenid conquest 3 Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt ( 332 BC -- 641 AD ) 3.1 Sassanid Egypt 4 Arab and Ottoman Egypt ( 641 -- 1882 ) 5 British Protectorate ( 1882 -- 1953 ) 6 Republican Egypt ( since 1953 ) 6.1 Reign of Nasser 6.2 Reign of Sadat 6.3 Reign of Mubarak 6.4 Terrorist insurgency 6.5 Civil unrest since 2011 6.5. 1 Revolution 6.5. 2 Morsi 's presidency 6.5. 3 After Morsi 6.5. 4 El - Sisi Presidency 7 See also 8 References Prehistory ( pre -- 3100 BC ) ( edit ) Main articles : Prehistoric Egypt and Population history of Egypt There is evidence of petroglyphs along the Nile terraces and in desert oases . In the 10th millennium BC , a culture of hunter - gatherers and fishermen was replaced by a grain - grinding culture . Climate changes and / or overgrazing around 6000 BC began to desiccate the pastoral lands of Egypt , forming the Sahara . Early tribal peoples migrated to the Nile River , where they developed a settled agricultural economy and more centralized society . By about 6000 BC , a Neolithic culture rooted in the Nile Valley . During the Neolithic era , several predynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt . The Badari culture and the successor Naqada series are generally regarded as precursors to dynastic Egypt . The earliest known Lower Egyptian site , Merimda , predates the Badarian by about seven hundred years . Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years , remaining culturally distinct , but maintaining frequent contact through trade . The earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared during the predynastic period on Naqada III pottery vessels , dated to about 3200 BC . Ancient Egypt ( 3100 -- 332 BC ) ( edit ) Main articles : Ancient Egypt and History of ancient Egypt The Great Sphinx and the Pyramids of Giza , built during the Old Kingdom . A unified kingdom was founded 3150 BC by King Menes , leading to a series of dynasties that ruled Egypt for the next three millennia . Egyptian culture flourished during this long period and remained distinctively Egyptian in its religion , arts , language and customs . The first two ruling dynasties of a unified Egypt set the stage for the Old Kingdom period , c. 2700 -- 2200 BC. , which constructed many pyramids , most notably the Third Dynasty pyramid of Djoser and the Fourth Dynasty Giza Pyramids . The First Intermediate Period ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 150 years . Stronger Nile floods and stabilization of government , however , brought back renewed prosperity for the country in the Middle Kingdom c. 2040 BC , reaching a peak during the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat III . A second period of disunity heralded the arrival of the first foreign ruling dynasty in Egypt , that of the Semitic - speaking Hyksos . The Hyksos invaders took over much of Lower Egypt around 1650 BC and founded a new capital at Avaris . They were driven out by an Upper Egyptian force led by Ahmose I , who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty and relocated the capital from Memphis to Thebes . The New Kingdom , c. 1550 -- 1070 BC , began with the Eighteenth Dynasty , marking the rise of Egypt as an international power that expanded during its greatest extension to an empire as far south as Tombos in Nubia , and included parts of the Levant in the east . This period is noted for some of the most well known Pharaohs , including Hatshepsut , Thutmose III , Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti , Tutankhamun and Ramesses II . The first historically attested expression of monotheism came during this period as Atenism . Frequent contacts with other nations brought new ideas to the New Kingdom . The country was later invaded and conquered by Libyans , Nubians and Assyrians , but native Egyptians eventually drove them out and regained control of their country . A team lead by Johannes Krause managed the first reliable sequencing of the genomes of 90 mummified individuals in 2017 . Whilst not conclusive , because of the non-exhaustive time frame and restricted location that the mummies represent , their study nevertheless showed that these Ancient Egyptians `` closely resembled ancient and modern Near Eastern populations , especially those in the Levant , and had almost no DNA from sub-Saharan Africa . What 's more , the genetics of the mummies remained remarkably consistent even as different powers -- including Nubians , Greeks , and Romans -- conquered the empire . '' Achaemenid rule ( edit ) In the sixth century BC , the Achaemenid Empire conquered Egypt . The entire Twenty - seventh Dynasty of Egypt , from 525 BC to 402 BC , save for Petubastis III , was an entirely Persian - ruled period , with the Achaemenid kings being granted the title of pharaoh . The Thirtieth Dynasty was the last native ruling dynasty during the Pharaonic epoch . It fell to the Persians again in 343 BC after the last native Pharaoh , King Nectanebo II , was defeated in battle . Second Achaemenid conquest ( edit ) The Thirty - first Dynasty of Egypt , also known as the Second Egyptian Satrapy , was effectively a short - living province of the Achaemenid Empire between 343 BC to 332 BC . After an interval of independence , during which three indigenous dynasties reigned ( the 28th , 29th and 30th dynasty ) , Artaxerxes III ( 358 -- 338 BC ) reconquered the Nile valley for a brief second period ( 343 -- 332 BC ) , which is called the Thirty - first Dynasty of Egypt , thus starting another period of pharaohs of Persian origin . Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt ( 332 BC -- 641 AD ) ( edit ) Main articles : Ptolemaic Kingdom and Egypt ( Roman province ) The Greek Ptolemaic queen Cleopatra and her son by Julius Caesar , Caesarion , at the Dendera Temple complex . The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state extending from southern Syria in the east , to Cyrene to the west , and south to the frontier with Nubia . Alexandria became the capital city and a center of Greek culture and trade . To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace , they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs . The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions , had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress , and participated in Egyptian religious life . The last ruler from the Ptolemaic dynasty was Cleopatra , who committed suicide following the burial of her lover Mark Antony , who had died in her arms ( from a self - inflicted stab wound ) after Augustus had captured Alexandria and her mercenary forces had fled . The Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Egyptians , often caused by an unwanted regime , and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its annexation by Rome . Nevertheless , Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt well after the Muslim conquest . The native Egyptian / Coptic culture continued to exist as well ( the Coptic language itself was Egypt 's most widely spoken language until at least the 10th century ) . Egypt quickly became the Empire 's breadbasket supplying the greater portion of the Empire 's grain in addition to flax , papyrus , glass , and many other finished goods . The city of Alexandria became a key trading outpost for the Roman Empire ( by some accounts , the most important for a time ) . Shipping from Egypt regularly reached India and Ethiopia among other international destinations . It was also a leading ( perhaps the leading ) scientific and technological center of the Empire . Scholars such as Ptolemy , Hypatia , and Heron broke new ground in astronomy , mathematics , and other disciplines . Culturally , the city of Alexandria at times rivaled Rome in its importance . Christianity reached Egypt relatively early in the evangelist period of the first century ( traditionally credited to Mark the Evangelist ) . Alexandria , Egypt and Antioch , Syria quickly became the leading centers of Christianity . Diocletian 's reign marked the transition from the Roman to the Byzantine era in Egypt , when a great number of Egyptian Christians were persecuted . The New Testament had by then been translated into Egyptian . After the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451 , a distinct Egyptian Coptic Church was firmly established . Sassanid Egypt ( edit ) Sasanian Egypt ( known in Middle Persian sources as Agiptus ) refers to the brief rule of Egypt and parts of Libya by the Sasanian Empire , which lasted from 619 to 629 , until the Sasanian rebel Shahrbaraz made an alliance with the Byzantine emperor Heraclius and had control over Egypt returned to him . Arab and Ottoman Egypt ( 641 -- 1882 ) ( edit ) Main articles : History of Muslim Egypt and History of Ottoman Egypt Selim I ( 1470 -- 1520 ) , conquered Egypt The Hanging Church of Cairo , first built in the 3rd or 4th century , is one of the most famous Coptic Orthodox churches in Egypt . The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Persian invasion early in the 7th century , until 639 -- 42 , when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Arab Islamic Empire . The final loss of Egypt was of incalculable significance to the Byzantine Empire , which had relied on Egypt for many agricultural and manufactured goods . When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt , the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the country . Early in this period , Egyptians began to blend their new faith with their Christian traditions as well as other indigenous beliefs and practices , leading to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day . These earlier rites had survived the period of Coptic Christianity . Muslim rulers nominated by the Islamic Caliphate remained in control of Egypt for the next six centuries , with Cairo as the seat of the Caliphate under the Fatimids . With the end of the Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty , the Mamluks , a Turco - Circassian military caste , took control about AD 1250 . By the late 13th century , Egypt linked the Red Sea , India , Malaya , and East Indies . The Greek and Coptic languages and cultures went into a steep decline in favor of Arabic culture ( though Coptic managed to last as a spoken language until the 17th century and remains a liturgical language today ) . The Mamluks continued to govern the country until the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517 , after which it became a province of the Ottoman Empire . The mid-14th - century Black Death killed about 40 % of the country 's population . After the 15th century , the Ottoman invasion pushed the Egyptian system into decline . The defensive militarization damaged its civil society and economic institutions . The weakening of the economic system combined with the effects of plague left Egypt vulnerable to foreign invasion . Portuguese traders took over their trade . Egypt suffered six famines between 1687 and 1731 . The 1784 famine cost it roughly one - sixth of its population . The brief French invasion of Egypt led by Napoleon Bonaparte began in 1798 . The expulsion of the French in 1801 by Ottoman , Mamluk , and British forces was followed by four years of anarchy in which Ottomans , Mamluks , and Albanians -- who were nominally in the service of the Ottomans -- wrestled for power . Out of this chaos , the commander of the Albanian regiment , Muhammad Ali ( Kavalali Mehmed Ali Pasha ) emerged as a dominant figure and in 1805 was acknowledged by the Sultan in Istanbul as his viceroy in Egypt ; the title implied subordination to the Sultan but this was in fact a polite fiction : Ottoman power in Egypt was finished and Muhammad Ali , an ambitious and able leader , established a dynasty that was to rule Egypt until the revolution of 1952 . In later years , the dynasty became a British puppet . His primary focus was military : he annexed Northern Sudan ( 1820 -- 1824 ) , Syria ( 1833 ) , and parts of Arabia and Anatolia ; but in 1841 the European powers , fearful lest he topple the Ottoman Empire itself , forced him to return most of his conquests to the Ottomans , but he kept the Sudan and his title to Egypt was made hereditary . A more lasting result of his military ambition is that it required him to modernize the country . Eager to adopt the military ( and therefore industrial ) techniques of the great powers , he sent students to the West and invited training missions to Egypt . He built industries , a system of canals for irrigation and transport , and reformed the civil service . The introduction in 1820 of long - staple cotton , the Egyptian variety of which became notable , transformed its agriculture into a cash - crop monoculture before the end of the century . The social effects of this were enormous : land ownership became concentrated and many foreigners arrived , shifting production towards international markets . British protectorate ( 1882 -- 1953 ) ( edit ) Main articles : History of Egypt under the British and History of modern Egypt Nationalists demonstrating in Cairo , 1919 British indirect rule lasted from 1882 , when the British succeeded in defeating the Egyptian Army at Tel el - Kebir in September and took control of the country , to the 1952 Egyptian revolution which made Egypt a republic and when British advisers were expelled . Muhammad Ali was succeeded briefly by his son Ibrahim ( in September 1848 ) , then by a grandson Abbas I ( in November 1848 ) , then by Said ( in 1854 ) , and Isma'il ( in 1863 ) . Abbas I was cautious . Said and Ismail were ambitious developers , but they spent beyond their means . The Suez Canal , built in partnership with the French , was completed in 1869 . The cost of this and other projects had two effects : it led to enormous debt to European banks , and caused popular discontent because of the onerous taxation it required . In 1875 Ismail was forced to sell Egypt 's share in the canal to the British Government . Within three years this led to the imposition of British and French controllers who sat in the Egyptian cabinet , and , `` with the financial power of the bondholders behind them , were the real power in the Government . '' Local dissatisfaction with Ismail and with European intrusion led to the formation of the first nationalist groupings in 1879 , with Ahmad Urabi a prominent figure . In 1882 he became head of a nationalist - dominated ministry committed to democratic reforms including parliamentary control of the budget . Fearing a reduction of their control , Britain and France intervened militarily , bombarding Alexandria and crushing the Egyptian army at the battle of Tel el - Kebir . They reinstalled Ismail 's son Tewfik as figurehead of a de facto British protectorate . In 1914 , the Protectorate was made official , and the title of the head of state , which in 1867 had changed from pasha to khedive , was changed again to sultan , to repudiate the vestigial suzerainty of the Ottoman sultan , who was backing the Central powers in the First World War . Abbas II was deposed as khedive and replaced by his uncle , Hussein Kamel , as sultan . In 1906 , the Dinshaway Incident prompted many neutral Egyptians to join the nationalist movement . After the First World War , Saad Zaghlul and the Wafd Party led the Egyptian nationalist movement to a majority at the local Legislative Assembly . When the British exiled Zaghlul and his associates to Malta on 8 March 1919 , the country arose in its first modern revolution . The revolt led the UK government to issue a unilateral declaration of Egypt 's independence on 22 February 1922 . The new government drafted and implemented a constitution in 1923 based on a parliamentary system . Saad Zaghlul was popularly elected as Prime Minister of Egypt in 1924 . In 1936 , the Anglo - Egyptian Treaty was concluded . Continued instability due to remaining British influence and increasing political involvement by the king led to the dissolution of the parliament in a military coup d'état known as the 1952 Revolution . The Free Officers Movement forced King Farouk to abdicate in support of his son Fuad . British military presence in Egypt lasted until 1954 . Republican Egypt ( since 1953 ) ( edit ) Main articles : History of the Republic of Egypt and History of modern Egypt Celebrating the signing of the Camp David Accords : Menachem Begin , Jimmy Carter , Anwar Al Sadat . On 18 June 1953 , the Egyptian Republic was declared , with General Muhammad Naguib as the first President of the Republic . Naguib was forced to resign in 1954 by Gamal Abdel Nasser -- the real architect of the 1952 movement -- and was later put under house arrest . Reign of Nasser ( edit ) Main article : Gamal Abdel Nasser Nasser assumed power as President in June 1956 . British forces completed their withdrawal from the occupied Suez Canal Zone on 13 June 1956 . He nationalized the Suez Canal on 26 July 1956 , prompting the 1956 Suez Crisis . In 1958 , Egypt and Syria formed a sovereign union known as the United Arab Republic . The union was short - lived , ending in 1961 when Syria seceded , thus ending the union . During most of its existence , the United Arab Republic was also in a loose confederation with North Yemen ( formerly the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen ) known as the United Arab States . In the 1967 Six Day War , Israel invaded and occupied Egypt 's Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip , which Egypt had occupied since the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War . Three years later ( 1970 ) , President Nasser died and was succeeded by Anwar Sadat . Reign of Sadat ( edit ) Main article : Anwar el - Sadat Sadat switched Egypt 's Cold War allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States , expelling Soviet advisors in 1972 . He launched the Infitah economic reform policy , while clamping down on religious and secular opposition . In 1973 , Egypt , along with Syria , launched the October War , a surprise attack against the Israeli forces occupying the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights . It was an attempt to regain part of the Sinai territory that Israel had captured six years earlier . Sadat hoped to seize some territory through military force , and then regain the rest of the peninsula by diplomacy . The conflict sparked an international crisis between the US and the USSR , both of whom intervened . The second UN-mandated ceasefire halted military action . While the war ended with a military stalemate , it presented Sadat with a political victory that later allowed him to regain the Sinai in return for peace with Israel . Sadat made a historic visit to Israel in 1977 , which led to the 1979 peace treaty in exchange for Israeli withdrawal from Sinai . Sadat 's initiative sparked enormous controversy in the Arab world and led to Egypt 's expulsion from the Arab League , but it was supported by most Egyptians . On 6 October 1981 , Sadat and six diplomats were assassinated while observing a military parade commemorating the eighth anniversary of the October 1973 War . He was succeeded by Hosni Mubarak . Reign of Mubarak ( edit ) Main article : Hosni Mubarak This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 ) Mubarak started many projects such as Cairo International Airport and the Cairo metro . Mubarak made many new cities including : Sheikh Zayed Ain Sokhna New Cairo Borg el - Arab Terrorist insurgency ( edit ) Main article : Terrorism in Egypt In 1980s , 1990s , and 2000s , terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe , and began to target Copts and foreign tourists as well as government officials . Some scholars and authors have credited Islamist writer Sayyid Qutb , who was executed in 1967 , as the inspiration for the new wave of attacks . The 1990s saw an Islamist group , al - Gama'a al - Islamiyya , engage in an extended campaign of violence , from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals , to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners . Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt 's economy -- tourism -- and in turn to the government , but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support . Victims of the campaign against the Egyptian state from 1992 - 1997 exceeded 1,200 and included the head of the counter-terrorism police ( Major General Raouf Khayrat ) , a speaker of parliament ( Rifaat el - Mahgoub ) , dozens of European tourists and Egyptian bystanders , and over 100 Egyptian police . At times , travel by foreigners in parts of Upper Egypt was severely restricted and dangerous . On 17 November 1997 , 62 people , mostly tourists , were killed near Luxor . The assailants trapped the people in the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut . During this period , Al - Gama'a al - Islamiyya was given support by the governments of Iran and Sudan , as well as al - Qaeda . The Egyptian government received support during that time from the United States . Civil unrest since 2011 ( edit ) Main article : Egyptian crisis ( 2011 -- 14 ) Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Egyptian revolution of 2011 In 2003 , the Kefaya ( `` Egyptian Movement for Change '' ) , was launched to oppose the Mubarak regime and to establish democratic reforms and greater civil liberties . Celebrations in Tahrir Square after Omar Suleiman 's statement announcing Hosni Mubarak 's resignation On 25 January 2011 , widespread protests began against Mubarak 's government . The objective of the protest was the removal of Mubarak from power . These took the form of an intensive campaign of civil resistance supported by a very large number of people and mainly consisting of continuous mass demonstrations . By 29 January , it was becoming clear that Mubarak 's government had lost control when a curfew order was ignored , and the army took a semi-neutral stance on enforcing the curfew decree . Some protesters , a very small minority in Cairo , expressed views against what they deemed was foreign interference , highlighted by the then - held view that the U.S. administration had failed to take sides , as well as linking the administration with Israel . On 11 February 2011 , Mubarak resigned and fled Cairo . Vice President Omar Suleiman announced that Mubarak had stepped down and that the Egyptian military would assume control of the nation 's affairs in the short term . Jubilant celebrations broke out in Tahrir Square at the news . Mubarak may have left Cairo for Sharm el - Sheikh the previous night , before or shortly after the airing of a taped speech in which Mubarak vowed he would not step down or leave . On 13 February 2011 , the high level military command of Egypt announced that both the constitution and the parliament of Egypt had been dissolved . The parliamentary election was to be held in September . A constitutional referendum was held on 19 March 2011 . On 28 November 2011 , Egypt held its first parliamentary election since the previous regime had been in power . Turnout was high and there were no reports of violence , although members of some parties broke the ban on campaigning at polling places by handing out pamphlets and banners . There were however complaints of irregularities . Morsi 's presidency ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of the Egyptian Crisis under Mohamed Morsi The first round of a presidential election was held in Egypt on 23 and 24 May 2012 . Mohamed Morsi won 25 % of the vote and Ahmed Shafik , the last prime minister under deposed leader Hosni Mubarak , 24 % . A second round was held on 16 and 17 June . On 24 June 2012 , the election commission announced that Mohamed Morsi had won the election , making him the first democratically elected president of Egypt . According to official results , Morsi took 51.7 percent of the vote while Shafik received 48.3 percent . On 8 July 2012 , Egypt 's new president Mohamed Morsi announced he was overriding the military edict that dissolved the country 's elected parliament and he called lawmakers back into session . On 10 July 2012 , the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt negated the decision by Morsi to call the nation 's parliament back into session . On 2 August 2012 , Egypt 's Prime Minister Hisham Qandil announced his 35 - member cabinet comprising 28 newcomers including four from the influential Muslim Brotherhood , six others and the former military ruler Mohamed Hussein Tantawi as the Defence Minister from the previous Government . On 22 November 2012 , Morsi issued a declaration immunizing his decrees from challenge and seeking to protect the work of the constituent assembly drafting the new constitution . The declaration also requires a retrial of those accused in the Mubarak - era killings of protesters , who had been acquitted , and extends the mandate of the constituent assembly by two months . Additionally , the declaration authorizes Morsi to take any measures necessary to protect the revolution . Liberal and secular groups previously walked out of the constitutional constituent assembly because they believed that it would impose strict Islamic practices , while Muslim Brotherhood backers threw their support behind Morsi . The move was criticized by Mohamed ElBaradei , the leader of Egypt 's Constitution Party , who stated `` Morsi today usurped all state powers & appointed himself Egypt 's new pharaoh '' on his Twitter feed . The move led to massive protests and violent action throughout Egypt . On 5 December 2012 , Tens of thousands of supporters and opponents of Egypt 's president clashed , hurling rocks and Molotov cocktails and brawling in Cairo 's streets , in what was described as the largest violent battle between Islamists and their foes since the country 's revolution . Six senior advisors and three other officials resigned from the government and the country 's leading Islamic institution called on Morsi to stem his powers . Protesters also clamored from coastal cities to desert towns . Morsi offered a `` national dialogue '' with opposition leaders but refused to cancel a 15 December vote on a draft constitution written by an Islamist - dominated assembly that has ignited two weeks of political unrest . A constitutional referendum was held in two rounds on 15 and 22 December 2012 , with 64 % support , and 33 % against . It was signed into law by a presidential decree issued by Morsi on 26 December 2012 . On 3 July 2013 , the constitution was suspended by order of the Egyptian army . On 30 June 2013 , on the first anniversary of the election of Morsi , millions of protesters across Egypt took to the streets and demanded the immediate resignation of the president . On 1 July , the Egyptian Armed Forces issued a 48 - hour ultimatum that gave the country 's political parties until 3 July to meet the demands of the Egyptian people . The presidency rejected the Egyptian Army 's 48 - hour ultimatum , vowing that the president would pursue his own plans for national reconciliation to resolve the political crisis . On 3 July , General Abdel Fattah el - Sisi , head of the Egyptian Armed Forces , announced that he had removed Morsi from power , suspended the constitution and would be calling new presidential and Shura Council elections and named Supreme Constitutional Court 's leader , Adly Mansour as acting president . Mansour was sworn in on 4 July 2013 . After Morsi ( edit ) Main article : Post-coup unrest in Egypt ( 2013 -- 2014 ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2014 ) During the months after the coup d'état , a new constitution was prepared , which took effect on 18 January 2014 . After that , presidential and parliamentary elections have to be held in June 2014 . On 24 March 2014 , 529 Morsi 's supporters were sentenced to death , while the trial of Morsi himself was still ongoing . Having delivered a final judgement , 492 sentences were commuted to life imprisonment with `` only '' 37 death sentences being upheld . On 28 April , another mass trial took place with 683 Morsi supporters sentenced to death for killing 1 police officer . In 2015 , Egypt participated in the Saudi Arabian - led intervention in Yemen . El - Sisi presidency ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Abdel Fattah el - Sisi In the elections of June 2014 El - Sisi won with a percentage of 96.1 . Under President el - Sisi , Egypt has implemented a rigorous policy of controlling the border to the Gaza Strip , including the dismantling of tunnels between the Gaza strip and Sinai . See also ( edit ) History of cities in Egypt : Alexandria history and timeline Cairo history and timeline Timeline of Egypt ( fr ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Midant - Reynes , Béatrix . The Prehistory of Egypt : From the First Egyptians to the First Kings . Oxford : Blackwell Publishers . Jump up ^ `` The Nile Valley 6000 -- 4000 BC Neolithic '' . The British Museum . 2005 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2009 . Retrieved 21 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Bard , Kathryn A. Ian Shaw , ed . The Oxford Illustrated History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2000 . p. 69 . Jump up ^ `` The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom '' . BBC . 17 February 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Kushite Conquest of Egypt '' . Ancientsudan.org . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Wade , L. ( 2017 ) . `` Egyptian mummy DNA , at last '' . Science . 356 ( 6341 ) : 894 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 356.6341. 894 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Alan K ( 1996 ) . Egypt after the Pharaohs 332 BC -- AD 642 ( 2nd ed . ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 25 -- 26 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20531 - 6 . Jump up ^ Stanwick , Paul Edmond ( 2003 ) . Portraits of the Ptolemies : Greek kings as Egyptian pharaohs . Austin : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 77772 - 8 . Jump up ^ Riggs , Christina , ed. ( 2012 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt . Oxford University Press . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 0199571451 . Jump up ^ Olson , Roger E. ( 2014 ) . The Story of Christian Theology : Twenty Centuries of Tradition & Reform . InterVarsity Press . p. 201 . ^ Jump up to : `` Egypt '' . Berkley Center for Religion , Peace , and World Affairs . Retrieved 14 December 2011 . See drop - down essay on `` Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire '' Jump up ^ Nash , John F. ( 2008 ) . Christianity : the One , the Many : What Christianity Might Have Been . 1 . p. 91 . Jump up ^ Kamil , Jill . Coptic Egypt : History and Guide . Cairo : American University in Cairo , 1997 . p. 39 Jump up ^ El - Daly , Okasha . Egyptology : The Missing Millennium . London : UCL Press ^ Jump up to : Abu - Lughod , Janet L. ( 1991 ) ( 1989 ) . `` The Mideast Heartland '' . Before European Hegemony : The World System A.D. 1250 -- 1350 . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 243 -- 244 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 506774 - 3 . Jump up ^ Egypt -- Major Cities , U.S. Library of Congress Jump up ^ Donald Quataert ( 2005 ) . The Ottoman Empire , 1700 -- 1922 . Cambridge University Press . p. 115 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83910 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt , Study Shows '' . ScienceDaily. 22 November 2006 ^ Jump up to : Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin , Nasser of the Arabs , published c. 1973 , p 2 . Jump up ^ Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin , Nasser of the Arabs , p 2 . Jump up ^ Anglo French motivation : Derek Hopwood , Egypt : Politics and Society 1945 -- 1981 ( London , 1982 , George Allen & Unwin ) , p. 11 Jump up ^ De facto protectorate : Joan Wucher King , Historical Dictionary of Egypt ( Metuchen , New Jersey , USA : Scarecrow , 1984 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ James Jankowski , Egypt , A Short History , p. 111 Jump up ^ Jankowski , op cit. , p. 112 Jump up ^ `` Egypt '' . CIA - The World Factbook . Retrieved 2 February 2011 . Partially independent from the UK in 1922 , Egypt acquired full sovereignty with the overthrow of the British - backed monarchy in 1952 . Jump up ^ USMC Major Michael C. Jordan ( 1997 ) . `` The 1973 Arab - Israeli War : Arab Policies , Strategies , and Campaigns '' . GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved 20 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Vatikiotis , p. 443 Jump up ^ Murphy , Caryle Passion for Islam : Shaping the Modern Middle East : the Egyptian Experience , Scribner , 2002 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Murphy , Caryle Passion for Islam : Shaping the Modern Middle East : the Egyptian Experience , Scribner , 2002 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Kepel , Gilles , Muslim Extremism in Egypt by Gilles Kepel , English translation published by University of California Press , 1986 , p. 74 Jump up ^ `` Solidly ahead of oil , Suez Canal revenues , and remittances , tourism is Egypt 's main hard currency earner at $6.5 billion per year . '' ( in 2005 ) ... concerns over tourism 's future Archived 24 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 27 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Gilles Kepel , Jihad , 2002 Jump up ^ Lawrence Wright , The Looming Tower ( 2006 ) , p. 258 Jump up ^ `` Timeline of modern Egypt '' . Gemsofislamism.tripod.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ As described by William Dalrymple in his book From the Holy Mountain ( 1996 , ISBN 0 00 654774 5 ) pp. 434 - 54 , where he describes his trip to the area of Asyut in 1994 . ^ Jump up to : Uppsala Conflict Data Program , Conflict Encyclopedia , The al - Gama'a al - Islamiyya insurgency , viewed 2013 - 05 - 03 , http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=50®ionSelect=10-Middle_East# Jump up ^ `` Malaysia Egypt Protest Pictures & Photos '' . AP Photo / Lai Seng Sin. 31 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , David D. ( 11 February 2010 ) . `` Mubarak Steps Down , Ceding Power to Military '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt crisis : President Hosni Mubarak resigns as leader '' . BBC . 11 February 2010 . Retrieved 11 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Mubarak Resigns As Egypt 's President , Armed Forces To Take Control Huffington Post / AP , 11 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` Mubarak Flees Cairo for Sharm el - Sheikh '' . CBS News . 11 February 2011 . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Egyptian Parliament dissolved , constitution suspended '' . BBC . 13 February 2011 . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Egypt 's Historic Day Proceeds Peacefully , Turnout High For Elections . NPR. 28 November 2011 . Last Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Daniel Pipes and Cynthia Farahat ( 24 January 2012 ) . `` Do n't Ignore Electoral Fraud in Egypt '' . Daniel Pipes Middle East Forum . Jump up ^ Fahmy , Mohamed ( 9 July 2012 ) . `` Egypt 's president calls back dissolved parliament '' . CNN . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Watson , Ivan ( 10 July 2012 ) . `` Court overrules Egypt 's president on parliament '' . CNN . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt unveils new cabinet , Tantawi keeps defence post '' . 3 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt 's President Mursi assumes sweeping powers '' . BBC News . 22 November 2012 . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rallies for , against Egypt president 's new powers '' . Associated Press . 23 November 2012 . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / ELBaradei '' . 22 November 2012 . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Michael ( 22 November 2012 ) . `` Egypt 's President Morsi takes sweeping new powers publisher '' Washington Post `` . The Washington Post . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Richard ( 23 November 2012 ) . `` Violence breaks out across Egypt as protesters decry Mohammed Morsi 's constitutional ' coup ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt Sees Largest Clash Since Revolution '' . Wall Street Journal . 6 December 2012 . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fleishman , Jeffrey ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` Morsi refuses to cancel Egypt 's vote on constitution '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Czech News Agency ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Soud s islamisty v Egyptě : Na popraviště půjde více než 500 Mursího stoupenců '' . IHNED.cz . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt sentences 683 to death in latest mass trial of dissidents '' . The Washington Post . 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt and Saudi Arabia discuss maneuvers as Yemen battles rage '' . Reuters. 14 April 2015 . 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PGA Tour Champions

PGA Tour Champions - wikipedia PGA Tour Champions This article is about a senior golf tour . For the senior tennis tour , see Outback Champions Series and ATP Champions Tour . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) PGA Tour Champions Current season , competition or edition : 2018 PGA Tour Champions season Sport Golf Founded 1980 Inaugural season 1980 ( as Senior PGA Tour ) Country United States & international Most titles Hale Irwin ( 45 wins ) TV partner ( s ) Golf Channel Official website www.pgatour.com/champions.html Former logo ( 1980 -- 2002 ) PGA Tour Champions ( formerly the Senior PGA Tour and the Champions Tour ) is a men 's professional senior golf tour , administered as a branch of the PGA Tour . Contents 1 History and format 2 Exemptions and qualifying 3 2018 schedule 4 Money winners and most wins leaders 4.1 Multiple money list titles 5 Leading career money winners 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History and format ( edit ) The Senior PGA Championship , founded in 1937 , was for many years the only high - profile tournament for golfers over 50 . The idea for a senior tour grew out of a highly successful event in 1978 , the Legends of Golf , which featured competition between two - member teams of some of the greatest older golfers of that day . The tour was formally established in 1980 and was originally known as the Senior PGA Tour until October 2002 . The tour was then renamed the Champions Tour through the 2015 season , after which the current name of `` PGA Tour Champions '' was adopted . Of the 26 tournaments on the 2010 schedule , all were in the United States except for the Senior Open Championship , a tournament in the Dominican Republic that started in 2008 , and tournaments in Canada and South Korea starting in 2010 . The guaranteed minimum official prize money is $51.5 million over 26 tournaments , with a record average purse of $1.98 million per event ; slightly higher than the 2008 prize money of $51.4 million over the same number of events . The total prize money and number of events , however , are down from previous years -- for example , the 2007 tour offered a total of $55.2 million over 29 events . Most of the tournaments are played over three rounds ( 54 holes ) , which is one round fewer than regular professional stroke play tournaments on the PGA Tour . Because of this and having smaller fields ( 81 golfers ) , there are generally no `` cuts '' between any of the rounds . However , the five senior majors have a full 72 holes ( four rounds ) with a 36 - hole cut . Until 2015 , the season - ending Charles Schwab Cup Championship , with a limited field of 36 , was played over 72 holes with no cut . Since 2016 , it has been played over 54 holes with no cut . A golfer 's performances can be quite variable from one round to the next , and playing an extra round increases the likelihood that the senior majors will be won by leading players . Through the 2015 season , the Charles Schwab Cup was a season - long points race . Points were given to players who finished in the top 10 . One point was earned for each $1,000 won ( i.e. $500,000 = 500 points ) with majors counting double . From the Cup 's inception in 1990 through 2015 , the top 30 players competed in the Charles Schwab Cup Championship , which was contested over four rounds and where all contestants earned points . The top five finishers in the points race earned annuities . In 2016 , the format of the Charles Schwab Cup was radically changed to a playoff - style format similar to that used for the FedEx Cup on the main PGA Tour . Qualification for the playoffs is now based on money earned during the PGA Tour Champions season . The top 72 players on the money list automatically qualify for the first playoff event , the PowerShares QQQ Championship . Additionally , if one or more golfers finish in the top 10 in the final non-playoff event , the SAS Championship , and are not in the top 72 on the money list entering the playoffs , the highest such finisher in the SAS Championship will also receive a playoff place . The playoffs operate on a points system , with each qualifying player receiving a points total equal to the money earned on the season . Points during the first two playoff events , the QQQ Championship and Dominion Charity Classic , are also based on money earned , except that the winner of each of those events receives double points . The playoff field is cut to 54 for the Dominion Charity Classic , and finally to 36 for the Charles Schwab Cup Championship . After the Dominion Charity Classic , the field 's points are reset so that each of the remaining 36 players can theoretically win the Charles Schwab Cup , and that each of the top five players can clinch the Charles Schwab Cup by winning the final event . In 2006 , the Champions Tour Division Board of the PGA Tour organization voted to allow players the option to use golf carts during most events on the tour . The five major championships and certain other events , including pro-ams , are excluded . Exemptions and qualifying ( edit ) Current PGA Tour Champions competitor and TV golf analyst Bobby Clampett has called the process for determining the field in tour events `` the most complicated system known to man , '' and added that `` ( n ) ot a single player even understands it fully . '' Clampett attempted to explain the process in a 2011 post on his blog . Standard tour events -- apart from invitationals and majors , which have their own entry criteria -- have a field of 78 ( currently 81 ) . The first 60 places in the field are filled as follows : The top 30 players , not otherwise exempt , who finished in the top 50 of the previous year 's PGA Tour Champions money list . Up to 30 players who are in the top 70 of the all - time combined PGA Tour and PGA Tour Champions money list . This leaves 18 places : Members of the World Golf Hall of Fame eligible by age . Winners of PGA Tour Champions events in the previous 12 months . At the start of the season , 5 players from the previous year 's PGA Tour Champions Qualifying Tournament , in order of finish . During July , this category changes to include all non-exempt players based on the season 's money list . Previously exempt players coming off medical exemptions . Top four players in their first two years of age eligibility with multiple PGA Tour wins . One spot for the highest finisher , not already exempt , within the top 10 of the previous week 's tournament . Note , however , that a top - 10 finish in a regular tournament does not qualify a player for a major . In another quirk , a top - 10 finish in a major does not qualify a player for the next tournament on the schedule , even if it is a regular tournament . Up to 5 spots for sponsor 's exemptions , but subject to reduction or elimination if the previous categories fill out the field . Up to 4 spots for Monday qualifiers , also subject to reduction or elimination 2018 schedule ( edit ) Main article : 2018 PGA Tour Champions season Money winners and most wins leaders ( edit ) Players who lead the money list on PGA Tour Champions win the Arnold Palmer Award . Year Money leader Earnings ( $ ) Most wins 2017 Bernhard Langer 3,677,359 7 : Bernhard Langer 2016 Bernhard Langer 3,016,959 4 : Bernhard Langer 2015 Bernhard Langer 2,340,288 4 : Jeff Maggert 2014 Bernhard Langer 3,074,189 5 : Bernhard Langer 2013 Bernhard Langer 2,448,428 3 : Kenny Perry 2012 Bernhard Langer 2,140,296 2 : Michael Allen , Roger Chapman , Fred Couples , David Frost , Fred Funk , Bernhard Langer , Tom Lehman , Willie Wood 2011 Tom Lehman 2,081,526 3 : John Cook , Tom Lehman Bernhard Langer 2,648,939 5 : Bernhard Langer 2009 Bernhard Langer 2,139,451 4 : Bernhard Langer 2008 Bernhard Langer 2,035,073 3 : Bernhard Langer , Eduardo Romero 2007 Jay Haas 2,581,001 4 : Jay Haas 2006 Jay Haas 2,420,227 4 : Jay Haas , Loren Roberts 2005 Dana Quigley 2,170,258 4 : Hale Irwin Craig Stadler 2,306,066 5 : Craig Stadler 2003 Tom Watson 1,853,108 3 : Craig Stadler 2002 Hale Irwin 3,028,304 4 : Bob Gilder , Hale Irwin 2001 Allen Doyle 2,553,582 5 : Larry Nelson 2000 Larry Nelson 2,708,005 6 : Larry Nelson 1999 Bruce Fleisher 2,515,705 7 : Bruce Fleisher 1998 Hale Irwin 2,861,945 7 : Hale Irwin 1997 Hale Irwin 2,343,364 9 : Hale Irwin Jim Colbert 1,627,890 5 : Jim Colbert 1995 Jim Colbert 1,444,386 4 : Jim Colbert , Bob Murphy 1994 Dave Stockton 1,402,519 6 : Lee Trevino 1993 Dave Stockton 1,175,944 5 : Dave Stockton 1992 Lee Trevino 1,027,002 5 : Lee Trevino 1991 Mike Hill 1,065,657 5 : Mike Hill 1990 Lee Trevino 1,190,518 7 : Lee Trevino 1989 Bob Charles 725,887 5 : Bob Charles 1988 Bob Charles 533,929 5 : Bob Charles , Gary Player Chi Chi Rodriguez 509,145 7 : Chi Chi Rodriguez 1986 Bruce Crampton 454,299 7 : Bruce Crampton 1985 Peter Thomson 386,724 9 : Peter Thomson 1984 Don January 328,597 4 : Miller Barber Don January 237,571 6 : Don January 1982 Miller Barber 106,890 3 : Miller Barber 1981 Miller Barber 83,136 3 : Miller Barber 1980 Don January 44,100 1 : Roberto DeVicenzo , Don January , Arnold Palmer , Charlie Sifford Multiple money list titles ( edit ) The following players have won more than one money list title through 2017 : 9 : Bernhard Langer 3 : Hale Irwin , Don January 2 : Miller Barber , Bob Charles , Jim Colbert , Jay Haas , Dave Stockton , Lee Trevino Leading Career money winners ( edit ) The table shows the top ten career money leaders on PGA Tour Champions through the 2017 season . Rank Player Country Earnings ( $ ) Hale Irwin United States 27,076,479 Bernhard Langer Germany 24,599,350 Gil Morgan United States 20,617,668 Jay Haas United States 17,859,483 5 Tom Kite United States 16,213,400 6 Dana Quigley United States 14,882,398 7 Bruce Fleisher United States 14,864,406 8 Tom Watson United States 14,854,913 9 Larry Nelson United States 14,603,232 10 Jim Thorpe United States 13,926,774 There is a full list on the PGA Tour 's website here . The PGA Tour also publishes a list of PGA Tour Champions players ' total career earnings on its three main tours here . The top two players on that list are Vijay Singh and Davis Love III , who respectively became eligible for the circuit then known as the Champions Tour in February 2013 and April 2014 . Singh has won a total of $72.7 million , but only played in six Champions Tour events in his first three years of eligibility , earning just over $400,000 on that tour . Love has won $44.8 million in all , but only played in five Champions Tour events in his first two years of eligibility , earning slightly under $110,000 ; he won an event on the regular PGA Tour in 2015 . Among those who have played at least one full season on PGA Tour Champions , David Toms is the all - time leader , with a total of $42.7 million . See also ( edit ) Golf portal Golf in the United States Champions Tour awards Champions Tour records List of golfers with most Champions Tour major championship wins List of golfers with most Champions Tour wins References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Career wins '' . PGA Tour Champions . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Champions Tour announces schedule for 2010 '' . PGA Tour . November 24 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Champions Tour releases schedule for 2009 '' . PGA Tour . November 12 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Champions Tour unveils schedule of 29 official events for 2008 '' . PGA Tour . June 28 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Champions Tour announces 2016 schedule and format for inaugural Charles Schwab Cup Playoffs '' ( Press release ) . PGA Tour . November 11 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Clampett , Bobby . `` Insight Into the Champion 's ( sic ) Tour Exemption Process '' . BobbyClampett.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rubenstein , Lorne ( September 12 , 2011 ) . `` Rutledge Embraces Vagabond Life of Champions Tour '' . GlobalGolfPost.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vijay Singh Career Summary '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Davis Love III Career Summary '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website PGA Tour Champions events Events are listed in playing order Major championships Regions Tradition Senior PGA Championship U.S. Senior Open Senior Players Championship Senior Open Championship Regular events Mitsubishi Electric Championship at Hualalai Boca Raton Championship Chubb Classic Cologuard Classic Toshiba Classic Rapiscan Systems Classic Mitsubishi Electric Classic Bass Pro Shops Legends of Golf Insperity Invitational Principal Charity Classic American Family Insurance Championship 3M Championship Dick 's Sporting Goods Open Boeing Classic Shaw Charity Classic The Ally Challenge Sanford International PURE Insurance Championship SAS Championship Charles Schwab Cup playoff events Dominion Energy Charity Classic Invesco QQQ Championship Charles Schwab Cup Championship Unofficial money events Diamond Resorts Invitational PNC Father - Son Challenge PGA Tour Champions seasons 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Men 's professional golf tours Principal tours Asian Tour European Tour Japan Golf Tour PGA Tour PGA Tour of Australasia Sunshine Tour Second tier and regional ( carrying ranking points ) Challenge Tour Korean Tour Web.com Tour Third tier and regional ( carrying ranking points ) PGA Tour - affiliated : PGA Tour Canada PGA Tour China PGA Tour Latinoamérica European Tour - affiliated : Alps Tour Nordic Golf League PGA EuroPro Tour Pro Golf Tour Asian Tour - affiliated : Asian Development Tour Sunshine Tour - affiliated : MENA Golf Tour Big Easy Tour Other third tier tours United States : Gateway Tour Swing Thought Tour Other tours Japan Challenge Tour Professional Golf Tour of India All Thailand Golf Tour Swedish Golf Tour TPG Tour OneAsia Senior tours PGA Tour Champions European Senior Tour Defunct tours Tour de las Américas US Pro Golf Tour Golden Bear Tour eGolf Professional Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PGA_Tour_Champions&oldid=849965896 '' Categories : PGA Tour Champions 1980 establishments in Florida Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2011 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox sports league with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 16 : 55 ( UTC ) . 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List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh

List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh - Wikipedia List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh Jump to : navigation , search Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh Incumbent Yogi Adityanath since 19 March 2017 Appointer Governor of Uttar Pradesh Inaugural holder Govind Ballabh Pant Formation 26 January 1950 The Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh ( UP ) , a North Indian state , is the head of the Government of Uttar Pradesh . As per the Constitution of India , the governor is the state 's de jure head , but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister . Following elections to the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly , the governor usually invites the party ( or coalition ) with a majority of seats to form the government . The governor appoints the chief minister , whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly . Given that he has the confidence of the assembly , the chief minister 's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits . On 26 January 1950 Govind Ballabh Pant , Premier of United Provinces , became the first Chief Minister of the newly renamed Uttar Pradesh . Including him , 11 out of UP 's 21 chief ministers belonged to the Indian National Congress . Among these is V.P. Singh , a future Prime Minister of India , as was Charan Singh of the Rashtriya Lok Dal . UP has also had two women chief ministers -- Sucheta Kriplani and Mayawati . Akhilesh Yadav of the Samajwadi Party served as the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh from 2012 to 2017 , having assumed office at the age of 38 , he is the youngest person to have held the office . On ten occasions , most recently in 2002 , the state has come under President 's rule , leaving the office of chief minister vacant . Yogi Adityanath of the Bharatiya Janata Party has served as the incumbent chief minister since 19 March 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premiers of United Provinces 2 Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh 3 References 4 External links Premiers of United Provinces ( edit ) Govind Ballabh Pant , the first Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh The United Provinces , headquartered in Allahabad was a province of British India that comprised present day Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand . Under the Government of India Act , 1935 , a bicameral legislature was set up with a legislative assembly and a legislative council . No Name Term of office Party Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari 3 April 1937 16 July 1937 Independent Govind Ballabh Pant 17 July 1937 2 November 1939 Indian National Congress Vacant ( 2 ) Govind Ballabh Pant 1 April 1946 25 January 1950 Indian National Congress Chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh ( edit ) Colour key for parties Bahujan Samaj Party Bharatiya Kranti Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Indian National Congress Indian National Congress ( O ) Janata Dal Janata Party Samajwadi Party N / A ( President 's rule ) UP 's fifth chief minister , Charan Singh of the Bharatiya Kranti Dal , went on to become India 's fifth prime minister . UP 's 9th chief minister , N.D. Tiwari of the Indian National Congress , only Chief Minister who Served two different states ( Uttar Pradesh - 4 term & Uttarakhand - 1 term . ) Ram Naresh Yadav served as UP 's chief minister in the late 1970s as a member of the Janata Party . Although V.P. Singh 's chief - ministerial reign was as a Congressman , as Prime Minister of India he headed the National Front government as a member of the Janata Dal . Kalyan Singh was the first chief minister from the BJP . His tenure also witnessed the demolition of Babri Masjid UP 's 19th chief minister , Rajnath Singh , is the current Union Home Minister . Mulayam Singh Yadav of the Samajwadi Party has served three stints as UP 's chief minister . Mayawati was the one who completed her tenure in UP as Chief Minister from 2007 to 2012 after 1960 . Akhilesh Yadav , the state 's youngest - ever Chief Minister , holding office from 2012 to 2017 . No Name Constituency Term of office Tenure length Party Assembly ( Election ) Ref Govind Ballabh Pant Bareilly Municipality 26 January 1950 20 May 1952 4 years , 335 days Indian National Congress Not yet created 20 May 1952 27 December 1954 First Assembly ( 1952 -- 57 ) ( 1951 election ) Sampurnanand Varanasi South 28 December 1954 9 April 1957 5 years , 344 days 10 April 1957 6 December 1960 Second Assembly ( 1957 -- 62 ) ( 1957 election ) Chandra Bhanu Gupta Ranikhet South 7 December 1960 14 March 1962 2 years , 298 days 14 March 1962 1 October 1963 Third Assembly ( 1962 -- 67 ) ( 1962 election ) Sucheta Kriplani Mendhwal 2 October 1963 13 March 1967 3 years , 162 days ( 3 ) Chandra Bhanu Gupta ( 2 ) Ranikhet 14 March 1967 2 April 1967 19 days Fourth Assembly ( 1967 -- 68 ) ( 1967 election ) Charan Singh Chhaprauli 3 April 1967 25 February 1968 328 days Bharatiya Kranti Dal -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 25 February 1968 26 February 1969 1 year , 1 day N / A Dissolved ( 3 ) Chandra Bhanu Gupta ( 3 ) Ranikhet 26 February 1969 17 February 1970 356 days Indian National Congress Fifth Assembly ( 1969 -- 74 ) ( 1969 election ) ( 5 ) Charan Singh ( 2 ) Chhaprauli 18 February 1970 1 October 1970 225 days Bharatiya Kranti Dal -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 1 October 1970 18 October 1970 17 days N / A 6 Tribhuvana Narayana Singh 18 October 1970 3 April 1971 167 days Indian National Congress ( O ) 7 Kamlapati Tripathi Chandauli 4 April 1971 12 June 1973 2 years , 69 days Indian National Congress -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 13 June 1973 8 November 1973 148 days N / A 8 Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Bara 8 November 1973 4 March 1974 2 years , 21 days Indian National Congress 5 March 1974 29 November 1975 Sixth Assembly ( 1974 -- 77 ) ( 1974 election ) -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 30 November 1975 21 January 1976 52 days N / A 9 N.D. Tiwari Kashipur 21 January 1976 30 April 1977 1 year , 99 days Indian National Congress -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 30 April 1977 23 June 1977 54 days N / A Dissolved 10 Ram Naresh Yadav Nidhauli Kalan 23 June 1977 27 February 1979 1 year , 249 days Janata Party Seventh Assembly ( 1977 -- 80 ) ( 1977 election ) 11 Banarsi Das Hapur 28 February 1979 17 February 1980 354 days -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 17 February 1980 9 June 1980 113 days N / A Dissolved 12 V.P. Singh Tindwari 9 June 1980 18 July 1982 2 years , 39 days Indian National Congress Eighth Assembly ( 1980 -- 85 ) ( 1980 election ) 13 Sripati Mishra Isauli 19 July 1982 2 August 1984 2 years , 14 days ( 9 ) N.D. Tiwari ( 2 ) Kashipur 3 August 1984 10 March 1985 1 year , 52 days 11 March 1985 24 September 1985 Ninth Assembly ( 1985 -- 89 ) ( 1985 election ) 14 Vir Bahadur Singh Paniyara 24 September 1985 24 June 1988 2 years , 274 days ( 9 ) N.D. Tiwari ( 3 ) Kashipur 25 June 1988 5 December 1989 1 year , 163 days 15 Mulayam Singh Yadav Jaswantnagar 5 December 1989 24 June 1991 1 year , 201 days Janata Dal Tenth Assembly ( 1989 -- 91 ) ( 1989 election ) 16 Kalyan Singh Atrauli 24 June 1991 6 December 1992 1 year , 165 days Bharatiya Janata Party Eleventh Assembly ( 1991 -- 92 ) ( 1991 election ) -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 6 December 1992 4 December 1993 363 days N / A Dissolved ( 15 ) Mulayam Singh Yadav ( 2 ) Jaswantnagar 4 December 1993 3 June 1995 1 year , 181 days Samajwadi Party Twelfth Assembly ( 1993 -- 95 ) ( 1993 election ) 17 Mayawati 3 June 1995 18 October 1995 137 days Bahujan Samaj Party -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 18 October 1995 17 October 1996 1 year , 154 days N / A Dissolved 17 October 1996 21 March 1997 Thirteenth Assembly ( 1996 -- 2002 ) ( 1996 election ) ( 17 ) Mayawati ( 2 ) Harora 21 March 1997 21 September 1997 184 days Bahujan Samaj Party ( 16 ) Kalyan Singh ( 2 ) Atrauli 21 September 1997 12 November 1999 2 years , 52 days Bharatiya Janata Party 18 Ram Prakash Gupta MLC 12 November 1999 28 October 2000 351 days 19 Rajnath Singh Haidergarh 28 October 2000 8 March 2002 1 year , 131 days -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 8 March 2002 3 May 2002 56 days N / A Fourteenth Assembly ( 2002 -- 07 ) ( 2002 election ) ( 17 ) Mayawati ( 3 ) Harora 3 May 2002 29 August 2003 1 year , 118 days Bahujan Samaj Party ( 15 ) Mulayam Singh Yadav ( 3 ) Gunnaur 29 August 2003 13 May 2007 3 years , 257 days Samajwadi Party ( 17 ) Mayawati ( 4 ) MLC 13 May 2007 15 March 2012 4 years , 307 days Bahujan Samaj Party Fifteenth Assembly ( 2007 -- 12 ) ( 2007 election ) 20 Akhilesh Yadav MLC 15 March 2012 19 March 2017 5 years , 4 days Samajwadi Party Sixteenth Assembly ( 2012 -- 17 ) ( 2012 election ) 21 Yogi Adityanath MLC 19 March 2017 Incumbent 1 year , 71 days Bharatiya Janata Party Seventeenth Assembly ( 2017 -- ) ( 2017 election ) Jump up ^ This column only names the chief minister 's party . The state government he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents ; these are not listed here . ^ Jump up to : When President 's rule is in force in a state , its council of ministers stands dissolved . The office of chief minister thus lies vacant . At times , the legislative assembly also stands dissolved . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Durga Das Basu . Introduction to the Constitution of India . 1960 . 20th Edition , 2011 Reprint . pp. 241 , 245 . LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 559 - 9 . Note : although the text talks about Indian state governments in general , it applies for the specific case of Uttar Pradesh as well . ^ Jump up to : Chief Ministers . Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly . Retrieved on 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ President 's rule . Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly . Retrieved on 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Date of Constitution & Dissolution of Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha Archived 12 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly . Retrieved on 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.patrika.com/news/bareilly/up-first-cm-pandit-govind-ballabh-pant-was-won-from-bareilly-constituency-hindi-news-1505294/ Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1951 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1957 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1962 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1967 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Amberish K. Diwanji . `` A dummy 's guide to President 's rule '' . Rediff.com. 15 March 2005 . Retrieved on 3 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1969 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1974 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1977 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1980 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1985 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1989 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1991 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1993 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1996 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 2002 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 2007 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 2012 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Uttar Pradesh Election Results '' . Economic Times . Retrieved on 12 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) States of India since 1947 on WorldStatesmen.org `` Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh '' . The Indian Express . 15 May 2007 . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh Govind Ballabh Pant Sampurnanand Chandra Bhanu Gupta Sucheta Kriplani Charan Singh Tribhuvan Narain Singh Kamalapati Tripathi Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna N.D. Tiwari Ram Naresh Yadav Banarsi Das V.P. Singh Sripati Mishra Vir Bahadur Singh Mulayam Singh Yadav Kalyan Singh Mayawati Jagdambika Pal Ram Prakash Gupta Rajnath Singh Akhilesh Yadav Yogi Adityanath Lists of chief ministers of Indian states ( and current incumbents ) Andhra Pradesh N. Chandrababu Naidu Arunachal Pradesh Pema Khandu Assam Sarbananda Sonowal Bihar Nitish Kumar Chhattisgarh Raman Singh Delhi Arvind Kejriwal Goa Manohar Parrikar Gujarat Vijay Rupani Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar Himachal Pradesh Jai Ram Thakur Jammu and Kashmir Mehbooba Mufti Jharkhand Raghubar Das Karnataka H.D. Kumaraswamy Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Singh Chouhan Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis Manipur N. Biren Singh Meghalaya Conrad Sangma Mizoram Lal Thanhawla Nagaland Neiphiu Rio Odisha Naveen Patnaik Puducherry V. Narayanasamy Punjab Amarinder Singh Rajasthan Vasundhara Raje Sikkim Pawan Kumar Chamling Tamil Nadu Edappadi K. Palaniswami Telangana K. Chandrashekhar Rao Tripura Biplab Kumar Deb Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adityanath Uttarakhand Trivendra Singh Rawat West Bengal Mamata Banerjee Women chief ministers From the Bharatiya Janata Party From the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Topics in Uttar Pradesh History History of Uttar Pradesh Late Harappan Painted Grey Ware culture Vedic period Mahajanapadas Magadha Nanda Maurya Sunga Kushan Gupta Harsha Delhi Sultanate Mughal Empire Nawabs Rebellion British Nationalism Independence Geography Geography of Uttar Pradesh Bakhira Sanctuary Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary Chandra Prabha Sanctuary Dudhwa National Park Dudhwa Tiger Reserve Hastinapur Sanctuary Kachhua Sanctuary Kaimoor Sanctuary Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary Lakh Bahosi Sanctuary Mahavir Swami Sanctuary Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary Okhla Sanctuary Patna Bird Sanctuary Pilibhit Tiger Reserve Saman Sanctuary Samaspur Sanctuary Sandi Bird Sanctuary Sohagi Barwa Sanctuary Suhelva Sanctuary Sur Sarovar Sanctuary Vijai Sagar Sanctuary Climate Government and politics Government of Uttar Pradesh Governors Chief Ministers Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Parishad Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha Allahabad High Court Uttar Pradesh Police Divisions Districts Cities Political parties Assembly elections , 2007 Languages Western Hindi Braj Bhasha Kannauji Hindustani Hindi Urdu Bundeli Eastern Hindi Awadhi Bagheli Bihari Bhojpuri Literature Vedas Epic poetry Sanskrit Hindi Urdu Bhojpuri Culture Culture of Uttar Pradesh Ganga - Jamuni tehzeeb Music of Uttar Pradesh Hindustani classical music Music and dance Music of Uttar Pradesh Hindustani classical music Kathak Nautanki Economy Economy of Uttar Pradesh Conglomerates Other Uttar Pradesh Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh cricket team Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Uttar_Pradesh&oldid=843304196 '' Categories : Lists of Chief Ministers of Indian states Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh Lists of people from Uttar Pradesh Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use Indian English from August 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা Deutsch Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 07 : 42 . 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Suddenly Human

Suddenly Human - wikipedia Suddenly Human Jump to : navigation , search `` Suddenly Human '' Star Trek : The Next Generation episode Episode no . Season 4 Episode 4 Directed by Gabrielle Beaumont Story by Ralph Phillips Teleplay by John Whelpley Jeri Taylor Featured music Dennis McCarthy Cinematography by Marvin Rush Production code 176 Original air date October 15 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 15 ) Recurring / Guest appearances Sherman Howard - Endar Chad Allen - Jono / Jeremiah Rossa Barbara Townsend - Adm. Connaught Rossa Episode chronology ← Previous `` Brothers '' Next → `` Remember Me '' Star Trek : The Next Generation ( season 4 ) List of Star Trek : The Next Generation episodes `` Suddenly Human '' is 78th episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : The Next Generation , the fourth episode of the fourth season . Set in the 24th century , the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Federation starship USS Enterprise - D. In this episode , The Enterprise rescues a Starfleet admiral 's grandson , long thought dead , but who had been adopted and raised by the enemies who killed the boy 's parents . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Future Deep Space Nine episode similarities 3 Reviews 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The Enterprise responds to a distress call from a Talarian vessel . They rescue five teenaged members , four of whom are Talarian , and one human , Jono ( Chad Allen ) . Jono keeps to himself , but shows strict obedience to Captain Picard , which together with some unexplained past injuries leads Doctor Crusher to suggest Jono may have been physically abused . It is determined that Jono is Jeremiah Rossa , a long - lost Federation citizen . His grandmother is a Starfleet admiral , and he was orphaned ten years ago when his parents were killed in a skirmish with the Talarians . When the Captain introduces the topic of Jono 's human family , Jono gets angry . After persistent effort by Picard , Jono 's memories of the attack begin to return and a friendship develops between Jono and Wesley Crusher . A Talarian ship arrives , and its Captain , Endar , asks for a status on his son , Jono . Ten years ago , Endar claimed Jono after Jono 's parents were killed . This is part of the Talarian custom of adopting the children of slain enemies to replace their children who have died in battle . Endar explains Jono 's injuries as the products of a boy trying to impress his father by participating in high - risk activities ; Picard seems satisfied and observes that Endar seems to care for Jono . Picard allows Endar to see Jono , but when Jono says he wants to stay with Endar , Picard suspects the boy is afraid to say he wants to stay in the Federation . Endar insists that Jono will come back with him , even if the result is war between the Talarians and the Federation . Returning to his vessel , Endar calls for reinforcements , as Picard decides to try to convince Jono to stay . After Jono receives a message from his grandmother , Picard takes the boy to play a form of racquetball , where Jono breaks down and cries . The crew believes they are making progress with the boy , but that night , Jono stabs the Captain . The dagger is deflected by Picard 's sternum , and the wound is minor . The problem of where Jono should live is now compounded as Jono has committed a Federation crime . When Picard learns that Jono feels he can not betray Endar by befriending Picard , the Captain realizes he has been trying to impose his wishes on the boy . Just as Endar 's patience is about to run out , Picard contacts the Talarians and lets them know he will let Jono go back . Jono bids Picard farewell with a Talarian ritual that is normally reserved for family members . Future deep space nine episode similarities ( edit ) Suddenly Human , which aired in 1990 , has strong similarities to the second season DS9 episode , Cardassians , which aired in 1993 . In both Suddenly Human and Cardassians , a young male alien is living with a family of another species , who adopt him after the conclusion of a battle or war . In both episodes , the adopting family insists on the return of the child , while the biological family also fights for custody . Tensions rise as the question of custody is decided . In both episodes , custody is decided by the commanding officers present . However , the episodes have different conclusions . In Suddenly Human , Captain Picard returns the young man Jono / Jeremiah Rossa to his adopting father because the young man is old enough to decide for himself with whom he wishes to live , and because it is the only life he has ever known . In Cardassians , Commander Benjamin Sisko removes the child from his caring Bajoran foster family when it is revealed that he was placed in foster care under false pretenses by another Cardassian . Reviews ( edit ) Jamahl Epsicokhan of TrekNation 's Jammer 's Reviews , pointed out that this was the third TNG episode in a row to deal with family issues . Epsicokhan called Suddenly Human the least effective of the three family - oriented episodes , stating that the plot took too long to play out , that the storyline was flat in parts , and criticized the script . The reviewer was also disappointed that the Starfleet admiral 's reaction to her request for custody being disregarded by Picard was left as an unresolved plot point . As of March 22 , 2017 , Suddenly Human has an average viewer rating of 6.5 out of 10 stars , on the IMDb . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Epsicokhan , Jamahl . `` Star Trek : The Next Generation `` Suddenly Human '' `` . TrekNation . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Suddenly Human '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . External links ( edit ) `` Suddenly Human '' on IMDb `` Suddenly Human '' at TV.com `` Suddenly Human '' at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) `` Suddenly Human '' at StarTrek.com `` Suddenly Human '' rewatch by Keith R.A. DeCandido Star Trek : The Next Generation episodes Seasons 5 6 7 Season 4 `` The Best of Both Worlds , Part II '' `` Family '' `` Brothers '' `` Suddenly Human '' `` Remember Me '' `` Legacy '' `` Reunion '' `` Future Imperfect '' `` Final Mission '' `` The Loss '' `` Data 's Day '' `` The Wounded '' `` Devil 's Due '' `` Clues '' `` First Contact '' `` Galaxy 's Child '' `` Night Terrors '' `` Identity Crisis '' `` The Nth Degree '' `` Qpid '' `` The Drumhead '' `` Half a Life '' `` The Host '' `` The Mind 's Eye '' `` In Theory '' `` Redemption I '' Star Trek : The Next Generation Characters Beverly Crusher Wesley Crusher Data Geordi La Forge Jean - Luc Picard Katherine Pulaski William Riker Deanna Troi Worf Tasha Yar Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Films Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis Other topics Awards Cast USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 - D ) USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 - E ) `` These Are the Voyages ... '' Star Trek : Countdown Star Trek Outline Timeline Canon Television series The Original Series episodes The Animated Series episodes The Next Generation episodes Deep Space Nine episodes Voyager episodes Enterprise episodes Discovery Feature films The Original Series The Motion Picture The Wrath of Khan The Search for Spock The Voyage Home The Final Frontier The Undiscovered Country The Next Generation Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis `` Reboot '' films Star Trek Into Darkness Beyond Setting Characters A -- F G -- M N -- S T -- Z Concepts Games Kobayashi Maru Law Prime Directive Materials Dilithium Sexuality Pon farr Stardate Maquis Locations Galactic quadrant Mirror Universe Planets A -- B C -- F G -- L M -- Q R -- S T -- Z Cultures Andorian Bajoran Borg Breen Cardassian Dominion Ferengi Rules of Acquisition Gorn Kazon Klingon language Orion Romulan Species 8472 United Federation of Planets Starfleet Academy Vidiians Vulcan nerve pinch salute Xindi Technology Communicator Deflector shields Holodeck Hypospray Impulse drive LCARS Medicine Replicator Spacecraft Deep Space Nine Defiant Earth Spacedock Enterprise Shuttlecraft Voyager Starships ordered by class Transporter Tricorder Uniforms Warp drive Weapons Bat'leth Production List of staff Gene Roddenberry Norway Corporation Composers and music musical theme `` Where no man has gone before '' `` Beam me up , Scotty '' Redshirt Unmade projects The God Thing Planet of the Titans Phase II Spin - off fiction Games Literature Comics Novels Reference books Stage A Klingon Christmas Carol Klingon opera Documentaries Trekkies Mind Meld Trekkies 2 How William Shatner Changed the World Beyond the Final Frontier The Captains Trek Nation To Be Takei For the Love of Spock Cultural influence Comparison to Star Wars Crossovers Fandom productions expanded universe Kirk and Uhura 's kiss Kirk / Spock Memory Alpha The Exhibition The Experience Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suddenly_Human&oldid=771622178 '' Categories : Star Trek : The Next Generation episodes 1990 American television episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 March 2017 , at 16 : 24 . 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who played jono on star trek next generation

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Sugar Act

Sugar Act - wikipedia Sugar Act The Sugar Act 1764 Parliament of Great Britain Long title An act for granting certain duties in the British colonies and plantations in America , for continuing , amending , and making perpetual , a act in the sixth year of the reign of his late majesty King George the Second , ( initituled , An act for the better securing and encouraging the trade of his Majesty 's sugar colonies in America ) for applying the produce of such duties , and of the duties to arise by virtue of the said act , towards defraying and disallowing several drawbacks on exports from this kingdom , and more effectually preventing the clandestine conveyance of goods to and from the said colonies and plantation , and improving and securing the trade between the same and Great Britain . Citation 4 Geo 3 c. 15 Introduced by The Rt . Hon . George Grenville , MP Prime Minister , Chancellor of the Exchequer & Leader of the House of Commons Territorial extent British America and the British West Indies Dates Royal assent 5 April 1765 Commencement 29 September 1764 Repealed 1766 Other legislation Amended by None Repealed by Revenue Act 1766 Relates to Molasses Act Status : Repealed This article is part of a series about the American Revolution 1765 -- 1783 Origins ( show ) Sugar Act Currency Act Quartering Acts Stamp Act 1765 Declaratory Act No taxation without representation Townshend Acts Tea Act Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts Revolutionary War ( show ) Continental Army Continental Navy Minutemen Battles Intelligence Treaty of Paris Costs Declaration of Independence ( show ) Continental Congress Committee of Five Lee Resolution Articles of Confederation United States Constitution ( show ) Philadelphia Convention Annapolis Convention The Federalist Papers Bill of Rights A New Republic ( show ) Republicanism American Enlightenment Liberalism First Great Awakening Role of Women Legacy ( show ) Atlantic Revolutions Bicentennial The Sugar Act , also known as the American Revenue Act or the American Duties Act , was a revenue - raising act passed by the Parliament of Great Britain on 5 April 1764 . The preamble to the act stated : `` it is expedient that new provisions and regulations should be established for improving the revenue of this Kingdom ... and ... it is just and necessary that a revenue should be raised ... for defraying the expenses of defending , protecting , and securing the same . '' The earlier Molasses Act 1733 , which had imposed a tax of six pence per gallon of molasses , had never been effectively collected due to colonial evasion . By reducing the rate by half and increasing measures to enforce the tax , the British hoped that the tax would actually be collected . These incidents increased the colonists ' concerns about the intent of the British Parliament and helped the growing movement that became the American Revolution . Contents 1 Background 2 Passage 3 Effect on the American colonies 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Bibliography 7 External links Background ( edit ) The Molasses Act 1733 was passed by Parliament largely at the insistence of large plantation owners in the British West Indies . Molasses from French , Dutch , and Spanish West Indian possessions was inexpensive . Sugar ( from the British West Indies ) was priced much higher than its competitors and they also had no need for the large quantities of lumber , fish , and other items offered by the colonies in exchange . Sometimes colonists would pay Molasses Act taxes because they were rather low depending on where they resided and how much money they had . In the first part of the 18th Century , the British West Indies were Great Britain 's most important trading partner , so Parliament was attentive to their requests . However , rather than acceding to the demands to prohibit the colonies from trading with the non-British islands , Parliament passed the prohibitively high tax on the colonies on molasses imported from those islands . If actually collected , the tax would have effectively closed that source to New England and destroyed much of the rum industry . Instead , smuggling , bribery or intimidation of customs officials effectively nullified the law . During the Seven Years ' War , known in Colonial America as the French and Indian War , the British government substantially increased the national debt to pay for the war . In February 1763 , as the war ended , the ministry headed by John Stuart , the Earl of Bute , decided to maintain a standing army of ten thousand British regular troops in the colonies . Shortly thereafter , George Grenville replaced Bute . Grenville supported his predecessor 's policy , even more so after the outbreak of Pontiac 's Rebellion in May 1763 . Grenville faced the problem of not only paying for these troops but servicing the national debt . The debt grew from £ 75,000,000 before the war to £ 122,600,000 in January 1763 , and almost £ 130,000,000 by the beginning of 1764 . George Grenville did not expect the colonies to contribute to the interest or the retirement of the debt , but he did expect the Americans to pay a portion of the expenses for colonial defense . Estimating the expenses of maintaining an army in the Continental colonies and the West Indies to be approximately £ 200,000 annually , Grenville devised a revenue - raising program that would raise an estimated £ 79,000 per year . Passage ( edit ) The Molasses Act was set to expire in 1763 . The Commissioners of Customs anticipated greater demand for both molasses and rum as a result of the end of the war and the acquisition of Canada . They believed that the increased demand would make a sharply reduced rate both affordable and collectible . When passed by Parliament , the new Sugar Act of 1764 halved the previous tax on molasses . In addition to promising stricter enforcement , the language of the bill made it clear that the purpose of the legislation was not to simply regulate the trade ( as the Molasses Act had attempted to do by effectively closing the legal trade to non-British suppliers ) but to raise revenue . The new act listed specific goods , the most important being lumber , which could only be exported to Britain . Ship captains were required to maintain detailed manifests of their cargo and the papers were subject to verification before anything could be unloaded from the ships . Customs officials were empowered to have all violations tried in vice admiralty courts rather than by jury trials in local colonial courts , where the juries generally looked favorably on smuggling as a profession . Historian Fred Anderson wrote that the purpose of the Act was `` to resolve the problems of finance and control that plagued the postwar empire . '' To do this `` three kinds of measures '' were implemented -- `` those intended to make customs enforcement more effective , those that placed new duties on items widely consumed in America , and those that adjusted old rates in such a way as to maximize revenues . '' Effect on the American colonies ( edit ) The Sugar Act was passed by Parliament on 5 April 1764 , and it arrived in the colonies at a time of economic depression . It was an indirect tax , although the colonists were well informed of its presence . A good part of the reason was that a significant portion of the colonial economy during the Seven Years ' War was involved with supplying food and supplies to the British Army . Colonials , however , especially those affected directly as merchants and shippers , assumed that the highly visible new tax program was the major culprit . As protests against the Sugar Act developed , it was the economic impact rather than the constitutional issue of taxation without representation that was the main focus for the colonists . New England ports especially suffered economic losses from the Sugar Act as the stricter enforcement made smuggling molasses more dangerous and risky . Also they argued that the profit margin on rum was too small to support any tax on molasses . Forced to increase their prices , many colonists feared being priced out of the market . The British West Indies , on the other hand , now had undivided access to colonial exports . With supply of molasses well exceeding demand , the islands prospered with their reduced expenses while New England ports saw revenue from their rum exports decrease . Also the West Indies had been the primary colonial source for hard currency , or specie , and as the reserves of specie were depleted the soundness of colonial currency was threatened . Two prime movers behind the protests against the Sugar Act were Samuel Adams and James Otis , both of Massachusetts . In May 1764 Samuel Adams drafted a report on the Sugar Act for the Massachusetts assembly , in which he denounced the act as an infringement of the rights of the colonists as British subjects : For if our Trade may be taxed why not our Lands ? Why not the Produce of our Lands & every thing we possess or make use of ? This we apprehend annihilates our Charter Right to govern & tax ourselves -- It strikes our British Privileges , which as we have never forfeited them , we hold in common with our Fellow Subjects who are Natives of Britain : If Taxes are laid upon us in any shape without our having a legal Representation where they are laid , are we not reduced from the Character of free Subjects to the miserable State of tributary Slaves ? In August 1764 fifty Boston merchants agreed to stop purchasing British luxury imports , and in both Boston and New York City there were movements to increase colonial manufacturing . There were sporadic outbreaks of violence , most notably in Rhode Island . Overall , however , there was not an immediate high level of protest over the Sugar Act in either New England or the rest of the colonies . That would begin in the later part of the next year when the Stamp Act 1765 was passed . The Sugar Act was repealed in 1766 and replaced with the Revenue Act 1766 , which reduced the tax to one penny per gallon on molasses imports , British or foreign . This occurred around the same time that the Stamp Act 1765 was repealed . See also ( edit ) Soda tax for modern excises on sugar products and sugary soft drinks . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Sugar Act ; Titled The American Revenue Act 1764 '' . U.S. history.org . Independence Hall Association . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Miller pg. 101 ^ Jump up to : Miller pg. 100 - 101 Jump up ^ Daniella Garran ( 2010 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Steps to the American Revolution '' . Lesson Planet . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Miller pg. 96 - 99 Jump up ^ Gary Nash pg. 45 . Middlekauff pg. 55 - 63 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 62 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 65 . Jump up ^ Anderson pg. 574 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 66 - 67 . Miller pg. 101 . Miller wrote , `` The legislation was declared to have caused greater alarm in New England than the forays of the French and Indians during the darkest days of the Seven Years ' War . '' Jump up ^ Miller pg. 101 - 102 . Jump up ^ Draper pg. 219 Jump up ^ Alexander pg. 24 . Middlekauff pg. 67 - 73 . Jump up ^ Miller pg 149 - 50 . Jump up ^ Draper pg. 290 - 291 Bibliography ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Sugar Act Alexander , John K. Samuel Adams : America 's Revolutionary Politician. ( 2002 ) ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2114 - 1 Anderson , Fred , ' Crucible of War , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 375 - 40642 - 5 Draper , Theodore . A Struggle For Power : The American Revolution . ( 1996 ) ISBN 0 - 8129 - 2575 - 0 Middlekauff , Robert . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 - 1789 . ( 2005 ) ISBN 978 0 - 19 - 516247 - 9 Miller , John C. Origins of the American Revolution . ( 1943 ) Nash , Gary BThe Unknown American Revolution : The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America . ( 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 670 - 03420 - 7 `` The Sugar Act '' . Retrieved 6 December 2005 . External links ( edit ) Text of the Sugar Act 1764 Recorded summary of passage of the Sugar Act British law and the American Revolution Royal Proclamations , Acts of Parliament , and other legal issues relating to the American Revolution Before 1763 Navigation Acts Wool Act ( 1699 ) Hat Act ( 1732 ) Molasses Act ( 1733 ) Iron Act ( 1750 ) Grenville ministry ( 1763 -- 1765 ) Royal Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Act ( 1764 ) Currency Act ( 1764 ) Quartering Act ( 1765 ) Stamp Act ( 1765 ) Rockingham ministry ( 1765 -- 1766 ) Repeal Act ( March 1766 ) Declaratory Act ( March 1766 ) Revenue Act ( June 1766 ) Chatham and Grafton ministries ( 1766 -- 1770 ) Townshend Acts ( 1767 ) North ministry ( 1770 -- 1782 ) Repeal Act ( 1770 ) Tea Act ( 1773 ) Coercive Acts ( 1774 ) Conciliatory Resolution ( February 1775 ) Restraining Acts ( March & April 1775 ) Proclamation of Rebellion ( August 1775 ) Prohibitory Act ( December 1775 ) Taxation of Colonies Act ( 1778 ) Other legal issues Rights of Englishmen Writ of assistance Admiralty courts Parson 's Cause ( 1763 ) Taxation without representation Sugar ( as food commodity ) List of sugars and sugar products Chemistry Monosaccharide Fructose Galactose Glucose Xylose Disaccharide Lactose Maltose Sucrose Trehalose Free sugar Reducing sugar Sources Sugar beet Sugarcane Agave nectar Birch Coconut Date Honeydew Maple Palm Products Syrups Candi sugar Cheong Maesil - cheong Mogwa - cheong Yuja - cheong Corn syrup Glucose syrup Golden syrup High - fructose corn syrup High - maltose corn syrup Honey Inverted sugar syrup Kuromitsu Maple syrup Molasses Pine honey Steen 's cane syrup Treacle Solid forms Brown Peen tong Chancaca Crystalline fructose Gelling Gula melaka Jaggery Misri Mizuame Molasses sugar Muscovado Nib Non-centrifugal cane sugar Panela Plantation Reserve Powdered Preserving Rock candy Sucanat Sugar candy Barley sugar Butterscotch Candy Hard Toffee Sugar glass Sugarloaf Wasanbon Other forms Caramel Cotton candy floss Maple sugar foods Rum Sugar alcohol Sugar confectionery Sugarcane juice Tuzemák Unrefined sweeteners Industry Production Boilery Plantation Casa grande Refinery Sugar bush Sugar cane mill Engenho Batey Zafra By region ( current ) Cuba Caribbean Philippines Sri Lanka U.S. Sugar Program By region ( historical ) Danish West Indies Fiji Hawaii History Amelioration Act 1798 Blackbirding Colonial molasses trade Demerara rebellion of 1823 Holing cane Molasses Act Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 Slavery in the British and French Caribbean Sugar Act Sugar Duties Act 1846 Sugar Intervention Taiwan Sugar Railways Triangular trade Culture Crop over Sugar house Sugaring Sugar nips Sugar packet Sucrology Sugar people Sugar tit Sugar sculpture Treacle mine Related Added sugar Australian Aboriginal sweet foods Bagasse Barley malt syrup Brown rice syrup Cane knife Flavored syrup Fruit syrup Date honey Grape Jallab Health effects Nectar Sugar addiction Sugars in wine Residual sugar Sugar substitute Sweetened beverage Sweetener Sweetness Vinasse Yacón syrup Production Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar_Act&oldid=866172473 '' Categories : 1764 in the Thirteen Colonies 18th - century economic history Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1764 History of sugar Laws leading to the American Revolution Repealed Great Britain Acts of Parliament Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Simple English Suomi 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 19 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

where were the colonists smuggling sugar and molasses from

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Hundred Acre Wood

Hundred Acre Wood - wikipedia Hundred Acre Wood This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hundred Acre Wood Map of the Hundred Acre Wood drawn by E.H. Shepard to illustrate Winnie - the - Pooh . Winnie - the - Pooh location Created by A.A. Milne Genre children 's book Type Forest Notable locations Owl 's House , The Six Pine Trees , Galleon 's Lap Notable characters Winnie - the - Pooh , Tigger , ( full list ) The Hundred Acre Wood ( also spelled as 100 Aker Wood , Hundred - Acre Wood , and 100 Acre Wood ; also known as simply `` The Wood '' ) is a part of the fictional land inhabited by Winnie - the - Pooh and his friends in the Winnie - the - Pooh series of children 's stories by author A.A. Milne . The wood is visited regularly by the young boy Christopher Robin , who accompanies Pooh and company on their many adventures . In A.A. Milne 's books , the term `` Hundred Acre Wood '' is actually used for a specific part of the larger Forest , centred on Owl 's house . ( See the map in the book , as well as numerous references in the text to the characters going `` into '' or `` out of '' the Hundred Acre Wood as they go between Owl 's house and other Forest locations ) . However , in the Pooh movies , and in general conversation with most Pooh fans , `` The Hundred Acre Wood '' is used for the entire world of Winnie - the - Pooh , the Forest and all the places it contains . The Hundred Acre Wood of the Winnie - the - Pooh stories is in actuality Five Hundred Acre Wood in Ashdown Forest in East Sussex , England , where the Winnie - the - Pooh stories were set . A.A. Milne 's country home at Cotchford Farm , Hartfield was situated just north of Ashdown Forest , and Five Hundred Acre Wood is a dense beech wood that Christopher Robin Milne would explore on his way from Cotchford Farm onto the Forest . Five Hundred Acre Wood is long - established , having been originally sold off from the Forest in 1678 . The wood remains privately owned , being part of Buckhurst Park estate , and is not therefore generally accessible to the public , though two footpaths which are public rights of way to do , one of which is part of a long - distance footpath , the Wealdway , cross through the wood and may be used by members of the public . Milne was inspired by the beautiful landscape of Ashdown Forest to use it as the setting for his Winnie - the - Pooh stories , and many features from the stories can be identified with specific locations in the forest . However , an American television episode `` How Much Is The Rabbit In That Window ? '' suggests that the Hundred Acre Wood is relocated near a small city in the United States of America , due to the fact that a postal box has `` U.S. Mail '' written on it . The car park at the hilltop of Gills Lap , the ( Galleon 's Lap of the Pooh stories ) in Ashdown Forest , ( grid reference TQ 467 315 ) , contains a display panel with a map of the surrounding area and the features from several of the Winnie - the - Pooh stories marked on it . For example , Five Hundred Acre Wood lies a short distance to the north - east , while the `` Enchanted Place '' is a small wooded area 200 metres ( 656 feet ) to the north . A memorial plaque dedicated to A.A. Milne and his illustrator , Ernest H. Shepard , lies 100 metres ( 328 feet ) away . Five Hundred Acre Wood lies a short distance to the north - east . Contents 1 Places in the Wood 2 Residents of the Wood 2.1 Disney materials only 3 Fauna 4 In other media 5 In other languages 6 References Places in the Wood ( edit ) The following places are shown on Ernest H. Shepard 's map at the beginning of the Winnie - the - Pooh book : Pooh Bear 's House Kanga 's House The Sandy Pit Where Roo Plays A Nice Place for Picnics The Bee Tree The way to the North Pole An area with Big Stones and Rocks Rabbit 's House An area for Rabbit 's Friends - and - Relations Christopher Robin 's House The Six Pine Trees The Pooh Trap for Heffalumps Piglet 's House Where the Woozle Was n't A Floody Place Owl 's House Eeyore 's Gloomy Place Additional places mentioned in the books , but not shown on the map include : The House at Pooh Corner The Poohsticks Bridge The Stepping Stones A Gravel Pit Pooh 's Thoughtful Spot Galleon 's Lap Residents of the Wood ( edit ) Eeyore Kanga Lottie Owl Piglet Rabbit Christopher Robin Roo Tigger Winnie - the - Pooh Disney materials only ( edit ) Beaver Buster Darby Gopher Mrs. Heffalump Kessie Lumpy Porcupine Raccoon Skunk Squirrels Turtle Woodpecker Fauna ( edit ) Bears Beavers Birds Bugs Donkeys Gopher Hedgehogs Heffalumps Kangaroos Mice Owls Pigs Rabbits Squirrels Tiggers Woozles In other media ( edit ) In the Kingdom Hearts series , the Hundred Acre Wood is located within a book found at Merlin 's house ( which is in Traverse Town during Kingdom Hearts and Hollow Bastion during Kingdom Hearts II ) . In the games , the main character , Sora , gathers pages of a Winnie - the - Pooh storybook after it is destroyed . The Hundred Acre wood is made up of several minigames which serve to level the player up and award items . In other languages ( edit ) Language Native name Translation Czech Stokorcovy les Hundred Acre Wood Dutch Honderd Bunder Bos Hundred Acre Wood Finnish Puolen hehtaarin metsä Half Hectare Forest French La foret des reves bleus The Blue Dreams Forest German Der Hundertsechzig - Morgen - Wald The Hundred - and - Sixty Acre Wood Italian II Bosco dei Centro Acri The Hundred Acre Wood Latvian Septiņjūdžu mežs Seven Miles Wood Norwegian Hundremeterskogen Hundred Meters Forest Polish Stumilowy Las Hundred Mile Wood Portuguese Bosque dos Cem Acres Hundred Acre Wood Spanish El Bosque de Los Cien Acres The Hundred Acre Forest Swedish Sjumilaskogen Seven Mile Wood References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Buckhurst Park website Coordinates : 51 ° 03 ′ 51 '' N 0 ° 05 ′ 32 '' E  /  51.0641 ° N 0.0922 ° E  / 51.0641 ; 0.0922 Winnie - the - Pooh by A.A. Milne Winnie the Pooh ( Disney franchise ) Books When We Were Very Young ( 1924 ) Winnie - the - Pooh ( 1926 ) Now We Are Six ( 1927 ) The House at Pooh Corner ( 1928 ) Return to the Hundred Acre Wood ( 2009 ) The Best Bear in All the World ( 2016 ) Winnie - the - Pooh Meets the Queen ( 2016 ) Characters Winnie - the - Pooh Disney version Piglet Tigger Christopher Robin Rabbit Eeyore Owl Kanga Roo Heffalumps Gopher Soyuzmultfilm featurettes Winnie - the - Pooh ( 1969 ) Winnie - the - Pooh Pays a Visit ( 1971 ) Winnie - the - Pooh and a Busy Day ( 1972 ) Disney featurettes Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Disney shorts Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons ( 1981 ) Disney feature films Walt Disney Animation Studios films The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Disneytoon Studios films The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Live - action continuation Christopher Robin ( 2018 ) Direct - to - video films Pooh 's Grand Adventure : The Search for Christopher Robin ( 1997 ) Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) The Book of Pooh : Stories from the Heart ( 2001 ) A Very Merry Pooh Year ( 2002 ) Springtime with Roo ( 2004 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Halloween Movie ( 2005 ) Super Sleuth Christmas Movie ( 2007 ) Tigger & Pooh and a Musical Too ( 2009 ) Super Duper Super Sleuths ( 2010 ) Television Welcome to Pooh Corner ( 1983 -- 1986 ) The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1988 -- 1991 ) The Book of Pooh ( 2001 -- 2004 ) My Friends Tigger & Pooh ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Specials Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ) Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too ( 1991 ) Boo to You Too ! Winnie the Pooh ( 1996 ) A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving ( 1998 ) A Valentine for You ( 1999 ) Video games Winnie the Pooh in the Hundred Acre Wood ( 1986 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1995 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1999 ) Kingdom Hearts ( 2002 onwards ) Ready to Read with Pooh ( 1997 ) Tigger 's Honey Hunt ( 2000 ) Piglet 's Big Game ( 2003 ) Winnie the Pooh 's Rumbly Tumbly Adventure ( 2005 ) Disney Friends ( 2007 ) Winnie the Pooh 's Home Run Derby ( 2007 ) Songs `` Winnie the Pooh '' ( 1966 ) `` Up , Down and Touch the Ground '' ( 1966 ) `` Rumbly in My Tumbly '' ( 1966 ) `` Little Black Rain Cloud '' ( 1966 ) `` Mind over Matter '' ( 1966 ) `` A Rather Blustery Day '' ( 1968 ) `` The Wonderful Thing About Tiggers '' ( 1968 ) `` Heffalumps and Woozles '' ( 1968 ) `` The Rain Rain Rain Came Down Down Down '' ( 1968 ) `` Hip Hip Pooh - Ray ! '' ( 1968 ) `` House at Pooh Corner '' ( 1970 ) `` I Hum to Myself '' ( 1983 ) `` The Right Side '' ( 1983 ) `` You 're the Only You '' ( 1983 ) `` Try a Little Something New '' ( 1983 ) People Christopher Robin Milne E.H. Shepard Harry Colebourn Shirley Slesinger Lasswell Stephen Slesinger Sherman Brothers David Benedictus Mark Burgess Related Ashdown Forest Bother ! 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Anemia

Anemia - wikipedia Anemia For other uses , see Anemia ( disambiguation ) . Anemia Synonyms Anaemia Blood from a person with iron - deficiency anemia Pronunciation / əˈniːmiə / Specialty Hematology Symptoms Feeling tired , weakness , shortness of breath , feeling like passing out Causes Blood loss , decreased red blood cell production , increased red blood cell breakdown Diagnostic method Blood hemoglobin measurement Frequency 2.36 billion / 33 % ( 2015 ) Anemia is a decrease in the total amount of red blood cells ( RBCs ) or hemoglobin in the blood , or a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen . When anemia comes on slowly , the symptoms are often vague and may include feeling tired , weakness , shortness of breath or a poor ability to exercise . Anemia that comes on quickly often has greater symptoms , which may include confusion , feeling like one is going to pass out , loss of consciousness , or increased thirst . Anemia must be significant before a person becomes noticeably pale . Additional symptoms may occur depending on the underlying cause . The three main types of anemia are due to blood loss , decreased red blood cell production , and increased red blood cell breakdown . Causes of blood loss include trauma and gastrointestinal bleeding , among others . Causes of decreased production include iron deficiency , a lack of vitamin B12 , thalassemia , and a number of neoplasms of the bone marrow . Causes of increased breakdown include a number of genetic conditions such as sickle cell anemia , infections like malaria , and certain autoimmune diseases . It can also be classified based on the size of red blood cells and amount of hemoglobin in each cell . If the cells are small , it is microcytic anemia . If they are large , it is macrocytic anemia while if they are normal sized , it is normocytic anemia . Diagnosis in men is based on a hemoglobin of less than 130 to 140 g / L ( 13 to 14 g / dL ) , while in women , it must be less than 120 to 130 g / L ( 12 to 13 g / dL ) . Further testing is then required to determine the cause . Certain groups of individuals , such as pregnant women , benefit from the use of iron pills for prevention . Dietary supplementation , without determining the specific cause , is not recommended . The use of blood transfusions is typically based on a person 's signs and symptoms . In those without symptoms , they are not recommended unless hemoglobin levels are less than 60 to 80 g / L ( 6 to 8 g / dL ) . These recommendations may also apply to some people with acute bleeding . Erythropoiesis - stimulating medications are only recommended in those with severe anemia . Anemia is the most common blood disorder , affecting about a third of the global population . Iron - deficiency anemia affects nearly 1 billion people . In 2013 , anemia due to iron deficiency resulted in about 183,000 deaths -- down from 213,000 deaths in 1990 . It is more common in women than men , during pregnancy , and in children and the elderly . Anemia increases costs of medical care and lowers a person 's productivity through a decreased ability to work . The name is derived from Ancient Greek : ἀναιμία anaimia , meaning `` lack of blood '' , from ἀν - an - , `` not '' and αἷμα haima , `` blood '' . Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Causes 2.1 Impaired production 2.2 Increased destruction 2.3 Blood loss 2.4 Fluid overload 2.5 Intestinal inflammation 3 Diagnosis 3.1 Definitions 3.2 Testing 3.3 Red blood cell size 3.4 Production vs. destruction or loss 3.4. 1 Microcytic 3.4. 2 Macrocytic 3.4. 3 Normocytic 3.4. 4 Dimorphic 3.4. 5 Heinz body anemia 3.5 Hyperanemia 3.6 Refractory anemia 4 Treatments 4.1 Oral iron 4.2 Injectable iron 4.3 Blood transfusions 4.4 Erythropoiesis - stimulating agent 4.5 Hyperbaric oxygen 5 Epidemiology 6 History 7 References 8 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Main symptoms that may appear in anemia The hand of a person with severe anemia ( on the left ) compared to one without ( on the right ) Anemia goes undetected in many people and symptoms can be minor . The symptoms can be related to an underlying cause or the anemia itself . Most commonly , people with anemia report feelings of weakness or fatigue , and sometimes poor concentration . They may also report shortness of breath on exertion . In very severe anemia , the body may compensate for the lack of oxygen - carrying capability of the blood by increasing cardiac output . The patient may have symptoms related to this , such as palpitations , angina ( if pre-existing heart disease is present ) , intermittent claudication of the legs , and symptoms of heart failure . On examination , the signs exhibited may include pallor ( pale skin , lining mucosa , conjunctiva and nail beds ) , but this is not a reliable sign . There may be signs of specific causes of anemia , e.g. , koilonychia ( in iron deficiency ) , jaundice ( when anemia results from abnormal break down of red blood cells -- in hemolytic anemia ) , bone deformities ( found in thalassemia major ) or leg ulcers ( seen in sickle - cell disease ) . In severe anemia , there may be signs of a hyperdynamic circulation : tachycardia ( a fast heart rate ) , bounding pulse , flow murmurs , and cardiac ventricular hypertrophy ( enlargement ) . There may be signs of heart failure . Pica , the consumption of non-food items such as ice , but also paper , wax , or grass , and even hair or dirt , may be a symptom of iron deficiency , although it occurs often in those who have normal levels of hemoglobin . Chronic anemia may result in behavioral disturbances in children as a direct result of impaired neurological development in infants , and reduced academic performance in children of school age . Restless legs syndrome is more common in those with iron - deficiency anemia . Causes ( edit ) Figure shows normal red blood cells flowing freely in a blood vessel . The inset image shows a cross-section of a normal red blood cell with normal hemoglobin . The causes of anemia may be classified as impaired red blood cell ( RBC ) production , increased RBC destruction ( hemolytic anemias ) , blood loss and fluid overload ( hypervolemia ) . Several of these may interplay to cause anemia eventually . Indeed , the most common cause of anemia is blood loss , but this usually does not cause any lasting symptoms unless a relatively impaired RBC production develops , in turn most commonly by iron deficiency . ( See Iron deficiency anemia ) Impaired production ( edit ) Disturbance of proliferation and differentiation of stem cells Pure red cell aplasia Aplastic anemia affects all kinds of blood cells . Fanconi anemia is a hereditary disorder or defect featuring aplastic anemia and various other abnormalities . Anemia of renal failure by insufficient erythropoietin production Anemia of endocrine disorders Disturbance of proliferation and maturation of erythroblasts Pernicious anemia is a form of megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B deficiency dependent on impaired absorption of vitamin B. Lack of dietary B causes non-pernicious megaloblastic anemia Anemia of folic acid deficiency , as with vitamin B , causes megaloblastic anemia Anemia of prematurity , by diminished erythropoietin response to declining hematocrit levels , combined with blood loss from laboratory testing , generally occurs in premature infants at two to six weeks of age . Iron deficiency anemia , resulting in deficient heme synthesis Thalassemias , causing deficient globin synthesis Congenital dyserythropoietic anemias , causing ineffective erythropoiesis Anemia of renal failure ( also causing stem cell dysfunction ) Other mechanisms of impaired RBC production Myelophthisic anemia or myelophthisis is a severe type of anemia resulting from the replacement of bone marrow by other materials , such as malignant tumors or granulomas . Myelodysplastic syndrome anemia of chronic inflammation Increased destruction ( edit ) Further information : Hemolytic anemia Anemias of increased red blood cell destruction are generally classified as hemolytic anemias . These are generally featuring jaundice and elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels . Intrinsic ( intracorpuscular ) abnormalities cause premature destruction . All of these , except paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria , are hereditary genetic disorders . Hereditary spherocytosis is a hereditary defect that results in defects in the RBC cell membrane , causing the erythrocytes to be sequestered and destroyed by the spleen . Hereditary elliptocytosis is another defect in membrane skeleton proteins . Abetalipoproteinemia , causing defects in membrane lipids Enzyme deficiencies Pyruvate kinase and hexokinase deficiencies , causing defect glycolysis Glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and glutathione synthetase deficiency , causing increased oxidative stress Hemoglobinopathies Sickle cell anemia Hemoglobinopathies causing unstable hemoglobins Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Extrinsic ( extracorpuscular ) abnormalities Antibody - mediated Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia is caused by autoimmune attack against red blood cells , primarily by IgG . It is the most common of the autoimmune hemolytic diseases . It can be idiopathic , that is , without any known cause , drug - associated or secondary to another disease such as systemic lupus erythematosus , or a malignancy , such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Cold agglutinin hemolytic anemia is primarily mediated by IgM . It can be idiopathic or result from an underlying condition . Rh disease , one of the causes of hemolytic disease of the newborn Transfusion reaction to blood transfusions Mechanical trauma to red blood cells Microangiopathic hemolytic anemias , including thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and disseminated intravascular coagulation Infections , including malaria Heart surgery Haemodialysis Blood loss ( edit ) Anemia of prematurity from frequent blood sampling for laboratory testing , combined with insufficient RBC production Trauma or surgery , causing acute blood loss Gastrointestinal tract lesions , causing either acute bleeds ( e.g. variceal lesions , peptic ulcers ) or chronic blood loss ( e.g. angiodysplasia ) Gynecologic disturbances , also generally causing chronic blood loss From menstruation , mostly among young women or older women who have fibroids Infection by intestinal nematodes feeding on blood , such as hookworms and the whipworm Trichuris trichiura . The roots of the words anemia and ischemia both refer to the basic idea of `` lack of blood '' , but anemia and ischemia are not the same thing in modern medical terminology . The word anemia used alone implies widespread effects from blood that either is too scarce ( e.g. , blood loss ) or is dysfunctional in its oxygen - supplying ability ( due to whatever type of hemoglobin or erythrocyte problem ) . In contrast , the word ischemia refers solely to the lack of blood ( poor perfusion ) . Thus ischemia in a body part can cause localized anemic effects within those tissues . Fluid overload ( edit ) Fluid overload ( hypervolemia ) causes decreased hemoglobin concentration and apparent anemia : General causes of hypervolemia include excessive sodium or fluid intake , sodium or water retention and fluid shift into the intravascular space . From the 6th week of pregnancy hormonal changes cause an increase in the mother 's blood volume due to an increase in plasma . Intestinal inflammation ( edit ) Certain gastrointestinal disorders can cause anemia . The mechanisms involved are multifactorial and not limited to malabsorption but mainly related to chronic intestinal inflammation , which causes dysregulation of hepcidin that leads to decreased access of iron to the circulation . Helicobacter pylori infection . Gluten - related disorders : untreated celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity . Anemia can be the only manifestation of celiac disease , in absence of gastrointestinal or any other symptoms . Inflammatory bowel disease . Diagnosis ( edit ) Peripheral blood smear microscopy of a patient with iron - deficiency anemia Definitions ( edit ) There are a number of definitions of anemia ; reviews provide comparison and contrast of them . A strict but broad definition is an absolute decrease in red blood cell mass , however , a broader definition is a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen . An operational definition is a decrease in whole - blood hemoglobin concentration of more than 2 standard deviations below the mean of an age - and sex - matched reference range . It is difficult to directly measure RBC mass , so the hematocrit ( amount of RBCs ) or the hemoglobin ( Hb ) in the blood are often used instead to indirectly estimate the value . Hemotocrit ; however , is concentration dependent and is therefore not completely accurate . For example , during pregnancy a woman 's RBC mass is normal but because of an increase in blood volume the hemoglobin and hematocrit are diluted and thus decreased . Another example would be bleeding where the RBC mass would decrease but the concentrations of hemoglobin and hematocrit initially remains normal until fluids shift from other areas of the body to the intravascular space . The anemia is also classified by severity into mild ( 110 g / L to normal ) , moderate ( 80 g / L to 110 g / L ) , and severe anemia ( less than 80 g / L ) in adult males and adult non pregnant females . Different values are used in pregnancy and children . Testing ( edit ) Anemia is typically diagnosed on a complete blood count . Apart from reporting the number of red blood cells and the hemoglobin level , the automatic counters also measure the size of the red blood cells by flow cytometry , which is an important tool in distinguishing between the causes of anemia . Examination of a stained blood smear using a microscope can also be helpful , and it is sometimes a necessity in regions of the world where automated analysis is less accessible . In modern counters , four parameters ( RBC count , hemoglobin concentration , MCV and RDW ) are measured , allowing others ( hematocrit , MCH and MCHC ) to be calculated , and compared to values adjusted for age and sex . Some counters estimate hematocrit from direct measurements . WHO 's Hemoglobin thresholds used to define anemia ( 1 g / dL = 0.6206 mmol / L ) Age or gender group Hb threshold ( g / dl ) Hb threshold ( mmol / l ) Children ( 0.5 -- 5.0 yrs ) 11.0 6.8 Children ( 5 -- 12 yrs ) 11.5 7.1 Teens ( 12 -- 15 yrs ) 12.0 7.4 Women , non-pregnant ( > 15yrs ) 12.0 7.4 Women , pregnant 11.0 6.8 Men ( > 15yrs ) 13.0 8.1 Reticulocyte counts , and the `` kinetic '' approach to anemia , have become more common than in the past in the large medical centers of the United States and some other wealthy nations , in part because some automatic counters now have the capacity to include reticulocyte counts . A reticulocyte count is a quantitative measure of the bone marrow 's production of new red blood cells . The reticulocyte production index is a calculation of the ratio between the level of anemia and the extent to which the reticulocyte count has risen in response . If the degree of anemia is significant , even a `` normal '' reticulocyte count actually may reflect an inadequate response . If an automated count is not available , a reticulocyte count can be done manually following special staining of the blood film . In manual examination , activity of the bone marrow can also be gauged qualitatively by subtle changes in the numbers and the morphology of young RBCs by examination under a microscope . Newly formed RBCs are usually slightly larger than older RBCs and show polychromasia . Even where the source of blood loss is obvious , evaluation of erythropoiesis can help assess whether the bone marrow will be able to compensate for the loss , and at what rate . When the cause is not obvious , clinicians use other tests , such as : ESR , ferritin , serum iron , transferrin , RBC folate level , serum vitamin B , hemoglobin electrophoresis , renal function tests ( e.g. serum creatinine ) although the tests will depend on the clinical hypothesis that is being investigated . When the diagnosis remains difficult , a bone marrow examination allows direct examination of the precursors to red cells , although is rarely used as is painful , invasive and is hence reserved for cases where severe pathology needs to be determined or excluded . Red blood cell size ( edit ) In the morphological approach , anemia is classified by the size of red blood cells ; this is either done automatically or on microscopic examination of a peripheral blood smear . The size is reflected in the mean corpuscular volume ( MCV ) . If the cells are smaller than normal ( under 80 fl ) , the anemia is said to be microcytic ; if they are normal size ( 80 -- 100 fl ) , normocytic ; and if they are larger than normal ( over 100 fl ) , the anemia is classified as macrocytic . This scheme quickly exposes some of the most common causes of anemia ; for instance , a microcytic anemia is often the result of iron deficiency . In clinical workup , the MCV will be one of the first pieces of information available , so even among clinicians who consider the `` kinetic '' approach more useful philosophically , morphology will remain an important element of classification and diagnosis . Limitations of MCV include cases where the underlying cause is due to a combination of factors -- such as iron deficiency ( a cause of microcytosis ) and vitamin B12 deficiency ( a cause of macrocytosis ) where the net result can be normocytic cells . Production vs. destruction or loss ( edit ) The `` kinetic '' approach to anemia yields arguably the most clinically relevant classification of anemia . This classification depends on evaluation of several hematological parameters , particularly the blood reticulocyte ( precursor of mature RBCs ) count . This then yields the classification of defects by decreased RBC production versus increased RBC destruction or loss . Clinical signs of loss or destruction include abnormal peripheral blood smear with signs of hemolysis ; elevated LDH suggesting cell destruction ; or clinical signs of bleeding , such as guaiac - positive stool , radiographic findings , or frank bleeding . The following is a simplified schematic of this approach : Anemia Reticulocyte production index shows inadequate production response to anemia . Reticulocyte production index shows appropriate response to anemia = ongoing hemolysis or blood loss without RBC production problem . No clinical findings consistent with hemolysis or blood loss : pure disorder of production . Clinical findings and abnormal MCV : hemolysis or loss and chronic disorder of production * . Clinical findings and normal MCV = acute hemolysis or loss without adequate time for bone marrow production to compensate * * . Macrocytic anemia ( MCV > 100 ) Normocytic anemia ( 80 < MCV < 100 ) Microcytic anemia ( MCV < 80 ) * For instance , sickle cell anemia with superimposed iron deficiency ; chronic gastric bleeding with B and folate deficiency ; and other instances of anemia with more than one cause . * * Confirm by repeating reticulocyte count : ongoing combination of low reticulocyte production index , normal MCV and hemolysis or loss may be seen in bone marrow failure or anemia of chronic disease , with superimposed or related hemolysis or blood loss . Here is a schematic representation of how to consider anemia with MCV as the starting point : Anemia Macrocytic anemia ( MCV > 100 ) Normocytic anemia ( MCV 80 -- 100 ) Microcytic anemia ( MCV < 80 ) High reticulocyte count Low reticulocyte count Other characteristics visible on the peripheral smear may provide valuable clues about a more specific diagnosis ; for example , abnormal white blood cells may point to a cause in the bone marrow . Microcytic ( edit ) Main article : Microcytic anemia Microcytic anemia is primarily a result of hemoglobin synthesis failure / insufficiency , which could be caused by several etiologies : Heme synthesis defect Iron deficiency anemia ( microcytosis is not always present ) Anemia of chronic disease ( more commonly presenting as normocytic anemia ) Globin synthesis defect Alpha - , and beta - thalassemia HbE syndrome HbC syndrome Various other unstable hemoglobin diseases Sideroblastic defect Hereditary sideroblastic anemia Acquired sideroblastic anemia , including lead toxicity Reversible sideroblastic anemia Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia overall and it has many causes . RBCs often appear hypochromic ( paler than usual ) and microcytic ( smaller than usual ) when viewed with a microscope . Iron deficiency anemia is due to insufficient dietary intake or absorption of iron to meet the body 's needs . Infants , toddlers , and pregnant women have higher than average needs . Increased iron intake is also needed to offset blood losses due to digestive tract issues , frequent blood donations , or heavy menstrual periods . Iron is an essential part of hemoglobin , and low iron levels result in decreased incorporation of hemoglobin into red blood cells . In the United States , 12 % of all women of childbearing age have iron deficiency , compared with only 2 % of adult men . The incidence is as high as 20 % among African American and Mexican American women . Studies have shown iron deficiency without anemia causes poor school performance and lower IQ in teenage girls , although this may be due to socioeconomic factors . Iron deficiency is the most prevalent deficiency state on a worldwide basis . It is sometimes the cause of abnormal fissuring of the angular ( corner ) sections of the lips ( angular stomatitis ) . In the United States , the most common cause of iron deficiency is bleeding or blood loss , usually from the gastrointestinal tract . Fecal occult blood testing , upper endoscopy and lower endoscopy should be performed to identify bleeding lesions . In older men and women , the chances are higher that bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract could be due to colon polyps or colorectal cancer . Worldwide , the most common cause of iron deficiency anemia is parasitic infestation ( hookworms , amebiasis , schistosomiasis and whipworms ) . The Mentzer index ( mean cell volume divided by the RBC count ) predicts whether microcytic anemia may be due to iron deficiency or thallasemia , although it requires confirmation . Macrocytic ( edit ) Main article : Macrocytic anemia Megaloblastic anemia , the most common cause of macrocytic anemia , is due to a deficiency of either vitamin B , folic acid , or both . Deficiency in folate or vitamin B can be due either to inadequate intake or insufficient absorption . Folate deficiency normally does not produce neurological symptoms , while B deficiency does . Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor , which is required to absorb vitamin B from food . A lack of intrinsic factor may arise from an autoimmune condition targeting the parietal cells ( atrophic gastritis ) that produce intrinsic factor or against intrinsic factor itself . These lead to poor absorption of vitamin B . Macrocytic anemia can also be caused by removal of the functional portion of the stomach , such as during gastric bypass surgery , leading to reduced vitamin B / folate absorption . Therefore , one must always be aware of anemia following this procedure . Hypothyroidism Alcoholism commonly causes a macrocytosis , although not specifically anemia . Other types of liver disease can also cause macrocytosis . Drugs such as methotrexate , zidovudine , and other substances may inhibit DNA replication such as heavy metals Macrocytic anemia can be further divided into `` megaloblastic anemia '' or `` nonmegaloblastic macrocytic anemia '' . The cause of megaloblastic anemia is primarily a failure of DNA synthesis with preserved RNA synthesis , which results in restricted cell division of the progenitor cells . The megaloblastic anemias often present with neutrophil hypersegmentation ( six to 10 lobes ) . The nonmegaloblastic macrocytic anemias have different etiologies ( i.e. unimpaired DNA globin synthesis , ) which occur , for example , in alcoholism . In addition to the nonspecific symptoms of anemia , specific features of vitamin B deficiency include peripheral neuropathy and subacute combined degeneration of the cord with resulting balance difficulties from posterior column spinal cord pathology . Other features may include a smooth , red tongue and glossitis . The treatment for vitamin B - deficient anemia was first devised by William Murphy , who bled dogs to make them anemic , and then fed them various substances to see what ( if anything ) would make them healthy again . He discovered that ingesting large amounts of liver seemed to cure the disease . George Minot and George Whipple then set about to isolate the curative substance chemically and ultimately were able to isolate the vitamin B from the liver . All three shared the 1934 Nobel Prize in Medicine . Normocytic ( edit ) Main article : Normocytic anemia Normocytic anemia occurs when the overall hemoglobin levels are decreased , but the red blood cell size ( mean corpuscular volume ) remains normal . Causes include : Acute blood loss Anemia of chronic disease Aplastic anemia ( bone marrow failure ) Hemolytic anemia Dimorphic ( edit ) A dimorphic appearance on a peripheral blood smear occurs when there are two simultaneous populations of red blood cells , typically of different size and hemoglobin content ( this last feature affecting the color of the red blood cell on a stained peripheral blood smear ) . For example , a person recently transfused for iron deficiency would have small , pale , iron deficient red blood cells ( RBCs ) and the donor RBCs of normal size and color . Similarly , a person transfused for severe folate or vitamin B12 deficiency would have two cell populations , but , in this case , the patient 's RBCs would be larger and paler than the donor 's RBCs . A person with sideroblastic anemia ( a defect in heme synthesis , commonly caused by alcoholism , but also drugs / toxins , nutritional deficiencies , a few acquired and rare congenital diseases ) can have a dimorphic smear from the sideroblastic anemia alone . Evidence for multiple causes appears with an elevated RBC distribution width ( RDW ) , indicating a wider - than - normal range of red cell sizes , also seen in common nutritional anemia . Heinz body anemia ( edit ) Heinz bodies form in the cytoplasm of RBCs and appear as small dark dots under the microscope . In animals , Heinz body anemia has many causes . It may be drug - induced , for example in cats and dogs by acetaminophen ( paracetamol ) , or may be caused by eating various plants or other substances : In cats and dogs after eating either raw or cooked plants from the genus Allium , for example , onions or garlic . In dogs after ingestion of zinc , for example , after eating U.S. pennies minted after 1982 . In horses which eat dry or wilted red maple leaves . Hyperanemia ( edit ) Hyperanemia is a severe form of anemia , in which the hematocrit is below 10 % . Refractory anemia ( edit ) Refractory anemia , an anemia which does not respond to treatment , is often seen secondary to myelodysplastic syndromes . Iron deficiency anemia may also be refractory as a clinical manifestation of gastrointestinal problems which disrupt iron absorption or cause occult bleeding . Treatments ( edit ) Treatments for anemia depend on cause and severity . Vitamin supplements given orally ( folic acid or vitamin B ) or intramuscularly ( vitamin B ) will replace specific deficiencies . Oral iron ( edit ) Nutritional iron deficiency is common in developing nations . An estimated two - thirds of children and of women of childbearing age in most developing nations are estimated to suffer from iron deficiency ; one - third of them have the more severe form of the disorder , anemia . Iron deficiency from nutritional causes is rare in men and postmenopausal women . The diagnosis of iron deficiency mandates a search for potential sources of loss , such as gastrointestinal bleeding from ulcers or colon cancer . Mild to moderate iron - deficiency anemia is treated by oral iron supplementation with ferrous sulfate , ferrous fumarate , or ferrous gluconate . When taking iron supplements , stomach upset or darkening of the feces are commonly experienced . The stomach upset can be alleviated by taking the iron with food ; however , this decreases the amount of iron absorbed . Vitamin C aids in the body 's ability to absorb iron , so taking oral iron supplements with orange juice is of benefit . In anemias of chronic disease , associated with chemotherapy , or associated with renal disease , some clinicians prescribe recombinant erythropoietin or epoetin alfa , to stimulate RBC production , although since there is also concurrent iron deficiency and inflammation present , parenteral iron is advised to be taken concurrently . Injectable iron ( edit ) In cases where oral iron has either proven ineffective , would be too slow ( for example , pre-operatively ) or where absorption is impeded ( for example in cases of inflammation ) , parenteral iron can be used . The body can absorb up to 6 mg iron daily from the gastrointestinal tract . In many cases the patient has a deficit of over 1,000 mg of iron which would require several months to replace . This can be given concurrently with erythropoietin to ensure sufficient iron for increased rates of erythropoiesis . Blood transfusions ( edit ) Blood transfusions in those without symptoms is not recommended until the hemoglobin is below 60 to 80 g / L ( 6 to 8 g / dL ) . In those with coronary artery disease who are not actively bleeding transfusions are only recommended when the hemoglobin is below 70 to 80g / L ( 7 to 8 g / dL ) . Transfusing earlier does not improve survival . Transfusions otherwise should only be undertaken in cases of cardiovascular instability . Erythropoiesis - stimulating agent ( edit ) The motive for the administration of an erythropoiesis - stimulating agent ( ESA ) is to maintain hemoglobin at the lowest level that both minimizes transfusions and meets the individual person 's needs . They should not be used for mild or moderate anemia . They are not recommended in people with chronic kidney disease unless hemoglobin levels are less than 10 g / dL or they have symptoms of anemia . Their use should be along with parenteral iron . Hyperbaric oxygen ( edit ) Treatment of exceptional blood loss ( anemia ) is recognized as an indication for hyperbaric oxygen ( HBO ) by the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society . The use of HBO is indicated when oxygen delivery to tissue is not sufficient in patients who can not be given blood transfusions for medical or religious reasons . HBO may be used for medical reasons when threat of blood product incompatibility or concern for transmissible disease are factors . The beliefs of some religions ( ex : Jehovah 's Witnesses ) may require they use the HBO method . A 2005 review of the use of HBO in severe anemia found all publications reported positive results . Epidemiology ( edit ) A moderate degree of iron - deficiency anemia affected approximately 610 million people worldwide or 8.8 % of the population . It is slightly more common in females ( 9.9 % ) than males ( 7.8 % ) . Mild iron deficiency anemia affects another 375 million . History ( edit ) Evidence of anemia goes back more than 4000 years . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Janz TG , Johnson RL , Rubenstein SD ( November 2013 ) . `` Anemia in the emergency department : evaluation and treatment '' . Emergency Medicine Practice. 15 ( 11 ) : 1 -- 15 , quiz 15 -- 6 . PMID 24716235 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators ( October 2016 ) . `` Global , regional , and national incidence , prevalence , and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries , 1990 - 2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 '' . Lancet . 388 ( 10053 ) : 1545 -- 1602 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 16 ) 31678 - 6 . PMC 5055577 . PMID 27733282 . Jump up ^ `` What Is Anemia ? -- NHLBI , NIH '' . www.nhlbi.nih.gov . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Stedman 's medical Dictionary ( 28th ed . ) . 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January 2015 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 14 ) 61682 - 2 . PMC 4340604 . PMID 25530442 . Jump up ^ `` anaemia '' . Dictionary.com . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 7 July 2014 . Jump up ^ eMedicineHealth > anemia article Archived 2009 - 04 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Author : Saimak T. Nabili , MD , MPH . Editor : Melissa Conrad Stöppler , MD . Last Editorial Review : 12 / 9 / 2008 . Retrieved on 4 April 2009 Jump up ^ Einollahi , Behzad ( 5 September 2014 ) . `` Restless Leg Syndrome : A Neglected Diagnosis '' . Nephro - Urology Monthly . doi : 10.5812 / numonthly. 22009 . PMC 4318015 . Jump up ^ Information , National Center for Biotechnology ; Pike , U.S. National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville ; MD , Bethesda ; Usa , 20894 . `` Red Blood Cells -- National Library of Medicine '' . PubMed Health . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ National Heart Lung and Blood Institute > What Causes Anemia ? Archived 2010 - 06 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on June 9 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Table 12 - 1 in : Mitchell RS , Kumar V , Abbas AK , Fausto N. Robbins Basic Pathology ( 8th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Saunders . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 2973 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mitchell RS , Kumar V , Abbas AK , Fausto N ( 2007 ) . Robbins Basic Pathology ( 8th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Saunders . p. 432 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 2973 - 1 . Jump up ^ Cotran RS , Kumar V , Fausto N , Robbins SL , Abbas AK ( 2005 ) . Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease . St. Louis , Mo : Elsevier Saunders . p. 637 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7216 - 0187 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA ( AIHA ) By J.L. Jenkins . The Regional Cancer Center . 2001 Archived October 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Berentsen S , Beiske K , Tjønnfjord GE ( October 2007 ) . `` Primary chronic cold agglutinin disease : an update on pathogenesis , clinical features and therapy '' . Hematology. 12 ( 5 ) : 361 -- 70 . doi : 10.1080 / 10245330701445392 . PMC 2409172 . PMID 17891600 . Jump up ^ Brooker S , Hotez PJ , Bundy DA ( September 2008 ) . `` Hookworm - related anaemia among pregnant women : a systematic review '' . PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases . 2 ( 9 ) : e291 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pntd. 0000291 . PMC 2553481 . PMID 18820740 . Jump up ^ Gyorkos TW , Gilbert NL , Larocque R , Casapía M ( April 2011 ) . `` Trichuris and hookworm infections associated with anaemia during pregnancy '' . Tropical Medicine & International Health . 16 ( 4 ) : 531 -- 7 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3156.2011. 02727. x . PMID 21281406 . Jump up ^ `` Fluid imbalances '' . Portable Fluids and Electrolytes ( Portable Series ) . Hagerstwon , MD : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2007 . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58255 - 678 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` ISBT : 8 . Obstetric anaemia '' . www.isbtweb.org . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Verma S , Cherayil BJ ( February 2017 ) . `` Iron and inflammation - the gut reaction '' . Metallomics ( Review ) . 9 ( 2 ) : 101 -- 111 . doi : 10.1039 / c6mt00282j . PMC 5321802 . PMID 28067386 . Jump up ^ Guagnozzi D , Lucendo AJ ( April 2014 ) . `` Anemia in inflammatory bowel disease : a neglected issue with relevant effects '' . World Journal of Gastroenterology ( Review ) . 20 ( 13 ) : 3542 -- 51 . doi : 10.3748 / wjg. v20. i13. 3542 . PMC 3974521 . PMID 24707137 . ^ Jump up to : Leffler DA , Green PH , Fasano A ( October 2015 ) . `` Extraintestinal manifestations of coeliac disease '' . Nature Reviews . Gastroenterology & Hepatology ( Review ) . 12 ( 10 ) : 561 -- 71 . doi : 10.1038 / nrgastro. 2015.131 . PMID 26260366 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 12 . Malabsorption of nutrients is not the only cause of anaemia in coeliac disease , the chronic inflammatory process in the intestine contributes as well . ^ Jump up to : Stein J , Connor S , Virgin G , Ong DE , Pereyra L ( September 2016 ) . `` Anemia and iron deficiency in gastrointestinal and liver conditions '' . World Journal of Gastroenterology ( Review ) . 22 ( 35 ) : 7908 -- 25 . doi : 10.3748 / wjg. v22. i35. 7908 . PMC 5028806 . PMID 27672287 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Catassi C , Bai JC , Bonaz B , Bouma G , Calabrò A , Carroccio A , Castillejo G , Ciacci C , Cristofori F , Dolinsek J , Francavilla R , Elli L , Green P , Holtmeier W , Koehler P , Koletzko S , Meinhold C , Sanders D , Schumann M , Schuppan D , Ullrich R , Vécsei A , Volta U , Zevallos V , Sapone A , Fasano A ( September 2013 ) . `` Non-Celiac Gluten sensitivity : the new frontier of gluten related disorders '' . Nutrients ( Review ) . 5 ( 10 ) : 3839 -- 53 . doi : 10.3390 / nu5103839 . PMC 3820047 . PMID 24077239 . Jump up ^ `` National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement on Celiac Disease , June 28 - 30 , 2004 '' . Gastroenterology ( Review ) . 128 ( 4 Suppl 1 ) : S1 -- 9 . April 2005 . doi : 10.1053 / j. gastro. 2005.02. 007 . PMID 15825115 . Jump up ^ Lomer MC ( August 2011 ) . `` Dietary and nutritional considerations for inflammatory bowel disease '' . The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society ( Review ) . 70 ( 3 ) : 329 -- 35 . doi : 10.1017 / S0029665111000097 . PMID 21450124 . Jump up ^ Gerasimidis K , McGrogan P , Edwards CA ( August 2011 ) . `` The aetiology and impact of malnutrition in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease '' . Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics ( Review ) . 24 ( 4 ) : 313 -- 26 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 277X. 2011.01171. x . PMID 21564345 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Beutler E , Waalen J ( March 2006 ) . `` The definition of anemia : what is the lower limit of normal of the blood hemoglobin concentration ? '' . Blood . 107 ( 5 ) : 1747 -- 50 . doi : 10.1182 / blood - 2005 - 07 - 3046 . PMC 1895695 . PMID 16189263 . Jump up ^ Maakaron , Joseph ( 30 September 2016 ) . `` Anemia : Practice Essentials , Pathophysiology , Etiology '' . Emedicine . Archived from the original on 14 October 2016 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Pomeranz AJ , Sabnis S , Busey S , Kliegman RM ( 2016 ) . Pediatric Decision - Making Strategies ( 2nd ed . ) . Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 323 - 29854 - 4 . Jump up ^ Polin RA , Abman SH , Rowitch D , Benitz WE ( 2016 ) . Fetal and Neonatal Physiology ( 5 ed . ) . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 1085 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 323 - 35232 - 1 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Uthman E ( 2009 ) . Understanding Anemia . Univ . Press of Mississippi . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60473 - 701 - 1 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2016 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ World Health Organization ( 2008 ) . Worldwide prevalence of anaemia 1993 -- 2005 ( PDF ) . Geneva : World Health Organization . ISBN 978 - 92 - 4 - 159665 - 7 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Caito S , Almeida Lopes AC , Paoliello MM , Aschner M ( 2017 ) . `` Chapter 16 . Toxicology of Lead and Its Damage to Mammalian Organs '' . In Astrid S , Helmut S , Sigel RK. Lead : Its Effects on Environment and Health . Metal Ions in Life Sciences . 17 . de Gruyter . pp. 501 -- 534 . doi : 10.1515 / 9783110434330 - 016 . Jump up ^ Recommendations to Prevent and Control Iron Deficiency in the United States Archived 2007 - 04 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . MMWR 1998 ; 47 ( No . RR - 3 ) p. 5 Jump up ^ `` Iron Deficiency -- - United States , 1999 -- 2000 '' . MMWR. 51 ( 40 ) : 897 -- 899 . October 11 , 2002 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2012 . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Halterman JS , Kaczorowski JM , Aligne CA , Auinger P , Szilagyi PG ( June 2001 ) . `` Iron deficiency and cognitive achievement among school - aged children and adolescents in the United States '' . Pediatrics. 107 ( 6 ) : 1381 -- 6 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 107.6. 1381 . PMID 11389261 . Jump up ^ Grantham - McGregor S , Ani C ( February 2001 ) . `` A review of studies on the effect of iron deficiency on cognitive development in children '' . The Journal of Nutrition. 131 ( 2S - 2 ) : 649S -- 666S , discussion 666S - 668S . PMID 11160596 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Deficiency Anaemia : Assessment , Prevention , and Control : A guide for programme managers '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2011 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Mentzer WC ( April 1973 ) . `` Differentiation of iron deficiency from thalassaemia trait '' . Lancet . 1 ( 7808 ) : 882 . PMID 4123424 . Jump up ^ eMedicine -- Vitamin B - 12 Associated Neurological Diseases : Article by Niranjan N Singh , MD , DM , DNB Archived 2007 - 03 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . July 18 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Physiology or Medicine 1934 -- Presentation Speech '' . Nobelprize.org. 1934 - 12 - 10 . Archived from the original on 28 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Harvey JW ( 2012 ) . Veterinary hematology : a diagnostic guide and color atlas . St. Louis , Mo. : Elsevier / Saunders . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4377 - 0173 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hovda L , Brutlag A , Poppenga RH , Peterson K , eds. ( 2016 ) . `` Chapter 69 : Onions and garlic '' . Blackwell 's Five - Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion : Small Animal Toxicology ( 2nd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 515 -- 520 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 119 - 03652 - 4 . Jump up ^ Peek SF ( 2014 ) . `` Chapter 117 : Hemolytic disorders '' . In Sprayberry KA , Robinson NE . Robinson 's Current Therapy in Equine Medicine ( 7th ed . ) . Elsevier Health Sciences . pp. 492 -- 496 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 323 - 24216 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wallerstein RO ( April 1987 ) . `` Laboratory evaluation of anemia '' . The Western Journal of Medicine . 146 ( 4 ) : 443 -- 51 . PMC 1307333 . PMID 3577135 . Jump up ^ `` MedTerms Definition : Refractory Anemia '' . Medterms.com. 2011 - 04 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Good Source for later '' . Atlasgeneticsoncology.org . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Mody RJ , Brown PI , Wechsler DS ( February 2003 ) . `` Refractory iron deficiency anemia as the primary clinical manifestation of celiac disease '' . Journal of Pediatric Hematology / Oncology. 25 ( 2 ) : 169 -- 72 . doi : 10.1097 / 00043426 - 200302000 - 00018 . PMID 12571473 . Jump up ^ West CE ( November 1996 ) . `` Strategies to control nutritional anemia '' . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 64 ( 5 ) : 789 -- 90 . PMID 8901803 . Jump up ^ Sezer S , Ozdemir FN , Yakupoglu U , Arat Z , Turan M , Haberal M ( April 2002 ) . `` Intravenous ascorbic acid administration for erythropoietin - hyporesponsive anemia in iron loaded hemodialysis patients '' . Artificial Organs. 26 ( 4 ) : 366 -- 70 . PMID 11952508 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 09 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Auerbach M , Ballard H ( 2010 ) . `` Clinical use of intravenous iron : administration , efficacy , and safety '' . Hematology . American Society of Hematology . Education Program . 2010 : 338 -- 47 . doi : 10.1182 / asheducation - 2010.1. 338 . PMID 21239816 . ^ Jump up to : Kansagara D , Dyer E , Englander H , Fu R , Freeman M , Kagen D ( December 2013 ) . `` Treatment of anemia in patients with heart disease : a systematic review '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 159 ( 11 ) : 746 -- 757 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 159 - 11 - 201312030 - 00007 . PMID 24297191 . Jump up ^ Goddard AF , James MW , McIntyre AS , Scott BB ( October 2011 ) . British Society of Gastroenterology . `` Guidelines for the management of iron deficiency anaemia '' . Gut. 60 ( 10 ) : 1309 -- 16 . doi : 10.1136 / gut. 2010.228874 . PMC 1728199 . PMID 21561874 . ^ Jump up to : Aapro MS , Link H ( 2008 ) . `` September 2007 update on EORTC guidelines and anemia management with erythropoiesis - stimulating agents '' . The Oncologist. 13 Suppl 3 ( Supplement 3 ) : 33 -- 6 . doi : 10.1634 / theoncologist. 13 - S3 - 33 . PMID 18458123 . Jump up ^ American Society of Nephrology , `` Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question '' ( PDF ) , Choosing Wisely : an initiative of the ABIM Foundation , American Society of Nephrology , archived ( PDF ) from the original on April 16 , 2012 , retrieved August 17 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society . `` Exceptional Blood Loss -- Anemia '' . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Hart GB , Lennon PA , Strauss MB ( 1987 ) . `` Hyperbaric oxygen in exceptional acute blood - loss anemia '' . J. Hyperbaric Med. 2 ( 4 ) : 205 -- 210 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Van Meter KW ( 2005 ) . `` A systematic review of the application of hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of severe anemia : an evidence - based approach '' . Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine . 32 ( 1 ) : 61 -- 83 . PMID 15796315 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Tayles N ( September 1996 ) . `` Anemia , genetic diseases , and malaria in prehistoric mainland Southeast Asia '' . American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 101 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 27 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1096 - 8644 ( 199609 ) 101 : 1 < 11 : : AID - AJPA2 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - G. PMID 8876811 . External links ( edit ) Classification ICD - 10 : D50 - D64 ICD - 9 - CM : 280 - 285 MeSH : D000740 DiseasesDB : 663 External resources MedlinePlus : 000560 eMedicine : med / 132 emerg / 808 emerg / 734 Diseases of red blood cells ( D50 -- 69 , 74 , 280 -- 287 ) ↑ Polycythemia Polycythemia vera ↓ Anemia Nutritional Micro - : Iron - deficiency anemia Plummer -- Vinson syndrome Macro - : Megaloblastic anemia Pernicious anemia Hemolytic ( mostly normo - ) Hereditary enzymopathy : G6PD glycolysis PK TI HK hemoglobinopathy : Thalassemia alpha beta delta Sickle - cell disease / trait HPFH membrane : Hereditary spherocytosis Minkowski -- Chauffard syndrome Hereditary elliptocytosis Southeast Asian ovalocytosis Hereditary stomatocytosis Acquired Autoimmune WAHA CAD PCH membrane PNH MAHA TM HUS Drug - induced autoimmune Drug - induced nonautoimmune Hemolytic disease of the newborn Aplastic ( mostly normo - ) Hereditary : Fanconi anemia Diamond -- Blackfan anemia Acquired : PRCA Sideroblastic anemia Myelophthisic Blood tests MCV Normocytic Microcytic Macrocytic MCHC Normochromic Hypochromic Other Methemoglobinemia Sulfhemoglobinemia Reticulocytopenia Medicine Outline History Specialties and subspecialties Surgery Cardiac surgery Cardiothoracic surgery Colorectal surgery Eye surgery General surgery Neurosurgery Oral and maxillofacial surgery Orthopedic surgery Hand surgery Otolaryngology ( ENT ) Pediatric surgery Plastic surgery Reproductive surgery Surgical oncology Thoracic surgery Transplant surgery Trauma surgery Urology Andrology Vascular surgery Internal medicine Allergy / Immunology Angiology Cardiology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Hepatology Geriatrics Hematology Hospital medicine Infectious disease Nephrology Oncology Pulmonology Rheumatology Obstetrics and gynaecology Gynaecology Gynecologic oncology Maternal -- fetal medicine Obstetrics Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Urogynecology Diagnostic Radiology Interventional radiology Nuclear medicine Pathology Anatomical pathology Clinical pathology Clinical chemistry Clinical immunology Cytopathology Medical microbiology Transfusion medicine Other specialties Addiction medicine Adolescent medicine Anesthesiology Dermatology Disaster medicine Diving medicine Emergency medicine Mass - gathering medicine Family medicine General practice Hospital medicine Intensive - care medicine Medical genetics Neurology Clinical neurophysiology Occupational medicine Ophthalmology Oral medicine Pain management Palliative care Pediatrics Neonatology Physical medicine and rehabilitation ( PM&R ) Preventive medicine Psychiatry Public health Radiation oncology Reproductive medicine Sexual medicine Sleep medicine Sports medicine Transplantation medicine Tropical medicine Travel medicine Venereology Medical education Medical school Bachelor of Medicine , Bachelor of Surgery Bachelor of Medical Sciences Master of Medicine Master of Surgery Doctor of Medicine Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine MD -- PhD Related topics Alternative medicine Allied health Dentistry Podiatry Physiotherapy Nanomedicine Molecular oncology Personalized medicine Traditional medicine Veterinary medicine Physician Chief physician History of medicine Book Commons Wikiproject Medicine Portal GND : 4126536 - 1 NARA : 10640166 NDL : 00563219 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anemia&oldid=861759137 '' Categories : Anemias Hematopathology Transfusion medicine Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Infobox medical condition ( new ) Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers RTT RTTEM Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Luganda Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 82 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2018 , at 20 : 20 ( UTC ) . 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List of best Major League Baseball season win-loss records

List of best major League Baseball season win - loss records - wikipedia List of best major League Baseball season win - loss records Listed below are the Major League Baseball teams with the best season win - loss records in history , as determined by winning percentage (. 700 or better ) , minimum 120 games played . Contents 1 Season records 2 Other teams 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Season records ( edit ) The following teams finished the season with a . 700 winning percentage or higher . Since the season was expanded to 162 games in 1961 , only two teams have managed a winning percentage of . 700 or higher ( which requires 114 or more wins ) : the 1998 New York Yankees and the 2001 Seattle Mariners . Legend NL = National League AL = American League AA = American Association Season Franchise League Wins Losses Pct . Games Played Finish 1906 Chicago Cubs NL 116 36 . 763 152 Lost 1906 World Series 1902 Pittsburgh Pirates NL 103 36 . 741 139 National League Champions 1886 Chicago White Stockings NL 90 34 . 726 124 National League Champions 1909 Pittsburgh Pirates NL 110 42 . 724 152 Won 1909 World Series 1954 Cleveland Indians AL 111 43 . 721 154 Lost 1954 World Series Seattle Mariners AL 116 46 . 716 162 Lost 2001 ALCS 1927 New York Yankees AL 110 44 . 714 154 Won 1927 World Series 1886 Detroit Wolverines NL 87 36 . 707 123 2nd place in National League 1897 Boston Beaneaters NL 93 39 . 705 132 Lost 1897 Temple Cup 1907 Chicago Cubs NL 107 45 . 704 152 Won 1907 World Series 1931 Philadelphia Athletics AL 107 45 . 704 152 Lost 1931 World Series 1998 New York Yankees AL 114 48 . 704 162 Won 1998 World Series 1887 St. Louis Browns AA 95 40 . 704 135 Lost 1887 World Series 1939 New York Yankees AL 106 45 . 702 152 Won 1939 World Series Other teams ( edit ) Prior to 1886 , teams played . 700 ball or better over shorter schedules , where there is much less of the `` evening out '' effect of a lengthier season . For example , the Chicago White Stockings won the National League 's first pennant in 1876 with a 52 -- 14 record (. 788 ) , and won the 1880 NL pennant with a 67 -- 17 record (. 798 ) , which stands as the overall percentage record between the National or the American League . The White Stockings ' 1880 record would project to a record of 129 -- 33 under the modern schedule of 162 games , while Pythagorean expectation based on the White Stockings ' results ( 538 runs scored , 317 runs allowed ) and a 162 - game schedule would translate to a record of 120 -- 42 . The all - time best single season record belongs to the Cincinnati Red Stockings , who posted baseball 's only perfect record at 67 -- 0 ( 57 -- 0 against National Association of Base Ball Players clubs ) in 1869 . Their record would stretch to 81 -- 0 across the 1870 season before losing 8 -- 7 in eleven innings to the Brooklyn Atlantics in Brooklyn on June 14 . The second - best record belongs to the 1875 Boston Red Stockings of the National Association , who finished with a record of 71 -- 8 (. 899 ) , but the status of the National Association as a major league has long been disputed . The Red Stockings record would project to 146 -- 16 under the modern schedule of 162 games , while Pythagorean expectation based on the Red Stockings results ( 831 runs scored , 343 runs allowed ) and the modern 162 - game schedule would translate to a record of 138 -- 24 . The National Association folded at the end of 1875 , and the Red Stockings , who had won the last four pennants , joined the National League for 1876 , being renamed the Red Caps . The team went 39 -- 31 for a fourth - place finish in 1876 before winning the 1877 and 1878 pennants with records of 42 -- 18 and 41 -- 19 . The third - best record belongs to the St. Louis Maroons of the 1884 Union Association , who finished with a record of 94 -- 19 (. 832 ) , but the Union Association was quite lopsided in talent distribution ( team owner Henry Lucas was also league president , an obvious conflict - of - interest situation which is now banned , and bought all the best available players for his franchise ) , generally disorganized ( six teams played close to full schedules , another four teams folded and one relocated during the course of the season ) , and poorly scheduled . The Maroons ' record would project to 135 -- 27 under the modern schedule of 162 games , while Pythagorean expectation based on the Maroons ' results ( 887 runs scored , 429 runs allowed ) and a 162 - game schedule would translate to a record of 131 -- 31 , but these results are of questionable merit . The Union Association folded at the end of 1884 , and the Maroons joined the National League for 1885 . Playing against stiffer competition , they went 36 -- 72 in 1885 , and 43 -- 79 in 1886 , finishing in last and sixth in both seasons . In 1887 , the Maroons relocated to Indianapolis and became the Indianapolis Hoosiers , playing three more seasons below . 500 before folding . See also ( edit ) List of worst Major League Baseball season records List of Major League Baseball 100 win seasons References ( edit ) Jump up ^ History : Legend of the Cincinnati Red Stockings webpage. 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings Vintage Base Ball Team website ( 2007 ) . Cincinnati Vintage Base Ball Club . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Reds Timeline '' . Cincinnati Reds . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Records and statistics at Baseball Reference Baseball Almanac study of best teams of all time Excerpts from `` Baseball Dynasties '' by Neyer and Epstein Neyer , Rob , and Eddie Epstein . Baseball Dynasties : The Greatest Teams of All Time . Norton , 2000 , 384 p . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_best_Major_League_Baseball_season_win-loss_records&oldid=866280011 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 11 : 55 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

who holds the record for most wins in major league baseball

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My Boyfriend's Back (song)

My Boyfriend 's Back ( song ) - wikipedia My Boyfriend 's Back ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` My Boyfriend 's Back '' Side - A label of the U.S. 7 - inch vinyl single Single by The Angels from the album My Boyfriend 's Back B - side `` ( Love Me ) Now '' Released July 1963 Format 7 '' Recorded 1963 Genre Pop Length 2 : 14 ( 45 version ) 02 : 42 ( album cut ) Label Smash Songwriter ( s ) Bob Feldman Jerry Goldstein Richard Gottehrer Producer ( s ) Feldman , Goldstein and Gottehrer The Angels singles chronology `` Everybody Loves a Lover '' ( 1962 ) `` My Boyfriend 's Back '' ( 1963 ) `` Cotton Fields '' ( 1963 ) `` Everybody Loves a Lover '' ( 1962 ) `` My Boyfriend 's Back '' ( 1963 ) `` Cotton Fields '' ( 1963 ) `` My Boyfriend 's Back '' was a hit song in 1963 for the Angels , an American girl group . It was written by the songwriting team of Bob Feldman , Jerry Goldstein and Richard Gottehrer ( a.k.a. FGG Productions who later formed the group The Strangeloves ) . The recording , employing the services of drummer Gary Chester , was originally intended as a demo for The Shirelles , but ended up being released as recorded . The single spent three weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , and reached number two on the R&B Billboard . The song is a word of warning to a would - be suitor who , after the narrator of the song rebuffed his advances , went on to spread nasty rumors accusing the narrator of romantic indiscretions . Now , the narrator declares , her boyfriend is back in town and ready to settle the score , and she tells the rebuffed would - be suitor to watch his back . Other musicians on the record included Herbie Lovelle on drums , Billy Butler , Bobby Comstock , and Al Gorgoni on guitar , and Bob Bushnell overdubbing on an electric and an upright bass . This song also features a brass section as well . The song begins with a spoken recitation from the lead singer that goes : `` He went away , and you hung around , and bothered me every night . And when I would n't go out with you , you said things that were n't very nice . '' The album version features the line : `` Hey . I can see him comin ' / Now you better start a runnin ' '' . before the instrumental repeat of the bridge section and a repeat of one stanza from the refrain , before the coda section . The inspiration for the song was when co-writer Bob Feldman overheard a conversation between a high school girl and the boy she was rebuffing . Billboard named the song # 24 on their list of 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time . Covers , parodies and references ( edit ) `` My Boyfriend 's Back '' has been the subject of several notable cover versions . Rival girl groups The Chiffons and Martha and the Vandellas recorded covers shortly after The Angels ' original release . In 1983 , Melissa Manchester released a faithful cover version as a single that reached number 33 on the Adult Contemporary chart . The song was also covered by former American Idol contestant Paris Bennett on her 2007 album Princess P . Later in 1963 , Bobby Comstock & The Counts issued an answer record titled `` Your Boyfriend 's Back '' which peaked at # 98 in the U.S. The song has also been covered in punk rock - influenced recordings by Me First and the Gimme Gimmes , Bracket , and Australian female punk trio The Spazzys , and by the post-punk revival band The Raveonettes . UK Powerpop originators The Pleasers featured the song as a highspot of their live stage shows as ' My Girlfriends Back ' and recorded it for their Thamesbeat Album in 1978 . Bette Bright and the Illuminations released a cover in 1978 as their debut single . The rap group Bone Thugs - N - Harmony 's track `` Guess Who 's Back '' borrows heavily from the structure and lyrics of `` My Boyfriend 's Back '' . Fictional music group The Chipettes covered the song for `` Hooping It Up , '' a 1986 episode of Alvin and the Chipmunks . The song is featured in the 2006 Tony Award - winning musical Jersey Boys . It was also featured on the U.S. television show `` American Dreams , '' where it was sung by Christian Pop singer Stacie Orrico , backed by series stars Brittany Snow and Vanessa Lengies . A version of the tune has been used in a commercial jingle for the Hess toy truck , sung as `` The Hess Truck 's Back '' . A cover by Australian band The Chantoozies featured in the film `` The Crossing '' ( 1990 ) . The song was parodied by Bob Ricci on his debut album Get a Life as `` My Girlfriend 's Back '' . Sarah Brightman released a cover version of the song on a single in 1981 . In 1983 , Mike Love of The Beach Boys covered the song on Love 's and Dean Torrence 's album Rock ' N ' Roll City . The song was retitled `` Her Boyfriend 's Back '' The song figured prominently in the 1989 made for television film My Boyfriend 's Back , which featured Jill Eikenberry , Sandy Duncan and Judith Light as former members of a fictitious girl group The Bouffants . In the story , `` My Boyfriend 's Back '' was their only hit song . Disney Channel did a DTV music video of the song set to clips from the Legend of Sleepy Hollow segment of The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad . Comedian Frank Caliendo often sings a cover of the song , with the lyrics changed to be about Brett Favre , when doing his John Madden impersonation . ( My Brett Favre 's back and your defense is in trouble / Hey now , hey now , my Brett Favre 's Back ! ) A viral video was later posted on YouTube , with Caliendo 's lyrics put over the original song . The English indie pop band Peggy Sue released a cover version of the song on their 2012 album Peggy Sue Play the Songs of Scorpio Rising . Dire Straits referenced `` Hey la , my boyfriend 's back '' in their song `` Romeo and Juliet '' . Aerosmith album 's title Permanent Vacation refers to a phrase from `` My Boyfriend 's Back '' . The song was quoted in National Lampoon 's parody of a 1964 American high school yearbook . Each photo of a graduating senior was accompanied by a quote which reflected on the student 's qualities ; for Bruno Lezniak , star lineman on the football team with an IQ to match his uniform number , the quote was `` He 's kinda big and he 's awful strong . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ankeny , Jason . `` Song overview '' . AllMusic . RhythmOne . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Gary Chester Website -- Discography '' . Angelfire.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Biography : The Angels '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived August 16 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time : Critics ' Picks '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 147 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart History for Your Boyfriend 's Back by Bobby Comstock & The Counts '' . Song-database.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ > `` Rock ' N ' Roll City '' . Preceded by `` Fingertips -- Part 2 '' by Little Stevie Wonder Billboard Hot 100 number one single August 31 , 1963 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` Blue Velvet '' by Bobby Vinton The Angels Albums My Boyfriend 's Back Singles `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Till '' `` Everybody Loves a Lover '' `` My Boyfriend 's Back '' `` Cotton Fields '' `` I Adore Him '' Related articles Peggy Santiglia Book : The Angels Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Boyfriend%27s_Back_(song)&oldid=794526574 '' Categories : 1963 songs 1963 singles Songs written by Richard Gottehrer Songs written by Jerry Goldstein ( producer ) The Angels ( American group ) songs Sarah Brightman songs The Raveonettes songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Smash Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 August 2017 , at 15 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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St. Louis Cardinals

St. Louis Cardinals - Wikipedia St. Louis Cardinals For the National Football League team that played in the city of St. Louis from 1960 to 1987 , see History of the St. Louis Cardinals ( NFL ) . St. Louis Cardinals 2018 St. Louis Cardinals season Established in 1882 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations National League ( 1892 -- present ) Central Division ( 1994 -- present ) East Division ( 1969 -- 1993 ) American Association ( 1882 -- 1891 ) Current uniform Retired numbers 6 9 10 14 17 20 24 42 42 45 85 Colors Red , midnight navy blue , yellow , white Name St. Louis Cardinals ( 1900 -- present ) St. Louis Perfectos ( 1899 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1883 -- 1898 ) ( AA ) St. Louis Brown Stockings ( 1882 ) ( AA ) Other nicknames The Cards , The Redbirds , The Birds , Birds on the Bat Ballpark Busch Stadium ( 2006 -- present ) Busch Memorial Stadium ( 1966 -- 2005 ) a.k.a. Busch Stadium ( II ) ( 1966 -- 1982 ) Sportsman 's Park ( 1920 -- 1966 ) a.k.a. Busch Stadium ( I ) ( 1953 -- 1966 ) Robison Field ( 1893 -- 1920 ) a.k.a. Cardinal Field ( 1917 -- 1920 ) a.k.a. League Park ( 1899 -- 1911 ) a.k.a. Sportsman 's Park ( II ) ( 1893 -- 1899 ) Sportsman 's Park ( 1882 -- 1892 ) ( playing in the old American Association ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 11 ) 1926 1931 1934 1942 1944 1946 1964 1967 1982 2006 2011 NL Pennants ( 19 ) 1926 1928 1930 1931 1934 1942 1943 1944 1946 1964 1967 1968 1982 1985 2006 2011 2013 AA Pennants ( 4 ) 1885 1886 1887 1888 Central Division titles ( 10 ) 2000 2002 2005 2006 2009 2013 2014 2015 East Division titles ( 3 ) 1982 1985 Wild card berths ( 3 ) 2001 2011 2012 Front office Owner ( s ) William DeWitt Jr . Manager Mike Shildt General Manager Michael Girsch President of Baseball Operations John Mozeliak The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis , Missouri . The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006 . One of the most successful franchises in baseball history , the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships , the second-most in Major League Baseball ( behind the New York Yankees ) and the most in the National League . Their 19 National League pennants rank third in NL history . In addition , St. Louis has won 13 division titles in the East and Central divisions . While still in the old American Association ( AA ) , named then as the St. Louis Browns , the team won four AA league championships , qualifying them to play in the professional baseball championship tournament ( a forerunner of the modern World Series , established 1903 ) of that era . They tied in 1885 and won outright in 1886 and lost in 1888 for the early trophy Hall Cup versus the New York Giants . The others both times against the Chicago Cubs ( originally the Chicago White Stockings then ) , in the first meetings of the Cardinals -- Cubs rivalry between nearby cities of St. Louis and Chicago that continues to this day . With origins as one of the early professional baseball clubs in St. Louis and the nation , entrepreneur Chris von der Ahe purchased a barnstorming club in 1881 , then known as the Brown Stockings , and established them as charter members of the old American Association ( AA ) base ball league which played 1882 to 1891 , the following season . Upon the discontinuation of the AA , St. Louis joined the continuing National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs , later known simply as the National League , ( organized in 1876 ) , in 1892 ; at that time , they were called the Browns ( not to be confused with a later team also known as the St. Louis Browns in the American League , 1902 - 1953 ) and also as the Perfectos before they were officially renamed eight years later as the Cardinals in 1900 . The name refers to the bird called `` Cardinal '' , which is the team 's mascot , rather than to the senior Catholic Church officials so named . Cardinals achievements that have impacted MLB and sports events in general include manager / owner Branch Rickey 's pioneering of the farm system , Rogers Hornsby 's two batting Triple Crowns , Dizzy Dean 's 30 - win season in 1934 , Stan Musial 's 17 MLB and 29 NL records , Bob Gibson 's 1.12 earned run average ( ERA ) in 1968 , Whitey Herzog 's Whiteyball , Mark McGwire breaking the single - season home run record in 1998 , and the 2011 championship team 's unprecedented comebacks . The Cardinals have won 105 or more games in four different seasons and won 100 or more a total of nine times . Cardinals players have won 20 league MVPs , four batting Triple Crowns , and three Cy Young Awards . Baseball Hall of Fame inductees include Lou Brock , Dizzy Dean , Bob Gibson , Whitey Herzog , Rogers Hornsby , Joe Medwick , Stan Musial , Branch Rickey , Red Schoendienst , Ozzie Smith , and Bruce Sutter . In 2018 , Forbes valued the Cardinals at $1.9 billion , making them the 7th-most valuable franchise in MLB ; their revenue the previous year was $319 million , and their operating income was $40.0 million . Since their purchase in 1995 , owner William DeWitt , Jr. 's investment group has seen enormous growth from the $147 million purchase price . John Mozeliak is the President of Baseball Operations , Mike Girsch is the general manager and Mike Shildt is the manager . The Cardinals are renowned for their strong fan support : despite being in one of the sport 's mid-level markets , they routinely see attendances among the league 's highest , and are consistently among the Top 3 in MLB in local television ratings . Contents 1 History 1.1 Before the Cardinals ( 1875 -- 1881 ) 1.2 American Association and early National League eras ( 1882 -- 1919 ) 1.3 Breadon era ( 1920 -- 52 ) 1.4 Gussie Busch era ( 1953 -- 89 ) 1.5 Bill DeWitt era ( 1996 -- present ) 2 Ballpark 2.1 Previous ballparks 2.2 Spring training 2.3 Regular season home attendance 3 Logos and uniforms 4 Support 4.1 Fans 4.2 Mascots 4.3 Rivalries 4.3. 1 Chicago Cubs 5 Executives and club officials 5.1 Ownership and valuation 5.1. 1 Recent annual financial records 5.2 Other interests 5.3 Executives 5.4 Managerial roll 6 Players 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Coaching staff 6.3 Selected individual achievements and awards 6.4 Team captains 6.5 Hall of Famers 6.5. 1 Inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum 6.5. 2 St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum 6.5. 3 Inducted into the Missouri Sports Hall of Fame 6.6 Retired numbers 6.6. 1 Out of circulation , but not officially retired 7 Minor league affiliations 8 Radio and television coverage 8.1 Radio 8.2 Television 9 Opening Day lineups 9.1 Opening Day salaries 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) See also : List of St. Louis Cardinals seasons Main article : History of the St. Louis Cardinals ( 1875 -- 1919 ) Before the Cardinals ( 1875 -- 1881 ) ( edit ) Professional baseball began in St. Louis with the inception of the Brown Stockings in the National Association ( NA ) in 1875 . The NA folded following that season , and the next season , St. Louis joined the National League as a charter member , finishing in third place at 45 - 19 . George Bradley hurled the first no - hitter in Major League history . The NL expelled St. Louis from the league after 1877 due to a game - fixing scandal and the team went bankrupt . Without a league , they continued play as a semi-professional barnstorming team through 1881 . The magnitudes of the reorganizations following the 1877 and 1881 seasons are such that the 1875 -- 1877 and 1878 -- 1881 Brown Stockings teams are not generally considered to share continuity as a franchise with the current St. Louis Cardinals . American Association and early National League eras ( 1882 -- 1919 ) ( edit ) Charles Comiskey , shown here circa 1910 , guided the Browns to four American Association titles . For the 1882 season , Chris von der Ahe purchased the team , reorganized it , and made it a founding member of the American Association ( AA ) , a league to rival the NL. 1882 is generally considered to be the first year existence of the St. Louis Cardinals . The next season , St. Louis shortened their name to the Browns . Soon thereafter they became the dominant team in the AA , as manager Charlie Comiskey guided St. Louis to four pennants in a row from 1885 to 1888 . Pitcher and outfielder Bob Caruthers led the league in ERA ( 2.07 ) and wins ( 40 ) in 1885 and finished in the top six in both in each of the following two seasons . He also led the AA in OBP (. 448 ) and OPS (. 974 ) in 1886 and finished fourth in batting average in 1886 (. 334 ) and fifth in 1887 (. 357 ) . Outfielder Tip O'Neill won the first batting triple crown in franchise history in 1887 and the only one in AA history . By winning the pennant , the Browns played the NL pennant winner in a predecessor of the World Series . The Browns twice met the Chicago White Stockings -- the Chicago Cubs prototype -- tying one in a heated dispute and winning the other , thus spurring the vigorous St. Louis - Chicago rivalry that ensues to this day . During the franchise 's ten seasons in the AA , they compiled an all - time league - high of 780 wins and . 639 winning percentage . They lost just 432 contests while tying 21 others . Rogers Hornsby won two Triple Crowns as a Cardinal . The AA went bankrupt after the 1891 season and the Browns transferred to the National League . This time , the club entered an era of stark futility . Between 1892 and 1919 , St. Louis managed just five winning seasons , finished in last or next - to - last place sixteen times , and ended four seasons with 100 losses or more . The nadir was the 1897 season : a 29 -- 102 record for a franchise - worst . 221 winning percentage . St. Louis ' 84 - 67 finish as the Perfectos would be the team 's best finish between the AA era and Sam Breadon 's purchase of the team . As the `` Perfectos '' , the team wore their jersey with a cardinal red trim and sock striping . Later that season , St. Louis Republic sportswriter Willie McHale included an account in a column of a female fan he heard remarking about the uniforms , `` What a lovely shade of cardinal . '' Fans liked the moniker `` Cardinals '' and , the next year , popularity for the nickname induced an official change to Cardinals . In 1902 , an American League team moved from Milwaukee into St. Louis , renamed themselves the St. Louis Browns and built a new park on the site of the Cardinals ' old stadium , striking a rivalry that lasted five decades . Breadon bought a minority interest in the Cardinals in 1917 and in 1919 Browns manager Branch Rickey joined the Cardinals . The Cardinals ' first 28 seasons in the NL were a complete reversal of their stay in the AA -- with a . 406 winning percentage , they compiled 1,632 wins , 2,425 losses and 74 ties . Breadon era ( 1920 -- 52 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of the St. Louis Cardinals ( 1920 -- 52 ) St. Louis baseball commenced a renaissance : since 1926 the Cardinals have won eleven World Series and nineteen NL pennants . Breadon spurred this revival when bought out the majority stake in 1920 and appointed Rickey as business manager , who expanded scouting , player development , and pioneered the minor league farm system , filling the role of today 's general manager . With Rogers Hornsby at second base , he claimed Triple Crowns in 1922 and 1925 , and the Cardinals won the 1926 World Series , their first . St. Louis then won the league in 1928 , 1930 , and 1931 and the 1931 World Series . Stan Musial retired owning numerous National League and team batting records . The Gashouse Gang edition claimed the 1934 World Series and the Cardinals amassed new thresholds of popularity far outside St. Louis via radio , which led to the coining of the term `` Cardinal Nation '' . Dizzy Dean led the Gang , winning the 1934 MVP , and leading the NL multiple times in wins , strikeouts , innings , complete games and shutouts . Johnny Mize and Joe Medwick emerged as two power threats , with Medwick claiming the last Triple Crown for a Cardinal in 1937 . In the 1940s , a golden era emerged as Rickey 's farm system became laden with such talent as Marty Marion , Enos Slaughter , Mort Cooper , Walker Cooper , Stan Musial , Max Lanier , Whitey Kurowski , Red Schoendienst and Johnny Beazley . It was one of the most successful decades in franchise history with 960 wins 580 losses for a winning percentage higher than any other Major League team at . 623 . With Billy Southworth managing , they won the World Series in 1942 and 1944 ( in the only all - St. Louis series against the Browns ) , and won 105 or more games each in 1942 , 1943 , and 1944 . Southworth 's managerial winning percentage (. 642 ) is St. Louis ' highest since the franchise joined the National League . Musial was considered the most consistent hitter of his era and most accomplished in team history , winning three MVPs and seven batting titles . St. Louis then won the 1946 World Series on Slaughter 's Mad Dash in Game 7 . Breadon was forced to sell the team in 1947 but won six World Series and nine NL pennants as Cardinals owner . They remained competitive , finishing . 500 or better in thirteen of the next seventeen seasons , but fell short of winning the league or World Series until 1964 . Gussie Busch era ( 1953 -- 89 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of the St. Louis Cardinals ( 1953 -- 89 ) Bob Gibson , the most decorated pitcher in team history , won two Cy Young Awards . In 1953 the Anheuser - Busch brewery bought the Cardinals and August `` Gussie '' Busch became team president , spurring the Browns ' departure in 1953 to Baltimore to become the Orioles , and making the Cardinals the only major league club in town . More success followed in the 1960s , starting with what is considered one of the most lopsided trades in Major League history , as St. Louis received outfielder Lou Brock from the Cubs for pitcher Ernie Broglio . MVP third baseman Ken Boyer and pitcher Bob Gibson led the club to a World Series win the same year and Curt Flood , Bill White , Curt Simmons , and Steve Carlton also made key contributions in this decade . In 1967 , new arrival Orlando Cepeda won the MVP , helping to propel St. Louis to the World Series . The Cardinals won the league the following year behind their Major League - leading 2.49 staff ERA in what was an all - round record - breaking season of pitching dominance . Posting a modern - day record low ERA of 1.12 and striking out a one - game World Series - record of 17 , Gibson won both the MVP and Cy Young awards that year . However , the Cardinals failed to repeat as World Series champions , blowing a 3 - 1 lead to the underdog Detroit Tigers . In the 1970s , catcher / third baseman Joe Torre and first baseman Keith Hernández each won MVPs , but the team 's best finishes were second place and 90 wins . The team found their way back to the World Series the next decade , starting with manager Whitey Herzog and his Whiteyball style of play and another trade that altered course of the franchise : in 1982 , shortstop Garry Templeton was shipped to the Padres for fellow shortstop Ozzie Smith . Widely regarded as one of the best defensive players in history , Smith ranks first all - time among shortstops in Gold Glove Awards ( 13 ) , All - Star games ( 15 ) , assists ( 8,375 ) , and double plays ( 1,590 ) . St. Louis won the 1982 World Series from the Milwaukee Brewers that fall . The Cardinals again won the league in 1985 and 1987 . In the 1985 Series , they faced - off with cross-state rivals Kansas City Royals for the first time in a non-exhibition game , but they lost the series . Bill DeWitt era ( 1996 -- present ) ( edit ) Main article : History of the St. Louis Cardinals ( 1990 -- present ) Pitcher Chris Carpenter , essential in two World Series titles , won 10 playoff games with a 3.00 postseason ERA . Albert Pujols is one of the most accomplished players in Cardinals ' history . After Gussie Busch died in 1989 , the brewery took control and hired Joe Torre to manage late in 1990 , then sold the team to an investment group led by William DeWitt , Jr. in 1996 . Tony La Russa replaced Torre in the spring of 1996 . In 1998 , Mark McGwire competed with the Cubs ' Sammy Sosa for a barrage of home runs in their pursuit of the single - season home run record . From 2000 to 2013 , the Cardinals reestablished their way to the top with ten playoff appearances , four NL pennants , two World Series titles and 1,274 regular season wins against 993 losses for a . 560 winning percentage , leading the National League and second in MLB only to the New York Yankees . With the addition of Jim Edmonds , Albert Pujols , and Scott Rolen , the Cardinals featured three prominent sluggers and defenders nicknamed `` MV3 ; '' Pujols won three MVPs and hit . 328 with 445 home runs in his Cardinals career . In 2004 , playoff stalwart Chris Carpenter 's 3.09 ERA and 15 wins helped power the team to a major - league best 105 wins and take the NL pennant . In 2006 , beset with injuries and inconsistency , they won the World Series , beating Detroit in five games to set an all - time record - low of 83 wins for a World Series winner . In 2009 , the Cardinals reached 10,000 wins , dating to when they first played in the American Association ( AA ) . St. Louis returned to the playoffs in 2011 , first surmounting the largest games - won deficit after 130 games ( at 10.5 ) to upstage the Atlanta Braves on the final day for the wild card playoff berth . In Game 3 of the World Series , Pujols became just the third player to hit three home runs in a World Series game . In Game 6 , third baseman David Freese and outfielder Lance Berkman each tied the score on the Cardinals ' final strike -- the first such occurrence in any game in MLB history -- and St. Louis defeated the Texas Rangers later that game with a walk - off home run from Freese . After winning that Series , La Russa retired and became the only manager to do so after winning a title . He also finished with the most wins for managers in franchise history with 1,408 . La Russa 's successor , Mike Matheny , helped extend St. Louis ' playoff run as he became the first manager in the division play era to guide the Cardinals to the NLCS and playoffs in his first two seasons . In 2014 , the Cardinals extended their NLCS streak to 4 , with their 3 - 1 series victory over the Dodgers , in the NLDS . Ten days after being eliminated from the postseason by the San Francisco Giants , rookie outfielder Oscar Taveras was killed in a car accident while traveling to his hometown Puerto Plata in the Dominican Republic . On November 17 , they acquired Atlanta Braves right - fielder Jason Heyward ( who had just come off a Gold Glove - winning season ) to replace Taveras . On June 16 , 2015 , the FBI and the Justice Department started an investigation on the Cardinals for possibly hacking the Houston Astros . The hacking incident was perpetrated by Scouting Director Chris Correa . For the first time since the 2007 -- 2008 seasons , the Cardinals missed the playoffs in consecutive years , 2016 -- 2017 . On July 14th , 2018 following an 8 - 2 loss to the Cincinnati Reds , the St. Louis Cardinals announced they had dismissed manager Mike Matheny after 6 and a half seasons as team skipper . They named Mike Shildt interim manager and eventually manager . Ballpark ( edit ) Main articles : Busch Stadium , Busch Memorial Stadium , Sportsman 's Park , and Robison Field The Cardinals play their home games at Busch Stadium ( also referred to as New Busch Stadium or Busch III ) in downtown St. Louis , straddling 7th and Clark near the intersection of I nterstates 64 and 70 . The stadium opened for the 2006 season at a cost of $411 million and holds a normal capacity of 46,861 . The Cardinals finished their inaugural season in the new Busch Stadium by winning the 2006 World Series , the first team since the 1923 New York Yankees to do so . This open - air stadium emulates the HOK Sport ( now Populous ) - designed `` retro - style '' baseball - only parks built since the 1990s . The open panoramic perspective over the outfield wall offers a remarkable view of St. Louis ' downtown skyline featuring the distinctive Gateway Arch . A replica of Eads Bridge spans the entrance to the park on the third base side , while the statue of Stan Musial arises in front of that entrance . Other statues at the corner of 8th and Clark include Hall of Famers Rogers Hornsby , Ozzie Smith , George Sisler , Cool Papa Bell , Bob Gibson , Jack Buck and others . Due to increased demand , Game 7 of the 2011 World Series accommodated a baseball record of 47,399 by increasing the number of standing room only tickets . The attendance record for any sporting event is 48,263 , in a 2013 Association Football ( soccer ) friendly match between Chelsea F.C. and Manchester City F.C. , made possible by on field seating . The largest attendance ( 53,000 ) of any event at Busch belongs to U2 during a concert from their 360 ° Tour in 2011 . Ballpark Village , a mixed - use development located across Clark Street from Busch Stadium , is targeted to enhance the ballpark goers ' experience . Phase 1 of the development , completed for the start of the 2014 season , includes entertainment venues , restaurants , and retail . Anchored by Cardinals Nation ( which includes the Cardinals Hall of Fame , a two - story Cardinals - themed restaurant and rooftop seating for 300 + fans with views of the field across the street ) , a 20,000 sq ft Budweiser Brew House , FOX Sports Midwest Live ! and PBR , the $100 million phase 1 development of Ballpark Village is intended to be a gathering space throughout the year , not just during the baseball season . Previous Ballparks ( edit ) Busch Stadium is the Cardinals ' fourth home ballpark and the third to bear that name . The Cardinals ' original home ballpark was Sportsman 's Park from 1882 to 1892 when they played in the American Association and were known as the Browns . In 1893 , the Browns moved to a new ballpark five blocks northwest of Sportsman 's Park which would serve as their home from 1893 to 1920 . The new park was originally called New Sportsman 's Park but became more commonly referred to as Robison Field . Midway through the 1920 season the Cardinals abandoned Robison Field and returned to the original Sportsman 's Park and became tenants of their American League rivals , the St. Louis Browns . In 1953 , the Anheuser - Busch Brewery purchased the Cardinals and the new owner subsequently also purchased Sportsman 's Park from the Browns and renamed it Busch Stadium , later becoming Busch I . The Browns then left St. Louis for Baltimore after the season . The Cardinals built Busch Memorial Stadium , or Busch II , in downtown St. Louis , opened it during the 1966 season and played there until 2005 . It was built as the multi-purpose stadium home of both the baseball Cardinals and the NFL football Cardinals , who are now the Arizona Cardinals . The current Busch Stadium was constructed adjacent to , and partly atop , the site of Busch Memorial Stadium . Spring training ( edit ) The Cardinals home field in spring training is Roger Dean Stadium in Jupiter , Florida . They share the complex , which opened in 1998 , with the Miami Marlins . Before moving to Jupiter , the Cardinals hosted spring training at Al Lang Field in St. Petersburg , Florida from 1937 to 1997 . Regular season home attendance ( edit ) The Cardinals have exceeded the attendance total of 3 million every season since 2004 . Home Attendance at Busch Stadium Year Total attendance Game average League rank 2,654,758 32,774 4th 1997 2,634,014 32,519 4th 1998 3,195,691 38,972 4th 1999 3,225,334 40,317 4th 2000 3,396,493 41,191 1st 2001 3,109,578 37,922 3rd 2002 3,011,756 37,182 4th 2003 2,910,386 35,931 4th 3,048,427 37,635 6th 2005 3,538,988 43,691 2nd 2006 3,407,104 42,589 2nd 2007 3,552,180 43,854 3rd 2008 3,432,917 42,382 3rd 2009 3,343,252 41,275 3rd 3,301,218 40,756 3rd 2011 3,093,954 38,197 3rd 2012 3,262,109 40,273 4th 2013 3,369,769 41,602 2nd 2014 3,540,649 43,712 2nd 2015 3,520,889 43,467 2nd 2016 3,444,490 42,524 2nd 2017 3,448,337 42,572 2nd Logos and uniforms ( edit ) The Cardinals have had few logos throughout their history , although those logos have evolved over time . The first logo associated with the Cardinals was an interlocking `` SL '' that appeared on the team 's caps and or sleeves as early as 1900 . Those early uniforms usually featured the name `` St. Louis '' on white home and gray road uniforms which both had cardinal red accents . In 1920 , the `` SL '' largely disappeared from the team 's uniforms , and for the next 20 years the team wore caps that were white with red striping and a red bill . The original `` birds on the bat '' logo , which first appeared in 1922 . In 1922 , the Cardinals wore uniforms for the first time that featured the two familiar cardinal birds perched on a baseball bat over the name `` Cardinals '' with the letter `` C '' of the word hooked over the bat . The concept of the birds originated after general manager Branch Rickey noticed a colorful cardboard arrangement featuring cardinal birds on a table in a Presbyterian church in Ferguson , Missouri , at which he was speaking . The arrangement 's production was by a woman named Allie May Schmidt . Schmidt 's father , a graphic designer , helped Ricky make the logo a familiar staple on Cardinals uniforms . Colloquially referred to as the `` birds on the bat '' , it initially appeared with the birds perched on a black bat and `` Cardinals '' in printed letters . An alternate version of this logo with `` St. Louis '' replacing `` Cardinals '' appeared in 1930 and was the primary logo in 1931 and 1932 before `` Cardinals '' returned . In 1940 , the now - familiar `` StL '' logo was introduced on the team 's caps . The interlocking `` StL '' has undergone several slight modifications over the years but has appeared on the team 's caps every year since . The first appearance of the `` STL '' in 1940 coincided with the introduction of navy blue as a uniform color . From 1940 until 1955 , the team wore navy blue caps with red bills and a red interlocking `` StL '' while the jerseys featured both cardinal red and navy blue accents . In 1951 , the `` birds on the bat '' logo was changed to feature a yellow baseball bat . The current `` birds on the bat '' logo introduced in 1998 ( although variations of this have been used since 1957 ) . In 1956 , the Cardinals changed their caps to solid blue with a red `` StL '' , removing the red bill . Also , for that season only , the Cardinals wore a script `` Cardinals '' wordmark on their uniforms excluding the `` birds on the bat . '' An updated version of the `` birds on the bat '' logo returned in 1957 with the word `` Cardinals '' written in cursive beneath the bat . In 1962 , the Cardinals became the first National League team to display players ' names on the back of their jerseys . In 1964 , while retaining their blue caps for road games , the Cardinals changed their home caps to all red with a white interlocking `` StL '' . The next year , the red caps were the only cap worn by the team full - time . In 1967 , the birds on the bat emblem on the jersey was again tweaked , making the birds more realistic and changing the position of their tails relative to the bat and this version remained on all Cardinals game jerseys through 1997 . In 1971 , following the trend in baseball at the time , the Cardinals replaced the traditional flannel front - button shirts and pants with belts with new pullover knit jerseys and beltless elastic waist pants . In 1973 , the crew - neck collar became a V - neck . Another trend in baseball led the Cardinals to change their road uniforms from gray to light blue from 1976 to 1984 . In 1992 , the Cardinals returned to wearing traditional button - down shirts and pants with belts . That same year , they also brought back the all - navy cap with a red `` StL '' on the road ( which were last worn in 1964 ) only while wearing the same red and white cap for home games only . In 1998 , the `` birds on the bat '' was updated for the first time in 30 years with more detailed birds and bolder letters . That year , St. Louis introduced a cap featuring a single cardinal bird perched on a bat worn only on Sunday home games . The new birds on the bat design was modified again the next year , with yellow beaks and white eyes replacing the red beaks and yellow eyes of the 1998 version . Uniform numbers also returned to the front of the jerseys in 1999 after a two - year absence . On November 16 , 2012 , the Cardinals unveiled a new alternate uniform to be worn at home games on Saturdays beginning with the 2013 season . The modified jersey , cream - colored with red trim on the sleeves and down the front , was the first since 1932 in which `` St. Louis '' will be used instead of `` Cardinals '' and retained the `` birds on the bat . '' 2013 also saw the team adopt their red caps as their main uniform for both home and away games ; the navy cap was retained as an alternate , used mainly against other red - capped teams . Over the years , the Cardinals have released various marketing logos depicting anthropomorphized cardinals in a pitching stance , swinging a baseball bat , or wearing a baseball cap that never became part of the game uniform . Support ( edit ) Fans ( edit ) Main article : Cardinal Nation Mascots ( edit ) Main articles : Fredbird and Rally Squirrel The team mascot is an anthropomorphic cardinal wearing the team 's uniform named Fredbird . He is assisted by Team Fredbird , a group of eleven women who entertain fans from the field and on top of the dugouts . While unofficial , the Rally Squirrel became an unexpected phenomenon during the 2011 postseason . Making its `` debut '' in Game 3 of the NLDS on Oct 4 , a squirrel ran across home plate in the middle of a pitch from Roy Oswalt of the Phillies to the Cardinals ' Skip Schumaker . The Cardinals would win Game 4 and subsequently Game 5 ( Oct. 7 ) in Philadelphia to advance to the NLCS , symbolizing the squirrel 's `` role '' in the victory . The squirrel was popularized as `` Buschie the Rally Squirrel '' As a tribute to the popularity of the squirrel , a small depiction of the Rally Squirrel is also included on the official World Series rings the team received . It shows up under the `` STL '' logo on the side of the ring . Fredbird sparked controversy in May 2015 , when he was asked by a fan for a photograph and handed him a sign that said `` Police Lives Matter '' . The team later claimed that Fredbird should not be involved in any political activity or social commentary . Rivalries ( edit ) Chicago Cubs ( edit ) Main article : Cardinals -- Cubs rivalry The Cardinals -- Cubs rivalry refers to games between the Cardinals and the Chicago Cubs . The rivalry is also known as the Downstate Illinois rivalry or the I - 55 Series ( in earlier years as the Route 66 Series ) as both cities are located along Interstate 55 ( which itself succeeded the famous U.S. Route 66 ) . The Cubs lead the series 1,134 -- 1,103 through June 22 , 2016 , while the Cardinals lead in National League pennants with 19 against the Cubs ' 17 . The Cubs have won 11 of those pennants in Major League Baseball 's Modern Era ( 1901 -- present ) , while all 19 of the Cardinals ' pennants have been won since 1926 . The Cardinals also have an edge when it comes to World Series successes , having won 11 championships to the Cubs ' 3 . Games featuring the Cardinals and Cubs see numerous visiting fans in either Busch Stadium in St. Louis or Wrigley Field in Chicago . When the National League split into two and then three divisions , the Cardinals and Cubs remained together . This has added excitement to several pennant races over the years . The Cardinals and Cubs have played each other once in the postseason , when the Cubs beat the Cardinals 3 games to 1 in the 2015 National League Division Series . Executives and club officials ( edit ) See also : List of St. Louis Cardinals owners and executives Ownership and valuation ( edit ) An investment group led by William DeWitt , Jr. owns the St. Louis Cardinals , having bought the team from Anheuser - Busch ( AB ) in 1996 . As with other periods of the Cardinals ' transaction history , doubt loomed as to whether the purchaser would keep the team in St. Louis , due to the city 's status as a `` small market '' , which appears to handicap a club 's competitiveness . Such was the case when Sam Breadon put the Cardinals up for sale in 1947 : then - NL President Ford Frick proposed moving the Cardinals to Chicago . When AB placed the Cardinals for sale in 1995 , they publicly expressed intention to find a buyer who would keep the club in St. Louis . In March 1996 , AB sold the team for $147 million to a partnership headed by Southwest Bank 's Drew Baur , Hanser and DeWitt , Jr . Civic Center Redevelopment , a subsidiary of AB , held the parking garages and adjacent property and also transferred them to the Baur ownership group . Baur 's group then sold the garages to another investment group , lowering the net franchise purchase price to about $100 million , about $10 million less than Financial World 's value of the team at the time $110 million . Current Cincinnati Reds owners Bob Castellini and brothers Thomas Williams and W. Joseph Williams Jr. each once owned a stake in the Cardinals dating back to the Baur - DeWitt group 's purchase of the team . To allow their purchase of the Reds in 2005 , the rest of the group bought out Castellini 's and the Williams brothers ' shares , totaling an estimated thirteen percent . At that time , the Forbes valued the Cardinals at about $370 million . However , after reabsorbing that stake into the remainder of the group , they decided to make it available to new investors in 2010 . Amid later allegations that the Cardinals owed the city profit shares , DeWitt revealed that their profitability had not reached the threshold to trigger that obligation . Recent annual Financial records ( edit ) As of 2018 , Forbes valued the Cardinals seventh among 30 MLB franchises . Their estimated value of $1.90 billion was an increase of $100 million from the season before , when they ranked seventh . St. Louis ' revenue in 2018 was $319 million , up $9 million . Their Operating income was $40.0 million . The Cardinals ' deal with Fox Sports Midwest , signed in 2015 , begins in 2018 , and is worth $1 billion through 2032 . In 2014 , Forbes valued the Cardinals at $820 million and opined previously that they play `` in the best single - team baseball market in the country and are among the league 's leaders in television ratings and attendance every season . '' Concurrent with the growth of Major League Baseball , the Cardinals value has increased significantly since the Baur - DeWitt purchase . In 2000 , the franchise was valued at $219 million , a growth rate of 374 % through 2014 . The franchise 's value grew 12.7 % from 2013 to 2014 . The Forbes methodology of team values are enterprise values ( equity plus net debt ) that include the economics of the ballpark but exclude the value of real estate itself . Forbes does not include the value of team - owned regional sports networks . The league 's ownership in Major League Baseball Advanced Media ( 100 % ) and the MLB Network ( 67 % ) and league 's investment portfolio are included in our values . In total , these three assets constitute about $425 million in value for each team . Revenue and operating income ( earnings before interest , taxes , depreciation and amortization ) measure cash in versus cash out ( not accrual accounting ) for the 2017 season . Their figures include the post-season and are net of revenue sharing and stadium debt payments . Revenues include the pro-rated upfront bonuses networks pay teams as well as proceeds from non-MLB events at the ballpark . The non-recurring $18 million each team received in 2017 from the sale of a stake in BamTech to Walt Disney was excluded , as were profits or losses from team - owned RSNs . St. Louis Cardinals ' financial value since 2009 Year $ Franchise Value ( mil . ) $ Revenue ( mil . ) $ Operating Income ( mil . ) $ Player Expenses ( mil . ) Wins - to - player cost ratio Ref 2009 $486 $195 $ 7 $120 87 $488 $195 $12.8 $111 100 2011 $518 $207 $19.8 $110 94 2012 $591 $233 $25.0 $123 116 2013 $716 $239 $19.9 $134 102 2014 $820 $283 $65.2 $133 118 2015 $1,400 $294 $73.6 $133 111 2016 $1,600 $300 $59.8 $145 115 2017 $1,800 $310 $40.5 $173 86 2018 $1,900 $319 $40.0 $165 89 All valuations per Forbes . Based on current stadium deal ( unless new stadium is pending ) without deduction for debt , other than stadium debt . ( 2018 : market $715 mil. , stadium $447 mil. , sport $493 mil. , brand management $245 mil . ) ( 2017 : market $666 mil. , stadium $411 mil. , sport $488 mil. , brand management $235 mil . ) ( 2016 : market $613 mil. , stadium $378 mil. , sport $406 mil. , brand management $219 mil . ) ( 2015 : market $548 mil. , stadium $338 mil. , sport $331 mil. , brand management $197 mil . ) ( 2014 : market $339 mil. , stadium $211 mil. , sport $156 mil. , brand management $124 mil . ) ( 2013 : market $291 mil. , stadium $182 mil. , sport $151 mil. , brand management $91 mil . ) ( 2012 : market $240 mil. , stadium $157 mil. , sport $119 mil. , brand management $78 mil . ) ( 2011 : market $206 mil. , stadium $136 mil. , sport $111 mil. , brand management $65 mil . ) Net of stadium revenues used for debt payments . Earnings before interest , taxes , depreciation and amortization . Includes benefits and bonuses . Compares the number of wins per player payroll relative to the rest of MLB . Playoff wins count twice as much as regular season wins . A score of 120 means that the team achieved 20 % more victories per dollar of payroll compared with the league average in 2010 . Franchise Principals Owner , Chairman and CEO : William DeWitt , Jr . President : William DeWitt III Other interests ( edit ) Besides Ballpark Village , which has now finished its first phase , opening on March 27 , and considered a smashing success with the first phase of the project totaling 120,000 square feet ( 11,000 m ) . The Cardinals own three of their Minor League Baseball affililiates : Springfield Cardinals , Texas League ( AA ) Palm Beach Cardinals , Florida State League ( High - A ) Gulf Coast League Cardinals , Gulf Coast League ( Rookie League ) Executives ( edit ) Baseball Operations President , Baseball Operations : John Mozeliak Vice President / General Manager : Mike Girsch Assistant General Manager : Moisés Rodríguez ( promoted to Asst . GM on Sep. 27 , 2017 ) Director , Player Development : Gary LaRocque Scouting Director : Randy Flores International Operations Director : Moisés Rodríguez ( promoted to Asst . GM on Sep. 27 , 2017 ) Director of Player Personnel : Matt Slater Director , Baseball Administration : John Vuch Senior Medical Advisor : Barry Weinberg Finance and Administration Sr. Vice President and CFO : Brad Wood Event Services and Merchandising Vice President , Event Services and Merchandising : Vicki Bryant Stadium Operations Vice President , Stadium Operations : Matt Gifford Ticket Sales , Marketing & Corporate Sales Sr. Vice President of Sales & Marketing : Dan Farrell Vice President , Corp . Marketing & Stadium Entertainment : Thane van Breusegen Vice President , Ticket Sales and Services : Joe Strohm Managerial roll ( edit ) Main article : List of St. Louis Cardinals managers Field managers with one or more years managing , and the current manager are included here . Dates Name W-L Record % Highlights Ref 1883 -- 89 , 1891 Charlie Comiskey † 563 -- 273 . 673 * Highest winning - percentage in franchise history ; Four consecutive World Series appearances , one title 1895 , 96 , 97 Chris von der Ahe 3 -- 14 . 176 1901 -- 03 Patsy Donovan 175 -- 236 . 426 1904 -- 05 Kid Nichols 80 -- 88 . 476 1906 -- 08 John McCloskey 153 -- 304 . 335 1909 -- 12 Roger Bresnahan † 255 -- 352 . 420 1913 -- 17 Miller Huggins † 346 -- 415 . 455 1918 Jack Hendricks 51 -- 78 . 395 1919 -- 25 Branch Rickey † 458 -- 485 . 486 1925 -- 26 Rogers Hornsby † 153 -- 116 . 569 One World Series win ( player - manager ) 1927 Bob O'Farrell 92 -- 61 . 601 1928 -- 29 Bill McKechnie † 129 -- 88 . 594 One NL pennant 1929 , 1940 -- 45 Billy Southworth † 620 -- 346 . 642 * * Second - highest winning - percentage in franchise history ( highest modern ) ; Two World Series ( 1942 , 1944 ) wins 1929 , 1930 -- 33 Gabby Street 312 -- 242 . 563 Two NL pennants and one World Series win 1933 -- 38 Frankie Frisch † 458 -- 354 . 564 One World Series win 1939 -- 40 Ray Blades 106 -- 85 . 555 1946 -- 50 Eddie Dyer 446 -- 325 . 578 One World Series win 1951 Marty Marion 81 -- 73 . 526 1952 -- 55 Eddie Stanky 260 -- 238 . 522 1956 -- 58 Fred Hutchinson 232 -- 220 . 513 1959 -- 61 Solly Hemus 190 -- 192 . 497 1961 -- 64 Johnny Keane 317 -- 249 . 560 One World Series win 1965 -- 76 , 1980 , 1990 Red Schoendienst † 1041 -- 955 . 522 Two NL pennants and one World Series win 1977 -- 78 Vern Rapp 89 -- 90 . 497 1978 -- 80 Ken Boyer 166 -- 190 . 466 1980 -- 90 Whitey Herzog † 822 -- 728 . 530 Three NL pennants and one World Series win 1990 -- 95 Joe Torre † 351 -- 354 . 498 1996 -- 2011 Tony La Russa † 1408 * -- 1182 * . 544 Most managerial wins and seasons ( 16 ) in team history ; Two World Series ( 2006 , 2011 ) wins 2012 -- July 14 , 2018 Mike Matheny 591 -- 474 . 555 One NL pennant July 15 , 2018 -- present Mike Shildt 40 -- 24 . 625 Table key * All - time franchise leader . * * Franchise leader since 1900 . W-L Total number of wins and losses WPct Winning percentage : Number of wins divided by total of wins and losses Bold Franchise leader † Elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame Players ( edit ) See also : St. Louis Cardinals all - time roster Current roster ( edit ) St. Louis Cardinals 2019 spring training roster view talk 40 - man roster Non-roster invitees Coaches / Other Pitchers 67 Matt Bowman 60 John Brebbia 27 Brett Cecil 32 Jack Flaherty 65 Giovanny Gallegos 53 John Gant 68 Austin Gomber 71 Derian González 90 Conner Greene 44 Luke Gregerson 49 Jordan Hicks 43 Dakota Hudson 55 Dominic Leone 18 Carlos Martínez 59 Mike Mayers 39 Miles Mikolas 62 Daniel Poncedeleon 29 Alex Reyes 40 Chasen Shreve 52 Michael Wacha 50 Adam Wainwright 7 Luke Weaver 30 Tyler Webb Catchers 19 Carson Kelly 4 Yadier Molina 46 Francisco Peña Infielders 13 Matt Carpenter 12 Paul DeJong 35 Greg Garcia 3 Jedd Gyorko 38 José Martínez 34 Yairo Muñoz 63 Edmundo Sosa 21 Patrick Wisdom 16 Kolten Wong Outfielders 48 Harrison Bader 25 Dexter Fowler 28 Adolis García 41 Tyler O'Neill 23 Marcell Ozuna -- Justin Williams Manager 8 Mike Shildt Coaches -- Jeff Albert ( hitting ) 58 Mark Budaska ( assistant hitting ) -- Stubby Clapp ( first base ) 72 Bryan Eversgerd ( bullpen ) 31 Mike Maddux ( pitching ) 37 Oliver Marmol ( bench ) 51 Willie McGee ( coach ) 94 Jamie Pogue ( bullpen catcher ) 76 Kleininger Teran ( bullpen catcher ) 75 Ron Warner ( third base ) 41 active , 0 inactive , 0 non-roster invitees 7 - or 10 - day disabled list * Not on active roster Suspended list Roster , coaches , and NRIs updated October 29 , 2018 Transactions Depth Chart → All MLB rosters Coaching staff ( edit ) Further information : List of St. Louis Cardinals coaches Selected individual achievements and Awards ( edit ) Main articles : St. Louis Cardinals award winners and league leaders and St. Louis Cardinals team records Darryl Kile Award : Two awards are presented each year , one to a St. Louis Cardinal and one to a Houston Astro , each of whom exemplifies Kile 's virtues of being `` a good teammate , a great friend , a fine father and a humble man . '' The winner is selected by each local chapter of the Baseball Writers ' Association of America . See : St. Louis Cardinals award winners and league leaders § Darryl Kile Good Guy Award . No - hitters : Cardinal pitchers have thrown 10 no - hitters : Ted Breitenstein ( 1891 ) , Jesse Haines ( 1924 ) , Paul Dean ( 1934 ) , Lon Warneke ( 1941 ) , Ray Washburn ( 1968 ) , Bob Gibson ( 1971 ) , Bob Forsch ( 1978 and 1983 ) , José Jiménez ( 1999 ) , and Bud Smith ( 2001 ) . The Cardinals have never been involved in a perfect game , win or lose . Cy Young Awards : Two Cardinal pitchers have won Cy Young Awards : Bob Gibson in 1968 and 1970 , and Chris Carpenter in 2005 . MVP Awards : 16 different Cardinal players have won a total of 20 Most Valuable Player awards , the most recent being Albert Pujols in 2009 . Pujols and Stan Musial have collected the most MVPs with three apiece . Bob Gibson won both the Cy Young Award and the MVP award in 1968 . The Cardinals are second only to the New York Yankees ' 22 MVP awards . Rookie of the Year : Six Cardinals have won the Rookie of the Year award : Wally Moon in 1954 , Bill Virdon in 1955 , Bake McBride in 1974 , Vince Coleman in 1985 , Todd Worrell in 1986 , and Albert Pujols in 2001 . Hitting for the cycle : 20 Cardinal players have hit for the cycle , the most recent being Mark Grudzielanek in 2005 . Triple Crown : Four of the 16 batting Triple Crowns in the major leagues ( including three of only six in the National League ) were by Cardinals . Tip O'Neill won the only American Association Triple Crown and the first in franchise history in 1887 . Rogers Hornsby became the only two - time winner in NL history when he did it in 1922 and 1925 ( Ted Williams won two AL Triple Crowns ) . Joe Medwick 's Triple Crown in 1937 is the last in the history of the National League . Hornsby 's 1925 numbers led the entire major leagues , making him one of only five players to have won this expanded Triple Crown . Home runs and RBI in a game : Jim Bottomley drove in 12 runs against Brooklyn on September 16 , 1924 , an all - time MLB single - game record that still stands . On September 7 , 1993 , Mark Whiten tied that record and another MLB single - game record with four home runs . 2 Grand Slams in a single inning : Fernando Tatís is the only player in Major League history to hit two grand slam home runs in the same inning , on April 23 , 1999 . Both were against Chan Ho Park of the Dodgers . Team captains ( edit ) Leo Durocher 1934 -- 1937 Terry Moore 1942 -- 1948 Ken Boyer 1959 -- 1965 Hall of Famers ( edit ) Inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum ( edit ) Main article : List of St. Louis Cardinals in the Baseball Hall of Fame See also : National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum and List of members of the Baseball Hall of Fame St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum St. Louis Browns Charles Comiskey * Roger Connor * Pud Galvin * George Sisler * † St. Louis Cardinals Grover Cleveland Alexander * Walter Alston Jake Beckley * Jim Bottomley * Roger Bresnahan * Lou Brock Mordecai Brown * Jesse Burkett * * Steve Carlton Orlando Cepeda Dizzy Dean Leo Durocher Dennis Eckersley Frankie Frisch * Bob Gibson Burleigh Grimes Chick Hafey * Jesse Haines * Whitey Herzog Rogers Hornsby * Miller Huggins Tony La Russa Rabbit Maranville Bill McKechnie John McGraw Joe Medwick * Johnny Mize * Stan Musial Kid Nichols * Branch Rickey Wilbert Robinson * Red Schoendienst Enos Slaughter Ozzie Smith John Smoltz Billy Southworth Bruce Sutter § Joe Torre Dazzy Vance Bobby Wallace * * Hoyt Wilhelm Vic Willis * * Cy Young Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Browns or Cardinals cap insignia . * Has no insignia on his cap due to playing at a time when caps bore no insignia . * * Wears no cap . † Played for the AL St. Louis Browns , but not the NL St. Louis club . Because of their status as the only Major League team remaining in St. Louis , the Cardinals franchise chose to honor Sisler as a St. Louis - based player . § Wears a Cardinals insignia but the Hall of Fame recognizes the Chicago Cubs as his primary team . St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum ( edit ) Main article : St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum In 2014 , the Cardinals announced the reopening of the franchise Hall of Fame after a 6 - year hiatus . A formal selection process recognizes former players as Cardinals Hall of Famers each year . To be eligible for election , a player must have been a member of the Cardinals for at least three seasons . The team initially released the names of 22 former players and personnel included in the inaugural class of 2014 . There are now 40 members of the Cardinals Hall of Fame . No . Name Years with Cardinals Franchise Position ( s ) Year Elected Committee Selection Jim Bottomley 1922 - 1932 1B 2014 Inaugural 14 Ken Boyer 1955 - 1965 , 1971 - 1972 , 1978 - 1980 3B , CF , Manager , Coach 2014 Inaugural -- Sam Breadon 1917 - 1947 Owner 2016 Team 31 Harry Brecheen 1940 , 1943 - 1952 Pitcher 2018 Red Ribbon 20 Lou Brock 1964 - 1979 LF 2014 Inaugural -- Jack Buck 1954 - 1959 , 1961 - 2001 Broadcaster 2014 Inaugural 85 August A. Busch , Jr . 1953 - 1989 Owner 2014 Inaugural 29 Chris Carpenter 2004 - 2012 Pitcher 2016 Fan 29 Vince Coleman 1985 - 1990 LF 2018 Fan 17 Dizzy Dean 1930 , 1932 - 1937 , 1941 - 1946 Pitcher , Broadcaster 2014 Inaugural 15 Jim Edmonds 2000 - 2007 , 2016 -- Present CF , Broadcaster 2014 Fan 21 , 42 Curt Flood 1958 - 1969 CF 2015 Red Ribbon 31 , 37 Bob Forsch 1974 - 1988 Pitcher 2015 Fan Frankie Frisch 1927 - 1938 2B , 3B , Manager 2014 Inaugural 45 Bob Gibson 1959 - 1975 , 1995 Pitcher , Coach 2014 Inaugural -- Chick Hafey 1924 - 1931 LF , RF 2014 Inaugural 16 Jesse Haines 1920 - 1937 Pitcher 2014 Inaugural 24 Whitey Herzog 1980 - 1990 Manager , General Manager 2014 Inaugural Rogers Hornsby 1915 - 1926 , 1933 2B , 3B , SS , Manager 2014 Inaugural George Kissell 1940 - 1942 , 1946 - 2008 Coach , Instructor , Scout 2015 Team 16 , 12 Ray Lankford 1990 - 2001 , 2004 CF , LF 2018 Fan 10 Tony LaRussa 1996 - 2011 Manager 2014 Inaugural Marty Marion 1940 - 1951 SS , Manager 2014 Red Ribbon 2 , 28 , 1 , 11 , 10 Pepper Martin 1928 , 1930 - 1940 , 1944 3B , CF , RF 2017 Red Ribbon 51 , 9 , 20 , 15 Tim McCarver 1959 - 1969 , 1973 - 1974 , 2014 - Present C , Broadcaster 2017 Fan 51 Willie McGee 1982 - 1990 , 1996 - 1999 , 2018 CF , LF , RF , Coach 2014 Fan 25 Mark McGwire 1997 - 2001 , 2010 - 2012 1B , Coach 2017 Fan 7 , 12 , 21 , 28 Joe Medwick 1932 - 1940 , 1947 - 1948 LF 2014 Inaugural 10 Johnny Mize 1936 - 1941 1B 2014 Inaugural 2 , 8 , 11 Terry Moore 1935 - 1942 , 1946 - 1952 , 1956 - 1958 CF , Coach 2016 Red Ribbon 6 Stan Musial 1941 - 1944 , 1946 - 1963 , 1967 1B , LF , RF , CF , General Manager 2014 Inaugural -- Branch Rickey 1919 - 1942 General Manager , Manager , President 2014 Inaugural Red Schoendienst 1945 - 1956 , 1961 - 1976 , 1979 - 1995 Manager , 2B , LF , Coach 2014 Inaugural 18 , 28 Mike Shannon 1962 - 1970 , 1972 -- Present Broadcaster , 3B , RF 2014 Team 23 Ted Simmons 1968 - 1980 2015 Fan 9 Enos Slaughter 1938 - 1942 , 1946 - 1953 RF , LF 2014 Inaugural Ozzie Smith 1982 - 1999 SS , Broadcaster 2014 Inaugural -- Billy Southworth 1926 - 1927 , 1929 , 1940 - 1945 Manager , RF 2014 Inaugural 42 Bruce Sutter 1981 - 1984 Pitcher 2014 Inaugural 9 , 22 Joe Torre 1969 - 1974 , 1990 - 1995 3B , 1B , C , Manager 2016 Fan Inducted into the Missouri Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Missouri Sports Hall of Fame St. Louis Cardinals in the Missouri Sports Hall of Fame No . Player Position Tenure Notes -- Branch Rickey Manager GM 1919 -- 1925 1919 -- 1942 -- Bing Devine GM 1957 -- 1964 1967 -- 1978 Born and raised in St. Louis -- Walt Jocketty GM 1994 -- 2007 -- Lou Adamie Scorekeeper 1941 -- 1982 -- Charlie Grimm 1B 1918 Born in St. Louis Ozzie Smith SS 1982 -- 1996 Red Schoendienst 2B Manager 1945 -- 1956 , 1961 -- 1963 1965 -- 1976 , 1980 , 1990 Frankie Frisch 2B Manager 1927 -- 1937 1933 -- 1938 George Kissell Coach Instructor Scout 1940 -- 1942 1946 -- 2008 Marty Marion SS Manager 1940 -- 1950 1951 5 , 22 Don Gutteridge 2B / 3B 1936 -- 1940 6 Stan Musial OF 1B 1941 -- 1944 1946 -- 1963 8 Hal McRae Coach 2005 -- 2009 Elected mainly on his performance with Kansas City Royals 8 Terry Moore OF 1935 -- 1942 1946 -- 1948 8 , 14 Mickey Owen 1937 -- 1940 Born and raised in Nixa , Missouri 9 Enos Slaughter RF 1938 -- 1942 1946 -- 1953 9 Bill Virdon CF 1955 -- 1956 Grew up in West Plains , Missouri , attended Drury University 10 Tony La Russa Manager 1996 -- 2011 14 Ken Boyer 3B Manager 1955 -- 1965 1978 -- 1980 Born in Liberty , Missouri , grew up in Alba , Missouri 15 Jim Edmonds CF 2000 -- 2007 15 Tim McCarver 1959 -- 1969 1973 -- 1974 15 Darrell Porter 1981 -- 1985 Born in Joplin , Missouri 16 Jamie Quirk Elected mainly on his performance with Kansas City Royals 17 Dizzy Dean 1930 , 1932 -- 1937 18 Dave Duncan Coach 1996 -- 2011 19 Tom Pagnozzi 1987 -- 1998 19 Preacher Roe 1938 20 Lou Brock LF 1964 -- 1979 22 David Eckstein SS 2005 -- 2007 22 Mike Matheny Manager 2000 -- 2004 2012 -- 2018 23 Charlie James OF 1960 -- 1964 Born in St. Louis , attended University of Missouri 23 Ted Simmons 1968 -- 1980 24 Whitey Herzog Manager / GM 1980 -- 1982 1980 -- 1990 25 Gabby Street Manager 1931 1929 , 1930 -- 1933 28 Tom Herr 2B 1979 -- 1988 28 , 40 Dan Quisenberry 1988 -- 1989 Elected mainly on his performance with Kansas City Royals 29 Vince Coleman LF 1985 -- 1990 30 Orlando Cepeda 1B 1966 -- 1968 31 Bob Forsch 1974 -- 1988 34 Darold Knowles 1979 -- 1980 Born and raised in Brunswick , Missouri , attended University of Missouri 37 Keith Hernandez 1B 1974 -- 1983 38 Todd Worrell 1985 -- 1989 , 1992 39 Al Hrabosky 1970 -- 1977 40 Rick Sutcliffe 1994 Born and raised in Independence , Missouri 42 Bruce Sutter 1981 -- 1984 44 Jason Isringhausen 2002 -- 2008 45 Bob Gibson 1959 -- 1975 49 Jerry Reuss 1969 -- 1971 Born in St. Louis , grew up in Overland , Missouri 50 Tom Henke 1995 Born and raised in Kansas City , Missouri 51 Willie McGee OF 1982 -- 1990 1996 -- 1999 85 Gussie Busch Owner 1953 -- 1989 Born and raised in St. Louis Retired numbers ( edit ) See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers The Cardinals have retired 12 total jersey numbers -- -- second in MLB only to the New York Yankees ' 21 -- -- in honoring 14 total former players and club personnel on the left field wall at Busch Stadium . A 15th , Jackie Robinson , is honored by all MLB teams . During the time Rogers Hornsby had played , the Cardinals did not have any numbers on their uniforms . This practice had begun with the Cleveland Indians in 1920 . Thus , Hornsby had no number to retire . Rogers Hornsby 2B , Mgr Honored 1937 Ozzie Smith SS Retired 1996 Red Schoendienst 2B , Mgr , Coach Retired 1996 Stan Musial OF , 1B , GM Retired 1963 Enos Slaughter RF Retired 1996 Tony La Russa Mgr Retired 2012 Ken Boyer 3B , Mgr , Coach Retired 1984 Dizzy Dean SP Retired 1974 Lou Brock LF , Coach Retired 1979 Whitey Herzog Mgr , GM Retired 2010 Bruce Sutter RP Retired 2006 Jackie Robinson 2B Retired by MLB ' 97 Bob Gibson SP , Coach Retired 1975 Gussie Busch Owner Retired 1984 Jack Buck Broadcaster Honored 2002 Notes : Hornsby : When honored in 1937 , ' `` SL '' ' was used in place of a number as he played mostly in an era without numbers . 42 : Jackie Robinson 's number 42 was retired throughout baseball in 1997 . The Cardinals again retired 42 in September 2006 in honor of Sutter , who was elected to the Hall of Fame earlier in the year . 85 : Cardinal stockholders honored Busch with the number 85 on his 85th birthday in 1984 . Out of circulation , but not officially retired ( edit ) 5 : Albert Pujols ' ( 1B , 2001 -- 2011 ) number has not been reissued since he signed with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim after the 2011 season . 51 : Willie McGee 's ( OF , 1982 -- 1990 , 1996 -- 1999 ; Coach , 2018 -- present ) number has not been reissued since late in the 2001 season . 57 : Darryl Kile 's ( P , 2000 -- 02 ) number has not been reissued since his death in the middle of the 2002 season . Along with Josh Hancock 's number 32 , another active pitcher deceased in the middle of the season , they are honored with small circular logos bearing their initials and numbers on the wall of the Cardinal bullpen . During the 2014 playoffs , but following the Cardinals ' elimination , rookie and star prospect Oscar Taveras was killed in a car accident . His number 18 was added along with Kile 's and Hancock 's in the home bullpen ; however , his number was reissued the following season to close friend Carlos Martinez . Minor league affiliations ( edit ) Main article : List of St. Louis Cardinals minor league affiliates See also : St. Louis Cardinals minor league players Level Team League Location Manager AAA Memphis Redbirds Pacific Coast League Memphis , Tennessee Stubby Clapp AA Springfield Cardinals Texas League Springfield , Missouri Johnny Rodriguez Advanced A Palm Beach Cardinals Florida State League Jupiter , Florida Dann Bilardello Peoria Chiefs Midwest League Peoria , Illinois Chris Swauger Short season A State College Spikes New York -- Penn League University Park , Pennsylvania Joe Kruzel Rookie Johnson City Cardinals Appalachian League Johnson City , Tennessee Roberto Espinoza GCL Cardinals Gulf Coast League Jupiter , Florida Steve Turco DSL Cardinals Dominican Summer League Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic Fray Peniche Radio and television coverage ( edit ) See also : List of St. Louis Cardinals broadcasters Radio ( edit ) Capable of reaching 21 million listeners in nine states including Missouri , Illinois , Arkansas , Indiana , Iowa , Kentucky , Mississippi , Oklahoma , and Tennessee , the Cardinals radio network is the second - largest in MLB with 117 affiliate stations . In St. Louis , CBS - owned KMOX ( 1120 AM ) airs Cardinals games over radio and feeds the rest of the Cardinals network . Mike Shannon and John Rooney alternate as play - by - play announcers , with Chris Hrabe serving as pre-game and post-game host . KMOX 's 50,000 - watt clear - channel signal covers much of the continental United States at night . At one time , owing to the Cardinals ' status as a `` regional '' franchise , the Cardinals radio network reached almost half of the country . The 2011 season marked the Cardinals ' return to KMOX following five seasons on KTRS ( 550 AM ) , a station which is 50 percent owned by the Cardinals . With a partnership spanning seven decades , and continuously since 1954 , its conclusion was realized after the 2005 season when CBS Radio and the Cardinals failed to reach terms on a new rights agreement . However , frustrated by the underpowered coverage of 5,000 - watt KTRS , the Cardinals reached a new deal with KMOX in 2011 . Mike Shannon announced 30 fewer games in 2013 , compared to the 15 he took off in 2012 , and in previous seasons . Most of the games will be road games and three - city trips . He has been announcing Cardinals ' games starting in 1972 , making 2013 his 41st year announcing . He turns 74 in July . He has announced Cardinals ' games for more years than anyone except Jack Buck ( 1954 -- 58 , 1961 -- 2001 ) who announced for 46 years . Television ( edit ) Since 2000 , Cardinals telecasts have generated the top three in ratings in MLB every season . Fox Sports Midwest airs all games in high - definition and is the team 's exclusive television broadcaster , with the exception of selected Saturday afternoon games on Fox ( via its St. Louis affiliate , KTVI ) or Sunday Night Baseball on ESPN . Fox Sports Indiana , Fox Sports South , Fox Sports Tennessee , Fox Sports Oklahoma , Fox Sports Southwest , and SportSouth air Cardinals games for fans living within the Cardinals broadcast territory who do not receive the Fox Sports Midwest channel . During the 2016 season , the Cardinals averaged a 8.54 rating and 104,000 viewers on primetime TV broadcasts in St Louis . The television commentators lineup includes Dan McLaughlin , Rick Horton , and Al Hrabosky . Jimmy `` The Cat '' Hayes serves as dugout reporter during the game as well as on Cardinals Live , a pre - and post-game show . Cardinals Live is hosted in - studio by Pat Parris along with game analysts and former Cardinals players Jim Edmonds , Gary Bennett and Chris Duncan . Cardinals Kids , a program aimed at the team 's younger fans , airs weekly in - season on Fox Sports Midwest . It 's hosted by former Cardinals pitcher Andy Benes , team mascot Fredbird , and Busch Stadium Public Address announcer John `` The U-Man '' Ulett . The 30 - minute show began airing in 2003 and presents team news , player profiles , and Cardinals team history in a kid - friendly manner along with games and trivia . A weekly magazine program , This Week in Cardinal Nation , airs on St. Louis ' NBC affiliate KSDK . Cardinals games had been seen on KSDK ( and its predecessor , KSD - TV ) from 1947 through 1958 , 1963 through 1987 , and 2007 until 2010 . KPLR - TV was the Cardinals ' other over-the - air broadcaster , carrying games from 1959 through 1962 and from 1988 until 2006 . Former Cardinals broadcasters include Jack Buck , Harry Caray , Dizzy Dean , Joe Garagiola , Sr. , and Jay Randolph . Joe Buck , the son of Jack Buck , was an official member of the Cardinals ' broadcast team from 1991 until 2007 . The younger Buck is currently the lead play - by - play caller for Fox Sports ' national Major League Baseball and National Football League broadcasts . Opening Day lineups ( edit ) Year 5 6 7 8 9 2018 Dexter Fowler RF Tommy Pham CF Matt Carpenter 3B Marcell Ozuna LF José Martínez 1B Yadier Molina C Paul DeJong SS Kolten Wong 2B Carlos Martínez P 2017 Dexter Fowler CF Aledmys Díaz SS Matt Carpenter 1B Jhonny Peralta 3B Yadier Molina C Stephen Piscotty RF Jedd Gyorko 2B Randal Grichuk LF Carlos Martínez P 2016 Matt Carpenter 3B Tommy Pham LF Matt Holliday 1B Randal Grichuk CF Stephen Piscotty RF Yadier Molina C Kolten Wong 2B Jedd Gyorko SS Adam Wainwright P 2015 Matt Carpenter 3B Jason Heyward RF Matt Holliday LF Jhonny Peralta SS Matt Adams 1B Yadier Molina C Kolten Wong 2B Jon Jay CF Adam Wainwright P 2014 Matt Carpenter 3B Kolten Wong 2B Matt Holliday LF Allen Craig RF Yadier Molina C Matt Adams 1B Jhonny Peralta SS Peter Bourjos CF Adam Wainwright P 2013 Jon Jay CF Matt Carpenter 2B Matt Holliday LF Allen Craig 1B Carlos Beltrán RF Yadier Molina C Daniel Descalso 2B Pete Kozma SS Adam Wainwright P 2012 Rafael Furcal SS Carlos Beltrán RF Matt Holliday LF Lance Berkman 1B David Freese 3B Yadier Molina C Jon Jay CF Daniel Descalso 2B Kyle Lohse P 2011 Ryan Theriot SS Colby Rasmus CF Albert Pujols 1B Matt Holliday LF Lance Berkman RF David Freese 3B Yadier Molina C Skip Schumaker 2B Chris Carpenter P Skip Schumaker 2B Brendan Ryan SS Albert Pujols 1B Matt Holliday LF Colby Rasmus CF Ryan Ludwick RF Yadier Molina C David Freese 3B Chris Carpenter P 2009 Brendan Ryan 2B Rick Ankiel CF Albert Pujols 1B Khalil Greene SS Ryan Ludwick RF Yadier Molina C Chris Duncan LF Brian Barden 3B Adam Wainwright P 2008 Skip Schumaker RF Chris Duncan LF Albert Pujols 1B Rick Ankiel CF Troy Glaus 3B Yadier Molina C Adam Kennedy 2B Kyle Lohse P César Izturis SS 2007 David Eckstein SS Preston Wilson RF Albert Pujols 1B Scott Rolen 3B Yadier Molina C Jim Edmonds CF So Taguchi LF Adam Kennedy 2B Chris Carpenter P 2006 David Eckstein SS Juan Encarnación RF Albert Pujols 1B Jim Edmonds CF Scott Rolen 3B So Taguchi LF Yadier Molina C Aaron Miles 2B Chris Carpenter P 2005 David Eckstein SS Larry Walker RF Albert Pujols 1B Scott Rolen 3B Jim Edmonds CF Mark Grudzielanek 2B Reggie Sanders LF Yadier Molina C Chris Carpenter P Tony Womack 2B Ray Lankford LF Albert Pujols 1B Jim Edmonds CF Scott Rolen 3B Édgar Rentería SS Reggie Sanders RF Mike Matheny C Matt Morris P 2003 Fernando Viña 2B Édgar Rentería SS Jim Edmonds CF Albert Pujols LF Scott Rolen 3B Tino Martinez 1B Eli Marrero RF Mike Matheny C Matt Morris P 2002 Fernando Viña 2B Placido Polanco 3B J.D. Drew RF Albert Pujols LF Jim Edmonds CF Édgar Rentería SS Tino Martinez 1B Mike DiFelice C Matt Morris P 2001 Fernando Viña 2B Édgar Rentería SS Jim Edmonds CF Mark McGwire 1B Placido Polanco 3B Albert Pujols LF Mike Matheny C J.D. Drew RF Darryl Kile P 2000 Fernando Viña 2B Édgar Rentería SS Ray Lankford LF Fernando Tatis 3B Jim Edmonds CF Craig Paquette 1B Eric Davis RF Mike Matheny C Darryl Kile P 1999 Édgar Rentería SS Jim Edmonds CF Mark McGwire 1B Eric Davis RF Fernando Tatis 3B Shawon Dunston LF Eli Marrero C Placido Polanco 2B Donovan Osborne P 1998 Royce Clayton SS Delino DeShields 2B Mark McGwire 1B Ray Lankford CF Brian Jordan RF Ron Gant LF Gary Gaetti 3B Tom Lampkin C Todd Stottlemyre P 1997 Delino DeShields 2B Royce Clayton SS Willie McGee RF Brian Jordan CF Ron Gant LF Gary Gaetti 3B John Mabry 1B Tom Lampkin C Todd Stottlemyre P Willie McGee RF Royce Clayton SS Ray Lankford CF Ron Gant LF Gary Gaetti 1B David Bell 3B Danny Sheaffer C Luis Alicea 2B Tom Urbani P 1995 Bernard Gilkey LF Ozzie Smith SS Ray Lankford CF Scott Cooper 3B Brian Jordan RF John Mabry 1B Tom Pagnozzi C Manuel Lee 2B Ken Hill P 1994 Ray Lankford CF Ozzie Smith SS Gregg Jefferies 1B Todd Zeile 3B Mark Whiten RF Bernard Gilkey LF Luis Alicea 2B Erik Pappas C Bob Tewksbury P 1993 Gerónimo Peña 2B Ozzie Smith SS Gregg Jefferies 1B Ray Lankford CF Mark Whiten RF Todd Zeile 3B Bernard Gilkey LF Tom Pagnozzi C Bob Tewksbury P 1992 Ray Lankford CF Ozzie Smith SS Todd Zeile 3B Andrés Galarraga 1B Pedro Guerrero LF Milt Thompson RF Tom Pagnozzi C José Oquendo 2B José DeLeón P 1991 Rex Hudler CF Ozzie Smith SS Bernard Gilkey LF Pedro Guerrero 1B Félix José RF Todd Zeile 3B Tom Pagnozzi C José Oquendo 2B Bryn Smith P 1990 Vince Coleman LF Willie McGee CF Todd Zeile C Pedro Guerrero 1B Terry Pendleton 3B Tom Brunansky RF Ozzie Smith SS José Oquendo 2B Joe Magrane P 1989 Vince Coleman LF Willie McGee CF Terry Pendleton 3B Pedro Guerrero 1B Tom Brunansky RF José Oquendo SS Tony Peña C Tim Jones 2B Joe Magrane P 1988 Vince Coleman LF Ozzie Smith SS Tom Herr 2B Bob Horner 1B Willie McGee CF Terry Pendleton 3B Tony Peña C Jim Lindeman RF Joe Magrane P Vince Coleman LF Ozzie Smith SS Tom Herr 2B Jack Clark 1B Jim Lindeman RF Tony Peña C Terry Pendleton 3B Tito Landrum CF John Tudor P 1986 Vince Coleman LF Willie McGee CF Tom Herr 2B Jack Clark 1B Andy Van Slyke RF Terry Pendleton 3B Mike Heath C Ozzie Smith SS John Tudor P 1985 Lonnie Smith LF Tom Herr 2B Terry Pendleton 3B Jack Clark 1B Darrell Porter C Steve Braun RF Andy Van Slyke CF Ozzie Smith SS Joaquín Andújar P 1984 Lonnie Smith LF Ken Oberkfell 3B Tom Herr 2B George Hendrick RF Art Howe 1B Willie McGee CF Darrell Porter C Ozzie Smith SS Dave LaPoint P Lonnie Smith LF Ozzie Smith SS Keith Hernandez 1B George Hendrick RF David Green CF Darrell Porter C Ken Oberkfell 3B Mike Ramsey 2B Bob Forsch P 1982 Lonnie Smith CF Tom Herr 2B Keith Hernandez 1B Darrell Porter C George Hendrick RF Dane Iorg LF Steve Braun 3B Ozzie Smith SS Bob Forsch P 1981 Garry Templeton SS Ken Oberkfell 3B Keith Hernandez 1B George Hendrick RF Darrell Porter C Sixto Lezcano LF Tony Scott CF Tom Herr 2B Bob Forsch P 1980 Garry Templeton SS Ken Oberkfell 2B Keith Hernandez 1B Ted Simmons C Bobby Bonds LF George Hendrick RF Tony Scott CF Ken Reitz 3B Pete Vuckovich P 1979 Lou Brock LF Garry Templeton SS Keith Hernandez 1B Ted Simmons C George Hendrick CF Tony Scott RF Ken Reitz 3B Mike Tyson 2B John Denny P 1978 Lou Brock LF Garry Templeton SS Jerry Morales RF Ted Simmons C Keith Hernandez 1B Ken Reitz 3B Tony Scott CF Mike Tyson 2B Bob Forsch P 1977 Lou Brock LF Garry Templeton SS Bake McBride CF Héctor Cruz RF Ted Simmons C Keith Hernandez 1B Ken Reitz 3B Mike Tyson 2B John Denny P 1976 Lou Brock LF Lee Richard SS Bake McBride CF Ted Simmons C Reggie Smith RF Keith Hernandez 1B Héctor Cruz 3B Mike Tyson 2B Lynn McGlothen P Lou Brock LF Ted Sizemore 2B Bake McBride CF Reggie Smith RF Ted Simmons C Keith Hernandez 1B Ken Reitz 3B Ed Brinkman SS Bob Gibson P Lou Brock LF Ted Sizemore 2B Reggie Smith RF Joe Torre 1B Ted Simmons C Bake McBride CF Ken Reitz 3B Mike Tyson SS Bob Gibson P 1973 Lou Brock LF Ted Sizemore 2B José Cruz CF Joe Torre 1B Ted Simmons C Ken Reitz 3B Bernie Carbo RF Ray Busse SS Bob Gibson P 1972 Lou Brock LF Ted Sizemore 2B Matty Alou RF Joe Torre 3B Ted Simmons C Joe Hague 1B José Cruz CF Dal Maxvill SS Bob Gibson P 1971 Matty Alou CF Ted Sizemore SS Lou Brock LF Joe Torre 3B José Cardenal RF Joe Hague 1B Ted Simmons C Julián Javier 2B Bob Gibson P 1970 Lou Brock LF José Cardenal CF Dick Allen 3B Joe Torre C Leron Lee RF Joe Hague 1B Julián Javier 2B Dal Maxvill SS Bob Gibson P 1969 Lou Brock LF Curt Flood CF Vada Pinson RF Joe Torre 1B Tim McCarver C Mike Shannon 3B Julián Javier 2B Dal Maxvill SS Bob Gibson P 1968 Lou Brock LF Curt Flood CF Roger Maris RF Orlando Cepeda 1B Tim McCarver C Mike Shannon 3B Julián Javier 2B Dal Maxvill SS Bob Gibson P 1967 Lou Brock LF Curt Flood CF Roger Maris RF Orlando Cepeda 1B Mike Shannon 3B Tim McCarver C Julián Javier 2B Dal Maxvill SS Bob Gibson P 1966 Lou Brock RF Julián Javier 2B Curt Flood CF Tim McCarver C Charley Smith 3B Alex Johnson LF George Kernek 1B Jerry Buchek SS Curt Simmons P 1965 Curt Flood CF Lou Brock LF Bill White 1B Ken Boyer 3B Dick Groat SS Mike Shannon RF Julián Javier 2B Bob Uecker C Bob Gibson P 1964 Julián Javier 2B Dick Groat SS Bill White 1B Charlie James LF Ken Boyer 3B Carl Warwick RF Curt Flood CF Bob Uecker C Ernie Broglio P 1963 Curt Flood CF Dick Groat SS Bill White 1B George Altman RF Ken Boyer 3B Stan Musial LF Carl Sawatski C Julián Javier 2B Ernie Broglio P 1962 Curt Flood CF Julián Javier 2B Bill White 1B Stan Musial RF Ken Boyer 3B Minnie Miñoso LF Gene Oliver C Julio Gotay SS Larry Jackson P 1961 Julián Javier 2B Don Landrum CF Bill White 1B Ken Boyer 3B Stan Musial LF Daryl Spencer SS Joe Cunningham RF Hal Smith C Ernie Broglio P 1960 Joe Cunningham RF Daryl Spencer SS Bill White CF Ken Boyer 3B Stan Musial 1B Leon Wagner LF Hal Smith C Alex Grammas 2B Larry Jackson P 1959 Don Blasingame 2B Gino Cimoli CF Bill White 1B Ken Boyer 3B Stan Musial LF Joe Cunningham RF Hal Smith C Alex Grammas SS Larry Jackson P 1958 Don Blasingame 2B Alvin Dark SS Stan Musial 1B Del Ennis LF Ken Boyer 3B Wally Moon RF Bobby Smith CF Hobie Landrith C Vinegar Bend Mizell P 1957 Don Blasingame 2B Alvin Dark SS Stan Musial 1B Del Ennis RF Ken Boyer 3B Wally Moon LF Hal Smith C Bobby Smith CF Herm Wehmeier P 1956 Wally Moon 1B Red Schoendienst 2B Stan Musial RF Hank Sauer LF Ken Boyer 3B Bill Virdon CF Bill Sarni C Alex Grammas SS Vinegar Bend Mizell P 1955 Wally Moon LF Bill Virdon CF Stan Musial 1B Rip Repulski RF Red Schoendienst 2B Ken Boyer 3B Bill Sarni C Alex Grammas SS Brooks Lawrence P 1954 Rip Repulski RF Wally Moon CF Red Schoendienst 2B Stan Musial LF Ray Jablonski 3B Tom Alston 1B Alex Grammas SS Del Rice C Harvey Haddix P 1953 Solly Hemus SS Red Schoendienst 2B Stan Musial LF Steve Bilko 1B Enos Slaughter RF Ray Jablonski 3B Rip Repulski CF Del Rice C Gerry Staley P 1952 Solly Hemus SS Red Schoendienst 2B Stan Musial LF Enos Slaughter RF Wally Westlake CF Steve Bilko 1B Billy Johnson 3B Del Rice C Gerry Staley P 1951 Peanuts Lowrey CF Red Schoendienst 2B Enos Slaughter RF Stan Musial LF Don Richmond 3B Steve Bilko 1B Joe Garagiola C Solly Hemus SS Tom Poholsky P 1950 Harry Walker CF Red Schoendienst 2B Stan Musial RF Enos Slaughter LF Eddie Kazak 3B Rocky Nelson 1B Joe Garagiola C Eddie Miller SS Gerry Staley P 1949 Tommy Glaviano 3B Red Schoendienst 2B Stan Musial CF Enos Slaughter LF Nippy Jones 1B Ron Northey RF Marty Marion SS Del Rice C Harry Brecheen P 1948 Erv Dusak CF Red Schoendienst 2B Stan Musial RF Enos Slaughter LF Whitey Kurowski 3B Nippy Jones 1B Del Wilber C Marty Marion SS Murry Dickson P 1947 Red Schoendienst 2B Harry Walker CF Stan Musial 1B Enos Slaughter RF Whitey Kurowski 3B Dick Sisler LF Marty Marion SS Joe Garagiola C Howie Pollet P 1946 Lou Klein 2B Terry Moore CF Stan Musial LF Enos Slaughter RF Whitey Kurowski 3B Dick Sisler 1B Marty Marion SS Del Rice C Johnny Beazley P 1945 Augie Bergamo RF Johnny Hopp CF Red Schoendienst LF Walker Cooper C Ray Sanders 1B Whitey Kurowski 3B Marty Marion SS Emil Verban 2B Ted Wilks P 1944 Emil Verban 2B Johnny Hopp CF Stan Musial RF Walker Cooper C Ray Sanders 1B Whitey Kurowski 3B Danny Litwhiler LF Marty Marion SS Max Lanier P 1943 Jimmy Brown 2B Frank Demaree RF Stan Musial LF Whitey Kurowski 3B Walker Cooper C Buster Adams CF Johnny Hopp 1B Lou Klein SS Mort Cooper P 1942 Creepy Crespi 2B Stan Musial LF Terry Moore CF Enos Slaughter RF Ray Sanders 1B Jimmy Brown 3B Ken O'Dea C Marty Marion SS Mort Cooper P 1941 Ernie Koy LF Jimmy Brown 3B Terry Moore CF Johnny Mize 1B Enos Slaughter RF Gus Mancuso C Marty Marion SS Creepy Crespi 2B Lon Warneke P 1940 Jimmy Brown 3B Stu Martin 2B Enos Slaughter RF Johnny Mize 1B Don Padgett C Pepper Martin LF Terry Moore CF Marty Marion SS Curt Davis P 1939 Jimmy Brown 2B Don Gutteridge 3B Enos Slaughter RF Joe Medwick LF Johnny Mize 1B Terry Moore CF Mickey Owen C Joe Orengo SS Bob Weiland P 1938 Don Gutteridge SS Stu Martin 2B Enos Slaughter RF Don Padgett LF Johnny Mize 1B Pepper Martin 3B Terry Moore CF Mickey Owen C Bob Weiland P 1937 Terry Moore CF Stu Martin 2B Frenchy Bordagaray 3B Joe Medwick LF Johnny Mize 1B Pepper Martin RF Leo Durocher SS Bruce Ogrodowski C Dizzy Dean P 1936 Terry Moore CF Frankie Frisch 2B Pepper Martin RF Joe Medwick LF Ripper Collins 1B Spud Davis C Charlie Gelbert 3B Leo Durocher SS Dizzy Dean P 1935 Pepper Martin 3B Jack Rothrock RF Frankie Frisch 2B Joe Medwick LF Ripper Collins 1B Bill DeLancey C Terry Moore CF Leo Durocher SS Dizzy Dean P 1934 Terry Moore CF Frankie Frisch 2B Pepper Martin 3B Jack Rothrock LF Joe Medwick RF Ripper Collins 1B Spud Davis C Leo Durocher SS Dizzy Dean P 1933 Sparky Adams 3B George Watkins RF Frankie Frisch 2B Ripper Collins 1B Joe Medwick LF Ernie Orsatti CF Jimmie Wilson C Gordon Slade SS Dizzy Dean P 1932 Sparky Adams 3B Ray Blades RF Frankie Frisch 2B Jim Bottomley 1B Ripper Collins LF Pepper Martin CF Jimmie Wilson C Charlie Gelbert SS Flint Rhem P 1931 Taylor Douthit CF Ernie Orsatti LF Frankie Frisch 2B Jim Bottomley 1B George Watkins RF Charlie Gelbert SS Sparky Adams 3B Jimmie Wilson C Flint Rhem P 1930 Taylor Douthit CF Sparky Adams 2B Frankie Frisch 3B Jim Bottomley 1B Chick Hafey LF Showboat Fisher RF Charlie Gelbert SS Jimmie Wilson C Flint Rhem P 1929 Taylor Douthit CF Fred Haney 3B Frankie Frisch 2B Jim Bottomley 1B Chick Hafey LF Wally Roettger RF Charlie Gelbert SS Bubber Jonnard C Grover Alexander P 1928 Taylor Douthit CF Wattie Holm 3B Frankie Frisch 2B Jim Bottomley 1B Chick Hafey LF Wally Roettger RF Tommy Thevenow SS Bob O'Farrell C Jesse Haines P 1927 Taylor Douthit CF Billy Southworth RF Frankie Frisch 2B Jim Bottomley 1B Les Bell 3B Chick Hafey LF Bob O'Farrell C Tommy Thevenow SS Grover Alexander P 1926 Ray Blades LF Heinie Mueller CF Rogers Hornsby 2B Jim Bottomley 1B Chick Hafey RF Les Bell 3B Bob O'Farrell C Tommy Thevenow SS Flint Rhem P 1925 Max Flack RF Heinie Mueller CF Rogers Hornsby 2B Jim Bottomley 1B Les Bell 3B Wattie Holm LF Walter Schmidt C Tommy Thevenow SS Jesse Haines P 1924 Max Flack RF Jack Smith LF Rogers Hornsby 2B Jim Bottomley 1B Howard Freigau 3B Heinie Mueller CF Les Bell SS Ernie Vick C Johnny Stuart P 1923 Ray Blades LF Jack Smith RF Rogers Hornsby 2B Jim Bottomley 1B Milt Stock 3B Heinie Mueller CF Howard Freigau SS Eddie Ainsmith C Jeff Pfeffer P 1922 Les Mann CF Del Gainer 1B Milt Stock 3B Rogers Hornsby 2B Joe Schultz RF Austin McHenry LF Specs Toporcer SS Verne Clemons C Bill Sherdel P 1921 Heinie Mueller RF Cliff Heathcote CF Milt Stock 3B Rogers Hornsby LF Jack Fournier 1B Doc Lavan SS Verne Clemons C Specs Toporcer 2B Jesse Haines P 1920 Burt Shotton LF Cliff Heathcote RF Milt Stock 3B Rogers Hornsby 2B Jack Fournier 1B Austin McHenry CF Hal Janvrin SS Verne Clemons C Bill Doak P 1919 Burt Shotton LF Jack Smith RF Austin McHenry CF Rogers Hornsby SS Milt Stock 3B Gene Paulette 1B Bob Fisher 2B Frank Snyder C Jakie May P 1918 Red Smyth RF Jack Smith CF Doug Baird 3B Rogers Hornsby SS Walton Cruise LF Gene Paulette 1B Mike González C Bruno Betzel 2B Lee Meadows P 1917 Bob Bescher LF Bruno Betzel 2B Tom Long RF Dots Miller 1B Rogers Hornsby SS Walton Cruise CF Fred Smith 3B Frank Snyder C Lee Meadows P 1916 Bob Bescher LF Zinn Beck 3B Jack Smith CF Dots Miller 1B Tom Long RF Bruno Betzel 2B Rogers Hornsby SS Frank Snyder C Bill Doak P 1915 Cozy Dolan CF Miller Huggins 2B Bob Bescher LF Dots Miller 1B Chief Wilson RF Zinn Beck 3B Rolla Daringer SS Frank Snyder C Slim Sallee P 1914 Miller Huggins 2B Lee Magee CF Art Butler SS Dots Miller 1B Chief Wilson RF Cozy Dolan 3B Walton Cruise LF Ivey Wingo C Dan Griner P 1913 Miller Huggins 2B Lee Magee LF Mike Mowrey 3B Ed Konetchy 1B Steve Evans RF Rebel Oakes CF Charley O'Leary SS Ivey Wingo C Dan Griner P Opening Day salaries ( edit ) Opening Day payrolls for 25 - man roster ( since 2000 ) : 2018 - 23 payroll obligations Opening Day Salary ( ML contracts plus pro-rated signing bonuses ) Year Salary 2000 $63,900,000 2001 $78,538,333 2002 $74,660,875 2003 $83,786,666 $83,228,333 2005 $92,106,833 2006 $88,891,371 2007 $90,286,823 2008 $99,624,449 2009 $88,528,409 $94,220,500 2011 $109,048,000 2012 $111,858,500 2013 $116,790,787 2014 $111,250,000 ( Google spreadsheet ) 2015 $122,066,500 ( Google spreadsheet ) 2016 $145,553,500 ( Google spreadsheet ) 2017 $148,152,933 ( Google spreadsheet ) 2018 $159,698,667 ( Google spreadsheet ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In 2001 , the Cardinals and the Houston Astros finished the season with identical records of 93 -- 69 and finished tied for first place in the Central Division standings . The Baseball Hall of Fame wrote they were both awarded a co-championship . According to the Cardinals ' website , this was `` the first shared championship in major - league history '' . For playoff seeding , the NL Central slot went to Houston and St. Louis was awarded the wild card berth . Jump up ^ In 1981 , the Cardinals finished with the overall best record in the East Division . However , a players ' strike in the middle of the season forced the season to be split into two halves . St. Louis finished second in both halves and was thereby deprived of a post-season appearance . Jump up ^ Most sources consider the 1882 Brown Stockings to represent the beginning of the St. Louis Cardinals ( if it was not the even earlier 1875 or 1878 clubs ) but the St. Louis Cardinals baseball club itself considers its history to have begun in 1892 when the team ( still called the St. Louis Browns ) joined the National League . Jump up ^ Although the St. Louis Cardinals do not officially recognize their era in the American Association ( AA ) as part of their Major League history , Major League Baseball recognized that incarnation of the AA in 1968 , as well as other historic leagues , existing as former Major Leagues . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2018 St. Louis Cardinals Style Guide '' . Major League Baseball Properties . January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals and the National Baseball Hall of Fame '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2007 . The Cardinals and Astros were declared co-champions of the NL Central in 2001 , based on their identical regular season record . The Astros , who edged the Cardinals in head - to - head games , 9 - 7 , were seeded as the division winner in the post-season , and the Cardinals were seeded as the wild - card . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals History '' . St. Louis Cardinals . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis Cardinals Team History & Encyclopedia '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eisenbath 1999 : 251 ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis Cardinals '' . Forbes . April 11 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis Cardinals '' . Forbes . March 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis Cardinals '' . Forbes . March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cardinals Front Office '' . mlb.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cards promote Mozeliak , name Girsch GM '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Patrick ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` Cardinals fans get another vote as best in baseball '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Busch Stadium facts '' . St. Louis Cardinals . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cash 2002 : 38 ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis Cardinals Team History & Encyclopedia '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis Cardinals ( 1882 -- 2013 ) '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Suehsdorf , A.D. ( 1978 ) . The Great American Baseball Scrapbook , p. 8 . Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 50253 - 1 Jump up ^ `` 1875 St. Louis Brown Stockings team page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise Timeline '' . The Official Site of the St Louis Cardinals . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals assert team history began in 1892 '' . The Cardinal Nation Blog . August 21 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charlie Comiskey Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Caruthers player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tip O'Neill player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tip O'Neill awards '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` MLB Triple Crown Winners '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cash , Jon David ( 2002 ) . Before They Were Cardinals : Major League Baseball in Nineteenth - Century . St. Louis : University of Missouri Press . ^ Jump up to : `` Cardinals timeline 1 '' . St. Louis Cardinals Official Website . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Orioles on Baseball Almanac '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Macht , Norman . `` The Ballplayers -- Sam Breadon '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Pat . `` Branch Rickey 's Farm -- Minor League History '' . baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day : Branch Rickey , 83 , dies in Missouri '' . New York Times on the Web Learning Network . January 10 , 1965 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rogers Hornsby player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cardinals timeline 3 '' . St. Louis Cardinals Official Website . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Doug Feldman . Dizzy and the Gashouse Gang : The 1934 St. Louis Cardinals and Depression - Era Baseball . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Company , 2000 . 215pp . Jump up ^ `` Dizzy Dean player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals HOF Museum '' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Mize player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Medwick player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marty Marion player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Enos Slaughter player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mort Cooper player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Walker Cooper player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stan Musial player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Max Lanier player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Whitey Kurowski player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Red Schoendienst player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Beazley player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Breakout selected from 1940 to 1949 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Southworth '' . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billy Southworth Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fallstrom , A.B. ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` Cardinals Hall of Famer Stan Musial Dies at 92 '' . ABC News . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Larry ( October 17 , 2005 ) . `` Slaughter 's mad dash gives Cardinals the title '' . ESPN Classic . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cardinals timeline 4 '' . St. Louis Cardinals Official Website . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Gibson player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` August Anheuser Busch Was Born '' . America 's Library . July 30 , 2011 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` August Anheuser Busch Was Born '' . Sports Encyclopedia . April 23 , 2008 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Trade Deadline Can Be Great Deal of Trouble '' . New York Times . July 30 , 2011 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newhan , Ross ( January 20 , 2008 ) . `` 1964 St. Louis Cardinals '' . Scout.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bill White player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Carlton player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Curt Flood player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Curt Simmons player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Cepeda player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 Major League Baseball Season Summary '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Series History : 1968 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 : The Year of the Pitcher '' . SI.com . August 4 , 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Torre player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Hernández player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newhan , Ross ( July 5 , 1987 ) . `` A Deep Team Rises to Top Despite Injuries , Cardinals Are Flying High and Leading NL East '' . Los Angeles Times . p . Sports 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Whitey Herzog Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Donovan , John ( July 28 , 2002 ) . `` Calling the Wizard '' . SI.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ozzie Smith player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vintage Gallery : Memories of the last ' Suds Series '' . pjstar.com . October 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 St. Louis Cardinals Batting , Pitching & Fielding statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chris Carpenter player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cart , Julie ( September 30 , 1989 ) . `` Patriarch of Cardinals Is Dead at 90 : August A. Busch , Jr. , Beer Baron , Bought Baseball Team in ' 53 '' . LA Times . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch Looking to Sell Cardinals '' . The Daily Reporter . October 26 , 1995 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joe Torre Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AB Sell Cardinals '' . New York Times . December 23 , 1995 . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tony La Russa retires as manager , three days after winning World Series '' . NJ.com ( Associated Press ) . October 31 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mark McGwire 's Seventy Home Run Season by Baseball Almanac '' . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Breakout selected from 2000 to 2013 '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goold , Derrick ( December 24 , 2011 ) . `` Cardinals recast the ' MV3 ' '' . stltoday.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Pujols player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 St. Louis Cardinals team page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morris , Patrick ( February 6 , 2008 ) . `` Cardinals win like never before '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Unlikely World Series Winners '' . RealClearSports . October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals timeline : 2000s '' . St. Louis Cardinals Official Website . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 St. Louis Cardinals team page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Association Remembered '' . MLB.com . May 7 , 2007 . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The St. Louis Cardinals ' Greatest Moments '' . Back to Baseball . July 24 , 2012 . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miklasz , Bernie ( October 29 , 2011 ) . `` Cardinals win like never before '' . St Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Joe ( October 22 , 2011 ) . `` Pujols puts on historic display of power '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' Unbelievable ' Game 6 ranks among the best '' . MLB.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Bruce ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` Cardinals carry on winning tradition '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals to retire Tony La Russa 's No. 10 jersey '' . USATODAY.com ( AP ) . May 1 , 2012 . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cardinals Press Release ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Cardinals announce extension for Matheny '' . cleveland.indians.mlb.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goold , Derrick . `` Cards in disbelief over Taveras ' death '' . Jump up ^ `` Braves ship Heyward to Cards in 4 - player deal '' . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Michael ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Cardinals Face F.B.I. Inquiry in Hacking of Astros ' Database '' . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Busch Stadium Information -- Directions '' . cardinals.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Busch Stadium '' . ballparks.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals make 65,000 additional tickets available '' St. Louis Cardinals Press Release , April 28 , 2006 Jump up ^ Spector , Jesse ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` 27 things about those 27 New York Yankees World Series titles '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Park Factors for Busch Stadium , St. Louis '' . parkfactors.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoffert , Jess . `` Busch Stadium '' . midwestliving.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kim , Roland ( September 5 , 2012 ) . `` Watching a Cardinals Game at Busch Stadium '' . Yahoo ! Voices . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Granillo , Larry ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` Baseball 's Best Statues , by Ballpark '' . wezen-ball.com . Jump up ^ Snyder , Matt ( May 24 , 2013 ) . `` PHOTO : Busch Stadium as a soccer venue '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Volkmann , Kelsey ( July 18 , 2011 ) . `` U2 rocks Busch Stadium in St. Louis '' . St. Louis Business Journal . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Busch Stadium Ballpark Village Information '' . cardinals.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals Attendance , Stadiums , and Park Factors '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Getzenburg , Alaina ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Schmidt 's vision inspired iconic red bird logo '' . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cardinals uniforms '' . Baseball Hall of Fame Uniform Database . Retrieved May 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Langosch , Jenifer ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` City is key to Cardinals ' alternate home jersey '' . MLB Advanced Media . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Britt , Crystal ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` Fans hope Buschie the Rally Squirrel is good luck -- KFVS12 News & Weather Cape Girardeau , Carbondale , Poplar Bluff '' . Kfvs12.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lee , Tony ( January 12 , 2011 ) . `` Cubs , Cardinals Must Emulate Yankees , Red Sox to Rekindle Rivalry '' . NESN . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` In defense of DeWit & Company '' . Scout.com . December 24 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Baseball 's Sign of the Times : Under New Ownership '' . Chicago Tribune . December 26 , 1995 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anheuser - Busch Puts Cardinals Up for Sale '' . Eugene Register - Guard . October 26 , 1995 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Judd 2002 : 91 Jump up ^ `` Cards owners worth $4 billion '' . St. Louis Business Journal . May 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals group to buy up departing owners ' stakes '' . St. Louis Business Journal . November 20 , 2005 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DeWitt III defends Cardinals ; releases owner names '' . St. Louis Business Journal . December 7 , 2010 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mike Ozanian ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Baseball Team Values 2017 '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Mike Ozanian ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Baseball 's Most Valuable Teams '' . Forbes . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis Cardinals -- in photos : MLB valuations '' . Forbes . March 26 , 2014 . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` # 10 St. Louis Cardinals '' . Forbes . March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals , LLC '' . Privco . March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Team Values 2018 '' . Forbes . April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` # 8 St. Louis Cardinals '' . Forbes . April 7 , 2010 . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` # 11 St. Louis Cardinals '' . Forbes . March 23 , 2011 . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` # 11 St. Louis Cardinals '' . Forbes . March 21 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis Cardinals on the Forbes MLB team valuations list '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals on the Forbes MLB team valuations list '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis Cardinals '' . Forbes . April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First phase of Ballpark Village opens '' . MLB.com . March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Finally ! Ballpark Village announces its grand opening lineup '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ballpark Village at Busch a smashing success '' . MLB.com. April 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hummel , Rick ( November 16 , 2013 ) . `` Cardinals buy Memphis franchise '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Von der Ahe Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Patsy Donovan Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kid Nichols Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John McCloskey Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Bresnahan Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Miller Huggins Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Hendricks Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Branch Rickey Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rogers Hornsby Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bob O'Farrell Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bill McKechnie Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gabby Street Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Frisch Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Blades Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Dyer Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marty Marion Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Stanky Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Hutchinson Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Solly Hemus Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Johhny Keane Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Red Schoendienst Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vern Rapp Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Boyer Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tony LaRussa Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals fire manager Mike Matheny '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . July 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Matheny Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Shildt Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Darryl Kile Award '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : St. Louis Cardinals award winners and league leaders Jump up ^ NL MVP Awards by team Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Triple Crown Winners '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RBI records '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Box score for Bottomley '' . Retrosheet.org . September 16 , 1924 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Home run records '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Box score '' . Retrosheet.org . September 7 , 1993 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Almanac '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals establish Hall of Fame & detail induction process '' ( Press release ) . St. Louis Cardinals . January 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals retired numbers '' . stlouis.cardinals.mlb.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kiley , Gabriel ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` A look at the Cardinals retired numbers '' . stlouis.cardinals.mlb.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` Yankees ' Mariano Rivera is the last No. 42 '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Lupica , Matt ( January 2012 ) . `` Busch Stadium '' . The Baseball Stadium Insider : A Comprehensive Dissection of All Thirty Ballparks , the Legendary Players , and the Memorable Moments . Bloomington , Indiana : iUniverse . p. 221 . A lifetime . 358 hitter , Hornsby was inducted in the Hall of Fame in 1942 , and the Cardinals honored him alongside the retired numbers with the ' SL ' symbol due to his playing days predating the use of numbers . Jump up ^ Snyder , John . Cardinals Journal : Year by Year and Day by Day with the St. Louis Cardinals Since 1882 . Clerisy Press . p. 689 . ISBN 9781578604807 . Jump up ^ Goold , Derrick ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Cards issue No. 32 for first time since Hancock wore it '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shannon will do fewer Cards games in 2013 '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . March 22 , 2013 . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Here Are The 2016 MLB Prime Time Television Ratings For Each Team - Maury Brown , Forbes SportsMoney , 28 September 2016 Jump up ^ `` Edmonds joins Fox Sports Midwest '' . Fox Sports Midwest.com . March 14 , 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About Cardinals Kids '' . Cardinals Kids.com. 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals at New York Mets Box Score , March 29 , 2018 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Sunday , April 2 , 2017 at Busch Stadium III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Sunday , April 3 , 2016 at PNC Park '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Sunday , April 5 , 2015 at Wrigley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 5 , 2015 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , March 31 , 2014 at Great American Ball Park '' . Baseball-almanac.com . March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 1 , 2013 at Chase Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 4 , 2012 at Marlins Park '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Thursday , March 31 , 2011 at Busch Stadium III '' . Baseball-almanac.com . March 31 , 2011 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 5 , 2010 at Great American Ball Park '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 5 , 2010 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 6 , 2009 at Busch Stadium III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 6 , 2009 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 1 , 2008 at Busch Stadium III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 1 , 2008 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Sunday , April 1 , 2007 at Busch Stadium III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 1 , 2007 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 3 , 2006 at Citizens Bank Park '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 3 , 2006 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 5 , 2005 at Minute Maid Park '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 5 , 2005 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 5 , 2004 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 5 , 2003 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , March 31 , 2003 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com . March 31 , 2003 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 1 , 2002 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 1 , 2002 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 2 , 2001 at Coors Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 2 , 2001 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 3 , 2000 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 3 , 2000 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 5 , 1999 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 5 , 1999 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , March 31 , 1998 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com . March 31 , 1998 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 1 , 1997 at Stade Olympique '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 1 , 1997 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Friday , April 5 , 1996 at Fulton County Stadium '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 5 , 1996 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 26 , 1995 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 26 , 1995 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Sunday , April 3 , 1994 at Riverfront Stadium '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 3 , 1994 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Sunday , April 6 , 1993 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 6 , 1993 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 6 , 1992 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 6 , 1992 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 9 , 1991 at Wrigley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 9 , 1991 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 9 , 1990 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 9 , 1990 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 3 , 1989 at Shea Stadium '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 3 , 1989 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 4 , 1988 at Riverfront Stadium '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 4 , 1988 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 7 , 1987 at Wrigley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 7 , 1987 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 8 , 1986 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 8 , 1986 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 9 , 1985 at Shea Stadium '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 9 , 1985 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 3 , 1984 at Dodger Stadium '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 3 , 1984 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 5 , 1983 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 5 , 1983 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 6 , 1982 at Astrodome '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 6 , 1982 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Saturday , April 11 , 1981 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 11 , 1981 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Thursday , April 10 , 1980 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 10 , 1980 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Friday , April 6 , 1979 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 6 , 1979 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Friday , April 7 , 1978 at Veteran 's Stadium '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 7 , 1978 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Thursday , April 7 , 1977 at Three Rivers Stadium '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 7 , 1977 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Friday , April 9 , 1976 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 9 , 1976 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 7 , 1975 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 7 , 1975 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Friday , April 5 , 1974 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 5 , 1974 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Friday , April 6 , 1973 at Three Rivers Stadium '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 6 , 1973 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Saturday , April 15 , 1972 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 15 , 1972 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 6 , 1971 at Wrigley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 6 , 1971 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 8 , 1970 at Parc Jarry '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 8 , 1970 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 8 , 1969 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 8 , 1969 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 10 , 1968 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 10 , 1968 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 11 , 1967 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 11 , 1967 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 13 , 1966 at Busch Stadium I '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 13 , 1966 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 12 , 1965 at Wrigley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 12 , 1965 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 14 , 1964 at Dodger Stadium '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 14 , 1964 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 9 , 1963 at Polo Grounds V '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 9 , 1963 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 11 , 1962 at Busch Stadium I '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 11 , 1962 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Thursday , April 11 , 1961 at County Stadium '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 11 , 1961 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 12 , 1960 at Candlestick Park '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 12 , 1960 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Friday , April 10 , 1959 at Busch Stadium I '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 10 , 1959 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 15 , 1958 at Busch Stadium I '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 15 , 1958 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 16 , 1957 at Crosley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 16 , 1957 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 17 , 1956 at Crosley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 17 , 1956 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 12 , 1955 at Wrigley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 12 , 1955 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 13 , 1954 at Busch Stadium I '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 13 , 1954 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 14 , 1953 at County Stadium '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 14 , 1953 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 15 , 1952 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 15 , 1952 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 17 , 1951 at Forbes Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 17 , 1951 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 18 , 1950 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 18 , 1950 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 19 , 1949 at Crosley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 19 , 1949 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 20 , 1948 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 20 , 1948 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 15 , 1947 at Crosley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 15 , 1947 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 16 , 1946 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 16 , 1946 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 17 , 1945 at Wrigley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 17 , 1945 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 18 , 1944 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 18 , 1944 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 21 , 1943 at Crosley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 21 , 1943 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 14 , 1942 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 14 , 1942 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 15 , 1941 at Crosley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 15 , 1941 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 16 , 1940 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 16 , 1940 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 18 , 1939 at Forbes Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 18 , 1939 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 19 , 1938 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 19 , 1938 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 20 , 1937 at Crosley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 20 , 1937 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 14 , 1936 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 14 , 1936 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 16 , 1935 at Wrigley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 16 , 1935 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 17 , 1934 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 17 , 1934 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 12 , 1933 at Wrigley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 12 , 1933 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 12 , 1932 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 12 , 1932 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 14 , 1931 at Redland Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 14 , 1931 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 15 , 1930 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 15 , 1930 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 16 , 1929 at Redland Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 16 , 1929 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 11 , 1928 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 11 , 1928 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 12 , 1927 at Wrigley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 12 , 1927 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 13 , 1926 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 13 , 1926 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 14 , 1925 at Redland Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 14 , 1925 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 15 , 1924 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 15 , 1924 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 17 , 1923 at Redland Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 17 , 1923 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 12 , 1922 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 12 , 1922 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 13 , 1921 at Cubs Park '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 13 , 1921 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 14 , 1920 at Robison Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 14 , 1920 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 23 , 1919 at Redland Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 23 , 1919 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 16 , 1918 at Robison Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 16 , 1918 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 11 , 1917 at Redland Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 11 , 1917 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 12 , 1916 at Robison Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 12 , 1916 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 14 , 1915 at West Side Grounds '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 14 , 1915 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 14 , 1914 at Robison Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 14 , 1914 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Saturday , April 12 , 1913 at West Side Grounds '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 12 , 1913 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cot 's Baseball Contracts '' . Baseballprospectus.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Cash , Jon ( 2002 ) . Before They Were Cardinals : Major - League Baseball in Nineteenth - Century St. Louis . University of Missouri Press . ISBN 0 - 826 - 21935 - 7 . Eisenbath , Mike ( 1999 ) . The Cardinals Encyclopedia . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 56639 - 703 - 0 . OCLC 40193767 . Judd , Dennis ( 2002 ) . The Infrastructure of Play : Building the Tourist City . Armonk , N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 0956 - 4 . Taylor , Phil ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` Where 's The Boo In Booster ? '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Redbird Nation 's reputation as the most knowledgeable , loyal and , above all , friendly fans in the majors ... ' Our fans are the best because they 're just as passionate as anywhere else , ... , but they 're probably a little more fair - minded , ' says St. Louis manager Tony La Russa . Weintraub , Robert ( 2013 ) . The Victory Season : The End of World War II and the Birth of Baseball 's Golden Age . New York : Little , Brown & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 20591 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. Louis Cardinals . St. Louis Cardinals official website Cardinals Timeline St. Louis Cardinals news ( from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch ) St. Louis Cardinals Team Index ( at Baseball Reference ) St. Louis Cardinals Team Page ( at Scout.com ) St. Louis Cardinals Established in 1882 Based in St. Louis , Missouri Franchise Hall of Fame Members of the National Hall of Fame Awards & League Leaders Records No - hitters Roster Players Coaches Managers General Managers and Owners Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers Minor League Players First - round draft picks All articles History 1875 -- 1919 1920 -- 52 1953 -- 89 1990 -- present Seasons Ballparks Robison Field Sportsman 's Park Busch Memorial Stadium Busch Stadium Spring training Whittington Park Herald Park West End Park City Park City Island Ball Park Ninth Street Park Al Lang Stadium Roger Dean Stadium Culture Jack Buck Cardinal Nation Fredbird `` Here Comes the King '' Gashouse Gang KMOX Mike Shannon Rally Squirrel Whiteyball The Pride of St. Louis Death on the Diamond Budweiser Clydesdales Ballpark Village Lore 1946 NL tie - breaker series Slaughter 's Mad Dash Brock for Broglio `` Go Crazy , Folks ! '' The Call Home run chase Fernando Tatís ' two grand slams 2011 World Series Game 6 2017 MLB Little League Classic Rivalries Chicago Cubs Kansas City Royals Key personnel Owner : Bill DeWitt , Jr . President of Baseball Operations : John Mozeliak General Manager : Mike Girsch Manager : Mike Shildt Minor league affiliates AAA Memphis Redbirds AA Springfield Cardinals A Adv . Palm Beach Cardinals Peoria Chiefs Short A State College Spikes Rookie Adv . Johnson City Cardinals Rookie Gulf Coast League Cardinals DSL Cardinals Blue DSL Cardinals Red World Series Championships pre-MLB 1885 1886 MLB 1926 1931 1934 1942 1944 1946 1964 1967 1982 2006 2011 League pennants American Association 1885 1886 1887 1888 National League 1926 1928 1930 1931 1934 1942 1943 1944 1946 1964 1967 1968 1982 1985 2006 2011 2013 Division titles National League East 1982 1985 National League Central 2000 2001 2002 2005 2006 2009 2013 2014 2015 Wild card titles 2001 2011 2012 All Star Games hosted 1940 1957 1966 2009 Seasons ( 138 ) 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Links to related articles St. Louis Cardinals in the National Baseball Hall of Fame Inducted as a Cardinal Jim Bottomley Lou Brock Dizzy Dean Frankie Frisch Bob Gibson Chick Hafey Jesse Haines Rogers Hornsby Whitey Herzog Joe Medwick Johnny Mize Stan Musial Red Schoendienst Enos Slaughter Ozzie Smith Billy Southworth Bruce Sutter Inductees who played for the Cardinals Grover Cleveland Alexander Walter Alston Jake Beckley Roger Bresnahan Mordecai Brown Jesse Burkett Steve Carlton Orlando Cepeda Charles Comiskey Leo Durocher Dennis Eckersley Burleigh Grimes Miller Huggins Rabbit Maranville John McGraw Kid Nichols Wilbert Robinson Joe Torre Dazzy Vance Bobby Wallace Hoyt Wilhelm Vic Willis Cy Young Cardinals managers Roger Bresnahan Charles Comiskey Frankie Frisch Whitey Herzog Miller Huggins Tony La Russa Bill McKechnie Kid Nichols Branch Rickey Red Schoendienst Billy Southworth Joe Torre Cardinals executives Stan Musial Branch Rickey Frick Award Jack Buck Harry Caray Spink Award Bob Broeg ( St. Louis Post-Dispatch ) Rick Hummel ( St. Louis Post-Dispatch ) J.G. Taylor Spink ( The Sporting News ) J. Roy Stockton ( St. Louis Post-Dispatch ) St. Louis Cardinals retired numbers 1 Ozzie Smith 2 Red Schoendienst 6 Stan Musial 9 Enos Slaughter 10 Tony La Russa 14 Ken Boyer 17 Dizzy Dean 20 Lou Brock 24 Whitey Herzog 42 Bruce Sutter 45 Bob Gibson 85 Gussie Busch Principal owners of the St. Louis Cardinals franchise Chris von der Ahe Frank & Stanley Robison Helene Hathaway Britton Sam Breadon Robert E. Hannegan & Fred Saigh Fred Saigh Gussie Busch Anheuser - Busch Bill DeWitt , Jr . St. Louis Cardinals managers Ned Cuthbert ( 1882 ) Ted Sullivan ( 1883 ) Charles Comiskey ( 1883 ) Jimmy Williams ( 1884 ) Charles Comiskey ( 1884 -- 1889 ) Tommy McCarthy ( 1890 ) John Kerins ( 1890 ) Chief Roseman ( 1890 ) Count Campau ( 1890 ) Joe Gerhardt ( 1890 ) Charles Comiskey ( 1891 ) Jack Glasscock ( 1892 ) Cub Stricker ( 1892 ) Jack Crooks ( 1892 ) George Gore ( 1892 ) Bob Caruthers ( 1892 ) Bill Watkins ( 1893 ) Doggie Miller ( 1894 ) Al Buckenberger ( 1895 ) Chris von der Ahe ( 1895 ) Joe Quinn ( 1895 ) Lew Phelan ( 1895 ) Harry Diddlebock ( 1896 ) Arlie Latham ( 1896 ) Chris von der Ahe ( 1896 ) Roger Connor ( 1896 ) Tommy Dowd ( 1896 -- 1897 ) Hugh Nicol ( 1897 ) Bill Hallman ( 1897 ) Chris von der Ahe ( 1897 ) Tim Hurst ( 1898 ) Patsy Tebeau ( 1899 -- 1900 ) Louie Heilbroner ( 1900 ) Patsy Donovan ( 1901 -- 1903 ) Kid Nichols ( 1904 -- 1905 ) Jimmy Burke ( 1905 ) Stanley Robison ( 1905 ) John McCloskey ( 1906 -- 1908 ) Roger Bresnahan ( 1909 -- 1912 ) Miller Huggins ( 1913 -- 1917 ) Jack Hendricks ( 1918 ) Branch Rickey ( 1919 -- 1925 ) Rogers Hornsby ( 1925 -- 1926 ) Bob O'Farrell ( 1927 ) Bill McKechnie ( 1928 ) Billy Southworth ( 1929 ) Gabby Street ( 1929 ) Bill McKechnie ( 1929 ) Gabby Street ( 1930 -- 1933 ) Frankie Frisch ( 1933 -- 1938 ) Mike González ( 1938 ) Ray Blades ( 1939 -- 1940 ) Mike González ( 1940 ) Billy Southworth ( 1940 -- 1945 ) Eddie Dyer ( 1946 -- 1950 ) Marty Marion ( 1951 ) Eddie Stanky ( 1952 -- 1955 ) Harry Walker ( 1955 ) Fred Hutchinson ( 1956 -- 1958 ) Stan Hack ( 1958 ) Solly Hemus ( 1959 -- 1961 ) Johnny Keane ( 1961 -- 1964 ) Red Schoendienst ( 1965 -- 1976 ) Vern Rapp ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Jack Krol ( 1978 ) Ken Boyer ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Jack Krol ( 1980 ) Whitey Herzog ( 1980 ) Red Schoendienst ( 1980 ) Whitey Herzog ( 1981 -- 1990 ) Red Schoendienst ( 1990 ) Joe Torre ( 1990 -- 1995 ) Mike Jorgensen ( 1995 ) Tony La Russa ( 1996 -- 2011 ) Mike Matheny ( 2012 -- 2018 ) Mike Shildt ( 2018 -- ) St. Louis Cardinals general managers Rickey Walsingham , Jr . Meyer Lane Devine Howsam Musial Devine Claiborne Herzog McDonald Maxvill Jocketty Mozeliak Girsch World Series championships St. Louis Cardinals 1926 World Series champions Grover Cleveland Alexander Hi Bell Les Bell Jim Bottomley Taylor Douthit Jake Flowers Chick Hafey Jesse Haines Bill Hallahan Wattie Holm Rogers Hornsby Vic Keen Bob O'Farrell Art Reinhart Flint Rhem Bill Sherdel Billy Southworth Tommy Thevenow Specs Toporczer Manager Rogers Hornsby Regular season St. Louis Cardinals 1931 World Series champions Sparky Adams Ray Blades Jim Bottomley Ripper Collins Paul Derringer Jake Flowers Frankie Frisch ( NL MVP ) Charlie Gelbert Burleigh Grimes Chick Hafey Jesse Haines Bill Hallahan Andy High Syl Johnson Jim Lindsey Gus Mancuso Pepper Martin Ernie Orsatti Flint Rhem Wally Roettger George Watkins Jimmie Wilson Manager Gabby Street Coaches Ray Blades Buzzy Wares Regular season St. Louis Cardinals 1934 World Series champions 1 Pepper Martin 2 Leo Durocher 3 Frankie Frisch 4 Chick Fullis 6 Ernie Orsatti 6 Jack Rothrock 7 Joe Medwick 8 Spud Davis 9 Bill DeLancey 10 Dazzy Vance 11 Pat Crawford 12 Ripper Collins 14 Burgess Whitehead 15 Tex Carleton 16 Jesse Haines 17 Dizzy Dean ( NL MVP ) 18 Bill Walker 21 Daffy Dean 22 Bill Hallahan 27 Francis Healy 28 Jim Mooney Manager 3 Frankie Frisch Coaches 25 Mike González 26 Buzzy Wares Regular season St. Louis Cardinals 1942 World Series champions 1 Whitey Kurowski 3 Jimmy Brown 4 Marty Marion 5 Ray Sanders 6 Stan Musial 7 Creepy Crespi 8 Terry Moore 9 Enos Slaughter 10 Harry Walker 12 Johnny Hopp 13 Mort Cooper ( NL MVP ) 14 Gus Mancuso 15 Walker Cooper 16 Ken O'Dea 17 Erv Dusak 18 Lon Warneke 19 Harry Gumbert 20 Coaker Triplett 21 Johnny Beazley 22 Murry Dickson 23 Max Lanier 24 Clyde Shoun 27 Howie Pollet 28 Ernie White 29 Howie Krist 32 Sam Narron 34 Bill Lohrman 35 Whitey Moore Manager 30 Billy Southworth Coaches 25 Mike González 26 Buzzy Wares Regular season St. Louis Cardinals 1944 World Series champions 1 Whitey Kurowski 3 Emil Verban 4 Marty Marion ( NL MVP ) 5 Ray Sanders 6 Stan Musial 7 George Fallon 8 Danny Litwhiler 9 Debs Garms 11 Freddy Schmidt 12 Johnny Hopp 13 Mort Cooper 15 Walker Cooper 16 Ken O'Dea 17 Augie Bergamo 20 Blix Donnelly 21 Max Lanier 27 Bud Byerly 28 Ted Wilks 29 Al Jurisich 31 Harry Brecheen Manager 30 Billy Southworth Coaches 25 Mike González 26 Buzzy Wares Regular season St. Louis Cardinals 1946 World Series champions 1 Whitey Kurowski 2 Red Schoendienst 4 Marty Marion 5 Harry Walker 6 Stan Musial ( NL MVP ) 7 Nippy Jones 8 Terry Moore 9 Enos Slaughter 11 Howie Pollet 15 Dick Sisler 17 Joe Garagiola 18 Del Rice 19 Erv Dusak 20 Red Munger 22 Murry Dickson 27 Johnny Beazley 28 Ted Wilks 29 Howie Krist 31 Harry Brecheen 36 Al Brazle Manager 30 Eddie Dyer Coaches 25 Mike González 26 Buzzy Wares Regular season St. Louis Cardinals 1964 World Series champions 9 Bob Uecker 11 Jerry Buchek 12 Bill White 14 Ken Boyer ( NL MVP ) 15 Tim McCarver 17 Carl Warwick 18 Mike Shannon 19 Bob Skinner 20 Lou Brock 21 Curt Flood 22 Gordie Richardson 23 Charlie James 24 Dick Groat 25 Julián Javier 27 Dal Maxvill 31 Curt Simmons 33 Barney Schultz 35 Mike Cuellar 37 Ray Sadecki 39 Ron Taylor 41 Roger Craig 44 Ray Washburn 45 Bob Gibson ( World Series MVP ) 47 Bob Humphreys Manager 5 Johnny Keane Coaches 2 Red Schoendienst 3 Joe Schultz Jr . 4 Howie Pollet 8 Vern Benson Regular season St. Louis Cardinals 1967 World Series champions 9 Roger Maris 10 Dave Ricketts 11 Eddie Bressoud 15 Tim McCarver 16 Phil Gagliano 17 Bobby Tolan 18 Mike Shannon 20 Lou Brock 21 Curt Flood 23 Jack Lamabe 25 Julián Javier 26 Ed Spiezio 27 Dal Maxvill 30 Orlando Cepeda ( NL MVP ) 31 Dick Hughes 32 Steve Carlton 34 Nelson Briles 36 Ron Willis 39 Larry Jaster 43 Joe Hoerner 44 Ray Washburn 45 Bob Gibson ( World Series MVP ) 46 Hal Woodeshick Manager 2 Red Schoendienst Coaches 3 Joe Schultz Jr . 4 Billy Muffett 5 Dick Sisler 8 Bob Milliken Regular season St. Louis Cardinals 1982 World Series champions 1 Ozzie Smith 5 Mike Ramsey 10 Ken Oberkfell 11 Glenn Brummer 14 Julio González 15 Darrell Porter ( NLCS and World Series MVP ) 18 Gene Tenace 19 Dane Iorg 22 David Green 25 George Hendrick 26 Steve Braun 27 Lonnie Smith 28 Tom Herr 31 Bob Forsch 32 Jeff Lahti 33 John Martin 36 Jim Kaat 37 Keith Hernandez 38 Steve Mura 39 Dave LaPoint 40 Doug Bair 42 Bruce Sutter 47 Joaquín Andújar 48 John Stuper 51 Willie McGee Manager 24 Whitey Herzog Coaches 2 Red Schoendienst 3 Dave Ricketts 4 Chuck Hiller 8 Hal Lanier 9 Hub Kittle Regular season National League Championship Series St. Louis Cardinals 2006 World Series champions 3 Preston Wilson 4 Yadier Molina 5 Albert Pujols 7 Ronnie Belliard 12 Aaron Miles 15 Jim Edmonds 16 Chris Duncan 22 David Eckstein ( World Series MVP ) 23 Anthony Reyes 26 Scott Spiezio 27 Scott Rolen 28 Gary Bennett 29 Chris Carpenter 32 Josh Hancock 34 Randy Flores 36 Jeff Weaver 37 Jeff Suppan ( NLCS MVP ) 41 Braden Looper 43 Juan Encarnación 48 Brad Thompson 50 Adam Wainwright 52 Josh Kinney 53 John Rodriguez 61 Tyler Johnson 99 So Taguchi Manager 10 Tony La Russa Hitting Coach 8 Hal McRae 3rd Base Coach 11 José Oquendo Pitching Coach 18 Dave Duncan Bench Coach 24 Joe Pettini Bullpen Coach 38 Marty Mason 1st Base Coach 39 Dave McKay Regular season National League Division Series National League Championship Series St. Louis Cardinals 2011 World Series champions 3 Ryan Theriot 4 Yadier Molina 5 Albert Pujols 7 Matt Holliday 8 Nick Punto 12 Lance Berkman 13 Gerald Laird 15 Rafael Furcal 19 Jon Jay 21 Allen Craig 22 Edwin Jackson 23 David Freese ( NLCS & World Series MVP ) 26 Kyle Lohse 28 Octavio Dotel 29 Chris Carpenter 30 Jason Motte 33 Daniel Descalso 34 Marc Rzepczynski 35 Jake Westbrook 41 Mitchell Boggs 53 Arthur Rhodes 54 Jaime García 55 Skip Schumaker 56 Adron Chambers 59 Fernando Salas 62 Lance Lynn Manager 10 Tony La Russa Bench Coach 49 Joe Pettini 1st Base Coach 39 Dave McKay 3rd Base Coach 11 José Oquendo Hitting Coach 25 Mark McGwire Pitching Coach 18 Dave Duncan Bullpen Coach 36 Derek Lilliquist Bullpen Catcher 58 Jeff Murphy Regular season National League Division Series National League Championship Series American Association championships St. Louis Browns 1885 American Association Champions Sam Barkley Doc Bushong Bob Caruthers Charles Comiskey Bill Gleason Dave Foutz Arlie Latham Jumbo McGinnis Hugh Nicol Tip O'Neill Yank Robinson Curt Welch Manager : Charles Comiskey St. Louis Browns 1886 American Association Champions Doc Bushong Bob Caruthers Charles Comiskey Bill Gleason Nat Hudson Dave Foutz Rudy Kemmler Arlie Latham Jumbo McGinnis Hugh Nicol Tip O'Neill Yank Robinson Curt Welch Manager : Charles Comiskey St. Louis Browns 1887 American Association Champions Jack Boyle Doc Bushong Bob Caruthers Charles Comiskey Bill Gleason Nat Hudson Dave Foutz Silver King Ed Knouff Arlie Latham Tip O'Neill Yank Robinson Lou Sylvester Curt Welch Manager : Charles Comiskey St. Louis Browns 1888 American Association Champions Jack Boyle Ice Box Chamberlain Charles Comiskey Jim Devlin Ed Herr Nat Hudson Silver King Ed Knouff Arlie Latham Harry Lyons Tommy McCarthy Chippy McGarr Jocko Milligan Tip O'Neill Yank Robinson Bill White Manager : Charles Comiskey Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Schedule Spring training Opening Day Jackie Robinson Day Civil Rights Game All - Star Game Interleague play International games Players Weekend World Baseball Classic Postseason World Series Champions AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Business Draft Rule 5 Players Association Highest paid players Luxury tax Lockouts / strikes Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions Media Logo Radio Television MLB.com MLB Advanced Media Minor League Baseball Authentication Program Miscellaneous Instant replay Team uniforms Stadiums Mascots Rivalries Players investigated for domestic violence History History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Defunct and relocated teams Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents AL NL National League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : American League Honorary president : Bill Giles Current teams East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Former , relocated , and disestablished teams 19th - century National League teams Boston Beaneaters / Braves ( 1883 -- 1952 ) Milwaukee Braves ( 1953 -- 1965 ) Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1883 -- 1957 ) New York Giants ( 1883 -- 1957 ) Houston Colt . 45s / Astros ( 1962 -- 2012 ) Montreal Expos ( 1969 -- 2004 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Professional baseball Sports teams based in Missouri Baseball MLB Kansas City Royals St. Louis 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I ) Missouri Missouri State Saint Louis Southeast Missouri UMKC Baseball portal Missouri portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Louis_Cardinals&oldid=866336293 '' Categories : St. Louis Cardinals Anheuser - Busch Busch family Grapefruit League Major League Baseball teams Sports clubs established in 1882 Sports teams in St. Louis St. Louis Browns 1882 establishments in Missouri Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from December 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2013 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 19 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

where did the st louis cardinals play before busch stadium

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Ganglion

Ganglion - wikipedia Ganglion Jump to : navigation , search This article is about neuron clusters . For other uses , see Ganglion ( disambiguation ) . `` Ganglia '' redirects here . For other uses , see Ganglia ( disambiguation ) . Ganglion Micrograph of a ganglion . H&E stain . Details System Nervous system Identifiers Latin ganglion TA A14. 2.00. 002 FMA 5884 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) A dorsal root ganglion ( DRG ) from a chicken embryo ( around stage of day 7 ) after incubation overnight in NGF growth medium stained with anti-neurofilament antibody . Note the axons growing out of the ganglion . A ganglion is a nerve cell cluster or a group of nerve cell bodies located in the autonomic nervous system and sensory system . Ganglia house the cells bodies of afferent nerves and efferent nerves . A pseudoganglion looks like a ganglion but only has nerve fibers and has no nerve cell bodies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Basal ganglia 1.2 Pseudoganglion 2 See also 3 References Structure ( edit ) Ganglia are primarily made up of somata and dendritic structures which are bundled or connected . Ganglia often interconnect with other ganglia to form a complex system of ganglia known as a plexus . Ganglia provide relay points and intermediary connections between different neurological structures in the body , such as the peripheral and central nervous systems . Among vertebrates there are three major groups of ganglia : Dorsal root ganglia ( also known as the spinal ganglia ) contain the cell bodies of sensory ( afferent ) neurons . Cranial nerve ganglia contain the cell bodies of cranial nerve neurons . Autonomic ganglia contain the cell bodies of autonomic nerves . In the autonomic nervous system , fibers from the central nervous system to the ganglia are known as preganglionic fibers , while those from the ganglia to the effector organ are called postganglionic fibers . Basal ganglia ( edit ) The term `` ganglion '' refers to the peripheral nervous system . However , in the brain ( part of the central nervous system ) , the `` basal ganglia '' is a group of nuclei interconnected with the cerebral cortex , thalamus , and brainstem , associated with a variety of functions : motor control , cognition , emotions , and learning . Partly due to this ambiguity , the Terminologia Anatomica recommends using the term basal nuclei instead of basal ganglia ; however , this usage has not been generally adopted . Pseudoganglion ( edit ) A pseudoganglion is a localized thickening of the main part or trunk of a nerve that has the appearance of a ganglion but has only nerve fibers and no nerve cell bodies . Pseudoganglia are found in the teres minor muscle and radial nerve . See also ( edit ) Sympathetic ganglion Ganglion cyst Nervous system Neuron References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sadava , David ; Heller , H. Craig ; Orians , Gordon H. ; Purves , William K. ; Hillis , David M. ( 2008 ) . Life : The Science of Biology ( 8th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . p. 943 . ISBN 9780716776710 . Jump up ^ `` ganglion '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Jump up ^ Brodal , Per ( 2010 ) . The Central Nervous System . Oxford University Press . p. 5 . ISBN 9780195381153 . In the CNS , such a group is called a nucleus and in the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) , a ganglion . Jump up ^ `` UNSW Embryology - Glossary G '' . Archived from the original on 14 December 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` pseudoganglion '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Gitlin , G. ( Oct 1957 ) . `` Concerning the gangliform enlargement ( pseudoganglion ) on the nerve to the teres minor muscle '' . Journal of Anatomy. 91 ( 4 ) : 466 -- 70 . PMC 1244902 . PMID 13475146 . Nervous tissue CNS Tissue Types Grey matter White matter Projection fibers Association fiber Commissural fiber Lemniscus Funiculus Fasciculus Nerve tract Decussation Commissure Neuropil Meninges Cell Types Neuronal Pyramidal Purkinje Granule Glial insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia PNS General Dorsal Root Ganglion Ramus Ventral Root Ramus Ramus communicans Gray White Autonomic ganglion ( Preganglionic nerve fibers Postganglionic nerve fibers ) Connective tissues Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium Nerve fascicle Neuroglia Myelination : Schwann cell Neurolemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment Satellite glial cell Neurons / nerve fibers Parts Soma Axon hillock Axon Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril / neurofilament Dendrite Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite Types Bipolar Unipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar Interneuron Renshaw Afferent nerve fiber / Sensory neuron GSA GVA SSA SVA fibers Ia or Aα Ib or Golgi or Aα II or Aβ and Aγ III or Aδ or fast pain IV or C or slow pain Efferent nerve fiber / Motor neuron GSE GVE SVE Upper motor neuron Lower motor neuron α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron Termination Synapse Electrical synapse / Gap junction Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density Autapse Ribbon synapse Neuromuscular junction Sensory receptors Meissner 's corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini ending Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Nociceptor Olfactory receptor neuron Photoreceptor cell Hair cell Taste bud Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganglion&oldid=814258862 '' Categories : Neurohistology Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 19 : 02 . 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the basal ganglia are a related cluster of cell bodies

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Legal status of tattooing in the United States

Legal status of Tattooing in the United states - wikipedia Legal status of Tattooing in the United states Jump to : navigation , search In the United States , there is no federal law regulating the practice of tattooing . However , all 50 states and the District of Columbia have statutory laws requiring a person receiving a tattoo be 18 years of age or older . This is partially based on the legal principle that a minor can not enter into a legal contract or otherwise render informed consent for a procedure . Most states permit a person under the age of 18 to receive a tattoo with permission of a parent or guardian , but some states outright prohibit tattooing under a certain age regardless of permission , with the exception of medical necessity ( such as markings placed for radiation therapy ) . In all jurisdictions , individual tattooists may also choose to place additional restrictions based on their own moral feelings , such as refusing any clients under a specific age even with parental consent despite it being legal , or limiting the type and / or location of where they are willing to tattoo ( such as refusing any work around intimate parts of the body ) . They may additionally refuse to perform specific artwork , including if they merely find it inappropriate or offensive , or refuse to work on a client that they suspect may be intoxicated . Artists sometimes claim their personal business restrictions are a matter of law even when it is not true , so as to avoid arguments with clients . Legal Restrictions on Tattooing & Body Modification by State State Minimum Age ( with parent / guardian consent ) Form of Parent / Guardian Consent Notes & Exceptions Intoxicated / Impaired Individuals Area of Law / Type of Penalty Licensing & Regulation Relevant Statute ( s ) and Rules Alabama none specified informed written consent , signed in presence of the artist / service provider or their agent Ear piercing exempt from Alabama body art laws & rules . can not be tattooed , branded , or pierced Violations of Alabama Tattoo & Body Piercing laws are a class c misdemeanor , punishable by a fine of up to $100 and / or up to 90 days imprisonment for each violation . Alabama 's Department of Public Health licenses Tattoo , body piercing , & body art facilities , and sets standards for their operation . Individual tattoo artists , piercers , etc. require a permit . Ala . Code § 22 - 1 - 17A State Board of Health rules on Body Art Practices and Facilities . Arizona none specified parent / guardian must be physically present Minors can have their ears pierced with the written or verbal consent of a parent / guardian , can have procedures prescribed by a health care provider . no restriction Violations are a class 6 felony . There are no health regulations for tattoo shops in Arizona . Tattoos . Ariz . Rev. Stat. § 13 - 3721 Arkansas 16 parent / guardian must both give written consent and be physically present none specified can not be tattooed , branded , or pierced . Ark . Stat . Ann . § § 20 - 27 - 1501 et seq . Alaska 18 ( piercing excepted ) parent / guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure Minors may be pierced with parental consent no restriction Alaska Stat. § 08.13. 217 California 18 ( piercing excepted ) parent / guardian must be present during procedure Minors may have their ears pierced with parental consent . They may be pierced elsewhere with parental consent , but not on their genitals or nipples . Permanent cosmetics are permitted on nipples , when done by a cosmetic technician and with parental consent . no restriction Body Art . Cal . Health & Safety Code § 119300 to 119328 Cal . Penal Code 653 Colorado 18 Express written consent of parent or guardian parent / guardian must be present during procedure Persons who are `` noticeably impaired '' can not have body art procedures Body Artists . Colo . Rev. Stat. § 25 - 4 - 2101 to 2103 Connecticut none specified permission of parent or guardian Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent Tattooing may only be performed by physicians , or by registered nurses & technicians working under the supervision of a physician . no restrictions Conn . Gen. Stat . § 19a - 92a , Conn . Gen. Stat . § 19a - 92g District of Columbia 18 ( ear piercing excepted ) written consent ( for ear piercing ) minors may have their ears pierced with written parental consent no restrictions Body Artists . DC Code § 47 - 2853.76 d Delaware 18 notarized written consent to the specific procedure none specified can not be tattooed , branded , or body pierced Del . Code Ann . Title 11 , Ch 5 § 1114 ( a ) Del . Code Ann . Title 16 , Ch 2 § 122 ( 3 ) ( w ) Florida 16 Must be accompanied by parent or guardian who can show proof of guardianship , both parent and minor must present photo ID , and a consent form must be notarized . for medical or dental purposes by a licensed physician or dentist no restriction Fla . Stat . § 381.00787 Fla . Stat. § 381.0775 et seq . Fla . Stat . § 381.075 Georgia 18 ( body piercing excepted ) For body piercing : prior written consent of parent / guardian Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent Minors may be body pierced with written parental consent Physicians and Osteopaths or technicians working under their direct supervision can give minors tattoos or produce scars for `` medical or cosmetic purposes . '' No one can be tattooed within an inch of their eye socket . no restrictions Ga . Code § 31 - 40 - 1 to 31 - 40 - 10 Ga . Code § 16 - 12 - 5 Ga . Code § 16 - 5 - 71.1 Hawaii none specified written consent of parent / guardian Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321 - 13 Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321 - 379 Idaho 14 Written informed consent of parent / guardian , executed in the presence of the person performing the procedure , or their agent / employee . Minors can have their ears pierced without parental consent . Piercing for medical procedures exempt . no restrictions Idaho Code § 18 - 1523 ( 2004 ) Illinois 18 ( body piercings excepted ) Written consent of parent / guardian ( for body piercings ) Minors can not be present in places where tattooing or body piercing is done except in the presence of a parent / guardian . Minors can have their ears pierced without parent / guardian consent . no restrictions Ill . Stat. 720 § 5 / 12 - 10.1 Ill . Stat. 410 § 54 / 1 t0 54 / 999 Indiana none specified Parent / guardian must both be present during the procedure and provide written permission . Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent . no restrictions Ind . Code Ann . § 35 - 42 - 2 - 7 Ind . Code Ann . § 16 - 19 - 3 - 4.1 Iowa 18 n / a - minors can not be tattooed Body piercing is not regulated by state law in Iowa , however county or city laws may regulate it . no restrictions Iowa Code § 135.37 Iowa Code § 135.37 Kansas 16 Parent / guardian must give written consent , written consent must be notarized , and the parent / guardian must be present during the procedure . Minors may have their ears pierced no restrictions Kan . Stat . Ann . § 65 - 1953 Kan . Stat . Ann . § 65 - 1940 to 65 - 1954 Kentucky Not specified Parent / guardian must give written , notarized consent . none ( ear piercing also requires written , notarized consent ) . no restrictions Ky. Rev. Stat . § 211.760 Ky. Rev. Stat . § 194A. 050 ; 211.760 Louisiana 16 Parent or guardian must consent , and their presence during the procedure is required for tattoos , but not for body piercings . no restrictions La . Rev. Stat . Ann . § 14 : 93.2 La . Rev. Stat . Ann . § 40 : 2831 et seq . Maine 18 ( piercings excepted ) For body piercings : prior legal consent of parent / guardian . Maine law does not require parent / guardian consent for ear piercing no restrictions Me . Rev. Stat . Ann . Title 32 § 4201 - 4329 Maryland none specified written consent , which must be retained for 3 years . Piercing of the ear lobe is exempt no restriction Health Department Regulations A license is not required , but any person performing tattooing or piercing must comply with all the relevant health code regulations COMAR 10.06. 01.02 and 10.06. 01.06 Massachusetts 18 ( except body piercing other than genitalia ) Minors can not receive tattoo , branding , or scarification at all . For piercing of areas other than the genitalia , a parent may provide identification and sign the consent document . Physicians performing for treatment reasons and ear piercing are exempt from regulation . no restriction County Health Department regulates body art , but all follow a model regulation set by the state . Artists must have a permit , and establishments are subject to following specific health department regulations Model Regulations for Body Art Establishments Michigan none specified Written , informed consent of parent / guardian . Must be executed ( signed ) in the presences of the person performing the procedure , or their employee . can not be tattooed , branded , or body pierced . Mich . Comp . Laws § 333.13101 to 333.13112 Minnesota 18 ( piercings excepted ) For piercings : presence of parent / guardian and a consent form are both required . Minors can not be tattooed . They can be body pierced , but not in the nipples or genitals . Branding , scarification , suspension , subdermal implantation , microdermal , and tongue bifurcation are also prohibited for minors . can not have any body art procedures . Minnesota Statutes 146B. 07 Mississippi 18 n / a - minors can not be tattooed piercing also prohibited except for the outer perimeter or lobe of the ear . no restriction Miss. Code Ann . § 73 - 61 Missouri none specified For both piercings and tattoos , parent / guardian must sign written consent in the presence of the person performing the procedure , or their employee . can not be tattooed , branded or body pierced . violations are a misdemeanor , punishable with a fine of up to $500 ( more for repeat offenses ) The state director of the division of professional registration licenses all body artists , and sets rules & regulations for the operation of body art establishments . Mo . Rev. Stat . § 324.520 Montana none specified Parent or guardian must give `` explicit , in - person '' consent . Montana administrative rules also require that the parent / guardian be present throughout the procedure . can not be tattooed or body pierced . A person who tattoos or body pierces a minor without parent / guardian consent is guilty of Unlawful transactions with children , punishable by a fine of up to $500 or six months in county jail , or both . Other violations of Montana body art laws are a misdemeanor , with punishments ranging from a fine of $50 -- 100 for a first offense to $300 and / or 90 days in county jail for third and subsequent offense . Montana 's Department of Health and Safety licenses and regulates body art establishments . Local health boards may establish their own licensing and regulatory schemes in lieu of the state department 's . Mont . Code Ann . § 45 - 5 - 623 Mont . Code Ann . § 50 - 48 - 101 to 110 Mont . Code Ann . § 50 - 48 - 201 to 209 Nebraska none specified written consent , must be present during procedure Piercing does not include the external parts of the ear No restrictions Nebraska Revised Statute 38 - 1008 , 38 - 1009 , 38 - 1010 , 38 - 1011 , 38 - 1060 , 38 - 10,165 Nevada n / a n / a Nevada state law does not regulate tattoos , piercings , or other body art . Regional health districts may regulate the practice . The southern Nevada Health District , for example , does not allow minors below the age of 14 to be tattooed , and requires a parent or guardian to provide written consent and be present during the procedure for 14 - to 18 - year - olds . The southern Nevada district also bans tattoos on those who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol . n / a n / a New Hampshire 18 ( piercings excepted ) For piercings : parent / guardian must both sign written consent and be present during the procedure . Minors can not be tattooed or branded . They may be pierced with parent / guardian consent . Minors may have their ears pierced without parent / guardian consent . no restrictions N.H. Rev. Stat . Ann . § 314 New Jersey none specified written permission of parent / guardian is required for tattooing and body piercing . Parent / guardian must be present and sign written consent for ear piercings as well as for body piercing . Minors can not have genital piercings even with parent / guardian consent . no restrictions no restrictions no restrictions N.J. Stat . Ann . § 2C : 40 - 21 N.J.A.C. 8 : 27 - 1 et seq . N.J. Stat . Ann . § 26 - 1A - 7 New Mexico none specified Written consent and presence during the procedure . Medical procedures by physicians and ear piercing are exempt no restrictions Administrative Regulations set by the Board of Barbers and Cosmetologists All body artists are required to be licensed through the state , and are subject to regulations from the Board Body Art Safe Practices Act . N.M. Stat . Ann . § 61 - 17B et seq. , N.M. Administrative Code 16.36 et seq . New York 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed with parent / guardian consent . For piercings : parent / guardian must give written consent , signed in presence of the body artist or body art establishment owner . Written parental consent is not required for ear piercings . no restrictions New York Public Health Law , Article 4 - A N.Y. Public Health Law § 460 - 466 N.Y. Penal Law § 260.21 North Carolina 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed , even with parent / guardian consent . `` Prior consent '' of parent / guardian is required for body piercings . Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent . no restrictions N.C. Gen. Stat . § 130A - 283 N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14 - 400 North Dakota none specified Parent / guardian must be present during the procedure and give written consent . can not get tattoos or other body art N.D. Code § 23 - 01 - 35 N.D. Code § 12.1 - 31 - 13 Ohio none specified Parent / guardian must both sign a consent form and `` appear in person at the business at the time the procedure is performed . '' none - parent / guardian consent and presence is also required for ear piercings . no restrictions Ohio Rev. Code Ann . § 3730.01 to 3730.99 Oklahoma 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed , even with parent / guardian consent . For piercings : parent / guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure . Ear piercing is not governed / restricted by Oklahoma law . Scleral tattooing is illegal . can not be tattooed . Okla . Stat . Title 21 § 842.1 , 842.2 , 842.3 Oregon 18 ( piercings excepted ) For piercings : parent / guardian must give written consent and present proof of identity . Minors can only be tattooed with the authorization of a physician . Scarification and dermal implants are prohibited Persons with sunburns or skin diseases or disorders can not be tattooed or pierced . Minors can not be pierced on the genitals or nipples , even with parent / guardian consent . Piercing on testes , deep shaft ( corpus cavernosa ) , uvula , eyelids and sub-clavicle are all prohibited . can not be tattooed or pierced . Violations of Oregon body art laws are a misdemeanor . Violations of Health Licensing Office rules are fined ( various amounts ) . Both body artists and body art establishments are licensed by the Oregon Health Licensing Office . With the assistance of a Board of Body Art practitioners , the Health Licensing Office also sets detailed rules and regulations for body art . Or . Rev. Stat. § 690.350 et seq Or . Rev. Stat. § 690.401 to 410 Or . Rev. Stat . § 679.500 Health Licensing Office Rules , especially Divisions 900 , 905 , 915 & 920 Pennsylvania none specified parent / guardian must both give consent and be present during the procedure . no restrictions Pa . Cons . Stat . Title 18 § 6311 Rhode Island 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed . For piercings : parent / guardian must both give consent and be present for the procedure . no restrictions Tattooing a minor is a criminal offense ( misdemeanor ) , maximum fine $300 Tattooing and body art are regulated by the department of health , artists must be registered . RI Gen L § 23 - 1 - 39 RI Gen L § 11 - 9 - 15 South Carolina 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed . For piercings : parent / guardian must either give written , notarized consent or be present during the procedure . Head , face , and neck tattoos are illegal . can not be tattooed or body pierced Under the Health Code , persons violating restrictions on tattooing and body piercing are guilty of a misdemeanor . Upon conviction , they may be fined up to $2500 or imprisoned for a year , or both . Tattoo and body piercing facilities are regulated by the Department of Health and Environmental Control . Tattoo facilities are licensed , body piercing facilities require a permit , and artists must be registered S.C. Code § 44 - 32 - 10 to 44 - 32 - 120 S.C. Code § 44 - 34 - 10 to 44 - 34 - 110 South Dakota none specified Parent / guardian must sign a consent form . can not be tattooed or pierced Tattooing a minor is a class 2 misdemeanor . Tattooing and Body Piercing are governed by Department of Health rules . Municipalities may set stricter regulations , and have the authority to license body artists . S.D. Codified Laws Ann . § 26 - 10 - 19 S.D. Laws § 9 - 34 - 17 Tennessee 18 ( piercings excepted ) For tattoos that cover an existing tattoo ( see Notes & Exceptions ) : Parent / Guardian must be present during the procedure . For piercings : Parent / Guardian must give written consent , be present during the procedure . Minors over the age of sixteen may be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo , with parent / guardian consent . Minors who lie about their age to be tattooed are guilty of a `` delinquent act , '' are required to pay a fine of $50 -- $250 and serve at least 20 hours of community service . Tattooing a minor is a class a misdemeanor , breach of body piercing law is a class b misdemeanor . Tattoo artists and body piercers are licensed by the state department of health , tattoo shops require a certificate from the local health department . Tenn . Code § § 62 - 38 - 201 - 310 Texas 18 ( piercings excepted ) For body piercings and for covering existing tattoos ( see Notes & Exceptions ) : Parent / guardian must be present during procedure , sign an affidavit Ear piercing is exempt from body piercing statutes Minors may , with parent / guardian consent , be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo that has offensive , gang - related , or drug - related content , or `` other words , symbols , or markings that the person 's parent or guardian considers would be in the best interest of the person to cover '' Tongue splitting prohibited . Cannot be tattooed or pierced . Misrepresenting one 's age to get a tattoo , or to get a piercing without parental consent , is a class B misdemeanor Violations of Texas tattooing & body piercing statute are a Class A misdemeanor , with each day of violation counting as a separate offense . Health Commissioner can impose a fine of up to $5000 on artists & shops for each violation Tattoo artists and body piercers must be registered with the Texas Department of Health Tattoo and body piercing shops must be licensed Texas Health and Safety Code Ann . § 146 Utah none specified Parent / guardian must be present during the procedure , give written permission , and provide proof of identity . Parental consent not required by law for ear piercing Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class b misdemeanor , shops can be fined up to $1000 for each violation . Utah Code Ann . § 76 - 10 - 2201 Vermont none specified Tattooists and body piercers must be registered . Vt . Stat . Ann . Title 26 § 4101 to 4109 Virginia none specified Parent / Guardian must be present during the procedure . Virginia law does not limit minors ' ability to have their ears pierced . Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class 1 misdemeanor Tattoo artists and body piercers , as well as the operators of tattoo and body piercing establishments , are licensed by the state . Civic / local governments are empowered to regulate tattoo and body piercing establishments . Va . Code § 54.1 - 700 et seq . Va . Code § 15.2 - 912 Va . Code § 18.2 - 371.3 . Washington 18 ( piercings excepted ) can not have tattoos , body piercings , or other body art . Wash . Code § 26.28. 085 Wash . Code § 18.300 Wash . Code § 246 - 145 - 001 to 060 Wash . Code § 70.54 West Virginia none specified parent / guardian must give written consent All persons receiving a tattoo must attest they are not under the influence of drugs or alcohol . Tattoo shop owners and body piercing studios must register with local board of health , and must be registered as a business with the state W. Va . Code § 16 - 37 W. Va . Code § 16 - 38 Wisconsin 18 n / a ( tattooing not permitted under 18 ) Physicians in the course of professional practice are exempt no restriction Tattooing a minor or even offering to do so is subject to a fine of up to $200 Artists must be satisfy training requirements and obtain a license from the health department . Establishments are subject to inspection and licensing Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations 948.70 and 252.235 Wyoming none specified Verbal consent , presence during procedure . Procedures performed under the supervision of a licensed physician , and piercing of the ear , do not count as body art for this law . no restriction Misdemeanor criminal offense , punishable by fine and prison time Wyoming Statute § 14 - 3 - 107 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama Code - Section 22 - 17A - 2 '' . findlaw . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` RULES OF STATE BOARD OF HEALTH BUREAU OF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES DIVISION OF FOOD , MILK , AND LODGING Chapter 420 - 3 - 23 BODY ART PRACTICE AND FACILITIES '' ( PDF ) . http://www.adph.org/ . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . External link in website = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama Code - Chapter 17A : REGULATION OF TATTOOING , BRANDING , AND BODY PIERCING '' . findlaw . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Code - Section 22 - 17A - 8 : PENALTIES '' . findlaw . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Code - Section 22 - 17A - 7 : POWERS AND DUTIES OF DEPARTMENT '' . findlaw.com . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TATOOING AND BODY PIERCING : STATE LAWS , STATUTES AND REGULATIONS '' . http://www.ncsl.org/ . National Council of State Legislatures . Archived from the original on 5 July 2015 . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . External link in website = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Arizona Revised Statutes § 13 - 3721 . Tattoos , brands , scarifications and piercings ; minors ; anesthesia ; exception ; defense ; violation ; classification ; definitions . Jump up ^ Health regulations sought for Arizona tattoo shops , Tucson Citizen , Jul 05 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` LexisNexis ® Custom Solution : Arkansas Code Research Tool '' . lexisnexis.com . ^ Jump up to : `` § 20 - 27 - 1502 - Unlawful to perform body art on a person under eighteen years of age . : : 2010 Arkansas Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Alaska Stat. § 08.13. 217 . : Alaska Statutes - Section 08.13. 217. : Tattooing and permanent cosmetic coloring or body piercing on a minor . '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` Alaska Statutes - Chapter 08.13. : BARBERS AND HAIRDRESSERS '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : `` CAL . PEN . CODE § 653 : California Code - Section 653 '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : `` CAL . HSC . CODE § 119302 : California Code - Section 119302 '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : `` California Law - HEALTH AND SAFETY CODE ( HSC Sections 119300 . - 119328 . ) '' . regstoday.com . ^ Jump up to : http://www.nchd.org/Downloads/Body%20Art/Body%20Art%20Regulations%20final%203-26(2)-10.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Section 19a - 92g - Body piercing . : : 2012 Connecticut General Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : http://www.ct.gov/dph/lib/dph/practitioner_licensing_and_investigations/plis/tatoo/tattoo_info.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` & § 47 -- 2853.76 e Prohibitions and penalties . : : 2014 District of Columbia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Title 11 '' . delaware.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Statutes & Constitution : View Statutes : Online Sunshine '' . state.fl.us . line feed character in title = at position 25 ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` § 16 - 5 - 71 - Tattooing : : 2010 Georgia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` § 16 - 5 - 71.1 - Piercing of the body : : 2010 Georgia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 12 - 5 - Tattooing : : 2010 Georgia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` HI Rev Stat § 321 - 379 : : Enforcement ; penalties . : : 2011 Hawaii Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Statutes '' . idaho.gov . ^ Jump up to : http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs4.asp?ActID=1876&ChapterID=53&SeqStart=32700000&SeqEnd=33400000 ^ Jump up to : `` Ind . Code § 35 - 42 - 2 - 7 : Indiana Code - Section 35 - 42 - 2 - 7 : Tattooing or body piercing a minor '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` ISDH : Tattoo Information '' . in.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Iowa Code 135.37 '' . iowa.gov . Jump up ^ https://www.idph.state.ia.us/Tattoo/ ^ Jump up to : `` Statute - Kansas State Legislature '' . kslegislature.org . Jump up ^ `` Statute - Kansas State Legislature '' . kslegislature.org . Jump up ^ `` 211.760 Tattooing and body piercing of humans by nonmedical personnel for remuneration -- Registration -- Administrative regulations -- Compliance checks -- Hearings. : : 2014 Kentucky Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` 902 KAR 45 : 070 . Body piercing and ear piercing . '' . state.ky.us . Jump up ^ `` LA Rev Stat § 14 : 93.2 : : RS 14 : 93.2 -- Tattooing and body piercing of minors ; prohibition : : 2011 Louisiana Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Title 32 , § 4203 : Minors '' . mainelegislature.org . Jump up ^ `` Title 32 , § 4323 : Body piercing of minors '' . mainelegislature.org . Jump up ^ `` Title 32 , § 4321 : Definitions '' . mainelegislature.org . ^ Jump up to : `` COMAR 10.06. 01.06 '' . dsd.state.md.us . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Disclose the risks of the procedure , obtain the client 's written consent for the performance of the procedure or , in the case of a minor , the consent of the parent or guardian , and retain the consent on file for a period of 3 years and make it available to the health officer , if requested ; Jump up ^ `` COMAR 10.06. 01.02 Definitions '' . dsd.state.md.us . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . ( 29 ) Skin - Penetrating Body Adornment Procedure ^ Jump up to : dph / environment . `` Body Art ( Body Piercing , Tattooing and Branding / Scarification ) '' ( PDF ) . Health and Human Services . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mich . Comp . Laws § 333.13102 : : 368 - 1978 - 12 - 131 : : 368 - 1978 - 12 : : Act 368 of 1978 : : Chapter 333 -- HEALTH : : 2006 Michigan Compiled Laws : : Michigan Compiled Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/tattooing-and-body-piercing.aspx ^ Jump up to : `` 146B. 07 - 2014 Minnesota Statutes '' . mn.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Section 324.520 Definitions -- tattooing , branding , body piercing , prohibited , when , penalty . : : 2014 Missouri Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Section 324.522 Licensing required , when -- rulemaking authority . : : 2014 Missouri Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` 45 - 5 - 623 . Unlawful transactions with children . '' . mt.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` 37.112. 158 : RESTRICTIONS AND PROHIBITIONS - Administrative Rules of the State of Montana '' . mtrules.org . Jump up ^ `` 50 - 48 - 108 . Penalties -- misdemeanor . '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` 50 - 48 - 103 . Rulemaking authority . '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` 50 - 48 - 203 . Licensure and regulation by local boards of health . '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` Table of Contents , Title 50 , Chapter 48 , MCA '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` Table of Contents , Title 50 , Chapter 48 , MCA '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Revised Statute 38 - 10,165 '' . nebraskalegislature.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Revised Statute 38 - 1010 '' . nebraskalegislature.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Nevada Health District Regulations Governing the Sanitation of Tattoo and Permanent Makeup Establishments '' . southernnevadahealthdistrict.org . ^ Jump up to : http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XXX/314-A/314-A-8.htm Jump up ^ http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XXX/314-A/314-A-4.htm ^ Jump up to : `` Section 2C : 40 - 21 - Tattooing of a minor ; parental permission , required : : 2013 New Jersey Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ http://www.state.nj.us/health/eoh/phss/bodyart.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` New Mexico Administrative Code 16.36. 5 '' . New Mexico Administrative Code . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . the signature of the client and , if the client is a minor , written proof of parental or legal guardian presence and consent ; ^ Jump up to : `` ARTICLE 17B Body Art Safe Practices Act '' . public.nmcompcomm.us . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Section 260.21 of New York State Penal Law - Unlawfully Dealing with a Child in the Second Degree '' . ny.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Article 4 - A Regulation of Body Piercing and Tattooing '' . ny.gov . Jump up ^ `` Body Art - Tattooing and Body Piercing '' . ny.gov . ^ Jump up to : http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/ByArticle/Chapter_14/Article_52.pdf Jump up ^ `` GS_130A - 283 '' . state.nc.us . Jump up ^ http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/BySection/Chapter_14/GS_14-400.pdf ^ Jump up to : http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t12-1c31.pdf?20150627113430 Jump up ^ http://www.legis.nd.gov/information/acdata/pdf/33-41-01.pdf?20150627114138 Jump up ^ http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t23c01.pdf?20150627113445 ^ Jump up to : `` Lawriter - ORC '' . ohio.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` § 21 - 842.1 . Performing or offering to perform body piercing or tattooing on child under 18 years -- Definitions. : : 2014 Oklahoma Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . Jump up ^ `` Section 690.992 - Criminal penalties . : : 2013 Oregon Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . Jump up ^ `` Section 690.360 - Prohibited acts ; exceptions . : : 2013 Oregon Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . ^ Jump up to : `` 6311 - Tattooing and body piercing . : : 2010 Pennsylvania Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` § 11 - 9 - 15 Tattooing of minors . : : CHAPTER 11 - 9 Children : : Title 11 Criminal Offenses : : 2010 Rhode Island General Laws : : Rhode Island General Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Section 23 - 1 - 39 - Tattooing and / or body piercing . : : 2014 Rhode Island General Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Section 44 - 34 - 100 - Unlawful acts ; penalties . : : 2012 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` SECTION 44 - 32 - 120 . Minors or persons impaired by drugs , alcohol , or otherwise incapable of consenting ; unhealthy skin surfaces ; penalty . : : 2014 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` CHAPTER 32 - BODY PIERCING : : 2014 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Section 44 - 34 - 20 - Establishment of sterilization , sanitation , and safety standards ; licensing ; engaging in other retail business . : : 2012 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` SECTION 44 - 32 - 20 . Sterilization , sanitation and safety standards ; certificate of completion of blood - borne pathogens and body piercing infection control course ; permits . : : 2014 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 34 - TATTOOING : : 2012 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` § 26 - 10 - 19 Tattooing minor without parental consent as misdemeanor. : : 2014 South Dakota Codified Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Rules Display '' . sd.gov . Jump up ^ `` Rules Display '' . sd.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` § 9 - 34 - 17 Tattooing and body piercing . : : 2014 South Dakota Codified Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Rules Display '' . sd.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` § 62 - 38 - 211 - Tattoos for persons under 18 years of age -- Reporting tattooing of minors -- Tattoos to cover up existing tattoos for minors 16 years of age or older -- False statements of age or exhibiting false identification by minors for purpose of obtaining tattoos. : : 2014 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` § 62 - 38 - 305 - Minimum age for procedure -- Exception authorized with consent -- Recordkeeping. : : 2014 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` § 62 - 38 - 310 - Penalty. : : 2014 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . 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TATTOO STUDIO BUSINESS. : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Legislature : 948.70 '' . Wisconsin Legislative Documents. 2015 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Legislature : 252.23 '' . Wisconsin Legislative Documents. 2015 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` TITLE 14 - CHILDREN , CHAPTER 3 - PROTECTION , ARTICLE 1 - PROHIBITED ACTS '' . legisweb.state.wy.us . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Tattoos and Tattooing Topics History Medical issues Religious perspectives Removal Categories Medical Permanent makeup Temporary Process Artist Ink Machine Art style Black - and - gray Burmese Flash Japanese ( Irezumi ) Maori ( Tā moko ) Marquesan Old school Samoan ( Malu / Pe'a ) Cambodian / Lao / Vietnamese ( Yantra ) Location on body Body suit Cornea Genital Lower - back Scalp Sclera Sleeve Legal status in ... the European Union the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_the_United_States&oldid=807938759 '' Categories : Tattooing and law United States law Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links CS1 errors : invisible characters Talk About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 23 : 07 . About Wikipedia

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Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Thirteenth Amendment to the United states Constitution - wikipedia Thirteenth Amendment to the United states Constitution This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Thirteenth Amendment ( Amendment XIII ) to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude , except as punishment for a crime . In Congress , it was passed by the Senate on April 8 , 1864 , and by the House on January 31 , 1865 . The amendment was ratified by the required number of states on December 6 , 1865 . On December 18 , 1865 , Secretary of State William H. Seward proclaimed its adoption . It was the first of the three Reconstruction Amendments adopted following the American Civil War . Since the American Revolution , states had divided into states that allowed or states that prohibited slavery . Slavery was implicitly permitted in the original Constitution through provisions such as Article I , Section 2 , Clause 3 , commonly known as the Three - Fifths Compromise , which detailed how each slave state 's enslaved population would be factored into its total population count for the purposes of apportioning seats in the United States House of Representatives and direct taxes among the states . Though many slaves had been declared free by President Abraham Lincoln 's 1863 Emancipation Proclamation , their post-war status was uncertain . On April 8 , 1864 , the Senate passed an amendment to abolish slavery . After one unsuccessful vote and extensive legislative maneuvering by the Lincoln administration , the House followed suit on January 31 , 1865 . The measure was swiftly ratified by nearly all Northern states , along with a sufficient number of border states up to the death of Lincoln , but approval came with President Andrew Johnson , who encouraged the `` reconstructed '' Southern states of Alabama , North Carolina and Georgia to agree as 27 states , and cause it to be adopted before the end of 1865 . Though the amendment formally abolished slavery throughout the United States , factors such as Black Codes , white supremacist violence , and selective enforcement of statutes continued to subject some black Americans to involuntary labor , particularly in the South . In contrast to the other Reconstruction Amendments , the Thirteenth Amendment was rarely cited in later case law , but has been used to strike down peonage and some race - based discrimination as `` badges and incidents of slavery '' . The Thirteenth Amendment applies to the actions of private citizens , while the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments apply only to state actors . The Thirteenth Amendment also enables Congress to pass laws against sex trafficking and other modern forms of slavery . Contents 1 Text 2 Slavery in the United States 3 Proposal and ratification 3.1 Crafting the amendment 3.2 Passage by Congress 3.3 Ratification by the states 4 Effects 4.1 Political and economic change in the South 5 Congressional and executive enforcement 5.1 Peonage law 6 Penal labor exemption 7 Judicial interpretation 7.1 Black slaves and their descendants 7.1. 1 Jones and beyond 7.2 Other cases of involuntary servitude 8 Prior proposed Thirteenth Amendments 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Citations 10.2 Bibliography 10.3 Primary sources 11 External links Text Section 1 . Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude , except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted , shall exist within the United States , or any place subject to their jurisdiction . Section 2 . Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation . Slavery in the United states Main article : Slavery in the United States Abolitionist imagery focused on atrocities against slaves ( 1863 photo of Gordon ) Slavery existed in all of the original thirteen British North American colonies . Prior to the Thirteenth Amendment , the United States Constitution did not expressly use the words slave or slavery but included several provisions about unfree persons . The Three - Fifths Compromise , Article I , Section 2 , Clause 3 of the Constitution , allocated Congressional representation based `` on the whole Number of free Persons '' and `` three fifths of all other Persons '' . This clause was a compromise between Southerners who wished slaves to be counted as ' persons ' for congressional representation and northerners rejecting these out of concern of too much power for the South , because representation in the new Congress would be based on population in contrast to the one - vote - for - one - state principle in the earlier Continental Congress . Under the Fugitive Slave Clause , Article IV , Section 2 , Clause 3 , `` No person held to Service or Labour in one State '' would be freed by escaping to another . Article I , Section 9 , Clause 1 allowed Congress to pass legislation outlawing the `` Importation of Persons '' , but not until 1808 . However , for purposes of the Fifth Amendment -- which states that , `` No person shall ... be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law '' -- slaves were understood as property . Although abolitionists used the Fifth Amendment to argue against slavery , it became part of the legal basis in Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 ) for treating slaves as property . Stimulated by the philosophy of the Declaration of Independence , between 1777 and 1804 every Northern state provided for the immediate or gradual abolition of slavery . Most of the slaves involved were household servants . No Southern state did so , and the slave population of the South continued to grow , peaking at almost 4 million people in 1861 . An abolitionist movement headed by such figures as William Lloyd Garrison grew in strength in the North , calling for the end of slavery nationwide and exacerbating tensions between North and South . The American Colonization Society , an alliance between abolitionists who felt the races should be kept separated and slaveholders who feared the presence of freed blacks would encourage slave rebellions , called for the emigration and colonization of both free blacks and slaves to Africa . Its views were endorsed by politicians such as Henry Clay , who feared that the main abolitionist movement would provoke a civil war . Proposals to eliminate slavery by constitutional amendment were introduced by Representative Arthur Livermore in 1818 and by John Quincy Adams in 1839 , but failed to gain significant traction . As the country continued to expand , the issue of slavery in its new territories became the dominant national issue . The Southern position was that slaves were property and therefore could be moved to the territories like all other forms of property . The 1820 Missouri Compromise provided for the admission of Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state , preserving the Senate 's equality between the regions . In 1846 , the Wilmot Proviso was introduced to a war appropriations bill to ban slavery in all territories acquired in the Mexican -- American War ; the Proviso repeatedly passed the House , but not the Senate . The Compromise of 1850 temporarily defused the issue by admitting California as a free state , instituting a stronger Fugitive Slave Act , banning the slave trade in Washington , D.C. , and allowing New Mexico and Utah self - determination on the slavery issue . Despite the compromise , tensions between North and South continued to rise over the subsequent decade , inflamed by , amongst other things , the publication of the 1852 anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom 's Cabin ; fighting between pro-slavery and abolitionist forces in Kansas , beginning in 1854 ; the 1857 Dred Scott decision , which struck down provisions of the Compromise of 1850 ; abolitionist John Brown 's 1859 attempt to start a slave revolt at Harpers Ferry and the 1860 election of slavery critic Abraham Lincoln to the presidency . The Southern states seceded from the Union in the months following Lincoln 's election , forming the Confederate States of America , and beginning the American Civil War . Proposal and ratification Crafting the Amendment Representative James Mitchell Ashley proposed an amendment abolishing slavery in 1863 . Acting under presidential war powers , Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1 , 1863 , which proclaimed the freedom of slaves in the ten states that were still in rebellion . However , it did not affect the status of slaves in the border states that had remained loyal to the Union . That December , Lincoln again used his war powers and issued a `` Proclamation for Amnesty and Reconstruction '' , which offered Southern states a chance to peacefully rejoin the Union if they abolished slavery and collected loyalty oaths from 10 % of their voting population . Southern states did not readily accept the deal , and the status of slavery remained uncertain . In the final years of the Civil War , Union lawmakers debated various proposals for Reconstruction . Some of these called for a constitutional amendment to abolish slavery nationally and permanently . On December 14 , 1863 , a bill proposing such an amendment was introduced by Representative James Mitchell Ashley of Ohio . Representative James F. Wilson of Iowa soon followed with a similar proposal . On January 11 , 1864 , Senator John B. Henderson of Missouri submitted a joint resolution for a constitutional amendment abolishing slavery . The Senate Judiciary Committee , chaired by Lyman Trumbull of Illinois , became involved in merging different proposals for an amendment . Radical Republicans led by Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner and Pennsylvania Representative Thaddeus Stevens sought a more expansive version of the amendment . On February 8 , 1864 , Sumner submitted a constitutional amendment stating : All persons are equal before the law , so that no person can hold another as a slave ; and the Congress shall have power to make all laws necessary and proper to carry this declaration into effect everywhere in the United States . Sumner tried to promote his own more expansive wording by circumventing the Trumbull - controlled Judiciary Committee , but failed . On February 10 , the Senate Judiciary Committee presented the Senate with an amendment proposal based on drafts of Ashley , Wilson and Henderson . The Committee 's version used text from the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 , which stipulates , `` There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory , otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted . '' Though using Henderson 's proposed amendment as the basis for its new draft , the Judiciary Committee removed language that would have allowed a constitutional amendment to be adopted with only a majority vote in each House of Congress and ratification by two - thirds of the states ( instead of two - thirds and three - fourths , respectively ) . Passage by Congress Further information : 38th United States Congress The Senate passed the amendment on April 8 , 1864 , by a vote of 38 to 6 ; two Democrats , Reverdy Johnson of Maryland and James Nesmith of Oregon voted `` aye . '' However , just over two months later on June 15 , the House failed to do so , with 93 in favor and 65 against , thirteen votes short of the two - thirds vote needed for passage ; the vote split largely along party lines , with Republicans supporting and Democrats opposing . In the 1864 presidential race , former Free Soil Party candidate John C. Frémont threatened a third - party run opposing Lincoln , this time on a platform endorsing an anti-slavery amendment . The Republican Party platform had , as yet , failed to include a similar plank , though Lincoln endorsed the amendment in a letter accepting his nomination . Fremont withdrew from the race on September 22 , 1864 and endorsed Lincoln . With no Southern states represented , few members of Congress pushed moral and religious arguments in favor of slavery . Democrats who opposed the amendment generally made arguments based on federalism and states ' rights . Some argued that the proposed change so violated the spirit of the Constitution that it would not be a valid `` amendment '' but would instead constitute `` revolution '' . Representative White , among other opponents , warned that the amendment would lead to full citizenship for blacks . Republicans portrayed slavery as uncivilized and argued for abolition as a necessary step in national progress . Amendment supporters also argued that the slave system had negative effects on white people . These included the lower wages resulting from competition with forced labor , as well as repression of abolitionist whites in the South . Advocates said ending slavery would restore the First Amendment and other constitutional rights violated by censorship and intimidation in slave states . White , Northern Republicans and some Democrats became excited about an abolition amendment , holding meetings and issuing resolutions . Many blacks though , particularly in the South , focused more on land ownership and education as the key to liberation . As slavery began to seem politically untenable , an array of Northern Democrats successively announced their support for the amendment , including Representative James Brooks , Senator Reverdy Johnson , and Tammany Hall , a powerful New York political machine . Celebration erupts after the amendment is passed by the House of Representatives . President Lincoln had had concerns that the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 might be reversed or found invalid after the war . He saw constitutional amendment as a more permanent solution . He had remained outwardly neutral on the amendment because he considered it politically too dangerous . Nonetheless , Lincoln 's 1864 party platform resolved to abolish slavery by constitutional amendment . After winning reelection in the election of 1864 , Lincoln made the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment his top legislative priority , beginning with his efforts in Congress during its `` lame duck '' session . Popular support for the amendment mounted and Lincoln urged Congress on in his December 6 , 1864 State of the Union Address : `` there is only a question of time as to when the proposed amendment will go to the States for their action . And as it is to so go , at all events , may we not agree that the sooner the better ? '' Lincoln instructed Secretary of State William H. Seward , Representative John B. Alley and others to procure votes by any means necessary , and they promised government posts and campaign contributions to outgoing Democrats willing to switch sides . Seward had a large fund for direct bribes . Ashley , who reintroduced the measure into the House , also lobbied several Democrats to vote in favor of the measure . Representative Thaddeus Stevens later commented that `` the greatest measure of the nineteenth century was passed by corruption aided and abetted by the purest man in America '' ; however , Lincoln 's precise role in making deals for votes remains unknown . Republicans in Congress claimed a mandate for abolition , having gained in the elections for Senate and House . The 1864 Democratic vice-presidential nominee , Representative George H. Pendleton , led opposition to the measure . Republicans toned down their language of radical equality in order to broaden the amendment 's coalition of supporters . In order to reassure critics worried that the amendment would tear apart the social fabric , some Republicans explicitly promised that the amendment would leave patriarchy intact . In mid-January 1865 , Speaker of the House Schuyler Colfax estimated the amendment to be five votes short of passage . Ashley postponed the vote . At this point , Lincoln intensified his push for the amendment , making direct emotional appeals to particular members of Congress . On January 31 , 1865 , the House called another vote on the amendment , with neither side being certain of the outcome . With 183 House members present , 122 would have to vote `` aye '' to secure passage of the resolution ; however eight members abstained , reducing the number to 117 . Every Republican supported the measure , as well as 16 Democrats , almost all of them lame ducks . The amendment finally passed by a vote of 119 to 56 , narrowly reaching the required two - thirds majority . The House exploded into celebration , with some members openly weeping . Black onlookers , who had only been allowed to attend Congressional sessions since the previous year , cheered from the galleries . While the Constitution does not provide the President any formal role in the amendment process , the joint resolution was sent to Lincoln for his signature . Under the usual signatures of the Speaker of the House and the President of the Senate , President Lincoln wrote the word `` Approved '' and added his signature to the joint resolution on February 1 , 1865 . On February 7 , Congress passed a resolution affirming that the Presidential signature was unnecessary . The Thirteenth Amendment is the only ratified amendment signed by a President , although James Buchanan had signed the Corwin Amendment that the 36th Congress had adopted and sent to the states in March 1861 . Ratification by the states Ratified amendment , 1865 Ratified amendment post-enactment , 1865 -- 1870 Ratified amendment after first rejecting amendment , 1866 -- 1995 Territories of the United States in 1865 , not yet states When the Thirteenth Amendment was submitted to the states on February 1 , 1865 , it was quickly taken up by several legislatures . By the end of the month , it had been ratified by eighteen states . Among them were the ex-Confederate states of Virginia and Louisiana , where ratifications were submitted by Reconstruction governments . These , along with subsequent ratifications from Arkansas and Tennessee raised the issues of how many seceded states had legally valid legislatures ; and if there were fewer legislatures than states , if Article V required ratification by three - fourths of the states or three - fourths of the legally valid state legislatures . President Lincoln in his last speech , on April 11 , 1865 , called the question about whether the Southern states were in or out of the Union a `` pernicious abstraction . '' Obviously , he declared , they were not `` in their proper practical relation with the Union '' ; whence everyone 's object should be to restore that relation . Lincoln was assassinated three days later . With Congress out of session , the new President , Andrew Johnson , began a period known as `` Presidential Reconstruction '' , in which he personally oversaw the creation of new state governments throughout the South . He oversaw the convening of state political conventions populated by delegates whom he deemed to be loyal . Three leading issues came before the conventions : secession itself , the abolition of slavery , and the Confederate war debt . Alabama , Florida , Georgia , Mississippi , North Carolina , and South Carolina held conventions in 1865 , while Texas ' convention did not organize until March 1866 . Johnson hoped to prevent deliberation over whether to re-admit the Southern states by accomplishing full ratification before Congress reconvened in December . He believed he could silence those who wished to deny the Southern states their place in the Union by pointing to how essential their assent had been to the successful ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment . 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As the summer wore on , administration officials began including assurances of the measure 's limited scope with their demands for ratification . Johnson himself suggested directly to the governors of Mississippi and North Carolina that they could proactively control the allocation of rights to freedmen . Though Johnson obviously expected the freed people to enjoy at least some civil rights , including , as he specified , the right to testify in court , he wanted state lawmakers to know that the power to confer such rights would remain with the states . When South Carolina provisional governor Benjamin Franklin Perry objected to the scope of the amendment 's enforcement clause , Secretary of State Seward responded by telegraph that in fact the second clause `` is really restraining in its effect , instead of enlarging the powers of Congress '' . White politicians throughout the South were concerned that Congress might cite the amendment 's enforcement powers as a way to authorize black suffrage . When South Carolina ratified the amendment in November 1865 , it issued its own interpretive declaration that `` any attempt by Congress toward legislating upon the political status of former slaves , or their civil relations , would be contrary to the Constitution of the United States '' . Alabama and Louisiana also declared that their ratification did not imply federal power to legislate on the status of former slaves . During the first week of December , North Carolina and Georgia gave the amendment the final votes needed for it to become part of the Constitution . The Thirteenth Amendment became part of the Constitution on December 6 , 1865 , based on the following ratifications : Illinois -- February 1 , 1865 Rhode Island -- February 2 , 1865 Michigan -- February 3 , 1865 Maryland -- February 3 , 1865 New York -- February 3 , 1865 Pennsylvania -- February 3 , 1865 West Virginia -- February 3 , 1865 Missouri -- February 6 , 1865 Maine -- February 7 , 1865 Kansas -- February 7 , 1865 Massachusetts -- February 7 , 1865 Virginia -- February 9 , 1865 Ohio -- February 10 , 1865 Indiana -- February 13 , 1865 Nevada -- February 16 , 1865 Louisiana -- February 17 , 1865 Minnesota -- February 23 , 1865 Wisconsin -- February 24 , 1865 Vermont -- March 9 , 1865 Tennessee -- April 7 , 1865 Arkansas -- April 14 , 1865 Connecticut -- May 4 , 1865 New Hampshire -- July 1 , 1865 South Carolina -- November 13 , 1865 Alabama -- December 2 , 1865 North Carolina -- December 4 , 1865 Georgia -- December 6 , 1865 Having been ratified by the legislatures of three - fourths of the several states ( 27 of the 36 states , including those that had been in rebellion ) , Secretary of State Seward , on December 18 , 1865 , certified that the Thirteenth Amendment had become valid , to all intents and purposes , as a part of the Constitution . Included on the enrolled list of ratifying states were the three ex-Confederate states that had given their assent , but with strings attached . Seward accepted their affirmative votes and brushed aside their interpretive declarations without comment , challenge or acknowledgment . The Thirteenth Amendment was subsequently ratified by : Oregon -- December 8 , 1865 California -- December 19 , 1865 Florida -- December 28 , 1865 ( reaffirmed -- June 9 , 1868 ) Iowa -- January 15 , 1866 New Jersey -- January 23 , 1866 ( after rejection -- March 16 , 1865 ) Texas -- February 18 , 1870 Delaware -- February 12 , 1901 ( after rejection -- February 8 , 1865 ) Kentucky -- March 18 , 1976 ( after rejection -- February 24 , 1865 ) Mississippi -- March 16 , 1995 ; Certified -- February 7 , 2013 ( after rejection -- December 5 , 1865 ) The Thirteenth Amendment became part of the Constitution 61 years after the Twelfth Amendment . This is the longest interval between constitutional amendments . Effects Amendment XIII in the National Archives , bearing the signature of Abraham Lincoln The impact of the abolition of slavery was felt quickly . When the Thirteenth Amendment became operational , the scope of Lincoln 's 1863 Emancipation Proclamation was widened to include the entire nation . Although the majority of Kentucky 's slaves had been emancipated , 65,000 -- 100,000 people remained to be legally freed when the Amendment went into effect on December 18 . In Delaware , where a large number of slaves had escaped during the war , nine hundred people became legally free . In addition to abolishing slavery and prohibiting involuntary servitude , except as a punishment for crime , the Thirteenth Amendment also nullified the Fugitive Slave Clause and the Three - Fifths Compromise . The population of a state originally included ( for congressional apportionment purposes ) all `` free persons '' , three - fifths of `` other persons '' ( i.e. , slaves ) and excluded untaxed Native Americans . The Three - Fifths Compromise was a provision in the Constitution that required three - fifths of the population of slaves be counted for purposes of apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives and taxes among the states . This compromise had the effect of increasing the political power of slave - holding states by increasing their share of seats in the House of Representatives , and consequently their share in the Electoral College ( where a state 's influence over the election of the President is tied to the size of its congressional delegation ) . Even as the Thirteenth Amendment was working its way through the ratification process , Republicans in Congress grew increasingly concerned about the potential for there to be a large increase in the congressional representation of the Democratic - dominated Southern states . Because the full population of freed slaves would be counted rather than three - fifths , the Southern states would dramatically increase their power in the population - based House of Representatives . Republicans hoped to offset this advantage by attracting and protecting votes of the newly enfranchised black population . Political and economic change in the South Southern culture remained deeply racist , and those blacks who remained faced a dangerous situation . J.J. Gries reported to the Joint Committee on Reconstruction : `` There is a kind of innate feeling , a lingering hope among many in the South that slavery will be regalvanized in some shape or other . They tried by their laws to make a worse slavery than there was before , for the freedman has not the protection which the master from interest gave him before . '' W.E.B. Du Bois wrote in 1935 : Slavery was not abolished even after the Thirteenth Amendment . There were four million freedmen and most of them on the same plantation , doing the same work that they did before emancipation , except as their work had been interrupted and changed by the upheaval of war . Moreover , they were getting about the same wages and apparently were going to be subject to slave codes modified only in name . There were among them thousands of fugitives in the camps of the soldiers or on the streets of the cities , homeless , sick , and impoverished . They had been freed practically with no land nor money , and , save in exceptional cases , without legal status , and without protection . Official emancipation did not substantially alter the economic situation of most blacks who remained in the south . As the amendment still permitted labor as punishment for convicted criminals , Southern states responded with what historian Douglas A. Blackmon called `` an array of interlocking laws essentially intended to criminalize black life '' . These laws , passed or updated after emancipation , were known as Black Codes . Mississippi was the first state to pass such codes , with an 1865 law titled `` An Act to confer Civil Rights on Freedmen '' . The Mississippi law required black workers to contract with white farmers by January 1 of each year or face punishment for vagrancy . Blacks could be sentenced to forced labor for crimes including petty theft , using obscene language , or selling cotton after sunset . States passed new , strict vagrancy laws that were selectively enforced against blacks without white protectors . The labor of these convicts was then sold to farms , factories , lumber camps , quarries , and mines . After its ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment in November 1865 , the South Carolina legislature immediately began to legislate Black Codes . The Black Codes created a separate set of laws , punishments , and acceptable behaviors for anyone with more than one black great - grandparent . Under these Codes , Blacks could only work as farmers or servants and had few Constitutional rights . Restrictions on black land ownership threatened to make economic subservience permanent . Some states mandated indefinitely long periods of child `` apprenticeship '' . Some laws did not target Blacks specifically , but instead affected farm workers , most of whom were Black . At the same time , many states passed laws to actively prevent Blacks from acquiring property . Congressional and executive enforcement As its first enforcement legislation , Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 , guaranteeing black Americans citizenship and equal protection of the law , though not the right to vote . The amendment was also used as authorizing several Freedmen 's Bureau bills . President Andrew Johnson vetoed these bills , but Congress overrode his vetoes to pass the Civil Rights Act and the Second Freedmen 's Bureau Bill . Proponents of the Act , including Trumbull and Wilson , argued that Section 2 of the Thirteenth Amendment authorized the federal government to legislate civil rights for the States . Others disagreed , maintaining that inequality conditions were distinct from slavery . Seeking more substantial justification , and fearing that future opponents would again seek to overturn the legislation , Congress and the states added additional protections to the Constitution : the Fourteenth Amendment ( 1868 ) defining citizenship and mandating equal protection under the law , and the Fifteenth Amendment ( 1870 ) banning racial voting restrictions . The Freedmen 's Bureau enforced the amendment locally , providing a degree of support for people subject to the Black Codes . Reciprocally , the Thirteenth Amendment established the Bureau 's legal basis to operate in Kentucky . The Civil Rights Act circumvented racism in local jurisdictions by allowing blacks access to the federal courts . The Enforcement Acts of 1870 -- 1871 and the Civil Rights Act of 1875 , in combating the violence and intimidation of white supremacy , were also part of the effort to end slave conditions for Southern blacks . However , the effect of these laws waned as political will diminished and the federal government lost authority in the South , particularly after the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in exchange for a Republican presidency . Peonage Law Southern business owners sought to reproduce the profitable arrangement of slavery with a system called peonage , in which disproportionately black workers were entrapped by loans and compelled to work indefinitely due to the resulting debt . Peonage continued well through Reconstruction and ensnared a large proportion of black workers in the South . These workers remained destitute and persecuted , forced to work dangerous jobs and further confined legally by the racist Jim Crow laws that governed the South . Peonage differed from chattel slavery because it was not strictly hereditary and did not allow the sale of people in exactly the same fashion . However , a person 's debt -- and by extension a person -- could still be sold , and the system resembled antebellum slavery in many ways . With the Peonage Act of 1867 , Congress abolished `` the holding of any person to service or labor under the system known as peonage '' , specifically banning `` the voluntary or involuntary service or labor of any persons as peons , in liquidation of any debt or obligation , or otherwise . '' In 1939 , the Department of Justice created the Civil Rights Section , which focused primarily on First Amendment and labor rights . The increasing scrutiny of totalitarianism in the lead - up to World War II brought increased attention to issues of slavery and involuntary servitude , abroad and at home . The U.S. sought to counter foreign propaganda and increase its credibility on the race issue by combatting the Southern peonage system . Under the leadership of Attorney General Francis Biddle , the Civil Rights Section invoked the constitutional amendments and legislation of the Reconstruction Era as the basis for its actions . In 1947 , the DOJ successfully prosecuted Elizabeth Ingalls for keeping domestic servant Dora L. Jones in conditions of slavery . The court found that Jones `` was a person wholly subject to the will of defendant ; that she was one who had no freedom of action and whose person and services were wholly under the control of defendant and who was in a state of enforced compulsory service to the defendant . '' The Thirteenth Amendment enjoyed a swell of attention during this period , but from Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954 ) until Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. ( 1968 ) it was again eclipsed by the Fourteenth Amendment . Penal labor exemption See also : Penal labor in the United States and Convict lease The Thirteenth Amendment exempts penal labor from its prohibition of forced labor . This allows prisoners who have been convicted of crimes ( not those merely awaiting trial ) to be required to perform labor or else face punishment while in custody . Few records of the committee 's deliberations during the drafting of the Thirteenth Amendment survived , and the debate in both Congress and the state legislatures that followed featured almost no discussion of this provision . It was apparently considered noncontroversial at the time , or at least legislators gave it little thought . The drafters based the amendment 's phrasing on the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 , which features an identical exception . Thomas Jefferson authored an early version of that ordinance 's anti-slavery clause , including the exception of punishment for a crime , and also sought to prohibit slavery in general after 1800 . Jefferson was an admirer of the works of Italian criminologist Cesare Beccaria . Beccaria 's On Crimes and Punishments suggested that the death penalty should be abolished and replaced with a lifetime of enslavement for the worst criminals ; Jefferson likely included the clause due to his agreement with Beccaria . Beccaria , while attempting to reduce `` legal barbarism '' of the 1700s , considered forced labor one of the few harsh punishments acceptable ; for example , he advocated slave labor as a just punishment for robbery , so that the thief 's labor could be used to pay recompense to their victims and to society . Penal `` hard labor '' has ancient origins , and was adopted early in American history ( as in Europe ) often as a substitute for capital or corporal punishment . Various commentators have accused states of abusing this provision to re-establish systems similar to slavery , or of otherwise exploiting such labor in a manner unfair to local labor . The Black Codes in the South criminalized `` vagrancy '' , which was largely enforced against freed slaves . Later , convict lease programs in the South allowed local plantations to rent inexpensive prisoner labor . While many of these programs have been phased out ( leasing of convicts was forbidden by President Franklin Roosevelt in 1941 ) , prison labor continues in America under a variety of justifications . Prison labor programs vary widely ; some are uncompensated prison maintenance tasks , some are for local government maintenance tasks , some are for local businesses , and others are closer to internships . Modern rationales for prison labor programs often include reduction of recidivism and re-acclimation to society ; the idea is that such labor programs will make it easier for the prisoner upon release to find gainful employment rather than relapse to criminality . However , this topic is not well - studied , and much of the work offered is so menial as to be unlikely to improve employment prospects . As of 2017 , most prison labor programs do compensate prisoners , but generally with very low wages . What wages they do earn are often heavily garnished , with as much as 80 % of a prisoner 's paycheck withheld in the harshest cases . Judicial interpretation In contrast to the other `` Reconstruction Amendments '' , the Thirteenth Amendment was rarely cited in later case law . As historian Amy Dru Stanley summarizes , `` beyond a handful of landmark rulings striking down debt peonage , flagrant involuntary servitude , and some instances of race - based violence and discrimination , the Thirteenth Amendment has never been a potent source of rights claims '' . Black slaves and their descendants United States v. Rhodes ( 1866 ) , one of the first Thirteenth Amendment cases , tested the constitutionality of provisions in the Civil Rights Act of 1866 that granted blacks redress in the federal courts . Kentucky law prohibited blacks from testifying against whites -- an arrangement which compromised the ability of Nancy Talbot ( `` a citizen of the United States of the African race '' ) to reach justice against a white person accused of robbing her . After Talbot attempted to try the case in federal court , the Kentucky Supreme Court ruled this federal option unconstitutional . Noah Swayne ( a Supreme Court justice sitting on the Kentucky Circuit Court ) overturned the Kentucky decision , holding that without the material enforcement provided by the Civil Rights Act , slavery would not truly be abolished . With In Re Turner ( 1867 ) , Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase ordered freedom for Elizabeth Turner , a former slave in Maryland who became indentured to her former master . In Blyew v. United States , ( 1872 ) the Supreme Court heard another Civil Rights Act case relating to federal courts in Kentucky . John Blyew and George Kennard were white men visiting the cabin of a black family , the Fosters . Blyew apparently became angry with sixteen - year - old Richard Foster and hit him twice in the head with an ax . Blyew and Kennard killed Richard 's parents , Sallie and Jack Foster , and his blind grandmother , Lucy Armstrong . They severely wounded the Fosters ' two young daughters . Kentucky courts would not allow the Foster children to testify against Blyew and Kennard . Federal courts , authorized by the Civil Rights Act , found Blyew and Kennard guilty of murder . The Supreme Court ruled that the Foster children did not have standing in federal courts because only living people could take advantage of the Act . In doing so , the Courts effectively ruled that Thirteenth Amendment did not permit a federal remedy in murder cases . Swayne and Joseph P. Bradley dissented , maintaining that in order to have meaningful effects , the Thirteenth Amendment would have to address systemic racial oppression . The Blyew case set a precedent in state and federal courts that led to the erosion of Congress 's Thirteenth Amendment powers . The Supreme Court continued along this path in the Slaughter - House Cases ( 1873 ) , which upheld a state - sanctioned monopoly of white butchers . In United States v. Cruikshank ( 1876 ) , the Court ignored Thirteenth Amendment dicta from a circuit court decision to exonerate perpetrators of the Colfax massacre and invalidate the Enforcement Act of 1870 . John Marshall Harlan became known as `` The Great Dissenter '' for his minority opinions favoring powerful Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments . The Thirteenth Amendment was not solely a ban on chattel slavery , but also covers a much broader array of labor arrangements and social deprivations . As the U.S. Supreme Court explicated in the Slaughter - House Cases with respect to the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendment and the Thirteenth Amendment in special : Undoubtedly while negro slavery alone was in the mind of the Congress which proposed the thirteenth article , it forbids any other kind of slavery , now or hereafter . If Mexican peonage or the Chinese coolie labor system shall develop slavery of the Mexican or Chinese race within our territory , this amendment may safely be trusted to make it void . And so if other rights are assailed by the States which properly and necessarily fall within the protection of these articles , that protection will apply , though the party interested may not be of African descent . But what we do say , and what we wish to be understood is , that in any fair and just construction of any section or phrase of these amendments , it is necessary to look to the purpose which we have said was the pervading spirit of them all , the evil which they were designed to remedy , and the process of continued addition to the Constitution , until that purpose was supposed to be accomplished , as far as constitutional law can accomplish it . In the Civil Rights Cases ( 1883 ) , the Supreme Court reviewed five consolidated cases dealing with the Civil Rights Act of 1875 , which outlawed racial discrimination at `` inns , public conveyances on land or water , theaters , and other places of public amusement '' . The Court ruled that the Thirteenth Amendment did not ban most forms of racial discrimination by non-government actors . In the majority decision , Bradley wrote ( again in non-binding dicta ) that the Thirteenth Amendment empowered Congress to attack `` badges and incidents of slavery '' . However , he distinguished between `` fundamental rights '' of citizenship , protected by the Thirteenth Amendment , and the `` social rights of men and races in the community '' . The majority opinion held that `` it would be running the slavery argument into the ground to make it apply to every act of discrimination which a person may see fit to make as to guests he will entertain , or as to the people he will take into his coach or cab or car ; or admit to his concert or theatre , or deal with in other matters of intercourse or business . '' In his solitary dissent , John Marshall Harlan ( a Kentucky lawyer who changed his mind about civil rights law after witnessing organized racist violence ) argued that `` such discrimination practiced by corporations and individuals in the exercise of their public or quasi-public functions is a badge of servitude , the imposition of which congress may prevent under its power . '' The Court in the Civil Rights Cases also held that appropriate legislation under the amendment could go beyond nullifying state laws establishing or upholding slavery , because the amendment `` has a reflex character also , establishing and decreeing universal civil and political freedom throughout the United States '' and thus Congress was empowered `` to pass all laws necessary and proper for abolishing all badges and incidents of slavery in the United States . '' The Court stated about the scope the amendment : This amendment , as well as the Fourteenth , is undoubtedly self - executing , without any ancillary legislation , so far as its terms are applicable to any existing state of circumstances . By its own unaided force and effect , it abolished slavery and established universal freedom . Still , legislation may be necessary and proper to meet all the various cases and circumstances to be affected by it , and to prescribe proper modes of redress for its violation in letter or spirit . And such legislation may be primary and direct in its character , for the amendment is not a mere prohibition of State laws establishing or upholding slavery , but an absolute declaration that slavery or involuntary servitude shall not exist in any part of the United States . Attorneys in Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) argued that racial segregation involved `` observances of a servile character coincident with the incidents of slavery '' , in violation of the Thirteenth Amendment . In their brief to the Supreme Court , Plessy 's lawyers wrote that `` distinction of race and caste '' was inherently unconstitutional . The Supreme Court rejected this reasoning and upheld state laws enforcing segregation under the `` separate but equal '' doctrine . In the ( 7 -- 1 ) majority decision , the Court found that `` a statute which implies merely a legal distinction between the white and colored races -- a distinction which is founded on the color of the two races and which must always exist so long as white men are distinguished from the other race by color -- has no tendency to destroy the legal equality of the two races , or reestablish a state of involuntary servitude . '' Harlan dissented , writing : `` The thin disguise of ' equal ' accommodations for passengers in railroad coaches will not mislead any one , nor , atone for the wrong this day done . '' In Hodges v. United States ( 1906 ) , the Court struck down a federal statute providing for the punishment of two or more people who `` conspire to injure , oppress , threaten or intimidate any citizen in the free exercise or enjoyment of any right or privilege secured to him by the Constitution or laws of the United States '' . A group of white men in Arkansas conspired to violently prevent eight black workers from performing their jobs at a lumber mill ; the group was convicted by a federal grand jury . The Supreme Court ruled that the federal statute , which outlawed conspiracies to deprive citizens of their liberty , was not authorized by the Thirteenth Amendment . It held that `` no mere personal assault or trespass or appropriation operates to reduce the individual to a condition of slavery '' . Harlan dissented , maintaining his opinion that the Thirteenth Amendment should protect freedom beyond `` physical restraint '' . Corrigan v. Buckley ( 1922 ) reaffirmed the interpretation from Hodges , finding that the amendment does not apply to restrictive covenants . Enforcement of federal civil rights law in the South created numerous peonage cases , which slowly traveled up through the judiciary . The Supreme Court ruled in Clyatt v. United States ( 1905 ) that peonage was involuntary servitude . It held that although employers sometimes described their workers ' entry into contract as voluntary , the servitude of peonage was always ( by definition ) involuntary . In Bailey v. Alabama the U.S. Supreme Court again reaffirmed its holding that Thirteenth Amendment was not solely a ban on chattel slavery , but also covers a much broader array of labor arrangements and social deprivations In addition to the aforesaid the Court also ruled on Congress enforcement power under the Thirteenth Amendment . The Court said : The plain intention ( of the amendment ) was to abolish slavery of whatever name and form and all its badges and incidents ; to render impossible any state of bondage ; to make labor free , by prohibiting that control by which the personal service of one man is disposed of or coerced for another 's benefit , which is the essence of involuntary servitude . While the Amendment was self - executing , so far as its terms were applicable to any existing condition , Congress was authorized to secure its complete enforcement by appropriate legislation . Jones and beyond Legal histories cite Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. ( 1968 ) as a turning point of Thirteen Amendment jurisprudence . The Supreme Court confirmed in Jones that Congress may act `` rationally '' to prevent private actors from imposing `` badges and incidents of servitude '' . The Joneses were a black couple in St. Louis County , Missouri who sued a real estate company for refusing to sell them a house . The Court held : Congress has the power under the Thirteenth Amendment rationally to determine what are the badges and the incidents of slavery , and the authority to translate that determination into effective legislation ... this Court recognized long ago that , whatever else they may have encompassed , the badges and incidents of slavery -- its `` burdens and disabilities '' -- included restraints upon `` those fundamental rights which are the essence of civil freedom , namely , the same right ... to inherit , purchase , lease , sell and convey property , as is enjoyed by white citizens . '' Civil Rights Cases , 109 U.S. 3 , 109 U.S. 22 . Just as the Black Codes , enacted after the Civil War to restrict the free exercise of those rights , were substitutes for the slave system , so the exclusion of Negroes from white communities became a substitute for the Black Codes . And when racial discrimination herds men into ghettos and makes their ability to buy property turn on the color of their skin , then it too is a relic of slavery . Negro citizens , North and South , who saw in the Thirteenth Amendment a promise of freedom -- freedom to `` go and come at pleasure '' and to `` buy and sell when they please '' -- would be left with `` a mere paper guarantee '' if Congress were powerless to assure that a dollar in the hands of a Negro will purchase the same thing as a dollar in the hands of a white man . At the very least , the freedom that Congress is empowered to secure under the Thirteenth Amendment includes the freedom to buy whatever a white man can buy , the right to live wherever a white man can live . If Congress can not say that being a free man means at least this much , then the Thirteenth Amendment made a promise the Nation can not keep . The Court in Jones reopened the issue of linking racism in contemporary society to the history of slavery in the United States . The Jones precedent has been used to justify Congressional action to protect migrant workers and target sex trafficking . The direct enforcement power found in the Thirteenth Amendment contrasts with that of the Fourteenth , which allows only responses to institutional discrimination of state actors . Other cases of involuntary servitude The Supreme Court has taken an especially narrow view of involuntary servitude claims made by people not descended from black ( African ) slaves . In Robertson v. Baldwin ( 1897 ) , a group of merchant seamen challenged federal statutes which criminalized a seaman 's failure to complete their contractual term of service . The Court ruled that seamen 's contracts had been considered unique from time immemorial , and that `` the amendment was not intended to introduce any novel doctrine with respect to certain descriptions of service which have always been treated as exceptional '' . In this case , as in numerous `` badges and incidents '' cases , Justice Harlan authored a dissent favoring broader Thirteenth Amendment protections . In Selective Draft Law Cases , the Supreme Court ruled that the military draft was not `` involuntary servitude '' . In United States v. Kozminski , the Supreme Court ruled that the Thirteenth Amendment did not prohibit compulsion of servitude through psychological coercion . Kozminski defined involuntary servitude for purposes of criminal prosecution as `` a condition of servitude in which the victim is forced to work for the defendant by the use or threat of physical restraint or physical injury or by the use or threat of coercion through law or the legal process . This definition encompasses cases in which the defendant holds the victim in servitude by placing him or her in fear of such physical restraint or injury or legal coercion . '' The U.S. Courts of Appeals , in Immediato v. Rye Neck School District , Herndon v. Chapel Hill , and Steirer v. Bethlehem School District , have ruled that the use of community service as a high school graduation requirement did not violate the Thirteenth Amendment . Prior proposed Thirteenth Amendments During the six decades following the 1804 ratification of the Twelfth Amendment two proposals to amend the Constitution were adopted by Congress and sent to the states for ratification . Neither has been ratified by the number of states necessary to become part of the Constitution . Commonly known as the Titles of Nobility Amendment and the Corwin Amendment , both are referred to as Article Thirteen , as was the successful Thirteenth Amendment , in the joint resolution passed by Congress . The Titles of Nobility Amendment ( pending before the states since May 1 , 1810 ) would , if ratified , strip citizenship from any United States citizen who accepts a title of nobility or honor from a foreign country without the consent of Congress . The Corwin Amendment ( pending before the states since March 2 , 1861 ) would , if ratified , shield `` domestic institutions '' of the states ( in 1861 this was a common euphemism for slavery ) from the constitutional amendment process and from abolition or interference by Congress . See also Crittenden Compromise National Freedom Day Slavery Abolition Act 1833 Slave Trade Acts List of amendments to the United States Constitution History of unfree labor in the United States United States labor law 13th , a 2016 documentary on the Thirteenth Amendment References Citations Jump up ^ `` 13th Amendment '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University Law School . November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kenneth M. Stampp ( 1980 ) . The Imperiled Union : Essays on the Background of the Civil War . Oxford University Press . p. 85 . ISBN 9780199878529 . Jump up ^ Jean Allain ( 2012 ) . The Legal Understanding of Slavery : From the Historical to the Contemporary . Oxford University Press . p. 117 . ISBN 9780199660469 . Jump up ^ Jean Allain ( 2012 ) . The Legal Understanding of Slavery : From the Historical to the Contemporary . Oxford University Press . pp. 119 -- 120 . ISBN 9780199660469 . Jump up ^ Tsesis , The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom ( 2004 ) , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Foner , 2010 , pp. 20 -- 22 Jump up ^ Vile , John R. , ed. ( 2003 ) . `` Thirteenth Amendment '' . Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments , Proposed Amendments , and Amending Issues : 1789 -- 2002 . ABC - CLIO . pp. 449 -- 52 . ^ Jump up to : Goodwin , 2005 , p. 123 Jump up ^ Foner , 2010 , p. 59 Jump up ^ `` The Emancipation Proclamation '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ McPherson , 1988 , p. 558 Jump up ^ Vorenberg , Final Freedom ( 2001 ) , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Vorenberg , Final Freedom ( 2001 ) , p. 48 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Leonard L. Richards , Who Freed the Slaves ? : The Fight over the Thirteenth Amendment ( 2015 ) excerpt Jump up ^ `` James Ashley '' . Ohio History Central . Ohio Historical Society . Jump up ^ Tsesis , The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom ( 2004 ) , ( 2001 ) , pp. 38 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Stanley , `` Instead of Waiting for the Thirteenth Amendment '' ( 2010 ) , pp. 741 -- 742 . Jump up ^ Michigan State Historical Society ( 1901 ) . Historical collections . Michigan Historical Commission . p. 582 . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vorenberg , Final Freedom ( 2001 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 . `` Sumner made his intentions clearer on February 8 , when he introduced his constitutional amendment to the Senate and asked that it be referred to his new committee . So desperate was he to make his amendment the final version that he challenged the well - accepted custom of sending proposed amendments to the Judiciary Committee . His Republican colleagues would hear nothing of it . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Proposals and Senate Passage '' Archived November 7 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , Harpers Weekly , The Creation of the 13th Amendment , Retrieved Feb 15 , 2007 Jump up ^ Vorenberg , Final Freedom ( 2001 ) , p. 53 . `` It was no coincidence that Trumbull 's announcement came only two days after Sumner had proposed his amendment making all persons ' equal before the law . ' The Massachusetts senator had spurred the committee into final action . '' Jump up ^ `` Northwest Ordinance ; July 13 , 1787 '' . Avalon Project . Lillian Goldman Law Library , Yale Law School . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McAward , Jennifer Mason ( November 2012 ) . `` McCulloch and the Thirteenth Amendment '' . Columbia Law Review . Columbia Law School . 112 ( 7 ) : 1769 -- 1809 . JSTOR 41708164 . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Pdf . Jump up ^ Vorenberg , Final Freedom ( 2001 ) , p. 54 . `` Although it made Henderson 's amendment the foundation of the final amendment , the committee rejected an article in Henderson 's version that allowed the amendment to be adopted by the approval of only a simple majority in Congress and the ratification of only two - thirds of the states . '' Jump up ^ Goodwin , 2005 , p. 686 Jump up ^ Goodwin , 2005 , pp. 624 -- 25 Jump up ^ Foner , 2010 , p. 299 Jump up ^ Goodwin , 2005 , p. 639 Jump up ^ Benedict , `` Constitutional Politics , Constitutional Law , and the Thirteenth Amendment '' ( 2012 ) , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Benedict , `` Constitutional Politics , Constitutional Law , and the Thirteenth Amendment '' ( 2012 ) , p. 179 -- 180 . Benedict quotes Sen. Garrett Davis : `` there is a boundary between the power of revolution and the power of amendment , which the latter , as established in our Constitution , can not pass ; and that if the proposed change is revolutionary it would be null and void , notwithstanding it might be formally adopted . '' The full text of Davis 's speech , with comments from others , appears in Great Debates in American History ( 1918 ) , ed . Marion Mills Miller . ^ Jump up to : Colbert , `` Liberating the Thirteenth Amendment '' ( 1995 ) , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Benedict , `` Constitutional Politics , Constitutional Law , and the Thirteenth Amendment '' ( 2012 ) , p. 182 . Jump up ^ tenBroek , Jacobus ( June 1951 ) . `` Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States : Consummation to Abolition and Key to the Fourteenth Amendment '' . California Law Review . California Law Review , Inc. via JSTOR. 39 ( 2 ) : 180 . doi : 10.2307 / 3478033 . JSTOR 3478033 . It would make it possible for white citizens to exercise their constitutional right under the comity clause to reside in Southern states regardless of their opinions . It would carry out the constitutional declaration `` that each citizen of the United States shall have equal privileges in every other state . '' It would protect citizens in their rights under the First Amendment and comity clause to freedom of speech , freedom of press , freedom of religion and freedom of assembly Preview . Jump up ^ Vorenberg , Final Freedom ( 2001 ) , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Trelease , White Terror ( 1971 ) , p. xvii . `` Negroes wanted the same freedom that white men enjoyed , with equal prerogatives and opportunities . The educated black minority emphasized civil and political rights more than the masses , who called most of all for land and schools . In an agrarian society , the only kind most of them knew , landownership was associated with freedom , respectability , and the good life . It was almost universally desired by Southern blacks , as it was by landless peasants the world over . Give us our land and we can take care of ourselves , said a group of South Carolina Negroes to a Northern journalist in 1865 ; without land the old masters can hire us or starve us as they please . '' Jump up ^ Vorenberg , Final Freedom ( 2001 ) , p. 73 . `` The first notable convert was Representative James Brooks of New York , who , on the floor of Congress on February 18 , 1864 , declared that slavery was dying if not already dead , and that his party should stop defending the institution . '' Jump up ^ Vorenberg , Final Freedom ( 2001 ) , p. 74 . `` The antislavery amendment caught Johnson 's eye , however , because it offered an indisputable constitutional solution to the problem of slavery . '' Jump up ^ Vorenberg , Final Freedom ( 2001 ) , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Foner , 2010 , pp. 312 -- 14 Jump up ^ Donald , 1996 , p. 396 Jump up ^ Vorenberg , Final Freedom ( 2001 ) , p. 48 . `` The president worried that an abolition amendment might foul the political waters . The amendments he had recommended in December 1862 had gone nowhere , mainly because they reflected an outdated program of gradual emancipation , which included compensation and colonization . Moreover , Lincoln knew that he did not have to propose amendments because others more devoted to abolition would , especially if he pointed out the vulnerability of existing emancipation legislation . He was also concerned about negative reactions from conservatives , particularly potential new recruits from the Democrats . Jump up ^ Willis , John C. `` Republican Party Platform , 1864 '' . University of the South . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2013 . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Resolved , That as slavery was the cause , and now constitutes the strength of this Rebellion , and as it must be , always and everywhere , hostile to the principles of Republican Government , justice and the National safety demand its utter and complete extirpation from the soil of the Republic ; and that , while we uphold and maintain the acts and proclamations by which the Government , in its own defense , has aimed a deathblow at this gigantic evil , we are in favor , furthermore , of such an amendment to the Constitution , to be made by the people in conformity with its provisions , as shall terminate and forever prohibit the existence of Slavery within the limits of the jurisdiction of the United States . Jump up ^ `` 1864 : The Civil War Election '' . Get Out the Vote . Cornell University . 2004 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 28 . Despite internal Party conflicts , Republicans rallied around a platform that supported restoration of the Union and the abolition of slavery . Jump up ^ Goodwin , 2005 , pp. 686 -- 87 Jump up ^ Vorenberg , Final Freedom ( 2001 ) , p. 176 -- 177 , 180 . Jump up ^ Vorenberg , Final Freedom ( 2001 ) , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Foner , 2010 , pp. 312 -- 13 Jump up ^ Goodwin , 2005 , p. 687 Jump up ^ Goodwin , 2005 , pp. 687 -- 689 Jump up ^ Donald , 1996 , p. 554 Jump up ^ Vorenberg , Final Freedom ( 2001 ) , p. 187 . `` But the clearest sign of the people 's voice against slavery , argued amendment supporters , was the recent election . Following Lincoln 's lead , Republican representatives like Godlove S. Orth of Indiana claimed that the vote represented a ' popular verdict ... in unmistakable language ' in favor of the amendment . '' Jump up ^ Goodwin , 2005 , p. 688 Jump up ^ Vorenberg , Final Freedom ( 2001 ) , p. 191 . `` The necessity of keeping support for the amendment broad enough to secure its passage created a strange situation . At the moment that Republicans were promoting new , far - reaching legislation for African Americans , they had to keep this legislation detached from the first constitutional amendment dealing exclusively with African American freedom . Republicans thus gave freedom under the antislavery amendment a vague construction : freedom was something more than the absence of chattel slavery but less than absolute equality . '' Jump up ^ Vorenberg , Final Freedom ( 2001 ) , pp. 191 -- 192 . `` One of the most effective methods used by amendment supporters to convey the measure 's conservative character was to proclaim the permanence of patriarchal power within the American family in the face of this or any textual change to the Constitution . In response to Democrats who charged that the antislavery was but the first step in a Republican design to dissolve all of society 's foundations , including the hierarchical structure of the family , the Iowa Republican John A. Kasson denied any desire to interfere with ' the rights of a husband to a wife ' or ' the right of ( a ) father to his child . '' Jump up ^ Vorenberg , Final Freedom ( 2001 ) , pp. 197 -- 198 . Jump up ^ Vorenberg , Final Freedom ( 2001 ) , p. 198 . `` It was at this point that the president wheeled into action on behalf of the Amendment ( ... ) Now he became more forceful . To one representative whose brother had died in the war , Lincoln said , ' your brother died to save the Republic from death by the slaveholders ' rebellion . I wish you could see it to be your duty to vote for the Constitutional amendment ending slavery . ' '' Jump up ^ `` TO PASS S.J. RES. 16 . ( P. 531 - 2 ) . '' GovTrack.us . Jump up ^ Foner , 2010 , p. 313 Jump up ^ Foner , 2010 , p. 314 Jump up ^ McPherson , 1988 , p. 840 Jump up ^ Harrison , `` Lawfulness of the Reconstruction Amendments '' ( 2001 ) , p. 389 . `` For reasons that have never been entirely clear , the amendment was presented to the President pursuant to Article I , Section 7 , of the Constitution , and signed . Jump up ^ `` Joint Resolution Submitting 13th Amendment to the States ; signed by Abraham Lincoln and Congress '' . The Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress : Series 3 . General Correspondence. 1837 -- 1897 . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Thorpe , Constitutional History ( 1901 ) , p. 154 . `` But many held that the President 's signature was not essential to an act of this kind , and , on the fourth of February , Senator Trumbull offered a resolution , which was agreed to three days later , that the approval was not required by the Constitution ; ' that it was contrary to the early decision of the Senate and of the Supreme Court ; and that the negative of the President applying only to the ordinary cases of legislation , he had nothing to do with propositions to amend the Constitution ' . '' Jump up ^ Thorpe , Constitutional History ( 1901 ) , p. 154 . `` The President signed the joint resolution on the first of February . Somewhat curiously the signing has only one precedent , and that was in spirit and purpose the complete antithesis of the present act . President Buchanan had signed the proposed amendment of 1861 , which would make slavery national and perpetual . '' Jump up ^ Lincoln 's struggle to get the amendment through Congress , while bringing the war to an end , is portrayed in Lincoln . Jump up ^ Harrison ( 2001 ) , Lawfulness of the Reconstruction Amendments , p. 390 . Jump up ^ Samuel Eliot Morison ( 1965 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . Oxford University Press . p. 710 . Jump up ^ Harrison , `` Lawfulness of the Reconstruction Amendments '' ( 2001 ) , pp. 394 -- 397 . Jump up ^ Eric L. McKitrick ( 1960 ) . Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction . U. Chicago Press . p. 178 . ISBN 9780195057072 . Jump up ^ Clara Mildred Thompson ( 1915 ) . Reconstruction in Georgia : economic , social , political , 1865 -- 1872 . Columbia University Press . p. 156 . Jump up ^ Vorenberg ( 2001 ) , Final Freedom , pp. 227 -- 228 . ^ Jump up to : Vorenberg ( 2001 ) , Final Freedom , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Du Bois ( 1935 ) , Black Reconstruction , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Thorpe ( 1901 ) , Constitutional History , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Tsesis ( 2004 ) , The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom , p. 48 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE , 112th Congress , 2nd Session , SENATE DOCUMENT No. 112 -- 9 ( 2013 ) . `` THE CONSTITUTION of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Centennial Edition INTERIM EDITION : ANALYSIS OF CASES DECIDED BY THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES TO JUNE 26 , 2013s '' ( PDF ) . p. 30 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seward certificate proclaiming the Thirteenth Amendment to have been adopted as part of the Constitution as of December 6 , 1865 . Jump up ^ Vorenberg ( 2001 ) , Final Freedom , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Kocher , Greg ( February 23 , 2013 ) . `` Kentucky supported Lincoln 's efforts to abolish slavery -- 111 years late '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ben Waldron ( February 18 , 2013 ) . `` Mississippi Officially Abolishes Slavery , Ratifies 13th Amendment '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States : Amendments 11 -- 27 '' . United States National Archives . United States National Archives . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowell Harrison & James C. Klotter , A New History of Kentucky , University Press of Kentucky , 1997 ; p. 180 ; ISBN 9780813126210 ^ Jump up to : Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Hornsby , Alan , ed. ( 2011 ) . `` Delaware '' . Black America : A State - by - State Historical Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 139 . ISBN 9781573569767 . Jump up ^ Tsesis , The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom ( 2004 ) , pp. 17 & 34 . Jump up ^ `` The Thirteenth Amendment '' , Primary Documents in American History , Library of Congress . Retrieved Feb 15 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Goldstone 2011 , p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Stromberg , `` A Plain Folk Perspective '' ( 2002 ) , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Nelson , William E. ( 1988 ) . The Fourteenth Amendment : From Political Principle to Judicial Doctrine . Harvard University Press . p. 47 . ISBN 9780674041424 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stromberg , `` A Plain Folk Perspective '' ( 2002 ) , p. 112 . Jump up ^ J.J. Gries to the Joint Committee on Reconstruction , quoted in Du Bois , Black Reconstruction ( 1935 ) , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Du Bois , Black Reconstruction ( 1935 ) , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Vorenberg , Final Freedom ( 2001 ) , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Trelease , White Terror ( 1971 ) , p. xviii . `` The truth seems to be that , after a brief exulation with the idea of freedom , Negroes realized that their position was hardly changed ; they continued to live and work much as they had before . '' ^ Jump up to : Blackmon 2008 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Novak , Wheel of Servitude ( 1978 ) , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Blackmon 2008 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Tsesis , The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom ( 2004 ) , pp. 51 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Blackmon 2008 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Vorenberg , Final Freedom ( 2001 ) , pp. 230 -- 231 . `` The black codes were a violation of freedom of contract , one of the civil rights that Republicans expected to flow from the amendment . Because South Carolina and other states anticipated that congressional Republicans would try to use the Thirteenth Amendment to outlaw the codes , they made the preemptive strike of declaring in their ratification resolutions that Congress could not use the amendment 's second clause to legislate on freed people 's civil rights . '' Jump up ^ Benjamin Ginsberg , Moses of South Carolina : A Jewish Scalawag during Radical Reconstruction ; Johns Hopkins Press , 2010 ; pp. 44 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Tsesis , The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom ( 2004 ) , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Tsesis , The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom ( 2004 ) , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Vorenberg , Final Freedom ( 2001 ) , pp. 233 -- 234 . Jump up ^ W.E.B. Du Bois , `` The Freedmen 's Bureau '' , The Atlantic , March 1901 . Jump up ^ Goldstone 2011 , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Tsesis , The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom ( 2004 ) , pp. 50 -- 51 . `` Blacks applied to local provost marshalls and Freedmen 's Bureau for help against these child abductions , particularly in those cases where children were taken from living parents . Jack Prince asked for help when a woman bound his maternal niece . Sally Hunter requested assistance to obtain the release of her two nieces . Bureau officials finally put an end to the system of indenture in 1867 '' . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , p. 99 -- 100 , 105 . ^ Jump up to : Tsesis , The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom ( 2004 ) , p. 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Tsesis , The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom ( 2004 ) , pp. 56 -- 57 , 60 -- 61 . `` If the Republicans had hoped to gradually use section 2 of the Thirteenth Amendment to pass Reconstruction legislation , they would soon learn that President Johnson , using his veto power , would make increasingly more difficult the passage of any measure augmenting the power of the national government . Further , with time , even leading antislavery Republicans would become less adamant and more willing to reconcile with the South than protect the rights of the newly freed . This was clear by the time Horace Greely accepted the Democratic nomination for president in 1872 and even more when President Rutherford B. Hayes entered the Compromise of 1877 , agreeing to withdraw federal troops from the South . '' Jump up ^ Tobias Barrington Wolff ( May 2002 ) . `` Thirteenth Amendment and Slavery in the Global Economy '' . Columbia Law Review . Vol. 102 ( 4 ) . p. 981 in 973 - 1050 . doi : 10.2307 / 1123649 . Peonage was a system of forced labor that depended upon the indebtedness of a worker , rather than an actual property right in a slave , as the means of compelling work . A prospective employer would offer a laborer a `` loan '' or `` advance '' on his wages , typically as a condition of employment , and then use the newly created debt to compel the worker to remain on the job for as long as the employer wished . ^ Jump up to : Wolff ( 2002 ) . `` The Thirteenth Amendment and Slavery in the Global Economy '' . Columbia Law Review . p. 982 ( ? ) . doi : 10.2307 / 1123649 . Not surprisingly , employers used peonage arrangements primarily in industries that involved hazardous working conditions and very low pay . While black workers were not the exclusive victims of peonage arrangements in America , they suffered under its yoke in vastly disproportionate numbers . Along with Jim Crow laws that segregated transportation and public facilities , these laws helped to restrict the movement of freed black workers and thereby keep them in a state of poverty and vulnerability . Jump up ^ Wolff ( May 2002 ) . `` The Thirteenth Amendment and Slavery in the Global Economy '' . Columbia Law Review . p. 982 . doi : 10.2307 / 1123649 . Legally sanctioned peonage arrangements blossomed in the South following the Civil War and continued into the twentieth century . According to the Professor Jacqueline Jones , ' perhaps as many as one - third of all ( sharecropping farmers ) in Alabama , Mississippi , and Georgia were being held against their will in 1900 . Jump up ^ Wolff , `` The Thirteenth Amendment and Slavery in the Global Economy '' ( May 2002 ) , p. 982 . `` It did not recognize a property right in a human being ( a peon could not be sold in the manner of a slave ) ; and the condition of peonage did not work ' corruption of blood ' and travel to the children of the worker . Peonage , in short , was not chattel slavery . Yet the practice unquestionably reproduced many of the immediate practical realities of slavery -- a vast underclass of laborers , held to their jobs by force of law and threat of imprisonment , with few if any opportunities for escape . '' Jump up ^ Goluboff , `` Lost Origins of Civil Rights '' ( 2001 ) , p. 1638 . Jump up ^ Soifer , `` Prohibition of Voluntary Peonage '' ( 2012 ) , p. 1617 . Jump up ^ Goluboff , `` Lost Origins of Civil Rights '' ( 2001 ) , p. 1616 . Jump up ^ Goluboff , `` Lost Origins of Civil Rights '' ( 2001 ) , pp. 1619 -- 1621 . Jump up ^ Goluboff , `` Lost Origins of Civil Rights '' ( 2001 ) , pp. 1626 -- 1628 . Jump up ^ Goluboff , `` Lost Origins of Civil Rights '' ( 2001 ) , pp. 1629 , 1635 . Jump up ^ Goluboff , `` Lost Origins of Civil Rights '' ( 2001 ) , p. 1668 . Jump up ^ Goluboff , `` Lost Origins of Civil Rights '' , pp. 1680 -- 1683 . ^ Jump up to : Howe , Scott ( 2009 ) . `` Slavery as Punishment : Original Public Meaning , Cruel and Unusual Punishment , and the Neglected Clause in the Thirteenth Amendment '' . Arizona Law Review . 51 ( 4 ) : 983 . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beccaria , Cesare ( 1764 ) . On Crimes and Punishments . Jump up ^ Weiss , Robert P. ( 2005 ) . `` Hard Labor '' . In Bosworth , Mary . Encyclopedia of Prisons and Correctional Facilities . SAGE Publications . ISBN 9781506320397 . Jump up ^ Benns , Whitney . `` American Slavery , Reinvented '' . Jump up ^ `` Prison labour is a billion - dollar industry , with uncertain returns for inmates '' . The Economist . Jump up ^ `` Give Working Prisoners Dignity -- and Decent Wages '' . Jump up ^ Amy Dru Stanley ( June 2010 ) . `` Instead of Waiting for the Thirteenth Amendment : The War Power , Slave Marriage , and Inviolate Human Rights '' . American Historical Review . 115 ( 3 ) : 735 . Jump up ^ Kenneth L. Karst ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` Thirteenth Amendment ( Judicial Interpretation ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United States v Rhodes , 27 f Cas 785 ( 1866 ) '' . August 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Tsesis , The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom ( 2004 ) , pp. 62 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Seth P. Waxman , `` orgetown.edu/facpub/287/ Twins at Birth : Civil Rights and the Role of the Solicitor General `` , Indiana Law Journal 75 , 2000 ; pp. 1302 -- 1303 . Jump up ^ Tsesis , The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom ( 2004 ) , pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ 80 U.S. 581 ( 1871 ) Jump up ^ Tsesis , The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom ( 2004 ) , pp. 64 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Waskey , Andrew J. `` John Marshall Harlan '' . In Wilson , Steven Harmon . The U.S. Justice System : An Encyclopedia : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 547 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 305 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Maria L. Ontiveros , Professor of Law , University of San Francisco School of Law , and Joshua R. Drexler , J.D. Candidate , May 2008 , University of San Francisco School of Law ( 21 July 2008 ) , The Thirteenth Amendment and Access to Education for Children of Undocumented Workers : A New Look at Plyler v. Doe ' ; Publisher : University of San Francisco Law Review , Volume 42 , Spring 2008 , Pages 1045 -- 1076 ; here page 1058 - 1059 . The article was developed from a working paper prepared for the roundtable , `` The Education of All Our Children : The 25th Anniversary of Plyler v. Doe , '' sponsored by the Chief Justice Earl Warren Institute on Race , Ethnicity & Diversity ( University of California , Berkeley , Boalt Hall School of Law ) , held on May 7 , 2007 . Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Slaughter - House Cases , 83 U.S. ( 36 Wall . ) , at 72 ( 1873 ) ^ Jump up to : Text of Civil Rights Cases , 109 U.S. 3 ( 1883 ) is available from : Findlaw Justia LII Jump up ^ Goldstone 2011 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Tsesis , The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom ( 2004 ) , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Appleton 's Annual Cyclopædia and Register of Important Events of the Year ... D. Appleton & Company . 1888 . p. 132 . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tsesis , The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom ( 2004 ) , p. 73 . Jump up ^ 163 U.S. 537 ( 1896 ) Jump up ^ Tsesis , The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom ( 2004 ) , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Goldstone 2011 , pp. 162 , 164 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Tsesis , The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom ( 2004 ) , p. 78 . Jump up ^ 203 U.S. 1 ( 1906 ) Jump up ^ Tsesis , The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom ( 2004 ) , p. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Wolff , `` The Thirteenth Amendment and Slavery in the Global Economy '' ( 2002 ) , p. 983 . Jump up ^ Bailey v. Alabama , 219 U.S. 219 , 241 ( 1910 ) . ^ Jump up to : Tsesis , The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom ( 2004 ) , p. 3 . `` After Reconstruction , however , a series of Supreme Court decisions substantially diminished the amendment 's significance in achieving genuine liberation . The Court did not revisit the amendment 's meaning until 1968 , during the heyday of the Civil Rights movement . In Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer , the Court found that the Thirteenth Amendment not only ended unrecompensed , forced labor but that its second section also empowered Congress to develop legislation that is ' rationally ' related to ending any remaining ' badges and incidents of servitude ' . '' Jump up ^ Colbert , `` Liberating the Thirteenth Amendment '' ( 1995 ) , p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. 392 U.S. 409 ( 1968 ) '' . Legal Information Institute at Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Syllabus : `` ( T ) he badges and incidents of slavery that the Thirteenth Amendment empowered Congress to eliminate included restraints upon those fundamental rights which are the essence of civil freedom , namely , the same right ... to inherit , purchase , lease , sell and convey property , as is enjoyed by white citizens . Civil Rights Cases , 09 U.S. 3 , 22 . Insofar as Hodges v. United States , 203 U.S. 1 , suggests a contrary holding , it is overruled . '' Footnote 78 : `` ( W ) e note that the entire Court ( in the Civil Rights Cases ; content added ) agreed upon at least one proposition : the Thirteenth Amendment authorizes Congress not only to outlaw all forms of slavery and involuntary servitude , but also to eradicate the last vestiges and incidents of a society half slave and half free by securing to all citizens , of every race and color , the same right to make and enforce contracts , to sue , be parties , give evidence , and to inherit , purchase , lease , sell and convey property , as is enjoyed by white citizens ... The conclusion of the majority in Hodges rested upon a concept of congressional power under the Thirteenth Amendment irreconcilable with the position taken by every member of this Court in the Civil Rights Cases and incompatible with the history and purpose of the Amendment itself . Insofar as Hodges is inconsistent with our holding today , it is hereby overruled . '' Jump up ^ ' Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. , 392 U.S. 409 ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ Alison Shay , `` Remembering Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co . Archived September 28 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . '' , Publishing the Long Civil Rights Movement , 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Colbert , `` Liberating the Thirteenth Amendment '' ( 1995 ) , pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Tsesis , The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom ( 2004 ) , p. 3 . `` The Court 's holding in Jones enables Congress to pass statutes against present - day human rights violations , such as the trafficking of foreign workers as sex slaves and the exploitation of migrant agricultural workers as peons . '' Jump up ^ Tsesis , The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom ( 2004 ) , pp. 112 -- 113 . `` ... the Thirteenth Amendment remains the principal constitutional source requiring the federal government to protect individual liberties against arbitrary private and public infringements that resemble the incidents of involuntary servitude . Moreover , the Thirteenth Amendment is a positive injunction requiring Congress to pass laws to that end , while the Fourteenth Amendment is ' responsive ' to ' unconstitutional behavior . ' '' Jump up ^ Wolff , `` The Thirteenth Amendment and Slavery in the Global Economy '' ( 2002 ) , p. 977 . Jump up ^ 245 U.S. 366 ( 1918 ) ^ Jump up to : 487 U.S. 931 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ `` Thirteenth Amendment -- Slavery and Involuntary Servitude '' Archived February 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , GPO Access , U.S. Government Printing Office , p. 1557 Jump up ^ Risa Goluboff ( 2001 ) , `` The 13th Amendment and the Lost Origins of Civil Rights , '' Duke Law Journal , Vol 50 , no . 228 , p. 1609 Jump up ^ Loupe , Diane ( August 2000 ) . `` Community Service : Mandatory or Voluntary ? -- Industry Overview '' . School Administrator : 8 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mark W. Podvia ( 2009 ) . `` Titles of Nobility '' . In David Andrew Schultz . Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution . Infobase . pp. 738 -- 39 . ISBN 9781438126777 . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Amendments Not Ratified '' . United States House of Representatives . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Foner , 2010 , p. 158 Bibliography Belz , Herman ( 1978 ) . Emancipation and Equal Rights : Politics and Constitutionalism in the Civil War Era . New York : W.W. Norton . Preview . Benedict , Michael L. ( 2011 ) . `` Constitutional Politics , Constitutional Law , and the Thirteenth Amendment '' . Maryland Law Review . University of Maryland School of Law . 71 ( 1 ) : 163 -- 188 . Pdf . Blackmon , Douglas A. ( March 25 , 2008 ) . Slavery by Another Name : The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 9780385506250 . Preview . Colbert , Douglas L. ( Winter 1995 ) . `` Liberating the Thirteenth Amendment '' . Harvard Civil Rights - Civil Liberties Law Review . Harvard Law School . 30 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 55 . Cramer , Clayton E. ( 1997 ) . Black Demographic Data , 1790 -- 1860 : A Sourcebook . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 9780313302435 . Donald , David Herbert ( 1996 ) . Lincoln . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 9780684825359 . Preview . Du Bois , W.E.B. ( 1935 ) . Black Reconstruction : An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America , 1860 -- 1880 ' . New York : Russell & Russell . OCLC 317424 . Foner , Eric ( 2010 ) . The Fiery Trial : Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery . W.W. Norton . ISBN 9780393066180 . Preview . Forehand , Beverly ( 1996 ) . Striking Resemblance : Kentucky , Tennessee , Black Codes and Readjustment , 1865 -- 1866 ( Masters thesis ) . Western Kentucky University . Goluboff , Risa L. ( April 2001 ) . `` The Thirteenth Amendment and the lost origins of civil rights '' . Duke Law Journal . Duke University School of Law . 50 ( 6 ) : 1609 -- 1685 . doi : 10.2307 / 1373044 . JSTOR 1373044 . Pdf . Goldstone , Lawrence ( 2011 ) . Inherently Unequal : The Betrayal of Equal Rights by the Supreme Court , 1865 -- 1903 . Walker & Company . ISBN 9780802717924 . Preview . Goodwin , Doris Kearns ( 2005 ) . Team of rivals : the political genius of Abraham Lincoln . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 9780743270755 . Preview . Harrison , John ( Spring 2001 ) . `` The lawfulness of the reconstruction amendments '' . University of Chicago Law Review . University of Chicago Law School . 68 ( 2 ) : 375 -- 462 . doi : 10.2307 / 1600377 . JSTOR 1600377 . Kachun , Mitch ( 2003 ) . Festivals of Freedom : Memory and Meaning in African American Emancipation Celebrations , 1808 -- 1915 . Online . McAward , Jennifer Mason ( 2010 ) . `` The scope of Congress 's Thirteenth Amendment enforcement power after City of Boerne v. Flores '' . Washington University Law Review . Washington University School of Law . 88 ( 1 ) : 77 -- 147 . Pdf . Response to McAward : Tsesis , Alexander ( 2011 ) . `` Congressional authority to interpret the Thirteenth Amendment '' . Maryland Law Review . University of Maryland School of Law . 71 ( 1 ) : 40 -- 59 . SSRN 1753224 . Pdf . Response to Tsesis : McAward , Jennifer Mason ( 2011 ) . `` Congressional authority to interpret the Thirteenth Amendment : a response to Professor Tsesis '' . Maryland Law Review . University of Maryland School of Law . 71 ( 1 ) : 60 -- 82 . SSRN 2271791 . Pdf . McConnell , Joyce E. ( Spring 1992 ) . `` Beyond metaphor : battered women , involuntary servitude and the Thirteenth Amendment '' . Yale Journal of Law and Feminism . Yale Law School . 4 ( 2 ) : 207 -- 253 . Pdf . McPherson , James M. ( 1988 ) . Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195038637 . Preview . Novak , Daniel A. ( 1978 ) . The Wheel of Servitude : Black Forced Labor after Slavery . Kentucky : University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 0813113717 . Richards , Leonard L. ( 2015 ) . Who Freed the Slaves ? : The Fight over the Thirteenth Amendment . Excerpt . Emphasis on the role of Congressman James Ashley . Samito , Christian G. , Lincoln and the Thirteenth Amendment ( Southern Illinois University Press , 2015 ) xii , 171 pp . Stanley , Amy Dru ( June 2010 ) . `` Instead of waiting for the Thirteenth Amendment : the war power , slave marriage , and inviolate human rights '' . The American Historical Review . Oxford Journals for the American Historical Association via JSTOR. 115 ( 3 ) : 732 -- 765 . doi : 10.1086 / ahr. 115.3. 732 . JSTOR 10.1086 / ahr. 115.3. 732 . Pdf . Stromberg , Joseph R. ( Spring 2002 ) . `` A plain folk perspective on reconstruction , state - building , ideology , and economic spoils '' . Journal of Libertarian Studies . Center for Libertarian Studies , Ludwig von Mises Institute . 16 ( 2 ) : 103 -- 137 . Pdf . tenBroek , Jacobus ( June 1951 ) . `` Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States : Consummation to Abolition and Key to the Fourteenth Amendment '' . California Law Review . California Law Review , Inc. via JSTOR. 39 ( 2 ) : 171 -- 203 . doi : 10.2307 / 3478033 . JSTOR 3478033 . Pdf . Thorpe , Francis Newton ( 1901 ) . `` The Constitutional History of the United States , vol. 3 : 1861 -- 1895 '' . Chicago . Trelease , Allen W. ( 1971 ) . White Terror : The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction . New York : Harper & Row . Tsesis , Alexander ( 2004 ) . The Thirteenth Amendment and American freedom : a legal history . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 0814782760 . Vicino , Thomas J. ; Hanlon , Bernadette ( 2014 ) . Global Migration The Basics . Routledge . ISBN 9781134696871 . Vorenberg , Michael ( 2001 ) . Final freedom : the Civil War , the abolition of slavery , and the Thirteenth Amendment . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781139428002 . Preview . Barrington Wolff , Tobias ( May 2002 ) . `` The Thirteenth Amendment and Slavery in the Global Economy '' . Columbia Law Review . Columbia Law School . 102 ( 4 ) : 973 -- 1050 . doi : 10.2307 / 1123649 . JSTOR 1123649 . Wood , Gordon S ( 2010 ) . Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195039146 . , Book Maryland Law Review , special issue : Symposium -- the Maryland Constitutional Law Schmooze Garber , Mark A. ( 2011 ) . `` Foreword : Plus or minus one : the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments '' . Maryland Law Review . University of Maryland School of Law . 71 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 20 . Pdf . Carter Jr. , William M. ( 2011 ) . `` The Thirteenth Amendment , interest convergence , and the badges and incidents of slavery '' . Maryland Law Review . University of Maryland School of Law . 71 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 39 . SSRN 1932762 . Pdf . Tsesis , Alexander ( 2011 ) . `` Congressional authority to interpret the Thirteenth Amendment '' . Maryland Law Review . University of Maryland School of Law . 71 ( 1 ) : 40 -- 59 . SSRN 1753224 . Pdf . McAward , Jennifer Mason ( 2011 ) . `` Congressional authority to interpret the Thirteenth Amendment : a response to Professor Tsesis '' . Maryland Law Review . University of Maryland School of Law . 71 ( 1 ) : 60 -- 82 . SSRN 2271791 . Pdf . McClain , Linda C. ( 2011 ) . `` Involuntary servitude , public accommodations laws , and the legacy of Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States '' . Maryland Law Review . University of Maryland School of Law . 71 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 162 . SSRN 2188939 . Pdf . Benedict , Michael Les ( 2011 ) . `` Constitutional politics , constitutional law , and the Thirteenth Amendment '' . Maryland Law Review . University of Maryland School of Law . 71 ( 1 ) : 163 -- 188 . Pdf . Pope , James Gray ( 2011 ) . `` What 's different about the Thirteenth Amendment , and why does it matter ? '' . Maryland Law Review . University of Maryland School of Law . 71 ( 1 ) : 189 -- 202 . SSRN 1894965 . Pdf . Novkov , Julie ( 2011 ) . `` The Thirteenth Amendment and the meaning of familial bonds '' . Maryland Law Review . University of Maryland School of Law . 71 ( 1 ) : 203 -- 228 . Pdf . Kersch , Ken I. ( 2011 ) . `` Beyond originalism : conservative declarationism and constitutional redemption '' . Maryland Law Review . University of Maryland School of Law . 71 ( 1 ) : 229 -- 282 . Pdf . Zietlow , Rebecca E.I. ( 2011 ) . `` Conclusion : the political Thirteenth Amendment '' . Maryland Law Review . University of Maryland School of Law . 71 ( 1 ) : 283 -- 294 . SSRN 2000929 . Pdf . Columbia Law Review , special issue : Symposium : The Thirteenth Amendment : Meaning , Enforcement , and Contemporary Implications INTRODUCTION Tsesis , Alexander ( November 2012 ) . `` Into the light of day : relevance of the Thirteenth Amendment to contemporary law '' . Columbia Law Review . Columbia Law School . 112 ( 7 ) : 1447 -- 1458 . JSTOR 41708155 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 17 . Pdf . PANEL I : THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT IN CONTEXT Balkin , Jack M. ; Levinson , Sanford ( November 2012 ) . `` The dangerous Thirteenth Amendment '' . Columbia Law Review . Columbia Law School . 112 ( 7 ) : 1459 -- 1499 . JSTOR 41708156 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 17 . Pdf . Graber , Mark A. ( November 2012 ) . `` Subtraction by addition ? : The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments '' . Columbia Law Review . Columbia Law School . 112 ( 7 ) : 1501 -- 1549 . JSTOR 41708157 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 17 . Pdf . Rutherglen , George ( November 2012 ) . `` The Thirteenth Amendment , the power of Congress , and the shifting sources of civil rights law '' . Columbia Law Review . Columbia Law School . 112 ( 7 ) : 1551 -- 1584 . JSTOR 41708158 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 17 . Pdf . PANEL II : RECONSTRUCTION REVISITED Foner , Eric ( November 2012 ) . `` The Supreme Court and the history of reconstruction -- and vice-versa '' . Columbia Law Review . Columbia Law School . 112 ( 7 ) : 1585 -- 1606 . JSTOR 41708159 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 17 . Pdf . Soifer , Aviam ( November 2012 ) . `` Federal protection , paternalism , and the virtually forgotten prohibition of voluntary peonage '' . Columbia Law Review . Columbia Law School . 112 ( 7 ) : 1607 -- 1639 . JSTOR 41708160 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 17 . Pdf . Tsesis , Alexander ( November 2012 ) . `` Gender discrimination and the Thirteenth Amendment '' . Columbia Law Review . Columbia Law School . 112 ( 7 ) : 1641 -- 1695 . JSTOR 41708161 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2014 . Pdf . Zietlow , Rebecca E. ( November 2012 ) . `` James Ashley 's Thirteenth Amendment '' . Columbia Law Review . Columbia Law School . 112 ( 7 ) : 1697 -- 1731 . JSTOR 41708162 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 17 . Pdf . PANEL III : THE LIMITS OF AUTHORITY Greene , Jamal ( Nov 2012 ) . `` Thirteenth Amendment optimism '' . Columbia Law Review . Columbia Law School . 112 ( 7 ) : 1733 -- 1768 . JSTOR 41708163 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 07 . Pdf . McAward , Jennifer Mason ( November 2012 ) . `` McCulloch and the Thirteenth Amendment '' . Columbia Law Review . Columbia Law School . 112 ( 7 ) : 1769 -- 1809 . JSTOR 41708164 . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . ( link : Pdf ) Miller , Darrell A.H. ( November 2012 ) . `` The Thirteenth Amendment and the regulation of custom '' . Columbia Law Review . Columbia Law School . 112 ( 7 ) : 1811 -- 1854 . JSTOR 41708165 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 17 . ( link : Pdf ) PANEL IV : CONTEMPORARY IMPLICATIONS Carter , Jr. , William M. ( November 2012 ) . `` The Thirteenth Amendment and pro-equality speech '' . Columbia Law Review . Columbia Law School . 112 ( 7 ) : 1855 -- 1881 . JSTOR 41708166 . SSRN 2166859 . Pdf . Delgado , Richard ( November 2012 ) . `` Four reservations on civil rights reasoning by analogy : the case of Latinos and other Nonblack groups '' . Columbia Law Review . Columbia Law School . 112 ( 7 ) : 1883 -- 1915 . JSTOR 41708167 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 15 . Pdf . Koppelman , Andrew ( November 2012 ) . `` Originalism , abortion , and the Thirteenth Amendment '' . Columbia Law Review . Columbia Law School . 112 ( 7 ) : 1917 -- 1945 . JSTOR 41708168 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 15 . ( link : Pdf ) Primary sources Ripley , C. Peter et al. eds . Witness for Freedom : African American Voices on Race , Slavery , and Emancipation ( 1993 ) online External links Thirteenth Amendment and related resources at the Library of Congress CRS Annotated Constitution : Thirteenth Amendment Original Document Proposing Abolition of Slavery Model State Anti-trafficking Criminal Statute -- U.S. Dept of Justice `` Abolishing Slavery : The Thirteenth Amendment Signed by Abraham Lincoln '' ; website of Seth Kaller , a dealer who has sold six Lincoln - signed copies of the Thirteenth Amendment . Seward certificate announcing the Amendment 's passage and affirming the existence of 36 States Analysis of court decisions giving December 18 , 1865 , as the date of ratification . aleksandreia.com. 2012 - 05 - 07 . 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Islam

Islam - wikipedia Islam Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the religion . For the history of Islamic civilization , see History of Islam . For other uses , see Islam ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on Islam Beliefs ( hide ) Oneness of God Prophets Revealed books Angels Predestination Day of Resurrection Practices ( hide ) Profession of faith Prayer Fasting Alms - giving Pilgrimage Texts and laws ( hide ) Quran Sunnah Hadith Sharia ( law ) Fiqh ( jurisprudence ) Kalam ( dialectic ) History ( hide ) Timeline Muhammad Ahl al - Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Imamate Caliphate Spread of Islam Culture and society ( hide ) Calendar Festivals Academics Art Moral teachings Children Denominations Feminism Women Madrasa Mosque Philosophy Politics Proselytizing Animals LGBT Science Demographics Economics Finance Social welfare Related topics ( hide ) Criticism of Islam Islam and other religions Islamism Islamophobia Glossary Islam portal Islam ( / ˈɪslɑːm / ) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion teaching that there is only one God ( Allah ) and that Muhammad is a messenger of God . It is the world 's second - largest religion and the fastest - growing major religion in the world , with over 1.8 billion followers or 24.1 % of the global population , known as Muslims . Muslims make up a majority of the population in 50 countries . Islam teaches that God is merciful , all - powerful , unique and has guided mankind through prophets , revealed scriptures and natural signs . The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran , viewed by Muslims as the verbatim word of God , and the teachings and normative example ( called the sunnah , composed of accounts called hadith ) of Muhammad ( c. 570 -- 8 June 632 CE ) . Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam , Abraham , Moses and Jesus . As for the Quran , Muslims consider it to be the unaltered and final revelation of God . Like other Abrahamic religions , Islam also teaches a final judgment with the righteous rewarded paradise and unrighteous punished in hell . Religious concepts and practices include the Five Pillars of Islam , which are obligatory acts of worship , and following Islamic law , which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society , from banking and welfare to women and the environment . The cities of Mecca , Medina and Jerusalem are home to the three holiest sites in Islam . Apart from the theological viewpoint , Islam is historically believed to have originated in the early 7th century CE in Mecca , and by the 8th century the Umayyad Islamic caliphate extended from Iberia in the west to the Indus River in the east . The Islamic Golden Age refers to the period traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century , during the Abbasid Caliphate , when much of the historically Islamic world was experiencing a scientific , economic and cultural flourishing . The expansion of the Muslim world involved various caliphates and empires , traders and conversion to Islam by missionary activities ( dawah ) . Most Muslims are of one of two denominations : Sunni ( 75 -- 90 % ) or Shia ( 10 -- 20 % ) . About 13 % of Muslims live in Indonesia , the largest Muslim - majority country , 31 % in South Asia , the largest population of Muslims in the world , 23 % in the Middle East - North Africa , where it is the dominant religion and 15 % in Sub-Saharan Africa . Sizeable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas , the Caucasus , China , Europe , the Mainland Southeast Asia , the Philippines , and Russia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and meaning 2 Articles of faith 2.1 Concept of God 2.2 Angels 2.3 Revelations 2.4 Prophets and sunnah 2.5 Resurrection and judgment 2.6 Divine will 3 Acts of worship 3.1 Testimony 3.2 Prayer 3.3 Charity 3.4 Fasting 3.5 Pilgrimage 3.6 Recitation and memorization of the Quran 4 Law and jurisprudence 4.1 Scholars 4.2 Schools of jurisprudence 4.3 Economics 4.4 Jihad 5 Society 5.1 Family life 5.2 Etiquette and diet 5.3 Social responsibilities 5.4 Character 5.5 Government 6 History 6.1 Muhammad ( 610 -- 632 ) 6.2 Caliphate and civil strife ( 632 -- 750 ) 6.3 Classical era ( 750 -- 1258 ) 6.4 Pre-Modern era ( 1258 -- 20th century ) 6.5 Modern times ( 20th century -- present ) 7 Denominations 7.1 Sunni 7.2 Shia 7.3 Sufism 7.4 Other denominations 7.5 Non-denominational Muslims 7.6 Derived religions 8 Demographics 9 Culture 9.1 Architecture 9.2 Art 9.3 Calendar 10 Criticism 11 See also 12 References 12.1 Notes 12.2 Citations 12.3 Books and journals 12.3. 1 Encyclopedias 13 Further reading 14 External links Etymology and meaning The Kaaba in Mecca is the direction of prayer and destination of pilgrimage for Muslims Islam ( Arabic : الإسلام ‎ , IPA : ( alʔisˈlaːm ) ( listen ) ) is a verbal noun originating from the triliteral root S-L-M which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of wholeness , submission , safeness , and peace . In a religious context it means `` voluntary submission to God '' . Islām is the verbal noun of Form IV of the root , and means `` submission '' or `` surrender '' . Muslim , the word for an adherent of Islam , is the active participle of the same verb form , and means `` one who submits '' or `` one who surrenders '' . The word sometimes has distinct connotations in its various occurrences in the Quran . In some verses , there is stress on the quality of Islam as an internal state : `` Whomsoever God desires to guide , He opens his heart to Islam . '' Other verses connect Islām and dīn ( usually translated as `` religion '' ) : `` Today , I have perfected your religion ( dīn ) for you ; I have completed My blessing upon you ; I have approved Islam for your religion . '' Still others describe Islam as an action of returning to God -- more than just a verbal affirmation of faith . In the Hadith of Gabriel , islām is presented as one part of a triad that also includes imān ( faith ) , and ihsān ( excellence ) . Islam was historically called Muhammadanism in Anglophone societies . This term has fallen out of use and is sometimes said to be offensive because it suggests that a human being rather than God is central to Muslims ' religion , parallel to Jesus Christ in Christianity . Some authors , however , continue to use the term Muhammadanism as a technical term for the religious system as opposed to the theological concept of Islam that exists within that system . Articles of faith Main articles : Aqidah and Iman Faith ( Iman ) in the Islamic creed ( Aqidah ) is often represented as the six articles of faith , notably spelled out in the Hadith of Gabriel . Concept of God Main articles : God in Islam and Allah Medallion showing the word `` Allah '' ( God ) in Hagia Sophia , Istanbul , Turkey . Islam is often seen as having the simplest doctrines of the major religions . Its most fundamental concept is a rigorous monotheism , called tawḥīd ( Arabic : توحيد ‎ ) . God is described in chapter 112 of the Quran as : `` Say , He is God , the One and Only ; God , the Eternal , Absolute ; He begetteth not , nor is He begotten ; And there is none like unto Him '' ( 112 : 1 - 4 ) . Muslims repudiate polytheism and idolatry , called Shirk , and reject the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and divinity of Jesus . In Islam , God is beyond all comprehension and Muslims are not expected to visualize God . God is described and referred to by certain names or attributes , the most common being Al - Rahmān , meaning `` The Compassionate '' and Al - Rahīm , meaning `` The Merciful '' ( See Names of God in Islam ) . Muslims believe that the creation of everything in the universe was brought into being by God 's sheer command , `` ' Be ' and so it is , '' and that the purpose of existence is to worship God . He is viewed as a personal god who responds whenever a person in need or distress calls him . There are no intermediaries , such as clergy , to contact God who states , `` I am nearer to him than ( his ) jugular vein . '' God consciousness is referred to as Taqwa . Allāh is the term with no plural or gender used by Muslims and Arabic - speaking Christians and Jews to reference God , while ʾilāh ( Arabic : إله ‎ ) is the term used for a deity or a god in general . Other non-Arab Muslims might use different names as much as Allah , for instance `` Tanrı '' in Turkish , `` Khodā '' in Persian or Ḵẖudā in Urdu . Angels Main article : Islamic view of angels Islamic calligraphy of the Archangel Israfil ( reflects upon how angels are most commonly represented in Islam ) . Belief in angels is fundamental to the faith of Islam . The Arabic word for angel ( Arabic : ملك ‎ malak ) means `` messenger '' , like its counterparts in Hebrew ( malʾákh ) and Greek ( angelos ) . Angels do not possess any bodily desires are not subject to temptations nor do they eat , drink or procreate . Angels ' duties include communicating revelations from God , glorifying God , recording every person 's actions , and taking a person 's soul at the time of death . Muslims believe that angels are made of light . They are described as `` messengers with wings -- two , or three , or four ( pairs ) : He ( God ) adds to Creation as He pleases ... '' Some scholars have emphasized a metaphorical reinterpretation of the concept of angels . Pictorial depictions of angels are generally avoided in Islamic art , as the idea of giving form to anything immaterial is not accepted . Muslims therefore do not generally share the perceptions of angelic pictorial depictions , such as those found in Western art . Revelations Main articles : Quran , Wahy , and Islamic holy books See also : History of the Quran The first chapter of the Quran , Al - Fatiha , consisting of seven verses . The Islamic holy books are the records which most Muslims believe were dictated by God to various prophets . Muslims believe that parts of the previously revealed scriptures , the Tawrat ( Torah ) and the Injil ( Gospel ) , had become distorted -- either in interpretation , in text , or both . The Quran ( literally , `` Reading '' or `` Recitation '' ) is viewed by Muslims as the final revelation and literal word of God and is widely regarded as the finest literary work in the Arabic language . Muslims believe that the verses of the Quran were revealed to Muhammad by God through the archangel Gabriel ( Jibrīl ) on many occasions between 610 CE until his death on June 8 , 632 . While Muhammad was alive , all of these revelations were written down by his companions ( sahabah ) , although the prime method of transmission was orally through memorization . The Quran is divided into 114 suras , or chapters , which combined , contain 6,236 āyāt , or verses . The chronologically earlier suras , revealed at Mecca , are primarily concerned with ethical and spiritual topics . The later Medinan suras mostly discuss social and moral issues relevant to the Muslim community . The Quran is more concerned with moral guidance than legal instruction , and is considered the `` sourcebook of Islamic principles and values '' . Muslim jurists consult the hadith ( `` reports '' ) , or the written record of Prophet Muhammad 's life , to both supplement the Quran and assist with its interpretation . The science of Quranic commentary and exegesis is known as tafsir . The set of rules governing proper pronunciation is called tajwid . Muslims usually view `` the Quran '' as the original scripture as revealed in Arabic and that any translations are necessarily deficient , which are regarded only as commentaries on the Quran . Prophets and Sunnah Main articles : Prophets in Islam , Sunnah , and Hadith The Arabic word for prophets preceded by the honorific `` peace be upon them '' . Muslims identify the prophets of Islam ( Arabic : أنۢبياء ‎ anbiyāʾ ) as those humans chosen by God to be his messengers . According to the Quran , the prophets were instructed by God to bring the `` will of God '' to the peoples of the nations . Muslims believe that prophets are human and not divine , though some are able to perform miracles to prove their claim . Islamic theology says that all of God 's messengers preached the message of Islam -- submission to the will of God . The Quran mentions the names of numerous figures considered prophets in Islam , including Adam , Noah , Abraham , Moses and Jesus , among others . Muslims believe that God finally sent Muhammad as the last law bearing prophet ( Seal of the prophets ) to convey the divine message to the whole world ( to sum up and to finalize the word of God ) . In Islam , the `` normative '' example of Muhammad 's life is called the Sunnah ( literally `` trodden path '' ) . Muslims are encouraged to emulate Muhammad 's actions in their daily lives and the Sunnah is seen as crucial to guiding interpretation of the Quran . This example is preserved in traditions known as hadith , which recount his words , his actions , and his personal characteristics . Hadith Qudsi is a sub-category of hadith , regarded as verbatim words of God quoted by Muhammad but is not part of the Quran . A hadith involves two elements - a chain of narrators , called sanad , and the actual wording , called matn . Hadiths can be classified , by studying the narration , as `` authentic '' or `` correct '' , called Sahih ( Arabic : صَحِيْح ‎ ) , `` good '' , called Ḥasan ( Arabic : حَسَن ‎ ) or `` weak '' , called Ḍaʻīf ( Arabic : ضَعِيْف ‎ ) among others . Muhammad al - Bukhari collected over 300,000 hadith , but only included 2,602 distinct hadith that passed the tests that codified them as authentic into his book Sahih al - Bukhari , which is considered by Sunnis to be the most authentic source after the Quran . Another famous source ( s ) of hadiths is known as The Four Books , which Shias consider as the most authentic hadith reference . Resurrection and judgment Main article : Qiyama Belief in the `` Day of Resurrection '' , Yawm al - Qiyāmah ( Arabic : يوم القيامة ‎ ) is also crucial for Muslims . They believe the time of Qiyāmah is preordained by God but unknown to man . The trials and tribulations preceding and during the Qiyāmah are described in the Quran and the hadith , and also in the commentaries of scholars . The Quran emphasizes bodily resurrection , a break from the pre-Islamic Arabian understanding of death . On Yawm al - Qiyāmah , Muslims believe all mankind will be judged on their good and bad deeds and consigned to Jannah ( paradise ) or Jahannam ( hell ) . The Qurʼan in Surat al - Zalzalah describes this as , `` So whoever does an atom 's weight of good will see it ( 99 : 7 ) and whoever does an atom 's weight of evil will see it ( 99 : 8 ) . '' The Qurʼan lists several sins that can condemn a person to hell , such as disbelief in God ( Arabic : كفر ‎ kufr ) , and dishonesty ; however , the Qurʼan makes it clear God will forgive the sins of those who repent if he so wills . Good deeds , such as charity , prayer and compassion towards animals , will be rewarded with entry to heaven . Muslims view heaven as a place of joy and blessings , with Qurʼanic references describing its features and the physical pleasures to come . Mystical traditions in Islam place these heavenly delights in the context of an ecstatic awareness of God . Yawm al - Qiyāmah is also identified in the Quran as Yawm ad - Dīn ( Arabic : يوم الدين ‎ ) , `` Day of Religion '' ; as - sāʿah ( Arabic : الساعة ‎ ) , `` the Last Hour '' ; and al - Qāriʿah ( Arabic : القارعة ‎ ) , `` The Clatterer '' . Islamic apocalyptic literature describing Armageddon is often known as fitna or malahim . The Mahdi ( prophesied redeemer ) will be sent and with the help of Jesus , will battle the Antichrist . They will triumph , liberating Islam from cruelty , and this will be followed by a time of serenity with people living true to religious values . Divine will Main article : Qadar The concept of divine will is referred to as al - qadā wa'l - qadar ( Arabic : قدر ‎ ) , which literally derives from a root that means to measure . Everything , good and bad , is believed to have been decreed . Acts of worship See also : Five Pillars of Islam There are five basic religious acts in Islam , collectively known as ' The Pillars of Islam ' ( arkan al - Islam ; also arkan ad - din , `` pillars of religion '' ) , which are considered obligatory for all believers . The Quran presents them as a framework for worship and a sign of commitment to the faith . They are ( 1 ) the creed ( shahadah ) , ( 2 ) daily prayers ( salat ) , ( 3 ) almsgiving ( zakah ) , ( 4 ) fasting during Ramadan , and ( 5 ) the pilgrimage to Mecca ( hajj ) at least once in a lifetime . Both Shia and Sunni sects agree on the essential details for the performance of these acts . Apart from these , Muslims also perform other religious acts . Notable among them are charity ( Sadaqah ) and recitation of the Quran . Testimony Main article : Shahadah Silver coin of the Mughal Emperor Akbar with inscriptions of the Islamic declaration of faith The Shahadah , which is the basic creed of Islam that must be recited under oath with the specific statement : `` ' ašhadu ' al - lā ilāha illā - llāhu wa ' ašhadu ' anna muħammadan rasūlu - llāh '' , or `` I testify that there is no god but God , Muhammad is the messenger of God . '' This testament is a foundation for all other beliefs and practices in Islam . Muslims must repeat the shahadah in prayer , and non-Muslims wishing to convert to Islam are required to recite the creed . Prayer Main article : Salat See also : Mosque and Jumu'ah Muslim men prostrating during prayer in the Umayyad Mosque , Damascus . Ritual prayers are called Ṣalāh or Ṣalāt ( Arabic : صلاة ) . Salat is intended to focus the mind on God , and is seen as a personal communication with him that expresses gratitude and worship . Performing prayers five times a day is compulsory but flexibility in the specifics is allowed depending on circumstances . The prayers are recited in the Arabic language , and consist of verses from the Quran . The prayers are done with the chest in direction of the kaaba though in the early days of Islam , they were done in direction of Jerusalem . The act of supplicating is referred to as dua . A mosque is a place of worship for Muslims , who often refer to it by its Arabic name masjid . A large mosque for gathering for Friday prayers or Eid prayers are called masjid jāmi . Although the primary purpose of the mosque is to serve as a place of prayer , it is also important to the Muslim community as a place to meet and study . In Medina , Al - Masjid al - Nabawi , or the Prophet 's Mosque , was also a place of refuge for the poor . Modern mosques have evolved greatly from the early designs of the 7th century , and contain a variety of architectural elements such as minarets . Charity Main articles : Zakat and Sadaqah `` Zakāt '' ( Arabic : زكاة ‎ zakāh `` alms '' ) is giving a fixed portion of accumulated wealth by those who can afford it to help the poor or needy and for those employed to collect Zakat ; also , for bringing hearts together , freeing captives , for those in debt ( or bonded labour ) and for the ( stranded ) traveller . It is considered a religious obligation ( as opposed to voluntary charity ) that the well - off owe to the needy because their wealth is seen as a `` trust from God 's bounty '' . Conservative estimates of annual zakat is estimated to be 15 times global humanitarian aid contributions . The amount of zakat to be paid on capital assets ( e.g. money ) is 2.5 % ( 1 / 40 ) per year , for people who are not poor . Sadaqah means optional charity which is practiced as religious duty and out of generosity . Both the Quran and the hadith have put much emphasis on spending money for the welfare of needy people , and have urged the Muslims to give more as an act of optional charity . The Quran says : Spend something ( in charity ) out of the substance which We have bestowed on you , before Death should come to any of you ( 63 : 10 ) . One of the early teachings of Muhammad was that God expects men to be generous with their wealth and not to be miserly ( Quran % 3Averse % 3D1 107 : 1 -- 7 ) . Accumulating wealth without spending it to address the needs of the poor is generally prohibited and admonished . Another kind of charity in Islam is waqf which means perpetual religious endowment . Fasting Main article : Sawm Further information : Sawm of Ramadan Fasting ( Arabic : صوم ‎ ṣawm ) from food and drink , among other things , must be performed from dawn to dusk during the month of Ramadan . The fast is to encourage a feeling of nearness to God , and during it Muslims should express their gratitude for and dependence on him , atone for their past sins , and think of the needy . Sawm is not obligatory for several groups for whom it would constitute an undue burden . For others , flexibility is allowed depending on circumstances , but missed fasts usually must be made up quickly . Pilgrimage Main articles : Hajj and Umrah Pilgrims at the Masjid al - Haram in Mecca during Hajj The obligatory Islamic pilgrimage , called the ḥajj ( Arabic : حج ‎ ) , has to be performed during the Islamic month of Dhu al - Hijjah in the city of Mecca . Every able - bodied Muslim who can afford it must make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his or her lifetime . Rituals of the Hajj include : spending a day and a night in the tents in the desert plain of Mina , then a day in the desert plain of Arafat praying and worshiping God , following the foot steps of Abraham ; then spending a night out in the open , sleeping on the desert sand in the desert plain of Muzdalifah ; then moving to Jamarat , symbolically stoning the Devil recounting Abraham 's actions ; then going to Mecca and walking seven times around the Kaaba which Muslims believe was built as a place of worship by Abraham ; then walking seven times between Mount Safa and Mount Marwah recounting the steps of Abraham 's wife , while she was looking for water for her son Ismael in the desert before Mecca developed into a settlement . Another form of pilgrimage , Umrah , can be undertaken at any time of the year . Recitation and memorization of the Quran Men reading the Quran in a mosque Muslims recite and memorize the whole or part of the Quran as acts of virtue . Reciting the Quran in the correct manner has been described as an excellent act of worship . Pious Muslims recite the whole Quran at the month of Ramadan . In Islamic societies , any social program generally begins with the recitation of the Quran . One who has memorized the whole Quran is called a hafiz who , it is said , will be able to intercede for ten people on the Last Judgment Day . Apart from this , almost every Muslim memorizes some portion of the Quran because they need to recite it during their prayers . Law and jurisprudence Part of a series on Islamic jurisprudence ( fiqh ) Ritual ( show ) Salat Raka'ah Qibla Turbah Sunnah salat ( Tahajjud Tarawih ) Nafl salat Sawm Hajj Ihram ( clothing Mut'ah ) Tawaf Umrah ( and Hajj ) Political ( show ) Islamic leadership Caliphate Imamah Wilayat al - faqih Bay'ah Dhimmi Marital ( show ) Marriage Contract Mahr Misyar Halala Urfi Mut'ah Polygyny Divorce Khula Iddah Kafa'ah Adoption Sexual ( show ) Masturbation Hygiene Sexual violation Zina Awrah Criminal ( show ) Hudud Blasphemy Maisir ( gambling ) Zina ( illicit sex ) Hirabah ( unlawful warfare ) Fasad ( `` mischief '' ) Rajm ( stoning ) Tazir ( discretionary ) Qisas ( retaliation ) Diya ( compensation ) Etiquette ( show ) Adab Gender segregation Mahram Honorifics Rada Toilet Economic ( show ) History Zakat Jizya Nisab Khums Sadaqah ( Waqf ) Bayt al - mal Banking Riba Murabaha Takaful Sukuk Inheritance Hygiene ( show ) Sexual Toilet Taharah Ihram Wudu Masah Ghusl Tayammum Miswak Najis Dietary Dhabihah Alcohol Pork Comparison with kashrut Military ( show ) Jihad Hudna Istijarah ( asylum ) Prisoners of war Islamic studies Main articles : Sharia and Fiqh Sharia is the religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition . It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam , particularly the Quran and the Hadith . In Arabic , the term sharīʿah refers to God 's divine law and is contrasted with fiqh , which refers to its scholarly interpretations . The manner of its application in modern times has been a subject of dispute between Muslim traditionalists and reformists . Traditional theory of Islamic jurisprudence recognizes four sources of sharia : the Quran , sunnah ( authentic hadith ) , qiyas ( analogical reasoning ) , and ijma ( juridical consensus ) . Different legal schools developed methodologies for deriving sharia rulings from scriptural sources using a process known as ijtihad . Traditional jurisprudence distinguishes two principal branches of law , ʿibādāt ( rituals ) and muʿāmalāt ( social relations ) , which together comprise a wide range of topics . Its rulings assign actions to one of five categories : mandatory , recommended , permitted , abhorred , and prohibited . Thus , some areas of sharia overlap with the Western notion of law while others correspond more broadly to living life in accordance with God 's will . Historically , sharia was interpreted by independent jurists ( muftis ) . Their legal opinions ( fatwas ) were taken into account by ruler - appointed judges who presided over qāḍī 's courts , and by maẓālim courts , which were controlled by the ruler 's council and administered criminal law . In the modern era , sharia - based criminal laws were widely replaced by statutes inspired by European models . While the constitutions of most Muslim - majority states contain references to sharia , its classical rules were largely retained only in personal status ( family ) laws . Legislative bodies which codified these laws sought to modernize them without abandoning their foundations in traditional jurisprudence . The Islamic revival of the late 20th century brought along calls by Islamist movements for full implementation of sharia . The role of sharia has become a contested topic around the world . There are ongoing debates as to whether sharia is compatible with secular forms of government , human rights , freedom of thought , and women 's rights . Scholars Main article : Ulama Imam teaches the Quran in Crimea , ( 1850s , lithograph by Carlo Bossoli ) Islam , like Judaism , has no clergy in the sacerdotal sense , such as priests who mediate between God and people . However , there are many terms in Islam to refer to religiously sanctioned positions of Islam . In the broadest sense , the term ulema ( Arabic : علماء ‎ ) is used to describe the body of Muslim scholars who have completed several years of training and study of Islamic sciences . A jurist who interprets Islamic law is called a mufti ( Arabic : مفتي ‎ ) and often issues judicial opinions , called fatwas . A scholar of jurisprudence is called a faqih ( Arabic : فقيه ‎ ) . Someone who studies the science of hadith is called a muhaddith . A qadi is a judge in an Islamic court . Honorific titles given to scholars include shiekh , mullah and maulvi . Imam ( Arabic : إمام ‎ ) is a leadership position , often used in the context of conducting Islamic worship services . Schools of jurisprudence Main article : Madhab The main Islamic madh'habs ( schools of law ) of Muslim countries or distributions A school of jurisprudence is referred to as a madhab ( Arabic : مذهب ‎ ) . The four major Sunni schools are the Hanafi , Maliki , Shafi'i , Hanbali and sometimes Ẓāhirī while the two major Shia schools are Ja'fari and Zaidi . Each differ in their methodology , called Usul al - fiqh . The following of decisions by a religious expert without necessarily examining the decision 's reasoning is called taqlid . The term ghair muqallid literally refers to those who do not use taqlid and by extension do not have a madhab . The practice of an individual interpretating law with independent reasoning is called ijtihad . Economics Main article : Islamic economic jurisprudence To reduce the gap between the rich and the poor , Islamic economic jurisprudence encourages trade , discourages the hoarding of wealth and outlaws interest - bearing loans ( usury ; the term is riba in Arabic ) . Therefore , wealth is taxed through Zakat , but trade is not taxed . Usury , which allows the rich to get richer without sharing in the risk , is forbidden in Islam . Profit sharing and venture capital where the lender is also exposed to risk is acceptable . Hoarding of food for speculation is also discouraged . Grabbing other people 's land is also prohibited . The prohibition of usury has resulted in the development of Islamic banking . During the time of Muhammad , any money that went to the state , was immediately used to help the poor . Then in 634 , Umar formally established the welfare state Bayt al - mal . The Bayt al - mal or the welfare state was for the Muslim and Non-Muslim poor , needy , elderly , orphans , widows , and the disabled . The Bayt al - mal ran for hundreds of years under the Rashidun Caliphate in the 7th century and continued through the Umayyad period and well into the Abbasid era . Umar also introduced Child Benefit and Pensions for the children and the elderly . Jihad Main articles : Jihad , Islamic military jurisprudence , and List of expeditions of Muhammad Jihad means `` to strive or struggle '' ( in the way of God ) . Jihad , in its broadest sense , is `` exerting one 's utmost power , efforts , endeavors , or ability in contending with an object of disapprobation '' . Depending on the object being a visible enemy , the Devil , and aspects of one 's own self ( such as sinful desires ) , different categories of jihad are defined . Jihad , when used without any qualifier , is understood in its military aspect . Jihad also refers to one 's striving to attain religious and moral perfection . Some Muslim authorities , especially among the Shi'a and Sufis , distinguish between the `` greater jihad '' , which pertains to spiritual self - perfection , and the `` lesser jihad '' , defined as warfare . Within Islamic jurisprudence , jihad is usually taken to mean military exertion against non-believer / non-Muslim combatants . Jihad is the only form of warfare permissible in Islamic law and may be declared against illegal works , terrorists , criminal groups , rebels , apostates , and leaders or states who oppress Muslims . Most Muslims today interpret Jihad as only a defensive form of warfare . Jihad only becomes an individual duty for those vested with authority . For the rest of the populace , this happens only in the case of a general mobilization . For most Twelver Shias , offensive jihad can only be declared by a divinely appointed leader of the Muslim community , and as such is suspended since Muhammad al - Mahdi 's occultation in 868 AD . Society Family life See also : Islam and children , Women in Islam , and Marriage in Islam The dome of the Carol I Mosque in Constanța , Romania , topped by the Islamic crescent In a Muslim family , the birth of a child is attended with some religious ceremonies . Immediately after the birth , the words of Adhan is pronounced in the right ear of the child . In the seventh day , the aquiqa ceremony is performed in which an animal is sacrificed and its meat is distributed among the poor . The head of the child is also shaved , and an amount of money equaling the weight of the child 's hair is donated to the poor . Apart from fulfilling the basic needs of food , shelter , and education , the parents or the elderly members of family also undertake the task of teaching moral qualities , religious knowledge , and religious practices to the children . Marriage , which serves as the foundation of a Muslim family , is a civil contract which consists of an offer and acceptance between two qualified parties in the presence of two witnesses . The groom is required to pay a bridal gift ( mahr ) to the bride , as stipulated in the contract . Most families in the Islamic world are monogamous . Polyandry , a practice wherein a woman takes on two or more husbands is prohibited in Islam . However , Muslim men are allowed to practice polygyny , that is , they can have more than one wife at the same time , up to a total of four , per Sura 4 Verse 3 . A man does not need approval of his first wife for a second marriage as there is no evidence in the Qur'an or hadith to suggest this . The testimony of a woman is deemed in Islam to be worth half that of a man . With Muslims coming from diverse backgrounds including 49 Muslim - majority countries , plus a strong presence as large minorities throughout the world there are many variations on Muslim Weddings . Generally in a Muslim family , a woman 's sphere of operation is the home and a man 's corresponding sphere is the outside world . However , in practice , this separation is not as rigid as it appears . With regard to inheritance , a son 's share is double that of a daughter 's . Certain religious rites are performed during and after the death of a Muslim . Those near a dying man encourage him to pronounce the Shahada as Muslims want their last word to be their profession of faith . After the death , the body is bathed properly by the members of the same gender and then enshrouded in a threefold white garment called kafan . Placing the body on a bier , it is first taken to a mosque where funeral prayer is offered for the dead person , and then to the graveyard for burial . Etiquette and diet Main articles : Adab ( behavior ) and Islamic dietary laws Many practices fall in the category of adab , or Islamic etiquette . This includes greeting others with `` as - salamu ' alaykum '' ( `` peace be unto you '' ) , saying bismillah ( `` in the name of God '' ) before meals , and using only the right hand for eating and drinking . Islamic hygienic practices mainly fall into the category of personal cleanliness and health . Circumcision of male offspring is also practiced in Islam . Islamic burial rituals include saying the Salat al - Janazah ( `` funeral prayer '' ) over the bathed and enshrouded dead body , and burying it in a grave . Muslims are restricted in their diet . Prohibited foods include pork products , blood , carrion , and alcohol . All meat must come from a herbivorous animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim , Jew , or Christian , with the exception of game that one has hunted or fished for oneself . Food permissible for Muslims is known as halal food . Social responsibilities Main article : Islam and humanity In a Muslim society , various social service activities are performed by the members of the community . As these activities are instructed by Islamic canonical texts , a Muslim 's religious life is seen incomplete if not attended by service to humanity . In fact , In Islamic tradition , the idea of social welfare has been presented as one of its principal values . The 2 : 177 verse of the Quran is often cited to encapsulate the Islamic idea of social welfare . Similarly , duties to parents , neighbors , relatives , sick people , the old , and minorities have been defined in Islam . Respecting and obeying one 's parents , and taking care of them especially in their old age have been made a religious obligation . A two-fold approach is generally prescribed with regard to duty to relatives : keeping good relations with them , and offering them financial help if necessary . Severing ties with them has been admonished . Regardless of a neighbor 's religious identity , Islam teaches Muslims to treat neighboring people in the best possible manner and not to cause them any difficulty . Concerning orphaned children , the Quran forbids harsh and oppressive treatment to them while urging kindness and justice towards them . It also rebukes those who do not honor and feed orphaned children ( Quran 89 : 17 - 18 ) . Character Main article : Morality in Islam The Quran and the sunnah of Muhammad prescribe a comprehensive body of moral guidelines for Muslims to be followed in their personal , social , political , and religious life . Proper moral conduct , good deeds , righteousness , and good character come within the sphere of the moral guidelines . In Islam , the observance of moral virtues is always associated with religious significance because it elevates the religious status of a believer and is often seen as a supererogatory act of worshipping . One typical Islamic teaching on morality is that imposing a penalty on an offender in proportion to their offense is permissible and just ; but forgiving the offender is better . To go one step further by offering a favor to the offender is regarded the highest excellence . The Quran says : ' Repel ( evil ) with what is best ' ( 41 : 34 ) . Thus , a Muslim is expected to act only in good manners as bad manners and deeds earn vices . The fundamental moral qualities in Islam are justice , forgiveness , righteousness , kindness , honesty , and piety . Other mostly insisted moral virtues include but not limited to charitable activities , fulfillment of promise , modesty and humility , decency in speech , tolerance , trustworthiness , patience , truthfulness , anger management , and sincerity of intention . As a religion , Islam emphasizes the idea of having a good character as Muhammad said : ' The best among you are those who have the best manners and character ' ( Sahih al - Bukhari , 8 : 73 : 56 ) . In Islam , justice is not only a moral virtue but also an obligation to be fulfilled under all circumstances . The Quran and the hadith describe God as being kind and merciful to His creatures , and tell people to be kind likewise . As a virtue , forgiveness is much celebrated in Islam , and is regarded as an important Muslim practice . About modesty , Muhammad is reported as saying : ' Every religion has its characteristic , and the characteristic of Islam is modesty ' . Government Main articles : Political aspects of Islam , Islamic state , Islam and secularism , Islamic democracy , Sultanate , Khanate , Imamate , Emirate , Mansa ( title ) , and Caliphate Mainstream Islamic law does not distinguish between `` matters of church '' and `` matters of state '' ; the scholars function as both jurists and theologians . Currently no government conforms to Islamic economic jurisprudence , but steps have been taken to implement some of its tenets . History Main articles : History of Islam and Spread of Islam A panoramic view of Al - Masjid al - Nabawi ( the Mosque of the Prophet ) in Medina , Hejaz region , today 's Saudi Arabia , the second most sacred Mosque in Islam Muhammad ( 610 -- 632 ) Main articles : Muhammad and Muhammad in Islam See also : Early social changes under Islam Muslim tradition views Muhammad ( c. 570 -- June 8 , 632 ) as the seal of the prophets . During the last 22 years of his life , beginning at age 40 in 610 CE , according to the earliest surviving biographies , Muhammad reported revelations that he believed to be from God , conveyed to him through the archangel Gabriel ( Jibril ) . Muhammad 's companions memorized and recorded the content of these revelations , known as the Quran . During this time , Muhammad in Mecca preached to the people , imploring them to abandon polytheism and to worship one God . Although some converted to Islam , the leading Meccan authorities persecuted Muhammad and his followers . This resulted in the Migration to Abyssinia of some Muslims ( to the Aksumite Empire ) . Many early converts to Islam were the poor and former slaves like Bilal ibn Rabah al - Habashi . The Meccan élite felt that Muhammad was destabilising their social order by preaching about one God and about racial equality , and that in the process he gave ideas to the poor and to their slaves . After 12 years of the persecution of Muslims by the Meccans and the Meccan boycott of the Hashemites , Muhammad 's relatives , Muhammad and the Muslims performed the Hijra ( `` emigration '' ) to the city of Medina ( formerly known as Yathrib ) in 622 . There , with the Medinan converts ( Ansar ) and the Meccan migrants ( Muhajirun ) , Muhammad in Medina established his political and religious authority . The Constitution of Medina was formulated , instituting a number of rights and responsibilities for the Muslim , Jewish , Christian and pagan communities of Medina , bringing them within the fold of one community -- the Ummah . The Constitution established : the security of the community religious freedoms the role of Medina as a sacred place ( barring all violence and weapons ) the security of women stable tribal relations within Medina a tax system for supporting the community in time of conflict parameters for exogenous political alliances a system for granting protection of individuals a judicial system for resolving disputes where non-Muslims could also use their own laws and have their own judges . All the tribes signed the agreement to defend Medina from all external threats and to live in harmony amongst themselves . Within a few years , two battles took place against the Meccan forces : first , the Battle of Badr in 624 -- a Muslim victory , and then a year later , when the Meccans returned to Medina , the Battle of Uhud , which ended inconclusively . The Arab tribes in the rest of Arabia then formed a confederation and during the Battle of the Trench ( March -- April 627 ) besieged Medina , intent on finishing off Islam . In 628 , the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah was signed between Mecca and the Muslims and was broken by Mecca two years later . After the signing of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah many more people converted to Islam . At the same time , Meccan trade routes were cut off as Muhammad brought surrounding desert tribes under his control . By 629 Muhammad was victorious in the nearly bloodless conquest of Mecca , and by the time of his death in 632 ( at the age of 62 ) he had united the tribes of Arabia into a single religious polity . The earliest three generations of Muslims are known as the Salaf , with the companions of Muhammad being known as the Sahaba . Many of them , such as the largest narrator of hadith Abu Hureyrah , recorded and compiled what would constitute the sunnah . Caliphate and civil strife ( 632 -- 750 ) Further information : Muslim conquests , First Fitna , and Second Fitna Dome of the Rock built by Abd al - Malik ibn Marwan ; completed at the end of the Second Fitna . With Muhammad 's death in 632 , disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community . Abu Bakr , a companion and close friend of Muhammad , was made the first caliph . Under Abu Bakr , Muslims put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an episode known as the Ridda wars , or `` Wars of Apostasy '' . The Quran was compiled into a single volume at this time . Abu Bakr 's death in 634 resulted in the succession of Umar ibn al - Khattab as the caliph , followed by Uthman ibn al - Affan , Ali ibn Abi Talib and Hasan ibn Ali . The first four caliphs are known in Sunni Islam as al - khulafā ' ar - rāshidūn ( `` Rightly Guided Caliphs '' ) . Under them , the territory under Muslim rule expanded deeply into the parts of the Persian and Byzantine territories . When Umar was assassinated by Persians in 644 , the election of Uthman as successor was met with increasing opposition . The standard copies of the Quran were also distributed throughout the Islamic State . In 656 , Uthman was also killed , and Ali assumed the position of caliph . This led to the first civil war ( the `` First Fitna '' ) over who should be caliph . Ali was assassinated by Kharijites in 661 . To avoid further fighting , the new caliph Hasan ibn Ali signed a peace treaty , abdicating to Mu'awiyah , beginning the Umayyad dynasty , in return that he not name his own successor . These disputes over religious and political leadership would give rise to schism in the Muslim community . The majority accepted the legitimacy of the first four leaders , and became known as Sunnis . A minority disagreed , and believed that only Ali and some of his descendants should rule ; they became known as the Shia . Mu'awiyah appointed his son , Yazid I , as successor and after Mu'awiyah's death in 680 , the `` Second Fitna '' broke out , where Husayn ibn Ali was killed at the Battle of Karbala , a significant event in Shia Islam . The Umayyad dynasty conquered the Maghreb , the Iberian Peninsula , Narbonnese Gaul and Sindh . Local populations of Jews and indigenous Christians , persecuted as religious minorities and taxed heavily to finance the Byzantine -- Sassanid Wars , often aided Muslims to take over their lands from the Byzantines and Persians , resulting in exceptionally speedy conquests . The generation after the death of Muhammad but contemporaries of his companions are known as the Tabi'un , followed by the Tabi ' al - Tabi'in . The Caliph Umar ibn Abd al - Aziz set up the influential committee , `` The Seven Fuqaha of Medina '' , headed by Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr . Malik ibn Anas wrote one of the earliest books on Islamic jurisprudence , the Muwatta , as a consensus of the opinion of those jurists . The descendants of Muhammad 's uncle Abbas ibn Abd al - Muttalib rallied discontented non-Arab converts ( mawali ) , poor Arabs , and some Shi'a against the Umayyads and overthrew them , inaugurating the Abbasid dynasty in 750 . Classical era ( 750 -- 1258 ) Further information : Islamic Golden Age , Hadith studies , and Islamic philosophy During this time , the Delhi Sultanate took over northern parts of Indian subcontinent . Religious missions converted Volga Bulgaria to Islam . Many Muslims also went to China to trade , virtually dominating the import and export industry of the Song dynasty . The eye , according to Hunain ibn Ishaq from a manuscript dated circa 1200 . This era is sometimes called the `` Islamic Golden Age '' . Public hospitals established during this time ( called Bimaristan hospitals ) , are considered `` the first hospitals '' in the modern sense of the word , and issued the first medical diplomas to license doctors . The Guinness World Records recognizes the University of Al Karaouine , founded in 859 , as the world 's oldest degree - granting university . The doctorate is argued to date back to the licenses to teach in Muslim law schools . Standards of experimental and quantification techniques , as well as the tradition of citation , were introduced . An important pioneer in this , Ibn al - Haytham is regarded as the father of the modern scientific method and often referred to as the `` world 's first true scientist '' . The government paid scientists the equivalent salary of professional athletes today . It is argued that the data used by Copernicus for his heliocentric conclusions was gathered and that Al - Jahiz proposed a theory of natural selection . Rumi wrote some of the finest Persian poetry and is still one of the best selling poets in America . Legal institutions introduced include the trust and charitable trust ( Waqf ) . Al - Shafi'i codified a method to determine the reliability of hadith . During the early Abbasid era , the major Sunni hadith collections were compiled by scholars such as Bukhari and Muslim while major Shia hadith collections by scholars such as Al - Kulayni and Ibn Babawayh were also compiled . The Ja'fari jurisprudence was formed from the teachings of Ja'far al - Sadiq while the four Sunni Madh'habs , the Hanafi , Hanbali , Maliki and Shafi'i , were established around the teachings of Abū Ḥanīfa , Ahmad bin Hanbal , Malik ibn Anas and al - Shafi'i respectively . In the 9th century , al - Shafi'i provided a theoretical basis for Islamic law by codifying the principles of jurisprudence in his book ar - Risālah . Al - Tabari and Ibn Kathir completed the most commonly cited commentaries on the Quran , the Tafsir al - Tabari in the 9th century and the Tafsir ibn Kathir in the 14th century , respectively . Philosophers Al - Farabi and Avicenna sought to incorporate Greek principles into Islamic theology , while others like Al - Ghazali argued against them and ultimately prevailed . Caliphs such as Mamun al Rashid and Al - Mu'tasim made the mutazilite philosophy an official creed and imposed it upon Muslims to follow . Mu'tazila was a Greek influenced school of speculative theology called kalam , which refers to dialectic . Many orthodox Muslims rejected mutazilite doctrines and condemned their idea of the creation of the Quran . In inquisitions , Imam Hanbal refused to conform and was tortured and sent to an unlit Baghdad prison cell for nearly thirty months . The other branch of kalam was the Ash'ari school founded by Al - Ash'ari . Some Muslims began to question the piety of indulgence in a worldly life and emphasized poverty , humility and avoidance of sin based on renunciation of bodily desires . Ascetics such as Hasan al - Basri would inspire a movement that would evolve into Tasawwuf ( Sufism ) . Beginning in the 13th century , Sufism underwent a transformation , largely because of efforts to legitimize and reorganize the movement by Al - Ghazali , who developed the model of the Sufi order -- a community of spiritual teachers and students . The first Muslims states independent of a unified Muslim state emerged from the Berber Revolt ( 739 / 740 - 743 ) . In 930 , the Ismaili group known as the Qarmatians unsuccessfully rebelled against the Abbassids , sacked Mecca and stole the Black Stone , which was eventually retrieved . The Mongol Empire put an end to the Abbassid dynasty in 1258 . Pre-modern era ( 1258 -- 20th century ) Abdülmecid II was the last Caliph of Islam from the Ottoman dynasty . Islam spread with Muslim trade networks and Sufi orders activity that extended into Sub-Saharan Africa , Central Asia and the Malay archipelago . Under the Ottoman Empire , Islam spread to Southeast Europe . The Muslims in China who were descended from earlier immigration began to assimilate by adopting Chinese names and culture while Nanjing became an important center of Islamic study . The Muslim world was generally in political decline starting the 1800s , especially relative to the non-Muslim European powers . This decline was evident culturally ; while Taqi al - Din founded an observatory in Istanbul and the Jai Singh Observatory was built in the 18th century , there was not a single Muslim country with a major observatory by the twentieth century . The Reconquista , launched against Muslim principalities in Iberia , succeeded in 1492 . By the 19th century the British Empire had formally ended the Mughal dynasty in India . The Ottoman Empire disintegrated after World War I and the Caliphate was abolished in 1924 . The majority and oldest group among Shia at that time , the Zaydis , named after the great grandson of Ali , the scholar Zayd ibn Ali , used the Hanafi jurisprudence , as did most Sunnis . The Shia Safavid dynasty rose to power in 1501 and later conquered all of Iran . The ensuing mandatory conversion of Iran to Twelver Shia Islam for the largely Sunni population also ensured the final dominance of the Twelver sect within Shiism over the Zaidi and Ismaili sects . Nader Shah , who overthrew the Safavids , attempted to improve relations with Sunnis by propagating the integration of Shiism by calling it the Jaafari Madh'hab . A revival movement during this period was an 18th - century Salafi movement led by Ibn Abd al - Wahhab in today 's Saudi Arabia . Referred to as Wahhabi , their self designation is Muwahiddun ( unitarians ) . Building upon earlier efforts such as those by Ibn Taymiyyah and Ibn al - Qayyim , the movement allegedly seeks to uphold monotheism and purify Islam of what they see as later innovations . Their zeal against idolatrous shrines led to the desecration of shrines around the world , including that of Muhammad and his companions in Mecca and Medina . In the 19th century , the Deobandi and Barelwi movements were initiated . Modern Times ( 20th century -- present ) Further information : Islamic revival The flag of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation . Contact with industrialized nations brought Muslim populations to new areas through economic migration . Many Muslims migrated as indentured servants , from mostly India and Indonesia , to the Caribbean , forming the largest Muslim populations by percentage in the Americas . The resulting urbanization and increase in trade in sub-Saharan Africa brought Muslims to settle in new areas and spread their faith , likely doubling its Muslim population between 1869 and 1914 . Muslim immigrants began arriving , many as guest workers and largely from former colonies , in several Western European nations since the 1960s . There are more and more new Muslim intellectuals who increasingly separate perennial Islamic beliefs from archaic cultural traditions . Liberal Islam is a movement that attempts to reconcile religious tradition with modern norms of secular governance and human rights . Its supporters say that there are multiple ways to read Islam 's sacred texts , and they stress the need to leave room for `` independent thought on religious matters '' . Women 's issues receive significant weight in the modern discourse on Islam . Secular powers such as the Chinese Red Guards closed many mosques and destroyed Qurans , and Communist Albania became the first country to ban the practice of every religion . About half a million Muslims were killed in Cambodia by communists who , it is argued , viewed them as their primary enemy and wished to exterminate them since they stood out and worshipped their own god . In Turkey , the military carried out coups to oust Islamist governments , and headscarves were banned in official buildings , as also happened in Tunisia . Jamal - al - Din al - Afghani , along with his acolyte Muhammad Abduh , have been credited as forerunners of the Islamic revival . Abul A'la Maududi helped influence modern political Islam . Islamist groups such as the Muslim Brotherhood advocate Islam as a comprehensive political solution , often in spite of being banned . In Iran , revolution replaced a secular regime with an Islamic state . In Turkey , the Islamist AK Party has democratically been in power for about a decade , while Islamist parties did well in elections following the Arab Spring . The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC ) , consisting of Muslim countries , was established in 1969 after the burning of the Al - Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem . Piety appears to be deepening worldwide . In many places , the prevalence of the hijab is growing increasingly common and the percentage of Muslims favoring Sharia laws has increased . With religious guidance increasingly available electronically , Muslims are able to access views that are strict enough for them rather than rely on state clerics who are often seen as stooges . It is estimated that , by 2050 , the number of Muslims will nearly equal the number of Christians around the world , `` driven primarily by differences in fertility rates and the size of youth populations among the world 's major religions , as well as by people switching faiths . '' Perhaps as a sign of these changes , most experts agree that Islam is growing faster than any other faith in East and West Africa . Denominations Main article : Islamic schools and branches See also : Shia -- Sunni relations An overview of the major schools and branches of Islam . Sunni Part of a series on Sunni Islam Beliefs ( show ) Monotheism Prophets and messengers Holy books Angels Judgement Day Predestination Five Pillars ( show ) Declaration of Faith Prayer Charity Fasting Pilgrimage Rightly - Guided Caliphs ( show ) Abu Bakr Umar ibn al - Khattab Uthman ibn Affan Ali ibn Abi Talib Sunni schools of law ( show ) Hanafi Maliki Shafi'i Hanbali Others Zahiri Awza'i Thawri Laythi Jariri Sunni schools of theology ( show ) Ash'ari Maturidi Traditionalist Others : Mu'tazila Murji'ah Contemporary movements ( show ) Ahl - i Hadith Al - Ahbash Barelvi Deobandi Islamic Modernism Salafi movement Wahhabism Holy sites ( show ) Jerusalem Mecca Medina Mount Sinai Lists ( show ) Literature Kutub al - Sittah Islam portal Main article : Sunni Islam Sahih Al - Bukhari , one of the six Sunni hadith books . The largest denomination in Islam is Sunni Islam , which makes up 75 % -- 90 % of all Muslims and is arguably the world 's largest religious denomination . Sunni Muslims also go by the name Ahl as - Sunnah which means `` people of the tradition ( of Muhammad ) '' . Sunnis believe that the first four caliphs were the rightful successors to Muhammad ; since God did not specify any particular leaders to succeed him and those leaders were elected . Sunnis believe that anyone who is righteous and just could be a caliph but they have to act according to the Quran and the Hadith , the example of Muhammad and give the people their rights . The Sunnis follow the Quran and the Hadith , which are recorded in sunni traditions known as Al - Kutub Al - Sittah ( six major books ) . For legal matters derived from the Quran or the Hadith , many follow four sunni madh'habs ( schools of thought ) : Hanafi , Hanbali , Maliki and Shafi'i . All four accept the validity of the others and a Muslim may choose any one that he or she finds agreeable . Ahl al - Hadith is a movement that deemphasized sources of jurisprudence outside the quran and sunnah , such as informed opinion ( ra'y ) . The Salafi movement claim to take the first three generations of Muslims , known as the salaf , as exemplary models . In the 18th century , Muhammad ibn Abd al - Wahhab led a salafi movement , referred by outsiders as Wahhabism , in modern - day Saudi Arabia . The Deobandi movement is a reformist movement originating in South Asia , influenced by the Wahhabi movement . Shia Part of a series on Shia Islam Beliefs and practices ( show ) Monotheism Holy Books Prophethood Succession to Muhammad Imamate Angels Judgment Day Mourning of Muharram Intercession Clergy The Four Companions Arba'een Pilgrimage Holy days ( show ) Ashura Arba'een Mawlid Eid al - Fitr Eid al - Adha Eid al - Ghadeer History ( show ) The verse of purification Two things Mubahala Khumm Fatimah 's house First Fitna Second Fitna Battle of Karbala Branches of Shi'i Islam ( show ) Zaydi Shia Imami Shia Twelvers Ja'faris Batinis Alevism Bektashism Ghulat Alawites Hurufism Qizilbash Ismāʿīlīs Nizaris Taiyabi - Musta'līs Dawoodi Sulaymani Alavi Batiniyya Druze Pamiris Extinct sects Ahl al - Kisa ( show ) Muhammad Ali Fatimah Hasan Hussein Holy women ( show ) Fatimah Khadija bint Khuwaylid Umm Salama Zaynab bint Ali Umm Kulthum bint Ali Umm ul - Banin Fatimah bint Hasan Sukayna bint Husayn Rubab Shahrbanu Fātimah bint Mūsā Hakimah Khātūn Narjis Fatimah bint Asad Umm Farwah bint al - Qasim Shia Islam portal Main article : Shia Islam See also : Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam The Imam Hussein Shrine in Karbala , Iraq is a holy site for Shia Muslims . The Shia constitute 10 -- 20 % of Islam and are its second - largest branch . While the Sunnis believe that a Caliph should be elected by the community , Shia 's believe that Muhammad appointed his son - in - law , Ali ibn Abi Talib , as his successor and only certain descendants of Ali could be Imams . As a result , they believe that Ali ibn Abi Talib was the first Imam ( leader ) , rejecting the legitimacy of the previous Muslim caliphs Abu Bakr , Uthman ibn al - Affan and Umar ibn al - Khattab . Other points of contention include certain practices viewed as innovating the religion , such as the mourning practice of tatbir , and the cursing of figures revered by Sunnis . However , Jafar al - Sadiq himself disapproved of people who disapproved of his great grand father Abu Bakr and Zayd ibn Ali revered Abu Bakr and Umar . More recently , Ali Khamenei and Grand Ayatollah Ali al - Sistani condemned the practice . Shia Islam has several branches , the most prominent being the Twelvers ( the largest branch ) , Zaidis and Ismailis . Different branches accept different descendants of Ali as Imams . After the death of Imam Jafar al - Sadiq who is considered the sixth Imam by the Twelvers and the Ismaili 's , the Ismailis recognized his son Isma'il ibn Jafar as his successor whereas the Twelver Shia 's ( Ithna Asheri ) followed his other son Musa al - Kadhim as the seventh Imam . The Zaydis consider Zayd ibn Ali , the uncle of Imam Jafar al - Sadiq , as their fifth Imam , and follow a different line of succession after him . Other smaller groups include the Bohra as well as the Alawites and Alevi . Some Shia branches label other Shia branches that do not agree with their doctrine as Ghulat . Sufism Main article : Sufism See also : Sufi -- Salafi relations Mawlānā Rumi 's tomb , Konya , Turkey Sufism , or tasawwuf ( Arabic : تصوف ‎ ) , is a mystical - ascetic approach to Islam that seeks to find a direct personal experience of God . It is not a sect of Islam and its adherents belong to the various Muslim denominations . Classical Sufi scholars have focused on the reparation of the heart and turning it away from all else but God by making use of `` intuitive and emotional faculties '' that one must be trained to use . Hasan al - Basri was inspired by the ideas of piety and condemnation of worldliness preached by Muhammad and these ideas were later further developed by Al - Ghazali . Traditional Sufis , such as Bayazid Bastami , Jalaluddin Rumi , Haji Bektash Veli , Junaid Baghdadi , and Al - Ghazali , argued for Sufism being based upon the tenets of Islam and the teachings of Muhammad . Sufi practices such as veneration of saints have faced stiff opposition from followers of Salafism and Wahhabism , who have sometimes physically attacked Sufi places of worship , leading to deterioration in Sufi -- Salafi relations . The Barelvi movement is a Sufi - influenced revivalist movement within Sunni Islam with over 200 million followers , largely in South Asia . Sufism enjoyed a strong revival in central Asia and South Asia . Central Asia is considered to be a center of Sufism . Sufism has played a significant role in fighting against Tsars of Russia and Soviet colonization . Here , Sufis and their different orders are the main religious sources . Sufism is also strong in African countries such as Tunisia , Algeria , Morocco , Senegal , Chad and Niger . Other denominations Ahmadiyya is an Islamic reform movement ( with Sunni roots ) founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad that began in India in 1889 and is practiced by 10 to 20 million Muslims around the world . Ahmad claimed to have fulfilled the prophecies concerning the arrival of the ' Imam Mahdi ' and the ' Promised Messiah ' . The Ibadi is a sect that dates back to the early days of Islam and is a branch of Kharijite and is practiced by 1.45 million Muslims around the world . Unlike most Kharijite groups , Ibadism does not regard sinful Muslims as unbelievers . Mahdavia is an Islamic sect that believes in a 15th - century Mahdi , Muhammad Jaunpuri The Quranists are Muslims who generally reject the Hadith . Non-denominational Muslims Main article : Nondenominational Muslim Non-denominational Muslims is an umbrella term that has been used for and by Muslims who do not belong to or do not self - identify with a specific Islamic denomination . Prominent figures who refused to identify with a particular Islamic denomination have included Jamal ad - Din al - Afghani , Muhammad Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah . Recent surveys report that large proportions of Muslims in some parts of the world self - identify as `` just Muslim '' , although there is little published analysis available regarding the motivations underlying this response . The Pew Research Center reports that respondents self - identifying as `` just Muslim '' make up a majority of Muslims in seven countries ( and a plurality in three others ) , with the highest proportion in Kazakhstan at 74 % . At least one in five Muslims in at least 22 countries self - identify in this way . Derived Religions Some movements , such as the Druze , Berghouata and Ha - Mim , either emerged from Islam or came to share certain beliefs with Islam and whether each is separate a religion or a sect of Islam is sometimes controversial . Yazdânism is seen as a blend of local Kurdish beliefs and Islamic Sufi doctrine introduced to Kurdistan by Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir in the 12th century . Bábism stems from Twelver Shia passed through Siyyid ' Ali Muhammad i - Shirazi al - Bab while one of his followers Mirza Husayn ' Ali Nuri Baha'u'llah founded the Bahai Faith . Sikhism , founded by Guru Nanak in late fifteenth century Punjab , incorporates aspects of both Islam and Hinduism . African American Muslim movements include the Nation of Islam , Five - Percent Nation and Moorish scientists . Demographics Main articles : Muslim world and Ummah See also : List of countries by Muslim population World Muslim population by percentage ( Pew Research Center , 2014 ) . A comprehensive 2009 demographic study of 232 countries and territories reported that 23 % of the global population , or 1.57 billion people , are Muslims . Of those , it is estimated that over 75 -- 90 % are Sunni and 10 -- 20 % are Shia with a small minority belonging to other sects . Approximately 57 countries are Muslim - majority , and Arabs account for around 20 % of all Muslims worldwide . The number of Muslims worldwide increased from 200 million in 1900 to 551 million in 1970 , and tripled to 1.6 billion by 2010 . The majority of Muslims live in Asia and Africa . Approximately 62 % of the world 's Muslims live in Asia , with over 683 million adherents in Indonesia , Pakistan , India , and Bangladesh . In the Middle East , non-Arab countries such as Iran and Turkey are the largest Muslim - majority countries ; in Africa , Egypt and Nigeria have the most populous Muslim communities . Most estimates indicate that the People 's Republic of China has approximately 20 to 30 million Muslims ( 1.5 % to 2 % of the population ) . However , data provided by the San Diego State University 's International Population Center to U.S. News & World Report suggests that China has 65.3 million Muslims . Islam is the second largest religion after Christianity in many European countries , and is slowly catching up to that status in the Americas , with between 2,454,000 , according to Pew Forum , and approximately 7 million Muslims , according to the Council on American - Islamic Relations ( CAIR ) , in the United States . According to the Pew Research Center , Islam is set to equal Christianity in number of adherents by the year 2050 . Islam is set to grow faster than any other major world religion , reaching a total number of 2.76 billion ( an increase of 73 % ) . High fertility rates play a factor , with Islam having a rate of 3.1 compared to the world average of 2.5 , and the minimum replacement level for a population at 2.1 . Age also plays a role in these numbers due to the fact that Islam has the highest number of adherents under the age of 15 ( 34 % of the total religion ) of any major religion ( Christianity 's is 27 % ) . Sixty percent of Muslims are between the ages of 16 and 59 , while only 7 % are aged 60 + ( the smallest percentage of any major religion ) . Countries such as Nigeria and the Republic of Macedonia are expected to have Muslim majorities by 2050 . In India , the Muslim population will be larger than any other country . Europe 's domestic population is set to shrink as opposed to their Islamic population which is set to grow to 10 % of Europe 's total . According to BBC News , the rates of growth of Islam in Europe reveal that the growing number of Muslims is due primarily to immigration and higher birth rates . Culture Main article : Islamic culture The term `` Islamic culture '' could be used to mean aspects of culture that pertain to the religion , such as festivals and dress code . It is also controversially used to denote the cultural aspects of traditionally Muslim people . Finally , `` Islamic civilization '' may also refer to the aspects of the synthesized culture of the early Caliphates , including that of non-Muslims , sometimes referred to as `` Islamicate '' . Architecture Main article : Islamic architecture Perhaps the most important expression of Islamic architecture is that of the mosque . Varying cultures have an effect on mosque architecture . For example , North African and Spanish Islamic architecture such as the Great Mosque of Kairouan contain marble and porphyry columns from Roman and Byzantine buildings , while mosques in Indonesia often have multi-tiered roofs from local Javan styles . Great Mosque of Djenné , in the west African country of Mali Great Mosque of Xi'an in Xi'an , China Dome in Po - i - Kalyan , Bukhara , Uzbekistan Art Main article : Islamic art Islamic art encompasses the visual arts produced from the 7th century onwards by people ( not necessarily Muslim ) who lived within the territory that was inhabited by Muslim populations . It includes fields as varied as architecture , calligraphy , painting , and ceramics , among others . While not condemned in the Quran , making images of human beings and animals is frowned on in many Islamic cultures and connected with laws against idolatry common to all Abrahamic religions , as ' Abdullaah ibn Mas'ood reported that Muhammad said , `` Those who will be most severely punished by Allah on the Day of Resurrection will be the image - makers '' ( reported by al - Bukhaari , see al - Fath , 10 / 382 ) . However this rule has been interpreted in different ways by different scholars and in different historical periods , and there are examples of paintings of both animals and humans in Mughal , Persian and Turkish art . The existence of this aversion to creating images of animate beings has been used to explain the prevalence of calligraphy , tessellation and pattern as key aspects of Islamic artistic culture . The phrase Bismillah in 18th - century Ottoman calligraphy in the Thuluth style . Geometric arabesque tiling on the underside of the dome of Hafiz Shirazi 's tomb in Shiraz Calendar Islamic calendar Months Muharram Safar Rabi ' al - awwal Rabi ' al - Thani Jumada al - awwal Jumada al - Thani Rajab Sha'ban Ramadan Shawwal Dhu al - Qidah Dhu al - Hijjah Main article : Islamic calendar The phases of the Moon form the basis for the Islamic calendar . The formal beginning of the Muslim era was chosen , reportedly by Caliph Umar , to be the Hijra in 622 CE , which was an important turning point in Muhammad 's fortunes . It is a lunar calendar with days lasting from sunset to sunset . Islamic holy days fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar , which means that they occur in different seasons in different years in the Gregorian calendar . The most important Islamic festivals are Eid al - Fitr ( Arabic : عيد الفطر ‎ ) on the 1st of Shawwal , marking the end of the fasting month Ramadan , and Eid al - Adha ( عيد الأضحى ) on the 10th of Dhu al - Hijjah , coinciding with the end of the Hajj pilgrimage . Criticism Main article : Criticism of Islam Criticism of Islam has existed since Islam 's formative stages . Early criticism came from Christian authors , many of whom viewed Islam as a Christian heresy or a form of idolatry and often explained it in apocalyptic terms . Later there appeared criticism from the Muslim world itself , and also from Jewish writers and from ecclesiastical Christians . Objects of criticism include the morality of the life of Muhammad , the last law bearing prophet of Islam , both in his public and personal life , as seen in medieval Christian views on Muhammad . Issues relating to the authenticity and morality of the Quran , the Islamic holy book , are also discussed by critics . Other criticisms focus on the question of human rights in modern Islamic nations , and the treatment of women in Islamic law and practice . In wake of the recent multiculturalism trend , Islam 's influence on the ability of Muslim immigrants in the West to assimilate has been criticized . See also Main article : Outline of Islam Book : Abrahamic religions Book : Islam Criticism of Islam Challenge of the Quran Glossary of Islam History of Islam Islam and violence Islam and other religions Islam by country Islamic economics Islamic ethics Islam and humanity Morality in Islam Islamic literature Islamic mythology Islamic schools and branches Islamic studies List of Muslim empires and dynasties List of notable converts to Islam Lists of Muslims Major religious groups Muslim world Religious conversion # Islam Scientific foreknowledge in sacred texts Timeline of Muslim history Islam in South Asia References Notes Jump up ^ There are ten pronunciations of Islam in English , differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress , whether the s is / z / or 2 / s / , and whether the a is pronounced / ɑː / , / æ / or ( when the stress is on the first syllable ) / ə / ( Merriam Webster ) . The most common are / ˈɪzləmˌ ˈɪsləmˌ ɪzˈlɑːmˌ ɪsˈlɑːm / ( Oxford English Dictionary , Random House ) and / ˈɪzlɑːmˌ ˈɪslɑːm / ( American Heritage Dictionary ) . Jump up ^ The verse reads : ' It is not righteousness that ye turn your faces towards East or West ; but it is righteousness to believe in Allah and the Last Day , and the Angels , and the Book and the Messengers ; to spend of your substance , out of love for Him , for your kin , for orphans , for the needy , for the wayfarer , for those who ask , and for the ransom of slaves ; to be steadfast in prayer , and practice regular charity , to fulfill the contracts which we have made ; and to be firm and patient , in pain ( or suffering ) and adversity , and throughout all periods of panic . Such are the people of truth , the God fearing ' Citations Jump up ^ quran.com : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ John L. Esposito ( 2009 ) . `` Islam . Overview '' . In John L. Esposito . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Profession of Faith ( ... ) affirms Islam 's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of God , the last and final prophet . ^ Jump up to : F.E. Peters ( 2009 ) . `` Allāh '' . In John L. Esposito . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . the Muslims ' understanding of Allāh is based ( ... ) on the Qurʿān 's public witness . Allāh is Unique , the Creator , Sovereign , and Judge of humankind . It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets , Abraham , with whom he made his covenant , Moses , Jesus , and Muḥammad , through all of whom he founded his chosen communities , the `` Peoples of the Book . '' ^ Jump up to : `` The Global Religious Landscape '' . Pew Forum. 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Burke , Daniel ( April 4 , 2015 ) . `` The world 's fastest - growing religion is ... '' CNN . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lippman , Thomas W. ( 2008 - 04 - 07 ) . `` No God But God '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Islam is the youngest , the fastest growing , and in many ways the least complicated of the world 's great monotheistic faiths . It is based on its own holy book , but it is also a direct descendant of Judaism and Christianity , incorporating some of the teachings of those religions -- modifying some and rejecting others . Jump up ^ PBS - Islam : Empire of Faith - Faith - Islam Today . Jump up ^ `` Why Muslims are the world 's fastest - growing religious group '' . Pew Research Center . 2017 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ According to Oxford Dictionaries , `` Muslim is the preferred term for ' follower of Islam , ' although Moslem is also widely used . '' Jump up ^ Juan E. Campo , ed. ( 2009 ) . `` Allah '' . ( ( ( : Template : Google.com/books ? id = OZbyz Hr - eIC ) ) Encyclopedia of Islam ) Check url = value ( help ) . Encyclopedia of Islam . Facts on File . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5454 - 1 . Jump up ^ İbrahim Özdemir ( 2014 ) . `` Environment '' . In Ibrahim Kalin . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , Science , and Technology in Islam . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . When Meccan pagans demanded proofs , signs , or miracles for the existence of God , the Qurʾān 's response was to direct their gaze at nature 's complexity , regularity , and order . The early verses of the Qurʾān , therefore , reveal an invitation to examine and investigate the heavens and the earth , and everything that can be seen in the environment ( ... ) The Qurʾān thus makes it clear that everything in Creation is a miraculous sign of God ( āyah ) , inviting human beings to contemplate the Creator . Jump up ^ `` People of the Book '' . Islam : Empire of Faith . PBS . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Reeves , J.C. ( 2004 ) . Bible and Qurʼān : Essays in scriptural intertextuality . Leiden ( u.a. : Brill . Page 177 Jump up ^ http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/21/living/yom-kippur-muslims/index.html , retrieved 10 - 1 - 2016 Jump up ^ Bennett ( 2010 , p. 101 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ www.al-islam.org Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2002b , p. 17 ) Jump up ^ * Esposito ( 2002b , pp. 111,112,118 ) `` Shari'ah '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ Trofimov , Yaroslav ( 2008 ) , The Siege of Mecca : The 1979 Uprising at Islam 's Holiest Shrine , New York , p. 79 , ISBN 0 - 307 - 47290 - 6 Jump up ^ Esposito , John ( 1998 ) . Islam : The Straight Path ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . pp. 9 , 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 511234 - 4 . Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2002b ) , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Peters , F.E. ( 2003 ) . Islam : A Guide for Jews and Christians . Princeton University Press . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11553 - 2 . Jump up ^ Watt , William Montgomery ( 2003 ) . Islam and the Integration of Society . Psychology Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 17587 - 6 . ( Jump up ^ George Saliba ( 1994 ) , A History of Arabic Astronomy : Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam , pp. 245 , 250 , 256 -- 7 . New York University Press , ISBN 0 - 8147 - 8023 - 7 . Jump up ^ King , David A. ( 1983 ) . `` The Astronomy of the Mamluks '' . Isis. 74 ( 4 ) : 531 -- 555 . doi : 10.1086 / 353360 . Jump up ^ Hassan , Ahmad Y ( 1996 ) . `` Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century '' . In Sharifah Shifa Al - Attas . Islam and the Challenge of Modernity , Proceedings of the Inaugural Symposium on Islam and the Challenge of Modernity : Historical and Contemporary Contexts , Kuala Lumpur , August 1 -- 5 , 1994 . International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization ( ISTAC ) . pp. 351 -- 399 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ The preaching of Islam : a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold , pg. 125 - 258 Jump up ^ Harney , John ( January 3 , 2016 ) . `` How Do Sunni and Shia Islam Differ ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Almukhtar , Sarah ; Peçanha , Sergio ; Wallace , Tim ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Behind Stark Political Divisions , a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mapping the Global Muslim Population : A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World 's Muslim Population '' . Pew Research Center . October 7 , 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Of the total Muslim population , 10 - 13 % are Shia Muslims and 87 - 90 % are Sunni Muslims . Sunni Islam : Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide `` Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community , and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority ( 85 to 90 percent ) of that community . '' `` Sunni '' . Berkley Center for Religion , Peace , and World Affairs . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam , comprising about 85 % of the world 's over 1.5 billion Muslims . `` Religions '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Sunni Islam accounts for over 75 % of the world 's Muslim population ... ^ Jump up to : See `` Mapping the Global Muslim Population : A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World 's Muslim Population '' . Pew Research Center . 2009 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . The Pew Forum 's estimate of the Shia population ( 10 - 13 % ) is in keeping with previous estimates , which generally have been in the range of 10 - 15 % . Some previous estimates , however , have placed the number of Shias at nearly 20 % of the world 's Muslim population . `` Shia '' . Berkley Center for Religion , Peace , and World Affairs . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Shi'a Islam is the second largest branch of the tradition , with up to 200 million followers who comprise around 15 % of all Muslims worldwide ... `` Religions '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Shia Islam represents 10 - 20 % of Muslims worldwide ... Jump up ^ Miller ( 2009 , pp. 8 , 17 ) Jump up ^ Pechilis , Karen ; Raj , Selva J. ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . South Asian Religions : Tradition and Today . Routledge . p. 193 . ISBN 9780415448512 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations , 2010 and 2050date = 2015 - 04 - 02 '' . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Diplomat , Akhilesh Pillalamarri , The . `` How South Asia Will Save Global Islam '' . The Diplomat . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Middle East - North Africa Overview '' . 7 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Region : Middle East - North Africa '' . The Future of the Global Muslim Population . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Miller ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` Region : Sub-Saharan Africa '' . The Future of the Global Muslim Population . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica . Britannica Book of the Year 2003 . Encyclopædia Britannica , ( 2003 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 85229 - 956 - 2 p. 306 According to the Encyclopædia Britannica , as of mid-2002 , there were 376,453,000 Christians , 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa . Ian S. Markham , ( A World Religions Reader . Cambridge , MA : Blackwell Publishers , 1996 . ) is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa , but still as 40.8 % of the total population . These numbers are estimates , and remain a matter of conjecture . See Amadu Jacky Kaba . The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa : a survey and analysis of the numbers and percentages of Christians , Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions . The Western Journal of Black Studies , Vol 29 , Number 2 , June 2005 . Discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedium , placing Britannica 's estimate as the most agreed figure . Notes the figure presented at the World Christian Encyclopedia , summarized here , as being an outlier . On rates of growth , Islam and Pentecostal Christianity are highest , see : The List : The World 's Fastest - Growing Religions , Foreign Policy , May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Muslim Population by Country '' . The Future of the Global Muslim Population . Pew Research Center . Archived from the original on 9 February 2011 . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Dictionary listing for Siin roots derived from Lane 's Arabic - English Lexicon via www.studyquran.co.uk Jump up ^ Lewis , Barnard ; Churchill , Buntzie Ellis ( 2009 ) . Islam : The Religion and The People . Wharton School Publishing . p. 8 . ISBN 9780132230858 . Jump up ^ `` What does Islam mean ? '' . The Friday Journal . 2011 - 02 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Quran 6 : 125 , Quran 61 : 7 , Quran 39 : 22 Gardet , L. ; Jomier , J. `` Islam '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Jump up ^ Quran 5 : 3 , Quran 3 : 19 , Quran 3 : 83 Jump up ^ Quran 9 : 74 , Quran 49 : 14 Gardet , L. ; Jomier , J. `` Islam '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Jump up ^ Esposito , John L. ( 2000 - 04 - 06 ) . The Oxford History of Islam . Oxford University Press . pp. 76 -- 77 . ISBN 9780195107999 . Jump up ^ Mahmutćehajić , Rusmir ( 2006 ) . The mosque : the heart of submission . Fordham University Press . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8232 - 2584 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kenneth G. Wilson , The Columbia Guide to Standard American English ( ISBN 0231069898 ) , page 291 : Muhammadan and Mohammedan are based on the name of the prophet Mohammed , and both are considered offensive . Jump up ^ Quran 112 : 1 -- 4 Esposito ( 2002b , pp. 74 -- 76 ) Esposito ( 2004 , p. 22 ) Griffith ( 2006 , p. 248 ) D. Gimaret . `` Allah , Tawhid '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ God Created the Universe with the Purpose to Serve Humankind : God Created ... By Fateh Ullah Khan Page 298 ( Khan , Fateh Ullah ( 2009 ) . God Created the Universe with the Purpose to Serve Humankind : God Created Humankind to Worship Him and Appointed Him as Viceroy in Earth to See how He Behaves . Fateh Ullah Khan Gandapur . pp. 298 -- . ISBN 978 - 969 - 9399 - 00 - 8 . Jump up ^ Turfe , Tallal Alie ( 1985 ) . Islamic Unity and Happiness . TTQ , Inc. p. 37 . ISBN 9780940368477 . Jump up ^ What is Islam ? By Jamaal Zarabozo Page 37 . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Agwan , A.R. ; Khan , N.K. ( 2000 ) . A -- E. Global Vision Publishing . p. 357 . ISBN 9788187746003 . Jump up ^ Bentley , David ( September 1999 ) . The 99 Beautiful Names for God for All the People of the Book . William Carey Library . ISBN 0 - 87808 - 299 - 9 . Jump up ^ Quran 2 : 117 `` Islām '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Human Nature and the Purpose of Existence '' . Patheos.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 29 . Quran 51 : 56 Jump up ^ `` Islām '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Quran 2 : 186 Jump up ^ Quran 50 : 16 Jump up ^ `` God '' . Islam : Empire of Faith . PBS . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . `` Islam and Christianity '' , Encyclopedia of Christianity ( 2001 ) : Arabic - speaking Christians and Jews also refer to God as Allāh . L. Gardet . `` Allah '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Jump up ^ Quran 35 : 1 Esposito ( 2002b , pp. 26 -- 28 ) W. Madelung . `` Malā'ika '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Gisela Webb . `` Angel '' . Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online . Jump up ^ Guessoum , Nidhal ( 30 October 2010 ) . Islam 's Quantum Question : Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85773 - 075 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kaiyume Baksh ( 2007 ) . Islam and Other Major World Religions . Trafford Publishing . pp. 163 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4251 - 1303 - 2 . Jump up ^ Accad ( 2003 ) : According to Ibn Taymiya , although only some Muslims accept the textual veracity of the entire Bible , most Muslims will grant the veracity of most of it . Esposito ( 1998 , pp. 6 , 12 ) Esposito ( 2002 , pp. 4 -- 5 ) Peters ( 2003 , p. 9 ) Buhl , F ; Welch , A.T. `` Muhammad '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . * Hava Lazarus - Yafeh . `` Tahrif '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Jump up ^ Chejne , A. ( 1969 ) The Arabic Language : Its Role in History , University of Minnesota Press , Minneapolis . Jump up ^ Speicher , K. ( 1997 ) in : Edzard , L. , and Szyska , C. ( eds . ) Encounters of Words and Texts : Intercultural Studies in Honor of Stefan Wild . Georg Olms , Hildesheim , pp. 43 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2004 , pp. 17 , 18 , 21 ) Jump up ^ Al Faruqi ; Lois Ibsen ( 1987 ) . `` The Cantillation of the Qur'an '' . Asian Music ( Autumn -- Winter 1987 ) : 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ `` Islam '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . `` Qur'an '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2004 , p. 79 ) Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2004 , pp. 79 -- 81 ) `` Tafsir '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ Teece ( 2003 , pp. 12 , 13 ) Turner ( 2006 , p. 42 ) `` Qur'an '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . : The word Quran was invented and first used in the Qurʼan itself . There are two different theories about this term and its formation . 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Serjeant argues that the constitution is in fact 8 different treaties which can be dated according to events as they transpired in Medina , with the first treaty written shortly after Muhammad 's arrival . R.B. Serjeant . `` The Sunnah Jâmi'ah , Pacts with the Yathrib Jews , and the Tahrîm of Yathrib : Analysis and Translation of the Documents Comprised in the so - called ' Constitution of Medina ' . '' in The Life of Muhammad : The Formation of the Classical Islamic World : Volume iv . Ed . Uri Rubin . Brookfield : Ashgate , 1998 , p. 151 and see same article in BSOAS 41 ( 1978 ) : 18 ff . See also Caetani . Annali dell'Islam , Volume I. Milano : Hoepli , 1905 , p. 393 . Julius Wellhausen . Skizzen und Vorabeiten , IV , Berlin : Reimer , 1889 , p 82f who argue that the document is a single treaty agreed upon shortly after the hijra . Wellhausen argues that it belongs to the first year of Muhammad 's residence in Medina , before the battle of Badr in 2 / 624 . Even Moshe Gil a skeptic of Islamic history argues that it was written within five months of Muhammad 's arrival in Medina . Moshe Gil . `` The Constitution of Medina : A Reconsideration . '' Israel Oriental Studies 4 ( 1974 ) : p. 45 . Jump up ^ R.B. Serjeant , `` Sunnah Jami'ah , pacts with the Yathrib Jews , and the Tahrim of Yathrib : analysis and translation of the documents comprised in the so - called ' Constitution of Medina ' '' , Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies ( 1978 ) , 41 : 1 - 42 , Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Watt . Muhammad at Medina and R.B. Serjeant `` The Constitution of Medina . '' Islamic Quarterly 8 ( 1964 ) p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Medina '' . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Peters ( 2003 , pp. 78 , 79,194 ) Lapidus ( 2002 , pp. 23 -- 28 ) Jump up ^ Buhl , F ; Welch , A.T. `` Muhammad '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . 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Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2010 ) , p. 38 Jump up ^ Hofmann ( 2007 ) , p. 86 Jump up ^ The Caliphate of Banu Umayyah the first Phase , Ibn Katheer , Taken from Al - Bidayah wan - Nihayah by Ibn Katheer , Ismail Ibn Omar 775 ISBN 978 - 603 - 500 - 080 - 2 Translated by Yoosuf Al - Hajj Ahmad Page 505 Jump up ^ Umar Ibn Adbul Aziz By Imam Abu Muhammad Adbullah ibn Abdul Hakam died 214 AH 829 C.E. Publisher Zam Zam Publishers Karachi Page 54 - 59 Jump up ^ The Caliphate of Banu Umayyah the first Phase , Ibn Katheer , Taken from Al - Bidayah wan - Nihayah by Ibn Katheer , Ismail Ibn Omar 775 ISBN 978 - 603 - 500 - 080 - 2 Translated by Yoosuf Al - Hajj Ahmad Page 522 Jump up ^ `` Al - Muwatta ' '' . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Coulson , Noel James ( 1964 ) . History of Islamic Law by N.J. Coulson page 103 . ISBN 9780748605149 . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Houtsma , M. Th. ( 1993 ) . E.J. Brill 's First Encyclopaedia of Islam , 1913 - 1936 . BRILL . pp. 207 -- . 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Current Sociology. 54 ( 1 ) : 112 -- 32 . doi : 10.1177 / 0011392106058837 . Jump up ^ Imamuddin , S.M. ( 1981 ) . Muslim Spain 711 -- 1492 AD . Brill Publishers . p. 169 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 06131 - 2 . Jump up ^ The Guinness Book of Records . 1998 . p. 242 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 57895 - 2 . Jump up ^ Makdisi , George ( April -- June 1989 ) . `` Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . American Oriental Society . 109 ( 2 ) : 175 -- 182 ( 175 -- 77 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 604423 . JSTOR 604423 . ^ Jump up to : Ahmed , Imad - ad - Dean . Signs in the heavens . 2 . Amana Publications , 2006 . Print . ISBN 1 - 59008 - 040 - 8 page 23 , 42 , 84 . `` Despite the fact that they did not have a quantified theory of error they were well aware that an increased number of observations qualitatively reduces the uncertainty . '' Jump up ^ Haq , Syed ( 2009 ) . `` Science in Islam '' . Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages . ISSN 1703 - 7603 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ G.J. Toomer . Review on JSTOR , Toomer 's 1964 review of Matthias Schramm ( 1963 ) Ibn Al - Haythams Weg Zur Physik Toomer p. 464 : `` Schramm sums up ( Ibn Al - Haytham 's ) achievement in the development of scientific method . '' Jump up ^ Al - Khalili , Jim ( 4 January 2009 ) . `` The ' first true scientist ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorini , Rosanna ( October 2003 ) . `` Al - Haytham the man of experience . First steps in the science of vision '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine . 2 ( 4 ) : 53 -- 55 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Al - Khalili , Jim ( 2008 - 01 - 30 ) . `` It 's time to herald the Arabic science that prefigure Darwin and Newton '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Al - Khalili , Jim ( 2008 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Science : Islam 's forgotten geniuses '' . London : The Telegraph . 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Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Jump up ^ `` The Spread of Islam '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ottoman Empire '' . Oxford Islamic Studies Online . 6 May 2008 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Israeli , Raphael ( 2002 ) . Islam in China . pg 292 . United States of America : Lexington Books . ISBN 0 - 7391 - 0375 - X . Jump up ^ Dillon , Michael ( 1999 ) . China 's Muslim Hui Community . Curzon . p. 37 . ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1026 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Imad - ad - Dean . Signs in the heavens . 2 . Amana Publications , 2006 . pg170 . Print . ISBN 1 - 59008 - 040 - 8 Jump up ^ Lapidus ( 2002 ) , pp. 358,378 -- 380,624 Jump up ^ `` New Turkey '' . Al - Ahram Weekly ( 488 ) . 29 June -- 5 July 2000 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Islamic Finance : Law , Economics , and Practice By Mahmoud A. El - Gamal Page 122 ( 4 ) Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of the Arab - Israeli Conflict : A Political , Social and Military History edited by Spencer C. Tucker , Priscilla Mary Roberts Page 917 ( 5 ) Jump up ^ The Iraq Effect : The Middle East After the Iraq War By Frederic M. Wehrey Page 91 ( 6 ) Jump up ^ Peter B. Golden : An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples ; In : Osman Karatay , Ankara 2002 , p. 321 Jump up ^ `` Ismail Safavi '' Encyclopædia Iranica Jump up ^ Nadir Shah and the Ja ' fari Madhhab Reconsidered , Ernest Tucker , Iranian Studies , Vol. 27 , No. 1 / 4 , Religion and Society in Islamic Iran during the Pre-Modern Era ( 1994 ) , pp. 163 - 179 , Published by : International Society for Iranian Studies ( 7 ) Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2010 , p. 146 ) Jump up ^ `` Graves desecrated in Mizdah '' . Libyan Herald . 4 September 2013 . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Muslim Minorities in the West : Visible and Invisible By Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad , Jane I. Smith , pg 271 Jump up ^ Bulliet , Richard , Pamela Crossley , Daniel Headrick , Steven Hirsch , Lyman Johnson , and David Northrup . The Earth and Its Peoples . 3 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 42770 - 8 Jump up ^ Nigosian ( 2004 , pp. 41 ) Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2004 , pp. 118,119,179 ) and Lapidus ( 2002 , pp. 823 -- 830 ) Jump up ^ Rippin ( 2001 , p. 288 ) Jump up ^ * Goldman , Merle ( 1986 ) . `` Religion in Post-Mao China '' . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 483 ( 1 ) : 146 -- 156 . doi : 10.1177 / 0002716286483001013 . Jump up ^ Page18 * Elsie , Robert . 2000 . A Dictionary of Albanian Religion , Mythology , and Folk Culture . C. Hurst & Co . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85065 - 570 - 1 . Jump up ^ Perrin , Andrew ( October 10 , 2003 ) . `` Weakness in numbers '' . TIME . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Huge rally for Turkish secularsim '' . BBC News . 2011 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Saleh , Heba ( 2011 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Tunisia moves against headscarves '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World , Thomson Gale , 2004 Jump up ^ `` Political Islam : A movement in motion '' . Economist Magazine . 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Are secular forces being squeezed out of Arab Spring ? '' . BBC News . 2011 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , David D. ( 2011 - 12 - 03 ) . `` Egypt 's vote puts emphasis on split over religious rule '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Organization of the Islamic Conference '' . BBC News . 2010 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Ultraconservative Islam on rise in Mideast '' . MSNBC. 2008 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Laying down the law : Islam 's authority deficit . The Economist. 2007 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Slackman , Michael ( 2008 - 12 - 23 ) . `` Jordanian students rebel , embracing conservative Islam '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Slackman , Michael ( 2007 - 01 - 28 ) . `` In Egypt , a new battle begins over the veil '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Beech , Hannah ( 2007 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Why Indonesia matters '' . TIME . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Future of World Religions : Population Growth Projections , 2010 - 2050 '' . Pew Research Center . April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Onishi , Norimitsu ( 2001 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Rising Muslim power causes unrest in Nigeria and elsewhere '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Muslims say their faith growing fast in Africa '' . wwrn.org . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ CARL BIALIK ( 9 April 2008 ) . `` Muslims May Have Overtaken Catholics a While Ago '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Islām '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Islam Today '' . Islam : Empire of Faith ( 2000 ) . PBS . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Islam , followed by more than a billion people today , is the world 's third fastest growing religion . Jump up ^ `` Understanding Islam '' . Susan Headden . U.S. News & World Report . April 7 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents '' . Adherents.com . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2003 , pp. 275,306 ) `` Shariah '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . `` Sunnite '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ Salafi Islam GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Deobandis -- Oxford Reference '' . oxfordreference.com . doi : 10.1093 / acref / 9780195125580.001. 0001 / acref - 9780195125580 - e-522 ( inactive 2017 - 03 - 26 ) . Jump up ^ The waning of the Umayyad caliphate by Tabarī , Carole Hillenbrand , 1989 , p37 , p38 Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of Religion Vol. 16 , Mircea Eliade , Charles J. Adams , Macmillan , 1987 , p243 . Jump up ^ `` Imam Khamenei : Insulting Symbols of Sunni Brothers Forbidden '' . Rohama.org. 2 October 2010 . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shiite leaders forbid insults against Sunnis '' . Al - monitor . 2014 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kramer ( 1987 ) , Syria 's Alawis and Shiism pp. 237 -- 254 Shia branches Archived 2004 - 10 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Trimingham ( 1998 ) , p. 1 Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2003 , p. 302 ) Malik ( 2006 , p. 3 ) Turner ( 1998 , p. 145 ) `` Afghanistan : A Country Study -- Sufism '' . Library of Congress Country Studies . 1997 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ahmed Zarruq , Zaineb Istrabadi , Hamza Yusuf Hanson . The Principles of Sufism . Amal Press . 2008 . 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Jump up ^ Alvi , Farhat . `` The Significant Role of Sufism in Central Asia '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Sufism in Southeast Asia : Reflections and Reconsiderations '' . JSTOR 20071709 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chapter 1 : Religious Affiliation '' . The World 's Muslims : Unity and Diversity . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . August 9 , 2012 . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sufism and Religious Brotherhoods in Senegal '' , Babou , Cheikh Anta , The International Journal of African Historical Studies , v. 40 no . 1 ( 2007 ) pp. 184 -- 6 Jump up ^ `` Who Are the Ahmadi ? '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Breach of Faith . Human Rights Watch . June 2005 . p. 8 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Estimates of around 20 million would be appropriate Larry DeVries ; Don Baker ; Dan Overmyer ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) . Asian Religions in British Columbia . University of Columbia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 1662 - 5 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . The community currently numbers around 15 million spread around the world Juan Eduardo Campo ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Islam . p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5454 - 1 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . The total size of the Ahmadiyya community in 2001 was estimated to be more than 10 million `` Ahmadiyya Muslims '' . pbs.org . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . A figure of 10 - 20 million represents approximately 1 % of the Muslim population . See also Ahmadiyya by country . Jump up ^ Robert Brenton Betts ( 2013 - 07 - 31 ) . The Sunni - Shi'a Divide : Islam 's Internal Divisions and Their Global Consequences . pp. 14 -- 15 . ISBN 9781612345222 . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Benakis , Theodoros ( 13 January 2014 ) . `` Islamophoobia in Europe ! '' . New Europe . Brussels . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims -- those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites , but who accept Islam as a religion generally . Jump up ^ Longton , Gary Gurr ( 2014 ) . `` Isis Jihadist group made me wonder about non-denominational Muslims '' . The Sentinel . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . THE appalling and catastrophic pictures of the so - called new extremist Isis Jihadist group made me think about someone who can say I am a Muslim of a non-denominational standpoint , and to my surprise / ignorance , such people exist . Online , I found something called the people 's mosque , which makes itself clear that it 's 100 per cent non-denominational and most importantly , 100 per cent non-judgmental . Jump up ^ Kirkham , Bri ( 2015 ) . `` Indiana Blood Center cancels ' Muslims for Life ' blood drive '' . Archived from the original on 25 November 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Ball State Student Sadie Sial identifies as a non-denominational Muslim , and her parents belong to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community . She has participated in multiple blood drives through the Indiana Blood Center . Jump up ^ Pollack , Kenneth ( 2014 ) . Unthinkable : Iran , the Bomb , and American Strategy . p. 29 . ISBN 9781476733937 . Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists , Khomeini 's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist , and therefore embracing Sunni , Shi'a , Sufi , and other , more nondenominational Muslims Jump up ^ Cughtai , Muhammad Ikram ( 2005 ) . Jamāl Al - Dīn Al - Afghāni : An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence . p. 454 . Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders , al - Afghani revised to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam . Jump up ^ Jones , Justin ( 2011 - 10 - 24 ) . Shi'a Islam in Colonial India : Religion , Community and Sectarianism . pp. 25 -- 26 . ISBN 9781139501231 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Khaled . `` Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni ? '' . The Friday Times . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Burns , Robert ( 2011 - 12 - 01 ) . Christianity , Islam , and the West . p. 55 . ISBN 9780761855606 . 40 per cent called themselves `` just a Muslim '' according to the Council of American - Islamic relations Jump up ^ Tatari , Eren ( 2014 ) . Muslims in British Local Government : Representing Minority Interests in Hackney , Newham and Tower Hamlets . p. 111 . ISBN 9789004272262 . Nineteen said that they are Sunni Muslims , six said they are just Muslim without specifying a sect , two said they are Ahmadi , and two said their families are Alevi Jump up ^ Lopez , Ralph ( 2008 ) . Truth in the Age of Bushism . p. 65 . ISBN 9781434896155 . Many Iraqis take offense at reporters ' efforts to identify them as Sunni or Shiite . A 2004 Iraq Centre for Research and Strategic Studies poll found the largest category of Iraqis classified themselves as `` just Muslim . '' Jump up ^ House of Justice , Universal . `` One Common Faith '' . reference.bahai.org . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . 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Jump up ^ www.amar.org.ir , official statistics site of Iran Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- China '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` China ( includes Hong Kong , Macau , and Tibet ) '' . State.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` NW China region eyes global Muslim market '' . China Daily . 2008 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Muslim Media Network '' . Muslim Media Network . 2008 - 03 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Secrets of Islam , U.S. News & World Report . Information provided by the International Population Center , Department of Geography , San Diego State University . Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2004 , pp. 2 , 43 ) `` Islamic World '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . `` Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents '' . Adherents.com . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 09 . `` Muslims in Europe : Country guide '' . BBC News . BBC . 2005 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . `` Religion in Britain '' ( PDF ) . National Statistics . Office for National Statistics . 2003 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ The Mosque in America : A National Portrait Archived 2010 - 06 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Council on American - Islamic Relations ( CAIR ) . April 26 , 2001 . Retrieved on 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` site '' . BBC News . 2005 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` ' Islamic ' Culture : A Groundless Myth '' . nytimes.com. 4 November 2011 . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2010 , p. 56 ) Jump up ^ `` Islam '' , The New Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Isichei , Elizabeth Allo ( 1997 ) . Elizabeth Allo Isichei , A history of African societies to 1870 , page 175 . Cambridge University Press , 1997 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 45599 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Marilyn Jenkins - Madina , Richard Ettinghauset and Architecture 650 -- 1250 , Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 08869 - 8 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Salim Ayduz ; Ibrahim Kalin ; Caner Dagli ( May 1 , 2014 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , Science , and Technology in Islam . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199812578 . Figural representation is virtually unused in Islamic art because of Islam 's strong antagonism of idolatry . It was important for Muslim scholars and artists to find a style of art that represented the Islamic ideals of unity ( tawhid ) and order without figural represenation . Geometric patterns perfectly suited this goal . Jump up ^ Patheos Library -- Islam Sacred Time -- Patheos.com Jump up ^ Ghamidi ( 2001 ) : Customs and Behavioral Laws Archived 2013 - 09 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Erwin Fahlbusch ( 1999 ) . The Encyclopedia of Christianity , Volume 2 . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . p. 759 . ISBN 9789004116955 . Jump up ^ Warraq , Ibn ( 2003 ) . Leaving Islam : Apostates Speak Out . Prometheus Books . p. 67 . ISBN 1 - 59102 - 068 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kammuna , Ibn ( 1971 ) . Examination of the Three Faiths . Berkeley and Los Angeles : Moshe Perlmann . pp. 148 -- 49 . ^ Jump up to : Oussani , Gabriel . `` Mohammed and Mohammedanism '' . Newadvent.org . Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved April 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Warraq , Ibn ( March 1 , 2000 ) . The Quest for Historical Muhammad ( 1st ed . ) . Amherst , Mass. : Prometheus Books . p. 103 . ISBN 1 - 57392 - 787 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bible in Mohammedian Literature. , by Kaufmann Kohler Duncan B. McDonald , Jewish Encyclopedia . Retrieved April 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Robert ( October 25 , 2002 ) . Islam Unveiled : Disturbing Questions About the World 's Fastest Growing Faith . Encounter Books . pp. 22 -- 63 . ISBN 1 - 893554 - 58 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia - Country report - Freedom in the World - 2005 '' . Jump up ^ Timothy Garton Ash ( 2006 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Islam in Europe '' . The New York Review of Books . Jump up ^ Modood , Tariq ( April 6 , 2006 ) . Multiculturalism , Muslims and Citizenship : A European Approach ( 1st ed . ) . Routledge . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35515 - 5 . Books and journals Accad , Martin ( 2003 ) . `` The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries : An Exegetical Inventorial Table ( Part I ) '' . Islam and Christian - Muslim Relations . 14 ( 1 ) . Ahmed , Akbar ( 1999 ) . Islam Today : A Short Introduction to the Muslim World ( 2.00 ed . ) . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 257 - 9 . Bennett , Clinton ( 2010 ) . Interpreting the Qur'an : a guide for the uninitiated . Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 9944 - 8 . Brockopp , Jonathan E. ( 2003 ) . Islamic Ethics of Life : abortion , war and euthanasia . University of South Carolina press . ISBN 1 - 57003 - 471 - 0 . Cohen - Mor , Dalya ( 2001 ) . A Matter of Fate : The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513398 - 6 . Curtis , Patricia A. ( 2005 ) . A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations . Blackwell Publishing Professional . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8138 - 1946 - 4 . Esposito , John ( 2010 ) . Islam : The Straight Path ( 4th ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 539600 - 3 . Esposito , John ( 1998 ) . Islam : The Straight Path ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 511234 - 4 . Esposito , John ; Haddad , Yvonne Yazbeck ( 2000a ) . Muslims on the Americanization Path ? . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513526 - 1 . Esposito , John ( 2000b ) . Oxford History of Islam . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510799 - 9 . Esposito , John ( 2002a ) . Unholy War : Terror in the Name of Islam . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516886 - 0 . Esposito , John ( 2002b ) . What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515713 - 3 . Esposito , John ( 2003 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of Islam . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512558 - 4 . Esposito , John ( 2004 ) . Islam : The Straight Path ( 3rd Rev Upd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518266 - 8 . Farah , Caesar ( 1994 ) . Islam : Beliefs and Observances ( 5th ed . ) . Barron 's Educational Series . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8120 - 1853 - 0 . Farah , Caesar ( 2003 ) . Islam : Beliefs and Observances ( 7th ed . ) . Barron 's Educational Series . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7641 - 2226 - 2 . Firestone , Reuven ( 1999 ) . Jihad : The Origin of Holy War in Islam . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512580 - 0 . Ghamidi , Javed ( 2001 ) . Mizan . Dar al - Ishraq . OCLC 52901690 . Goldschmidt , Jr. , Arthur ; Davidson , Lawrence ( 2005 ) . A Concise History of the Middle East ( 8th ed . ) . Westview Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 4275 - 7 . Griffith , Ruth Marie ; Savage , Barbara Dianne ( 2006 ) . Women and Religion in the African Diaspora : Knowledge , Power , and Performance . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 8370 - 9 . Haddad , Yvonne Yazbeck ( 2002 ) . Muslims in the West : from sojourners to citizens . Oxford University Press . Hawting , G.R. ( 2000 ) . The First Dynasty of Islam : The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661 -- 750 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 24073 - 5 . Hedayetullah , Muhammad ( 2006 ) . Dynamics of Islam : An Exposition . Trafford Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55369 - 842 - 5 . Hofmann , Murad ( 2007 ) . Islam and Qur'an . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59008 - 047 - 4 . Holt , P.M ; Lewis , Bernard ( 1977a ) . Cambridge History of Islam , Vol. 1 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29136 - 4 . Holt , P.M. ; Lambton , Ann K.S ; Lewis , Bernard ( 1977b ) . Cambridge History of Islam , Vol. 2 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29137 - 2 . Hourani , Albert ; Ruthven , Malise ( 2003 ) . A History of the Arab Peoples . Belknap Press ; Revised edition . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01017 - 8 . Kobeisy , Ahmed Nezar ( 2004 ) . Counseling American Muslims : Understanding the Faith and Helping the People . Praeger Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32472 - 7 . Kramer , Martin ( 1987 ) . Shi'Ism , Resistance , and Revolution . Westview Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 0453 - 3 . Lapidus , Ira ( 2002 ) . A History of Islamic Societies ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 77933 - 3 . Lewis , Bernard ( 1984 ) . The Jews of Islam . Routledge & Kegan Paul . ISBN 0 - 7102 - 0462 - 0 . Lewis , Bernard ( 1993 ) . The Arabs in History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285258 - 2 . Lewis , Bernard ( 1997 ) . The Middle East . Scribner . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 83280 - 7 . Lewis , Bernard ( 2001 ) . Islam in History : Ideas , People , and Events in the Middle East ( 2nd ed . ) . Open Court . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8126 - 9518 - 2 . Lewis , Bernard ( 2003 ) . What Went Wrong ? : The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East ( Reprint ed . ) . Harper Perennial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 051605 - 5 . Lewis , Bernard ( 2004 ) . The Crisis of Islam : Holy War and Unholy Terror . Random House , Inc. , New York . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 6785 - 2 . Madelung , Wilferd ( 1996 ) . The Succession to Muhammad : A Study of the Early Caliphate . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 64696 - 0 . Malik , Jamal ; Hinnells , John R ( 2006 ) . Sufism in the West . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 27408 - 7 . Menski , Werner F. ( 2006 ) . Comparative Law in a Global Context : The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 85859 - 3 . Miller , Tracy , ed . ( October 2009 ) . Mapping the Global Muslim Population : A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World 's Muslim Population ( PDF ) . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Momen , Moojan ( 1987 ) . An Introduction to Shi'i Islam : The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 03531 - 5 . Nasr , Seyed Muhammad ( 1994 ) . Our Religions : The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition ( Chapter 7 ) . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 067700 - 7 . Nigosian , Solomon Alexander ( 2004 ) . Islam : its history , teaching , and practices . Indiana University Press . Patton , Walter M. ( April 1900 ) . `` The Doctrine of Freedom in the Korân '' . The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures . Brill Academic Publishers . 16 ( 3 ) : 129 . doi : 10.1086 / 369367 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 10314 - 7 . Peters , F.E. ( 2003 ) . Islam : A Guide for Jews and Christians . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11553 - 2 . Rahman , H.U. ( 1999 ) . Chronology of Islamic History , 570 - 1000 CE ( 3rd ed . ) . Ta - Ha Publishers Ltd . Rippin , Andrew ( 2001 ) . Muslims : Their Religious Beliefs and Practices ( 2nd ed . ) . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 21781 - 1 . Sachedina , Abdulaziz ( 1998 ) . The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam : The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence . Oxford University Press US . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511915 - 0 . Siljander , Mark D. and John David Mann . A Deadly Misunderstanding : a Congressman 's Quest to Bridge the Muslim - Christian Divide . First ed . New York : Harper One , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 143828 - 8 Smith , Jane I. ( 2006 ) . The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515649 - 2 . Tabatabae , Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn ; Nasr , Seyyed Hossein ( 1979 ) . Shi'ite Islam . Suny press . ISBN 0 - 87395 - 272 - 3 . Teece , Geoff ( 2003 ) . Religion in Focus : Islam . Franklin Watts Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7496 - 4796 - 4 . Trimingham , John Spencer ( 1998 ) . The Sufi Orders in Islam . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512058 - 2 . Turner , Colin ( 2006 ) . Islam : the Basics . Routledge ( UK ) . ISBN 0 - 415 - 34106 - X . Turner , Bryan S. ( 1998 ) . Weber and Islam . Routledge ( UK ) . ISBN 0 - 415 - 17458 - 9 . Waines , David ( 2003 ) . An Introduction to Islam . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 53906 - 4 . Watt , W. Montgomery ( 1973 ) . The Formative Period of Islamic Thought . University Press Edinburgh . ISBN 0 - 85224 - 245 - X . Watt , W. Montgomery ( 1974 ) . Muhammad : Prophet and Statesman ( New ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 881078 - 4 . Weiss , Bernard G. ( 2002 ) . Studies in Islamic Legal Theory . Boston : Brill Academic publishers . ISBN 90 - 04 - 12066 - 1 . Encyclopedias William H. McNeill ; Jerry H. Bentley ; David Christian , eds. ( 2005 ) . Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History . Berkshire Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9743091 - 0 - 1 . Gabriel Oussani , ed. ( 1910 ) . Catholic Encyclopedia . Paul Lagasse ; Lora Goldman ; Archie Hobson ; Susan R. Norton , eds. ( 2000 ) . The Columbia Encyclopedia ( 6th ed . ) . Gale Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59339 - 236 - 9 . Ahmad , Imad - ad - Dean ( 2008 ) . `` Islam '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 256 -- 58 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n155 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Erwin Fahlbusch ; William Geoffrey Bromiley , eds. ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of Christianity ( 1st ed . ) . Eerdmans Publishing Company , and Brill . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2414 - 5 . John Bowden , ed. ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of Christianity ( 1st ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 522393 - 4 . Bearman , P.J. ; Bianquis , Th. ; Bosworth , C.E. ; van Donzel , E. ; Heinrichs , W.P. ( eds . ) . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Brill Academic Publishers . ISSN 1573 - 3912 . Richard C. Martin ; Said Amir Arjomand ; Marcia Hermansen ; Abdulkader Tayob ; Rochelle Davis ; John Obert Voll , eds. ( 2003 ) . Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World . MacMillan Reference Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 865603 - 8 . Jane Dammen McAuliffe ( ed . ) . Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online . Brill Academic Publishers . Salamone Frank , ed. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Religious Rites , Rituals , and Festivals ( 1st ed . ) . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 94180 - 8 . Glasse Cyril , ed. ( 2003 ) . New Encyclopedia of Islam : A Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam . AltaMira Press . ISBN 978 - 0759101906 . Further Reading Abdul - Haqq , Abdiyah Akbar ( 1980 ) . Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim . Minneapolis : Bethany House Publishers . N.B . Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an , and this religion 's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures , in order to `` dialogue '' on the basis of what both faiths really teach . ISBN 0 - 87123 - 553 - 6 Akyol , Mustafa ( 2011 ) . Islam Without Extremes ( 1st ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 07086 - 6 . Arberry , A.J. ( 1996 ) . The Koran Interpreted : A Translation ( 1st ed . ) . Touchstone . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 82507 - 6 . Cragg , Kenneth ( 1975 ) . The House of Islam , in The Religious Life of Man Series . Second ed . Belmont , Calif. : Wadsworth Publishing Co. , 1975 . xiii , 145 p . ISBN 0 - 8221 - 0139 - 4 Hourani , Albert ( 1991 ) . Islam in European Thought . First pbk . ed . Cambridge , Eng. : Cambridge University Press , 1992 , cop . 1991 . xi , 199 p . ISBN 0 - 521 - 42120 - 9 ; alternative ISBN on back cover , 0 - 521 - 42120 - 0 Khan , Muhammad Muhsin ; Al - Hilali Khan ; Muhammad Taqi - ud - Din ( 1999 ) . Noble Quran ( 1st ed . ) . Dar - us - Salam Publications . ISBN 978 - 9960 - 740 - 79 - 9 . A. Khanbaghi ( 2006 ) . The Fire , the Star and the Cross : Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran . I.B. Tauris . Khavari , Farid A. ( 1990 ) . Oil and Islam : the Ticking Bomb . First ed . Malibu , Calif. : Roundtable Publications . viii , 277 p. , ill . with maps and charts . ISBN 0 - 915677 - 55 - 5 Kramer ( ed . ) , Martin ( 1999 ) . The Jewish Discovery of Islam : Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis . Syracuse University . ISBN 978 - 965 - 224 - 040 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Kuban , Dogan ( 1974 ) . Muslim Religious Architecture . Brill Academic Publishers . ISBN 90 - 04 - 03813 - 2 . Lewis , Bernard ( 1994 ) . Islam and the West . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509061 - 1 . Lewis , Bernard ( 1996 ) . Cultures in Conflict : Christians , Muslims , and Jews in the Age of Discovery . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510283 - 3 . Mubarkpuri , Saifur - Rahman ( 2002 ) . The Sealed Nectar : Biography of the Prophet . Dar - us - Salam Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59144 - 071 - 0 . Najeebabadi , Akbar Shah ( 2001 ) . History of Islam . Dar - us - Salam Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59144 - 034 - 5 . Nigosian , S.A. ( 2004 ) . Islam : Its History , Teaching , and Practices ( New ed . ) . Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 21627 - 4 . Rahman , Fazlur ( 1979 ) . Islam ( 2nd ed . ) . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 70281 - 2 . Tausch , Arno ( 2009 ) . What 1.3 Billion Muslims Really Think : An Answer to a Recent Gallup Study , Based on the `` World Values Survey '' . Foreword Mansoor Moaddel , Eastern Michigan University ( 1st ed . ) . Nova Science Publishers , New York . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60692 - 731 - 1 . Tausch , Arno ( 2015 ) . The political algebra of global value change . General models and implications for the Muslim world . With Almas Heshmati and Hichem Karoui ( 1st ed . ) . Nova Science Publishers , New York . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62948 - 899 - 8 . Walker , Benjamin ( 1998 ) . Foundations of Islam : The Making of a World Faith . Peter Owen Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7206 - 1038 - 3 . 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Proud Mary

Proud Mary - wikipedia Proud Mary This article is about the song by Creedence Clearwater Revival . For the band , see Proud Mary ( band ) . For the film , see Proud Mary ( film ) . `` Proud Mary '' Single by Creedence Clearwater Revival from the album Bayou Country B - side `` Born on the Bayou '' Released January 1969 ( 1969 - 01 ) Format 7 '' 45 RPM Recorded 1968 Studio RCA Studios in Hollywood , California Genre Roots rock swamp rock Length 3 : 07 Label Fantasy Songwriter ( s ) John Fogerty Producer ( s ) John Fogerty Creedence Clearwater Revival singles chronology `` I Put a Spell on You '' ( 1968 ) `` Proud Mary '' ( 1969 ) `` Bad Moon Rising '' ( 1969 ) Music video `` Proud Mary '' ( lyric video ) on YouTube `` Proud Mary '' is a rock song written by John Fogerty and first recorded by his band Creedence Clearwater Revival . The song was released by Fantasy Records as a single from the band 's second studio album , Bayou Country , which was released by the same record company in January 1969 . The single is generally considered to have been released in early January 1969 , although at least one source states that it came out just before Christmas 1968 . The song became a major hit in the United States , peaking at # 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 in March 1969 , the first of five non-consecutive singles to peak at # 2 for the group . Contents 1 Background and recording 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Solomon Burke version 4 Tina Turner versions 4.1 Formats and track listings 4.2 Chart performance 4.2. 1 Weekly charts 4.2. 2 Year - end charts 4.3 Certifications and sales 5 Accolades 6 Other versions 7 References 8 External links Background and Recording ( edit ) In a 1969 interview , Fogerty said that he wrote it in the two days after he was discharged from the National Guard . In the liner notes for the 2008 expanded reissue of Bayou Country , Joel Selvin explained that the songs for the album started when John Fogerty was in the National Guard , that the riffs for `` Proud Mary '' , `` Born on the Bayou '' , and `` Keep on Chooglin ' '' were conceived by Fogerty at a concert in the Avalon Ballroom , and `` Proud Mary '' was arranged from parts of different songs , one of which was about a washerwoman named Mary . The line `` Left a good job in the city '' was written following Fogerty 's discharge from the National Guard , and the line `` rollin ' on the river '' was from a movie by Will Rogers . `` Proud Mary 's '' singer , a low - wage earner , leaves what he considers a `` good job , '' which he might define as steady work , even though for long hours under a dictatorial boss . He decides to follow his impulse and imagination and hitches a ride on a riverboat queen , bidding farewell to the city . Only when the boat pulls out does he see the `` good side of the city '' -- which , for him , is one in the distance , far removed from his life . Down by the river and on the boat , the singer finds protection from `` the man '' and salvation from his working - class pains in the nurturing spirit and generosity of simple people who `` are happy to give '' even `` if you have no money . '' The river in Fogerty and traditionally in literature and song is a place holding biblical and epical implications ... Indeed , the river in `` Proud Mary '' offers not only escape but also rebirth to the singer . The song is a seamless mix of black and white roots music ... `` Proud Mary '' is , of course , a steamboat traveling up and down the river . Fogerty 's lyric sketches out a vivid picture of the protagonist finding a comfortable niche in a community of outsiders ... The story connects back to Mark Twain ; it brings the myth ( of `` the rambling man and life along the Mississippi '' ) into the sixties . In the Macintosh program `` Garage Band '' , Fogerty explained that he liked Beethoven 's Fifth Symphony and wanted to open a song with a similar intro ( descending by a third ) , implying the way `` Proud Mary '' opens with the repeated C chord to A chord . Fogerty wanted to evoke male gospel harmonies , as exemplified by groups he was familiar with such as the Swan Silvertones , the Sensational Nightingales , and the Five Blind Boys of Mississippi ; especially on the line , `` Rollin ' , rollin ' , rollin ' on the river '' ; and in the guitar solo he did his , `` best ( imitation of ) Steve Cropper . '' The basic track for `` Proud Mary '' , as with the other songs on the album , was recorded by John Fogerty ( lead guitar ) , Tom Fogerty ( rhythm guitar ) , Stu Cook ( bass ) , and Doug Clifford ( drums ) at RCA Studios in Hollywood , California , with John overdubbing instruments and all the vocals later . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 -- 1970 ) Peak position Australia ( Go - Set ) 5 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium 7 Canada ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 8 New Zealand ( Listener ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 6 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) Sweden 13 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 US Record World Yugoslavia Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Rank Australia 25 Canada 56 US Billboard Hot 100 19 Solomon Burke version ( edit ) `` Proud Mary '' Single by Solomon Burke from the album Proud Mary B - side `` What Am I Living For '' Released 1969 Recorded 1969 Genre Country soul Length 3 : 26 Label Bell Records 783 Songwriter ( s ) John Fogerty I know a lot of you folks would like to know what the old Proud Mary is all about . Well , I 'd like to tell you about her . She 's nothing but a big old boat . You see , my forefathers used to ride the bottoms of her as stokers , cooks , and waiters , and I made a vow that when I grew up I 'd take a ride on the old Proud Mary ... -- intro In 1969 Solomon Burke had a small hit with his cover of the song , which was his second release for Bell and was co-produced by singer Tamiko Jones , who was being rehabilitated after a bout of polio , and was at the time Burke 's fiancé and manager . Burke recalls : `` We went to Muscle Shoals and recorded Proud Mary , which they did n't like at all . They thought it was stupid to record a song Proud Mary , which was already on the charts . I was explaining to them that it was a very big record , but it 's a very white record , a pop record . We will redo the record , open up the doors for it to get on the r&b charts and make the black stations to play the record ... It was a Solomon Burke record made in Muscle Shoals . We proved that we can make a hit record without Jerry Wexler eating sandwiches with us . This record was a hit without anybody 's help . Proud Mary was only promoted by Tamiko Jones and myself . '' According to Mark Denning , `` While that may have seemed like a bald - faced bid for pop radio play , in Burke 's hands the song became a bracing tale of life in the Deep South as African - Americans searched for liberation aboard the ship that carried them as slaves and put them to undignified labor serving wealthy whites . '' John Fogerty , the song 's composer , was impressed by Burke 's version of his song : `` Two thousand miles away this man had crawled right up inside my head to learn what Proud Mary was all about . Sure , it 's great when someone sings your song , but when he understands it , you listen like it was the first time . '' `` Reworked as a celebration of black consciousness , his potent mix of gospel and country -- the kind that defined his earlier sides for Atlantic -- and driven by a Southern funk - like strut , ... it returned Burke to the US R&B Top 20 '' , with the single reaching # 15 on the R&B charts and # 45 on the pop charts . According to Burke in a 2002 interview : `` I was in Vegas for sixteen weeks at the Sands Hotel . I missed this record being a hit , because we were n't there to promote the record , we had no backing . The greatest thing I ever did was tell Ike Turner , `` Hey man , you should get on this record ... I think you and Tina could tear this thing up . '' On 24 May 1969 Burke sang his version of `` Proud Mary '' on American Bandstand . Tina Turner versions ( edit ) `` Proud Mary '' Single by Ike & Tina Turner from the album Workin ' Together B - side `` Funkier Than a Mosquita 's Tweeter '' ( U.S. ) `` Honky Tonk Women '' ( Intl . ) Released January 30 , 1971 Format 45 single Recorded 1970 , Los Angeles , California Genre Funk rock soul roots rock progressive rock Length 5 : 00 3 : 15 ( 7 '' version ) Label Liberty Records Songwriter ( s ) John Fogerty Producer ( s ) Ike Turner Ike & Tina Turner singles chronology `` Workin ' Together '' ( 1970 ) `` Proud Mary '' ( 1971 ) `` Ooh Poo Pah Doo '' ( 1971 ) `` Proud Mary '' Single by Tina Turner from the album What 's Love Got to Do with It B - side `` Disco Inferno '' Released November 19 , 1993 Format Promotional recording Recorded Genre Rock soul Length 5 : 27 Label Parlophone Songwriter ( s ) John Fogerty Producer ( s ) Chris Lord - Alge Tina Turner Roger Davies Tina Turner singles chronology `` Why Must We Wait Until Tonight '' ( 1993 ) `` Proud Mary '' ( 1993 ) `` GoldenEye '' ( 1995 ) Ike & Tina Turner first covered `` Proud Mary '' in 1970 . This version was released as a single from their Workin ' Together album and the song differed greatly from the structure of the original , but is also well known and has become one of Tina Turner 's most recognizable signature songs . The Turners ' version was substantially rearranged by Soko Richardson and Ike Turner . The song started off with a slow , sultry soulful tone in which Tina introduced the song and warned the audience that she and the band were gon na start it off `` nice and easy '' as `` we never do nothing nice and easy '' but said they would finish it `` nice and rough '' . After the lyrics are first sung softly by the Turners , the song is then turned into a funk rock vamp with Tina and the Ikettes delivering gospel - influenced vocals . It reached # 4 on the pop charts on March 27 , 1971 , two years to the week after Creedence Clearwater Revival 's version was at its peak , and won the Grammy Award for Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Group in 1972 . In the Tina Turner biopic , What 's Love Got to Do with It , the song is performed in a timeline of events in Ike and Tina 's career in which the couple are transformed from an opening act to The Rolling Stones to a major headlining act by the mid-1970s . However , the film took significant liberties with that timeline ; for instance , the film has the group performing the song in 1968 when they reportedly opened for The Stones in the UK , the Turners first opened for them in the UK in 1966 . When they opened for the Stones in 1969 the song was in their set list . Following the original version 's release and its success , Ike and Tina included the song in their live act and first performed a version of the song on The Ed Sullivan Show . It was also performed in 1971 ( the year of the Turners ' version 's release ) and 1974 . The Turners performed the song on Soul Train on April 22 , 1972 . In 1988 , a live solo version was included on the album Tina Live in Europe . Tina Turner later re-recorded the song in the studio for the biopic 's 1993 soundtrack album of the same name . This version was released as a promotional single issued to radio stations and DJs . Tina 's solo version was later included on her 2004 greatest hits album All the Best . After a contestant 's performance of the song on The X Factor in 2010 , this version entered the UK Singles Chart at # 62 and fell to # 121 the next week , it also entered the Scottish Singles Chart at # 40 . Another live version was released in 2009 on the Tina Live album . It was recorded on March 21 , 2009 in Arnhem , Netherlands as part of Turner 's 50th Anniversary Tour . The song has now become a staple in all of Tina 's live shows , including live duet versions with Beyoncé and Cher . Formats and track listings ( edit ) 1993 US 7 '' and cassette single `` Proud Mary ( Edit Live Version ) -- 4 : 32 `` The Best '' ( Live ) -- 5 : 22 1993 US CD single `` Proud Mary ( Edit Live Version ) -- 4 : 32 `` Proud Mary ( Edit ) -- 4 : 10 `` We Do n't Need Another Hero ( Thunderdome ) '' ( Live ) -- 4 : 55 `` The Best '' ( Live ) -- 5 : 22 Chart performance ( edit ) Ike & Tina Turner version Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 16 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 11 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 21 Italy ( Hit Parade Italia ) 57 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Best Selling Soul Singles 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Rank Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 96 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 55 Tina Turner version Chart ( 2010 ) Rank Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 40 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 62 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Ike & Tina Turner version Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Accolades ( edit ) `` Proud Mary '' placed at # 155 on Rolling Stone 's 2004 list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . Both CCR and Ike & Tina Turner 's versions of the song received Grammy Hall of Fame Awards , in 1998 and 2003 , respectively . Other versions ( edit ) `` Proud Mary '' has , over the years , been covered by a number of artists . Anthony Armstrong Jones ' 1969 version reached number 22 on the U.S. country charts . Also in 1969 , a version recorded by the Checkmates , Ltd. and produced by Phil Spector reached number 30 on the U.K. Singles Chart and number 69 on the Billboard Hot 100 . In 1970 , the song was recorded by Leonard Nimoy , in his album The New World of Leonard Nimoy . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chronicle : The 20 Greatest Hits ( CD booklet ) . Creedence Clearwater Revival . U.S.A. : Fantasy Records . 1991 . FCD - CCR2 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Bordowitz , Hank . Bad moon rising : the unauthorized history of Creedence Clearwater Revival . Schirmer Books , 1998 , p. 58 ^ Jump up to : Selvin , Joel ( 2008 ) . Bayou Country ( Expanded Reissue ) ( PDF ) ( CD booklet ) . Creedence Clearwater Revival . U.S.A. : Concord Music Group . FAN - 30877 - 02 https://web.archive.org/web/20110921072253/http://www.concordmusicgroup.com/assets/documents01/Artists/Creedence-Clearwater-Revival/FAN-30877-02/Bayou-Country-40th-Anniversary-Liner-Notes.pdf archiveurl = missing title ( help ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Hardeep Phull ( 2008 ) . Story Behind the Protest Song : A Reference Guide to the 50 Songs that Changed the 20th Century . Greenwood Press . p. 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34141 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Creedence Clearwater Revival -- Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved November 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ John Fogerty interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ Michael Goldberg ( 1993 ) . Jann S. Wenner , ed . `` Fortunate Son : John Fogerty -- The 1993 Rolling Stone Interview '' . Rolling Stone . United States : Jann S. Wenner . Retrieved December 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kitts , Thomas M. ( 2015 ) . John Fogerty : An American Son , . Routledge . ISBN 9781317961253 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Michael and Brody , James ( 2007 ) . Rock and Roll : An Introduction , second edition , p. 237 - 8 . Cengage Learning . ISBN 9781111794538 Jump up ^ Fogerty , John ( 2015 ) . Fortunate Son : My Life , My Music , . Little , Brown . ISBN 9780316244565 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Creedence Clearwater Revival -- Proud Mary '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` RPM -- Item Display : Top Singles -- Volume 11 , No. 3 , March 17 , 1969 '' (. Php ) . Library and Archives Canada . March 31 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Creedence Clearwater Revival Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Top40 : Creedence Clearwater Revival -- Proud Mary '' . Dutch Top 40 . November 10 , 2004 . Jump up ^ http://www.flavourofnz.co.nz/index.php?qpageID=search%20listener&qartistid=742#n_view_location Flavour of New Zealand , 13 June 1969 Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Creedence Clearwater Revival -- Proud Mary '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` SA Charts 1965 - 1989 Songs P-R '' . South African Rock Lists . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Go - Set Australian charts -- Top Records for the Year of 1969 '' . www.poparchives.com.au . Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . www.collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1969 / Top 100 Songs of 1969 '' . www.musicoutfitters.com . Jump up ^ John S. Wilson , `` CAREER RESUMED BY TAMIKO JONES ; Recent Polio Victim Presents Songs at Rainbow Grill '' , The New York Times ( January 14 , 1971 ) : 43 ; `` Solomon Burke -- Proud Mary '' ; `` Tamiko Jones : The Collection ( 1963 -- 1986 ) '' ( 18 November 2009 ) ; `` Original Soul Man Cared for Spiritual and Temporal Needs Right to the Grave '' , The Age ( October 13 , 2010 ) . For more regarding Tamiko Jones , see `` Tamiko Jones '' Archived 2013 - 05 - 05 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Cordell S. Thompson , `` New York Beat '' , Jet ( 8 October 1970 ) : 63 . Jump up ^ The Soul Clan Album & Song Chart History . Billboard.com ( 1968 - 07 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Mojo , Issues 158 -- 161 ( EMAP Performance Ltd. , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Solomon Burke , in James Porter , `` Songs of Solomon : Solomon Burke Interview '' , Roctober 33 ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ `` Saturday on Eight '' , Lewiston Evening Journal ( May 23 , 1969 ) : 22 Jump up ^ American Bandstand : The Guess Who / Solomon Burke Episode Summary on . Tv.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Watch American Bandstand Season 12 Episode 39 The Guess Who / Solomon Burke . SideReel . Retrieved on 2011 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Soko Richardson Archived 2007 - 10 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . press release from pressnetwork.com January 30 , 2004 Jump up ^ Noted Soul Drummer Soko Richardson Dies Paiste Cymbals , February 2004 Jump up ^ The Best of Soul Train Live ( booklet ) . Time Life . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ike & Tina Turner -- Proud Mary '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 5223 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ike & Tina Turner -- Top Titel '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indice per Interprete : T '' . Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Ike & Tina Turner -- Proud Mary '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ike & Tina Turner -- Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved November 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1971 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1971 '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Year in Music : 1971 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . December 25 , 1971 . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tina Turner : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- ike & Tina Turner -- Proud Mary '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . 2004 - 12 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Hall of Fame '' . Grammy Awards . United States : National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Checkmates , Ltd. , `` Proud Mary '' U.S. chart position Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Creedence Clearwater Revival Doug Clifford Stu Cook John Fogerty Tom Fogerty Studio albums Creedence Clearwater Revival Bayou Country Green River Willy and the Poor Boys Cosmo 's Factory Pendulum Mardi Gras Live albums Live in Europe The Concert Compilations Creedence Gold More Creedence Gold Pre-Creedence Chronicle , Vol. 1 The Best of Creedence Clearwater Revival 20 Golden Greats Creedence Country Hits Album At the Movies Chronicle , Vol. 2 Rollin ' on the River Heartland Music Presents Creedence Clearwater Revival Keep On Chooglin ' Creedence Clearwater Revival : Box Set Bad Moon Rising : The Best of Creedence Clearwater Revival Platinum Creedence Clearwater Revival Covers the Classics Singles `` Porterville '' / `` Call It Pretending '' `` Suzie Q. ( Part 1 ) '' / `` Suzie Q. ( Part 2 ) '' `` I Put a Spell on You '' / `` Walk on the Water '' `` Proud Mary '' / `` Born on the Bayou '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' / `` Lodi '' `` Green River '' / `` Commotion '' `` Down on the Corner '' / `` Fortunate Son '' `` Travelin ' Band '' / `` Who 'll Stop the Rain '' `` Run Through the Jungle '' / `` Up Around the Bend '' `` Lookin ' Out My Back Door '' / `` Long As I Can See the Light '' `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' / `` Hey Tonight '' `` Sweet Hitch - Hiker '' / `` Door to Door '' `` Someday Never Comes '' / `` Tearin ' up the Country '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' / `` Good Golly Miss Molly '' Related articles Discography Song list The Blue Velvets The Golliwogs Creedence Clearwater Revisited Fogerty v. Fantasy , Inc . Saul Zaentz Fantasy Records Book : Creedence Clearwater Revival Ike & Tina Turner Ike Turner Tina Turner Studio albums The Soul of Ike & Tina Turner Dynamite ! Do n't Play Me Cheap It 's Gonna Work Out Fine Get It , Get It River Deep - Mountain High So Fine Outta Season Cussin ' , Cryin ' And Carryin ' On The Hunter Ooh Poo Pah Doo Come Together Workin ' Together Nuff Said Feel Good Let Me Touch Your Mind Nutbush City Limits The Gospel According to Ike and Tina Sweet Rhode Island Red Delilah 's Power Airwaves Compilations Proud Mary : The Best of Ike & Tina Turner Funkier Than a Mosquito 's Tweeter Singles `` A Fool in Love '' `` I Idolize You '' `` It 's Gonna Work Out Fine '' `` River Deep -- Mountain High '' `` A Love Like Yours '' `` So Fine '' `` I 've Been Loving You Too Long '' `` The Hunter `` Come Together '' `` I Want To Take You Higher '' `` Proud Mary '' `` Nutbush City Limits '' Related topics Discography The Ikettes Albums Songs Book : Tina Turner Tina Turner singles Acid Queen `` Baby Get It On '' `` Whole Lotta Love '' `` Acid Queen '' Rough `` Viva La Money '' `` Root , Toot Undisputable Rock ' n Roller '' `` Sometimes When We Touch '' `` Night Time Is the Right Time '' Love Explosion `` Love Explosion '' `` Back Stabbers '' `` Music Keeps Me Dancin ' '' Private Dancer `` Let 's Stay Together '' `` Help ! '' `` What 's Love Got to Do With It '' `` Better Be Good to Me '' `` Private Dancer '' `` I Ca n't Stand the Rain '' `` Show Some Respect '' Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome `` We Do n't Need Another Hero ( Thunderdome ) '' `` One of the Living '' Break Every Rule `` Typical Male '' `` Back Where You Started '' `` Two People '' `` Girls '' `` What You Get Is What You See '' `` Break Every Rule '' `` Paradise Is Here '' `` Afterglow '' Tina Live in Europe `` Nutbush City Limits '' `` Addicted to Love '' `` Tonight '' `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' `` 634 - 5789 '' Foreign Affair `` The Best '' `` I Do n't Wanna Lose You '' `` Steamy Windows '' `` Look Me in the Heart '' `` Foreign Affair '' `` Be Tender with Me Baby '' Simply the Best `` Nutbush City Limits ( The 90s Version ) '' `` Way of the World '' `` Love Thing '' `` I Want You Near Me '' `` ( Simply ) The Best '' What 's Love Got to Do with It `` I Do n't Wanna Fight '' `` Disco Inferno '' `` Why Must We Wait Until Tonight '' `` Proud Mary '' Wildest Dreams `` GoldenEye '' `` Whatever You Want '' `` On Silent Wings '' `` Missing You '' `` Something Beautiful Remains '' `` In Your Wildest Dreams '' Twenty Four Seven `` When the Heartache Is Over '' `` Whatever You Need '' `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' All the Best `` Open Arms '' `` Complicated Disaster '' Guest singles `` Ball of Confusion '' `` Tonight '' `` It 's Only Love '' `` Tearing Us Apart '' `` It Takes Two '' `` Cose della vita - Ca n't Stop Thinking of You '' `` Teach Me Again '' Book : Tina Turner Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proud_Mary&oldid=856719346 '' Categories : 1969 songs 1969 singles 1971 singles 1993 singles Songs written by John Fogerty Creedence Clearwater Revival songs Ike & Tina Turner songs Tina Turner songs Checkmates , Ltd. songs Solomon Burke songs Anthony Armstrong Jones songs Song recordings produced by John Fogerty Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Fantasy Records singles Parlophone singles Liberty Records singles Bell Records singles Songs about Memphis , Tennessee Songs about rivers Hidden categories : Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 04 : 02 ( UTC ) . 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